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CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
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Classification of pile with respect to load transm ission and functional behav ior
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End bearing piles (point bearing piles)
Friction piles (cohesion piles )
Combination of friction and cohesion piles
The Author
End bearing piles
This was written by Gopal Mishra. He is a
These piles transfer their load on to a firm stratum located at a considerable depth below the base Civil Engineer from NIT Calicut, India, and
is working in a reputed construction
of the structure and they derive most of their carrying capacity from the penetration resistance of company. Gopal Mishra has written 735
the soil at the toe of the pile (see figure 1). The pile behaves as an ordinary column and should be posts on The Constructor.
designed as such. Even in w eak soil a pile w ill not fail by buckling and this effect need only be
considered if part of the pile is unsupported, i.e. if it is in either air or w ater. Load is transmitted to
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the soil through friction or cohesion. But sometimes, the soil surrounding the pile may adhere to the
Construction Piles Steel Design
surface of the pile and causes "Negative Skin Friction" on the pile. This, sometimes have
Augered Piles Steel Beam
considerable effect on the capacity of the pile. Negative skin friction is caused by the drainage of
Steel Structures Steel Formwork
the ground w ater and consolidation of the soil. The founding depth of the pile is influenced by the Pile Testing Steel Slab
results of the site investigate on and soil test.

Friction or cohesion piles

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of the pile (see fig 2). http://www.monstermarketplace.com/

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Figure 2:Friction or cohesion pile
Figure 1:End bearing piles

Cohesion piles Hot Topics

Recent topics Most viewed Most discussed
These piles transmit most of their load to the soil through skin friction. This process of driving such
PARTIAL-DEPTH REPAIR OF PAVEMENTS
piles close to each other in groups greatly reduces the porosity and compressibility of the soil w ithin
and around the groups. Therefore piles of this category are sometimes called compaction piles. Where Do Designers Go Wrong
CONTACT PRESSURE AND DEFORMATION PATTERN

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During the process of driving the pile into the ground, the soil becomes molded and, as a result CONTACT PRESSURE AND DEFORMATION PATTERN
loses some of its strength. Therefore the pile is not able to transfer the exact amount of load w hich DEPOLLUTANT PHOTO-CATALYTIC CONCRETE
it is intended to immediately after it has been driven. Usually, the soil regains some of its strength (DPCC)
three to five months after it has been driven. SOURCES OF EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE
Friction piles SMART NANO-MATERIALS IN CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY
These piles also transfer their load to the ground through skin friction. The process of driving such CBR METHOD – I R C RECOMMENDATIONS
piles does not compact the soil appreciably. These types of pile foundations are commonly know n as
BLASTING TECHNIQUE FOR PAINTING SURFACE
floating pile foundations. PREPERATION
Com bination of friction piles and cohesion piles FATIGUE STRENGTH OF RIVETED AND CORRODED
STRUCTURES
An extension of the end bearing pile w hen the bearing stratum is not hard, such as firm clay. The MAINTENANCE OF STEEL STRUCTURES
pile is driven far enough into the low er material to develop adequate frictional resistance. A farther
variation of the end bearing pile is piles w ith enlarged bearing areas. This is achieved by forcing a
bulb of concrete into the soft stratum immediately above the firm layer to give an enlarged base. A Hey,We are on Facebook!
similar effect is produced w ith bored piles by forming a large cone or bell at the bottom w ith a
special reaming tool. Bored piles w hich are provided w ith a bell have a high tensile strength and Find us on Facebook
can be used as tension piles (see fig.3)
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A hmed Barnabas Diep Mohummed V ipul

Figure 3:under-reamed base enlargement to a bore-and-cast-in-situ pile

Hijraini A man A hmed Yee V enkata
Classification of pile with respect to ty pe of m aterial
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Piles are usually made of timber, concrete or steel. Timber can be used for the manufacture of
temporary piles and w hen the w ood is available at an economical price. Concrete is used for the
Green Concrete
manufacture of pre-cast concrete piles, cast in place and pre-stressed concrete piles, w hile steel
piles are used for permanent or temporary w orks.
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Concrete
Steel
Composite piles.

Timber piles

Used from earliest record time and still used for permanent w orks in regions w here timber is
plentiful. Timber is most suitable for long cohesion piling and piling beneath embankments. The
timber should be in a good condition and should not have been attacked by insects.

