THE POTENTIAL OF SWEET POTATO LEAVES (Ipomoea batatas) AND MALUNGAY

LEAVES (Moringa oliefera) AS SUPPLEMENT FOR

JAPANESE QUAIL (Coturnix japonica) PRODUCTION

VALIANT DOMINIC D. VELARDE

INTRODUCTION

Nature and Importance of the Study

In animal production one must not limit its focus on feed nutrition alone. Proper growth

and development of animals are best achieved when all their metabolic processes are working

harmoniously. Stress and diseases have always been a big factor that alters these processes.

They can alter the proper functioning of the digestive systems and affects the absorption of

essential nutrients (Costa et al., 2008).

The potential for sweet potato leaves (Chen et. al., 2005) and “Malungay” (Fahey, 2005)

to modulate immune response and to combat malnutrition has long been attested in humans.

Their uses as forage and feed material have further broadened their diversity for animal use

(Ruiz et. al., 1980 and Fahey, 2005). With the strict regulations on the use of antibiotic on

animal, these crops have the potential of becoming an alternative source of remedy.

One possible use of these crops is on poultry production. In today’s animal industry, one

poultry species that is gaining popularity are the quail; commonly known for its local name

“pugo”. It is a small and early maturing game bird that is becoming popular in the Philippines for

its eggs and meat. Another invite that adds to their acceptability as a component in poultry

production is their being hardy and inexpensive to keep (Randall et al., 2008).
 With the ongoing economic crisis families must venture into alternative means to sustain

their needs. With the constraints of space for agriculture there is a need for a small-scale

production system. One perfect specimen for such system is the quail. It poses many

advantages over other small animals especially on its economic aspect (Martin et al., 1998). Its

capability to thrive even in small confine is just one of the qualities that make them perfect for

small scale production system. With the demand on their meat and egg increasing, their

potential market is now becoming wide.

However, because of their infancy in the animal industry fewer studies have been

conducted on these birds. Because of this quail rations are not being commercially produced.

People engaged in large scale production have their own feed milled. While those in small scale

production resort to other commercial feed premixes of other poultry, as customizing can be

costly. The most common of all are the ones used in broiler production.

This practice usually results to slow growth and poor laying ability as these rations does

not contain the required nutrients for quail. Worse of all, nutrition deficiency can lead reduced

immunity making them susceptible to diseases. With the continued increase in the prices of

commercially prepared supplements and preventive drugs these setbacks will remain a big

factor. Zynudheen et al., 2008, demonstrated the possibility of enhancing the laying

performance of quail by supplementing fermented fish silage. This only proves that performance

of quail, in spite using none quail feeds can be enhanced through supplementation. With these

technologies established small scale producers will no longer rely on commercial products to

compensate nutrient loss. They can still achieve full production at a minimal input. An innovation

that “malungay” and sweet potato are able to provide.

Locally identified in other places as Horse radish tree, benzolive, drumstick tree, kelor,

and morango; Moringa oliefera or malungay has more vitamin A than carrots, more calcium than

milk, more iron than spinach, more vitamin C than orange juice, more potassium than banana. It

also contains unique grouped of chemicals such as glucosinolates and isothiocyanites. Its anti-
bacterial, anti-cancer, and anti-hypertensive properties are made possible by the presence of

4-(4'-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy) benzyl isothiocy-anate , 4-(α-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)

benzyl isothiocy-anate , niazimicin , pterygospermin , benzyl isothiocyanate , 4-(α-L-

rhamnopyranosyloxy) benzyl glucosinolate and pterygospermin on all plant parts. Other

potentials includes antitrypanosomal, antispasmodic, hypo-cholesterolemic, and hypoglycemic

activities, as well as having considerable efficacy in water purification by flocculation,

sedimentation, antibiosis and even reduction of Schistosome cercariae titer ( Fahey, 2005).

As with Moringa; sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), also have some promising medical

and nutritional properties. With its wide distribution in the Philippines it can be readily available

for processing. Chen et al., 2005, conclude that consumption of sweet potato leaves (SPl)

modulates immune functions, increase proliferation of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell

(PBMC), secretions of cytokines IL2 and IL4 and lytic activity of Natural Killer (NK) Cells. He

also acknowledged on his study the presence of polyphenolic compounds in SPI; an antioxidant

compound that is also a free radical scavenging. With promising results in humans, sweet

potato is sure to do the same on quails.

Supplemented singly or in synergy this crops will offer an avenue for a more health

friendly poultry products, not just with quail but as well as with other poultry species. The

organic state of the supplements will help minimize the use of commercially produced

supplements and antibiotics both in poultry and other farm animals.

With quail physiology similar with those of other poultry species, this study is going to be

a representation on the potential of these crops as a supplement on other poultry species. This

study will also bench mark the development of studies on other potential use of “malungay” and

sweet potato on animals. Hence, this study is conducted.

Objectives:

1. To evaluate the potential of Moringa oliefera and Ipomoea batatas as a supplement

for Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) against nutritional deficiency developed

through the use of other poultry animal feeds.

2. To develop an organic supplement for quail production.

3. To determine which treatment replicate achieved the optimum growth and egg

performance.

Time and Place of the Study

This study is going to be conducted at Apartment 45 Kilbourne Street, VSU, Visca,

Baybay, Leyte from ________to_____________. Analysis of other data such as egg shell

weight, albumin weight, yolk weight, and blood glucose level will be conducted at the

Department of Animal Science Nutrition Laboratory, VSU, Visca, Baybay, Leyte.

Scope and Limitation

This study is limited only to the use of Ipomoea batatas and Moringa oliefera leaves as

the source of the extracts for the supplements of a 1 month-old ready-to-lay quails.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Description of Ipomoea batatas

The sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas); a perennial and herbaceous crop (Antia et al.,

2006 and OECD, 2010); has a long history to slave off famine. This dicotyledonous plant has a

starchy and sweet tuberous roots that are also a storage (Adam, 2005) of nutrients and energy

(Ruiz et al., 1980) making it an especially cheap source of calories.

In fact this crop has supplemented the family income of many farmers ensuring food

security and improved livelihood (Stevenson et al., 2009). This has made sweet potato an

important crop that is making an annual global production of 122 million metric tons, and grown

in over 166 countries (Ofori et al., 2009). It even ranked 7th from view point of total production

after wheat, rice, maize, potato, barley and cassava (OECD, 2010).

In monetary terms, it ranked 13th in the global production of commodities and 5th on the

lists of valuable crops of developing countries (OECD, 2010).

Taxonomy

Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Solanales
Family: Convulaceae
Genus: Ipomoea
Species: batatas
Binomial Name: Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam

Origin and Diversity

This crop is thought to have originated in Central America and possibly in Mexico. This

perennial and herbaceous crop (OECD, 2010), spread to other parts of the world and gained

acceptance. Its earliest record in China dated since the 16th century (Adam, 2005). It was
speculated that the Chinese imported the crops from the Philippines. They are then responsible

for its spread to other Asian countries such as Japan in the 17th century and Indonesia (OECD,

2010).

Sweet potato was also able to reach Africa, Europe, Polynesia and New Zealand (OECD, 2010)

Guam and Micronesia (Naholowaa et. al., 2003).

It is with this distribution that Ipomoea batatas has many names. The Chamoros and

Filipinos commonly call it “kamote” (Naholowaa et. al., 2003 and Nelson et. al., 2010). In Fiji,

Japan, France, Germany, Hawaii, and Italy it is commonly called as “kumala”, “satsuma imo”,

“patate douce”, “batate”, “uwala”, and “patata dolce” respectively (Nelson et. al., 2010).

Nutrition

Apart from the energy rich roots of sweet potato (Table 1). Its leaves and roots are also

pack with essential nutrients (Table 2) that is not only making it suitable for animal feed (Huu

Manh et al., 2003; Malavanh et al., 2006; and Ruiz et al., 1980) but as well as a supplement

(Zuraida, 2003 and Huu Manh et al., 2003).