For timber piles of length less than 14 meters, the diameter of the tip should be greater than 150
mm. If the length is greater than 18 meters a tip w ith a diameter of 125 mm is acceptable. It is
essential that the timber is driven in the right direction and should not be driven into firm ground. DOCUMENT DOWNLOADS
As this can easily damage the pile. Keeping the timber below the ground w ater level w ill protect the
MOMENT Standard Test
timber against decay and putrefaction. To protect and strengthen the tip of the pile, timber piles can DISTRIBUTION Procedure Manual
be provided w ith toe cover. Pressure creosoting is the usual method of protecting timber piles. METHOD OF Shared by Torsheen
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Advantages and disadvantages of Wood piles Sami Field Visit Report -
Monitoring Micro-
+ The piles are easy to handle Push-over Projects (90.8k)
analysis for seismic Uploaded by Hafiz
+ Relatively inexpensive w here timber is plentiful. performance Korma
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+ Sections can be joined together and excess length easily removed. frame structures Quality Control in
(295.6k) Uploaded by Construction posted
– The piles w ill rot above the ground w ater level. Have a limited bearing capacity. Rachana G in Concrete
Technology
– Can easily be damaged during driving by stones and boulders. Earthquake Prestressed
Resistant Design Concrete – Complete
– The piles are difficult to splice and are attacked by marine borers in salt w ater. posted in Structural Study Material posted
Engineers in Concrete
Concrete piles Russian Highway Technology
posted in Structural Concrete Technology
Concrete piles can be divided to pre-cast and cast in place concrete piles: Engineers – Complete Material
posted in Concrete
Pre- cast concrete Piles or Pre fabricated concrete piles Reinforcement Technology
Detailing posted in
it is formed and reinforced in a high-quality controlled concrete, Usually used of square (see fig 1-4 Structural Engineers Crack Repairing

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b), triangle, circle or octagonal section, they are produced in short length in one meter intervals
posted in Concrete
Aerospace Technology
betw een 3 and 13 meters. They are pre-caste so that they can be easily connected together in Manufacturing &
Design posted in
order to reach to the required length (fig 1-4 a). This w ill not decrease the design load capacity. Aerospace
Reinforcement is necessary w ithin the pile to help w ithstand both handling and driving stresses. Pre Engineering
stressed concrete piles are also used and are becoming more popular than the ordinary pre cast as
less reinforcement is required.

Figure 4:a) concrete pile connecting detail. b) squared pre-cast concert pile

The Hercules type of pile joint (Figure 5) is easily and accurately cast into the pile and is quickly and
safely joined on site. They are made to accurate dimensional tolerances from high grade steels.

Figure 5:Hercules type of pile joint

Advantages and disadvantages of Pre- cast concrete Piles

+ Are easy to splice. Relatively inexpensive.

+ Stable in squeezing ground, for example, soft clays, silts and peats pile material can be inspected
before piling.

+ Can be driven in long lengths.

+ Can increase the relative density of a granular founding stratum.

– Displacement, heave, and disturbance of the soil during driving.

– Can be damaged during driving. Replacement piles may be required.

– Cannot be driven w ith very large diameters or in condition of limited headroom.

Cast in place Concrete piles

Cast in place concrete piles are the most type commonly used for foundations due to the great
diversity available for pouring concrete and the introduction of the pile into the soil. Driving and
drilling piles are tw o types of cast in place concrete piles; how ever, the implementation of these
piles in place may be accompanied by some problems such as arching, squeezing and segregation.

These piles are divided to:

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Piles are poured in tubes w ith underneath heels and left w hen lifting the tubes. some of those
types:

Simplex pile: it is a tube of cast of diameter 40 cm, has an underneath heel, it is banged underground by an
automatic hammer until reaching the arable land for the establishment, then concrete is poured inside it and
banged by another hammer. In the meantime, the pipe is raised with a certain amount so as not to enter the soil
inside. This pile can bear about 40 – 50 ton.
Frankie pile: It is a number of tubes entering each other in order to easily access to great depths within the earth.
Aheel of reinforced concrete can be used and left in the ground to prevent the entry of cold water pipes. This pile
can carry a load of 50 – 80 ton.
Vibro pile: It is a steel pipe of diameter 40 cm, has a conical heel with a separate flange, it is banged
underground by an automatic hammer until reaching the arable land for the establishment, then the heel is
removed and put into a tube, after that concrete is poured. The tube is moved up and down (about 80 times per
minute) in order to compact concrete. This pile can bear about 60 ton.
Strong pile: this pile is largely similar to Simplex pile except that the bottom heel is made from reinforced
concrete covered with cast heel. This pile can carry a load of 25 – 30 ton.
Under rimed pile: this pile is used at black clayey soil and lands of non residual soil, so this soil is very
dangerous to be established on it.
Piles with open tubes without heel, then concrete are poured inside the tube. The pipe has a diameter of 40 cm
and an average concrete well of 12 to 15 meters depending on the level of land to be established. Some these
piles:
Strauss pile: Which is very similar to the Simplex pile but without a heel. Soil can be removed from the tubes by
special devices and concrete is poured instead of soil. The maximum load that can be carried by these piles is
from 20 – 25 ton.
Kimbersol pile: Awell is done of diameter about 80 cm, until reaching the arable land for the establishment, then
the bottom of the well is compacted using a rounded hammer and filled with concrete with a ratio of 1 : 5 (cement
: sand). This pile can carry a load of 80 – 120 ton.
Welfchaulzer pile: a pipe of diameter 30 – 40 cm is banged until reaching the arable land for the establishment,
and the inside soil is removed, then steel bars are placed and the opened upper hole is covered tightly Leaving
holes to connect the compressed air so that leachates can be expelled, then concrete is poured by a ratio 1 : 4.
Raymond pile: Consists of cylindrical chips inside each other with a diameter of 40 – 60 cm at the top of the pile
and 20 – 28 cm at the bottom. It is banged inside by a Mandrill and the cylindrical chips are leaved in the soil and
filled with concrete.