Table 1. Nutritional Value of Sweet Potato per 100 g. (3.5 oz.)

Energy 360 KJ (86 Kcal)

Carbohydrates 20.1 g.
Starch 12.7 g.
Sugars 4.2 g.
Dietary Fibers 3.0 g.
Fat 0.1 g.
Protein 1.6 g.
Vitamin A equivalent 709 µg. (79%)
- Beta carotene 8509 µg. (79%)
- Lutein and zeaxanthin 0 µg.
Thiamine (Vit. B1) 0.1 mg. (8%)
Ribiflavin (Vit. B2) 0.1 mg. (8%)
Niacin (Vit. B3) 0.61 mg. (4%)
Pantothenic Acid (B5) 0.8 mg. (16%)
Vitamin B6 0.2 mg. (15%)
Foliate (Vit. B9) 11 µg. (3%)
Vitamin C 2.4 mg. (4%)
Vitamin E 0.26 mg. (2 %)
Calcium 30.0 mg (3%)
Iron 0.6 mg. (3%)
Magnesium 25.0 mg. (7%)
Phosphorus 47.0 mg. (7%)
Potassium 337 mg. (7%)
Sodium 55 mg. (2%)
Zinc 0.3 mg. (3%)
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wikisweet-potato; nutritiondata.com;
http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/
Table 2. Composition of young sweet potato shoots (leaf and tender tips) per 100 g
of edible portion

Young shoots (cooked) Roots (baked in skin)

Water 87 63.7
Calories (food energy) 41 141
Carbohydrate (g) 9.2 32.5
Fiber (g) 1.2 0.9
Protein (g) 2.6 2.1
Fat (g) 0.2 0.5
Ash (g) 1.4 1.2
Calcium (mg) 24 40
Phosphorous (mg) 60 58
Sodium (mg) - 12
Potassium (mg) - 300
Iron (mg) 0.6 0.7
Thiamine (mg) 0.07 0.09
Riboflavin (mg) 0.18 0.07
Niacin (mg) 0.07 0.7
Ascorbic acid (mg) 1 22
(Source: Nelson et al., 2010)

Uses

The wide acceptance of sweet potato spread mainly, not only for its potential use as a

livestock feed (Huu Manh et al., 2003; Malavanh et al., 2006; OECD, 2010; and Ruiz et al.,

1980), but as well for its potential as an alternative food supplement especially during food crisis

(Zuraida, 2003).

From here, arise the development of many products and cuisines from the crop. These

innovations, in part, helped supplement the family income, especially among famers (Stevenson

et al., 2009). In Guam, the crop played a significant role on their “chamoro” dishes which is a

staple in most Micronesian Islands (Naholowan at al., 2003). Americans on the other hand

mashed it, baked it into pastry and made it into soup dishes (FNS USDA, 2007). In Ghana,
researchers were even able to make a non-alcoholic beverage from its tuberous roots (Wireko-

Manu et al., 2010). The National Aeronautic and Space Agency (N.A.S.A.) of the U.S.A. are

even researching on sweet potato as a breakfast cereals for their astronauts (Adam, 2005 and

Islam, 2003-2006).

However; with all the nutrients and photo-chemicals; the most significant of all are its

medicinal uses (Islam, 2006 and Nelson et al., 2010). It has been reported that these chemicals

helped sweet potato possess multifaceted action such as anti-oxidation, anti-mutagenity, anti-

inflammation and anti-carcinogenesis (Udoh et al., 2010).

Description of Moringa oleifera Lam.

Moringa is best known as the most useful multipurpose tropical tree that naturally grows

in many tropical countries; mostly in semi-arid regions (Adadapo et. al., 2009; Fajos et al., 2010;

and Coppin, 2008). It is a tree that could reach a height of about 5-12 meters with an open

umbrella-shaped crown, straight trunk (10-30 cm thick) a corky, whitish bark, and a soft low

quality wood (Coppin, 2008; Fahey, 2005; Adadapo et al., 2009; and http://www.dolcas-

biotech.com/pdf/Moringa.pdf). The plant (depending on climate) has leaflets 1-2 cm in diameter

and 1.5-2.5 cm in length. The tree produces a tuberous tap root which explains its tolerance to

drought conditions (Coppin, 2008).

Taxonomy

Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Tracheobionta
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Capparales
Family: Moringaceae
Genus: Moringa Adans.
Species: Moringa oleifera Lam.
(Source: http://plants.usda.gov)
Origin and Diversity

Moringa oleifera is the best known of the thirteen species of the genus Moringacae;

namely Moringa arborea, Moringa borziana, Moringa concanensis, Moringa drouhardii, Moringa

hildebrandtii, Moringa longituba, Moringa ovalifolia, Moringa peregrina, Moringa pygmaea,

Moringa rivae, Moringa ruspoliana, and Moringa stenopetala (http://www.dolcas-

biotech.com/pdf/Moringa.pdf). In fact it has spread into many continents covering vast number

of countries. Because of this there are no exact records as to where the plant really originated.

This is a single genus family of shrubs and trees cultivated across the whole of the

tropical belt and used for a variety of purposes (Muyibi et al., 1994; and Adedapo et al., 2009).

From the Saharan African countries of Ghana, Rewanda, Senegal and Zambia (Phiri, 2010); to

India, the Arabia, countries of South East Asia, South America, the Pacific and Caribbean

Islands (Coppin, 2008; and Fahey, 2005). It is with these adaptations that Moringa also has well

diverse common names.

The following are the different common names of Moringa oleifera as adopted by the

different countries that grows the crop. Here in the Philippines this plant is locally known as the

“Malunggay”; in Nigeria the crop is called as “ben oil tree” (Anjorin et al., 2010), Zogale and

Bagaruwan makka (Sanni et al., 2010); in Bangladesh it is called as Shajna (Ara et al., 2008); in

India it is locally known as Drumstick, while in Senegal, Haiti and Thailand the crop is locally

called as “Nebedy”, “Banzoil tree” and “Marum” respectively (Sanni et al., 2010).

Nutrition

The crop would not have been called miraculous if it did not posses enormous amount of

nutrients. Table 3 outlines the nutritional analysis of Moringa oleifera leaves in both fresh and

dry state. While Table 4 outlines the comparison of its nutrient contents with those of other plant

leaves.
Table 3. Nutritional Analysis of Moringa pods; fresh raw leaves, and dried leaf powder have
shown to contain the following per 100 grams of edible portion

Nutritional Analysis Pods (per Fresh Raw Dried Leaf

100 Leaves (Per Powder (Per
grams) 100 grams) 100 grams)
Moisture (%) 86.9% 75% 7.5%
Calories 26.0 92 205
Protein (g) 2.5 6.7 27.1
Fat (g) 0.1 1.7 2.3
Carbohydrate (g) 3.7 13.4 38.2
Fiber (g) 4.8 0.9 19.2
Minerals (g) 2.0 2.3 -
Calcium (mg) 30.0 440.0 2003.0
Magnesium (mg) 24.0 24.0 368.0
Phosphorous (mg) 110.0 70.0 204.0
Potassium (mg) 259.0 259.0 1324.0
Copper (mg) 3.1 1.1 0.6
Iron (mg) 5.3 0.7 28.2
Oxalic acid (mg) 10.0 101.0 0.0
Sulphur 137 137 870

VITAMINS
Vitamin A - B carotene (mg) 0.1 6.8 16.3
Vitamin B – Choline (mg) 423.0 423.0 -
Vitamin B1 – Thiamin (mg) 0.05 0.21 2.6
Vitamin B2 – 0.07 0.05 20.5
Riboflavin (mg)
Vitamin B3 – Nicotinic 0.2 0.8 8.2
Acid (mg)
Vitamin C – Ascorbic 120 220.0 17.3
Acid (mg)
Vitamin E – - - 113.0
Tocopherols Acetate (mg)