Advantages and disadvantages of cast-in-place concrete piles

+ Can be inspected before casting can easily be cut or extended to the desired length.

+ Relatively inexpensive.

+ The piles can be cast before excavation.

+ Pile lengths are readily adjustable.

+ An enlarged base can be formed w hich can increase the relative density of a granular founding
stratum leading to much higher end bearing capacity.

+ Reinforcement is not determined by the effects of handling or driving stresses.

– Heave of neighboring ground surface, w hich could lead to re consolidation and the development
of negative skin friction forces on piles..

– Tensile damage to unreinforced piles or piles consisting of green concrete, w here forces at the
toe have been sufficient to resist upw ard movements.

– Damage piles consisting of uncased or thinly cased green concrete due to the lateral forces set
up in the soil. Concrete may be w eakened if artesian flow pipes up shaft of piles w hen tube is
w ithdraw n.

– Light steel section or Pre-cast concrete shells may be damaged or distorted by hard driving.

– Cannot be driven w here headroom is limited.

– Time consuming; cannot be used immediately after the installation.

– Limited length.

Bored and cast in -place (non -displacement piles)

+ Length can be readily varied to suit varying ground conditions.

+ Can be installed in very large diameters.

+ End enlargement up to tw o or three diameters are possible in clays.

+ Material of piles is not dependent on handling or driving conditions.

+ Can be installed in very long lengths.

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– Concrete is not placed under ideal conditions and cannot be subsequently inspected.

– Water under artesian pressure may pipe up pile shaft w ashing out cement.

– Cannot be readily extended above ground level especially in river and marine structures.

– Boring methods may loosen sandy or gravely soils requiring base grouting to achieve economical
base resistance.

Steel piles

Made of sectors in the form of H, X or of thick pipes (see fig. 6). They are suitable for handling and
driving in long lengths. Their relatively small cross-sectional area combined w ith their high strength
makes penetration easier in firm soil. They can be easily cut off or joined by w elding. If the pile is
driven into a soil w ith low pH value, then there is a risk of corrosion, but risk of corrosion is not as
great as one might think. Although tar coating or cathodic protection can be employed in permanent
w orks.

It is common to allow for an amount of corrosion in design by simply over dimensioning the cross-
sectional area of the steel pile. In this w ay the corrosion process can be prolonged up to 50 years.
Normally the speed of corrosion is 0.2-0.5 mm/year and, in design, this value can be taken as
1mm/year

a) X- cross-section b) H – cross-sectionc) steel pipe

Figure 6 Steel piles cross-sections

Advantages and disadvantages of Steel piles

+ The piles are easy to handle and can easily be cut to desire length.

+ Can be driven through dense layers. The lateral displacement of the soil during driving is low
(steel section H or I section piles) can be relatively easily spliced or bolted.

+ Can be driven hard and in very long lengths.

+ Can carry heavy loads.

– The piles w ill corrode,

– W ill deviate relatively easy during driving.

– Are relatively expensive.

Com posite piles

Combination of different materials in the same of pile. As indicated earlier, part of a timber pile w hich
is installed above ground w ater could be vulnerable to insect attack and decay. To avoid this,
concrete or steel pile is used above the ground w ater level, w hilst w ood pile is installed under the
ground w ater level (see figure 7).

Figure 7: Protecting timber piles from decay:

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a) by pre-cast concrete upper section above w ater level.
b) by extending pile cap below w ater level

Classification of pile with respect to effect on the soil

A simplified division into driven or bored piles is often employed.

Driven piles

Driven piles are considered to be displacement piles. In the process of driving the pile into the
ground, soil is moved radially as the pile shaft enters the ground. There may also be a component
of movement of the soil in the vertical direction.

Figure 8: driven piles

Bored piles

Bored piles (Replacement piles) are generally considered to be non-displacement piles a void is
formed by boring or excavation before piles is produced. Piles can be produced by casting concrete
in the void. Some soils such as stiff clays are particularly amenable to the formation of piles in this
w ay, since the bore hole w alls do not requires temporary support except cloth to the ground
surface. In unstable ground, such as gravel the ground requires temporary support from casing or
bentonite slurry. Alternatively the casing may be permanent, but driven into a hole w hich is bored
as casing is advanced. A different technique, w hich is still essentially non-displacement, is to
intrude, a grout or a concrete from an auger w hich is rotated into the granular soil, and hence
produced a grouted column of soil.

There are three non-displacement methods: bored cast- in – place piles, particularly pre-formed
piles and grout or concrete intruded piles.

The follow ing are replacement piles:

Augered
Cable percussion drilling
Large-diameter under-reamed
Types incorporating pre caste concrete unite
Drilled-in tubes
Mini piles

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