AMINO ACID
Arginine (mg) 360 406.6 1325
Histidine (mg) 110 149.8 613
Lysine (mg) 150 342.4 1325
Tryptophan (mg) 80 107 425
Phenylanaline (mg) 430 310.3 1388
Methionine (mg) 140 117.7 350
Threonine (mg) 390 117.7 1188
Leucine (mg) 650 492.2 1950
Isoleucine (mg) 440 299.6 825
Valine (mg) 540 374.5 1063
**Amino Acid contents are expressed per “g N (Nitrogen)”, in this specification it has been
converted into “mg” for clarity
(Source: http://www.dolcas-biotech.com/pdf/Moringa.pdf)
Table 4. Moringa leaves compared to other nutritious food

Vitamin A content (per 100 grams of edible portions)

Carrots Fresh Leaves Dried Leaf Powder

18 mg 6.8 mg 16.3 mg

Vitamin C content (per 100 grams of edible portions)

Oranges Fresh Leaves Dried Leaf Powder

30 mg 220 mg 17.3 mg

Calcium content (per 100 grams of edible portions)

Milk Fresh Leaves Dried Leaf Powder

120 mg 440 mg 2003 mg

Iron content (per 100 grams of edible portions)

Spinach Fresh Leaves Dried Leaf Powder

1.14 mg 0.7 mg 28.2 mg

Potassium content (per 100 grams of edible portions)

Banana Fresh Leaves Dried Leaf Powder

88 mg 259 mg 1324 mg

Protein content (per 100 grams of edible portions)

Yogurt Fresh Leaves Dried Leaf Powder

3.1 g 6.7 g 27.1 g

Summary:

FRESH LEAVES DRIED LEAF POWDER

4 times Vitamin A of Carrots 10 times Vitamin A of Carrots
7 times Vitamin C of Oranges ½ times Vitamin C of Oranges
4 times Calcium of Milk 17 times Calcium of Milk
3 times Potassium of Bananas 15 times Potassium of Bananas
¾ times Iron of Spinach 25 times Iron of Spinach
2 times Protein of Yogurt 9 times Protein of Yogurt
(Source: http://www.dolcas-biotech.com/pdf/Moringa.pdf)
 Apart from the nutrients, this crop is also pack with chemicals and natural compounds

that are contributory to its medicinal properties. According to Julia Coppin (2008) on her Master

of Science thesis; Moringa oleifera not only possesses assorted nutrients but as well as a

number of Phytochemicals (Plant flavonoids), Polyphenols (Chlorogenic acid analog, Ellugic

acid, Gallic Acid), Alkaloids and a vast amount of natural compounds.

Uses

It is with its vast potential that Moringa oleifera has been known worldwide. In fact, this

has been the driving force why many countries have adopted the crop. Table 5 outlines some of

the common applications of this plant practiced by the locals of the Sub-Saharan African

countries of Ghana, Rwanda, Senegal and Zambia (Coppin, 2008).

Table 5. The Traditional and Medicinal Applications of Moringa oleifera

Parts of the tree Uses Traditional methods Medicinal Purposes

of preparation
Leaves Salads, vegetables Fresh or dried leaves Treating tumors; as
curries, powder for are ground to a poultice
scrubbing utensils powder and used to for sores, reduce
prepare salves glandular
swelling and
headaches, to
purge or a body
cleanser, to
promote digestion;
traditional
medicine as a
hypocholesterolemic
agent in
obese individuals
Seeds Eaten as a snack, oil Seeds are prepared Treats abdominal
for salads, cooking, green, roasted or tumors;
cosmetics, lubricant; powdered, steamed removes harmful
water and extracted as an bacteria
purifying oil
Flowers For honey Flower extracts are Folk remedies for
used for tumors
preparations
 Bark For tanning Decoctions for Promote digestion
creams or
emollients
Pods Eaten as a fruit in Prepared fresh or treat malnutrition
salads roasted
Root As a substitute for Prepared as Treatment of tumors;
horseradish decoctions promotes digestion
(Source: Coppin, J. 2008)

Other use of Moringa includes livestock fodder (Fahey, 2005; Mathur, 2006; and Coppin,

2008), fertilizer (Fahey, 2005; Mathur, 2006; and Phiri, 2010), biomass production, biogas,

domestic cleaning agent, blue dye, fencing, foliar nutrient, green manure (Fahey, 2005), as

substitute to olive oil, as cooking oil (Coppin, 2008) and as binder in the manufacture of

medicinal tablets (Basawaraj et al., 2010).

But the most inviting of all of its uses are the medicinal properties that it posses. The

many nutrients and natural compounds have synergistically turned this crop into a natural

pharmacy. It is a biopesticide (Fahey, 2005), an insecticidal, an anti-anthelmintic (Rastogi et al.,

2009), an anti-fungal (Chuang et al., 2005), an anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, antitumor,

and hepatoprotective (Chuang et al., 2005). Not to mention, it also has an antibacterial

capabilities (Coppin, 2008; and Ratogi et al., 2009).

These are only some of the major medicinal impacts that Moringa has to offer. Other

traditionally practiced medicinal use of this crop includes treatments against sores, anemia and

glandular swelling (http://www.dolcas-biotech.com/pdf/Moringa.pdf).

CHAPTER III
 MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collection and Preparation of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.

Collection. All plant materials are going to be purchased from vegetable vendors in

Baybay City market. Personally collecting crop can be time consuming and often frustrating

since few farmers are not commercially producing it especially farmers who are living in the

neighboring barangays of Visayas State University.

Preparation. A total of five kilograms of sweet potato leaves will be used for the

extraction of plant juice. Using a Monfort expeller; the sweet potato leaves are pressed and

squeezed off of their juice. The process results in two products, the juice and the plant

aggregates called cake.

The extracted juice is then filtered using a filter paper. This aide the removal of minute

plant debris and keep its consistency into pure liquid state. It will be stored in amber bottles at

room temperature.

Collection and Preparation of Moringa oleifera Lam.

Collection. Same with the sweet potato leaves, supply of Moringa leaves will be

acquired by purchasing them from vendors in Baybay city market. Due to the demand for the

crop collecting backyard grown will be inadequate to supply the need of the study.

Preparation. A total of five kilograms of Moringa leaves are going to be stripped and fed

into the bin of the Monfort expeller. These are pressed and squeezed; the leaf juice products

produced are then filtered through a filter paper. Pure liquid extracts are stored in amber bottles

at room temperature.

Experimental Design and Treatments

 Completely randomized design (CRD) utilizing 140 heads of 30-day old Japanese quails

will be used in this study. They will be grouped into five (5) treatments having 5 replications

each and 5 quails (consisting of 1 male and 4 female) per replicate treatment. Different levels of

the Moringa and sweet potato leaf extracts will be supplemented as the quails reached fifty days

and have achieved full laying potentials.

Below are the respective treatments of this study:

T0 – Control, plain water

T1 – 40% Moringa leaf extract

T2 – 40% Sweet Potato leaf extract

T3 – 25% Moringa leaf extract + 15% Sweet Potato leaf extract

T4 – 25% Sweet Potato leaf extract + 15% Moringa leaf extract

Analysis of Data

All the data gathered are going to be analyzed using one way analysis of variance

(ANOVA) of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) ver.15 computer package.

Treatment means will be compared using the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT).

Housing Management

Housing and Equipment. Brooding pens reinforced with plywood as cover are going to

be constructed to house the day old quail chicks. It will be provided with two 10 watt bulbs to

provide the necessary heat, at start a 37 oC will be maintained and will be reduced gradually by

3 oC per week. News paper and rice hulls are will serve as the pens substrate. Movable feeding
troughs and drinkers will also be provided. All chicks are going to be housed in this pen from

day old until 1 month, where they will be transferred into their respective battery cages.

All in all, there will be four cages for each treatment. A unison feeding trough will be built

for the entire treatment cages. Drinkers on the other hand will be individual for each cage. A

removable manure catch will also be provided for each row of cages.

Feeds and Feeding

Commercial chick starter mash ration will be fed to the quail chicks for two weeks from

day old. This will be replaced with a commercial chick booster mash from 2 weeks to 1 month

old. After which commercial layer mash will be there diet until the end of the study. Feeding will

be adlibitum from day 1 to 2 weeks of age and gradually reduced into 3 meals. Fresh water will

be made available all the time.

Health Management

All quail chicks are going to be supplemented with antibiotic reinforced mineral premixes

from day 1 until day 30 of age. This is to protect them from any ill effects of sudden

environmental changes.

All the materials used and the pen and cages itself are going to be cleaned once a week.

This includes the changing of substrates and removal and disinfecting of manure catches.

Data to be gathered

Initial weight of the month old Quails are going to be taken prior to their transfer into the

battery cages. Other data that will be gathered includes Average Daily Gain (ADG), Average
Feed Consumed (AFC) per bird, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Laying performance, and

Percent Mortality.

Below are the different formulas of some of the data parameters of this study:

1. Average Daily Gain (ADG)

Final live weight – Initial weight

ADG= ------------------------------------------
Feeding Days

2. Average Fed Consumed (AFC) per bird

Total Feed Given – Left over feeds

AFC= -------------------------------------------------

Number of Birds

3. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)

Average Feed Consumed

FCR= ---------------------------------------

Average Daily Gain

4. Percent Mortality

Total Number of Birds Died

% M= ---------------------------------------- x 100

Total Number of Birds at Start

 LITERATURE CITED

ADAM, K.L. 2005. Sweet Potato: Organic Production. ATTRA. The National Agriculture
Information Service.
http://www.attra.ncat.org
http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/PDF/sweetpotato.pdf

ADEDAPO, A. A., MOGBOJURI, O.M. and EMIKPE, B.O. 2009. Safety Evaluations of the
Aqueous Extracts of the Leaves of Moringa oleifera in Rats. Journal of medicinal
Plants. Research Vol. 3(8). Pp. 586-591. August, 2009.
http://www.academicjournals.org/jmpr/PDF/pdfs2009/.../Adedapo%20et%20al.pdf

ANJORIN, T.S., K. PIUS and S. OKOLO. 2010. Mineral Composition of Moringa oleifera
Leaves, Roots, and Seeds from Two Regions in Abuja, Nigeria. International
Journal of Agriculture and Biology.
http://www.fspublishers.org/ijab/past-isues/IJABVOL_12_no_3/22.pdf.

ANTIA, B.S., E.J. AKAPN, P.A. OKON and I.U. UMEREN. 2006. Nutritive and Anti-Nutritive
Evaluation of Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) Leaves. Pakistan Journal of
Nutrition 5 (2): 166-168, 2006
http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjn.2006.166.168
http://www.pjbs.org/pjnonline/fin379.pdf.
ANWAR, F. and U. RASHID. 2007. Physico-chmical Characteristics of MOringa oleifera Seeds
and Seed Oil from wild Provenance of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany.
39(5): 1443-1453, 2007.
http://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/39(5)/POB39(5)1443pdf.

ARA, N., M. RASHID and M.S. AMRAN. 2008. Comparison of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract
with Atenolol on serum Triglyceride, Serum Cholesterol, Blood Glucose, Heart
weight, in Adrenaline Induced Rats. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences Vol. 15,
No. (2) December 2008
http://www.saudibiosoc.com/Sjbs/15-2/files/4pdf

Basawaraj, Patil S.; Soodani, Srinivas R., Upendra, Kulkami; and Korwar, Irakash G. 2010.
Evaluation of Moringa oleifera Gum as a Binder in Tablet Formulation.
International Journal of Research in Ayumeda and Pharmacy, 1(2); Nov.-Dec.
2010. 590-596
http://www.ijrap.net/issue-two/590-596.pdf

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