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EXPERIMENT NO: 1
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Bread Board trainer - 1 no’s
2. CRO - 1 no’s
3. Function Generator. - 1 no’s
COMPONENTS
1. Capacitor- 0.1μf -1 no’s
2. IN 4007 diode-1No. -1 no’s
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
Clipping circuits are commonly realized with diodes and resistor and do
not contain any energy storing components. The function performed by the clipping
circuits essentially either limiting or slicing. These circuits also employ devices such as
diodes, Zener diodes, and transistors along with resistors. Amplitude selectors and
Amplitude limiters are the other names of the clipping circuits
PROCEDURE:
EXPECTED WAVEFORM:
RESULT:
Diode clipper circuit using ordinary and Zener Diode are studied and observed the
waveforms.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Bread Board trainer - 1 no’s
2. CRO - 1 no’s
3. Function Generator. - 1 no’s
COMPONENTS
1. Resistor- 1KΩ -1 no’s
2. IN 4007 diode-1No. -1 no’s
3. BZX6V2 diode - 2 no’s.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
Clamping circuits do not make any effort to change the wave shape of any signal.
Their main concern is to introduce a dc shift into a waveform by altering its dc
component. In RC coupling and capacitive coupling, the blocking capacitor does not
allow the dc component of the applied signal to pass through it. Since all the sinusoidal
components pass through the blocking capacitor, the wave shape of the signal remains the
same after transmission while its dc level is brought down to zero. Clamping circuits are
essentially used to restore this lost dc component.
PROCEDURE:
EXPECTED WAVEFORM:
INPUT:
OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:
RESULT:
EXPERIMENT NO: 2
OP-AMP
2.1. VOLTAGE FOLLOWER
AIM: 1.To study the operation of AC voltage follower (AF = 1).
2. To study the operation of DC voltage follower.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Breadboard.
2. 1MHz function generator.
3. 20MHz Oscilloscope.
4. Digital Multimeter .
5. Connecting wires & Power supply.
COMPONENTS:
1. IC 741 – 1No.
2. 0.01μf Capacitor –1 No.
3. 100kΩ Resistors -1 No.
4. 10kΩ Resistor - 1No.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig (1)
THEORY:
voltage. The voltage follower is also called a non-inverting buffer amplifier because,
when placed between two networks, it removes the loading on the first network.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit of voltage follower as shown in fig (1) on the breadboard.
2. Switch on the power supply and apply the voltage ±15V to the circuit.
3. Apply the input signal of 1 KHz through the function generator.
4. Measure the output voltage of the voltage follower by connecting the C.R.O at Output
terminals.
5. Calculate the gain of the voltage follower.
6. Repeat the above steps for different input voltages.
WAVEFORMS:
RESULT:
AIM: To find the voltage gain of Inverting and Non- Inverting amplifier Using IC 741
OP-AMP.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Bread board trainer.
2. 1MHz Function generator.
3. 20MHz C R O.
4. Digital multimeter.
5. Connecting wires.
Components required:
1. 741IC - 1No
2. 1KΩ resistor -1No
3. 10KΩ resistor - 1No
4. 100KΩ resistor- 1No
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
INVERTING AMPLIFIER:
Fig (1)
NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER:
Fig (2)
THEORY:
When the input signal to an op-amp is supplied to the inverting input with non-
inverting input at ground, the amplifier operates in the inverting mode that is the output
differs in phase by 180 degrees with respect to the input. In an inverting amplifier the
gain is given by the relation A = -R1 /RF . Where RF and R1 are the feedback and input
resistor respectively. When operated in the non-inverting mode, the input signal is
applied to the non-inverting input with the inverting terminal grounded through a resistor.
The gain in this case is given by the relation A = 1+1 R/RF
PROCEDURE:
WAVEFORMS:
INVERTING AMPLIFIER
NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER
RESULT:
EXPERIMENT NO: 3
OP- AMP ARITHMETIC CIRCUITS
3.1. ADDER AND SUBTRACTOR
AIM: To design the adder and subtractor using IC 741 Op-amp.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Breadboard trainer.
2. 1MHz function generator.
3. 20MHz Oscilloscope.
4. Digital Multimeter .
5. Connecting wires.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. IC 741 – 1No.
2. 100kΩ Resistors -1 No.
3. 10kΩ Resistor - 3No.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Adder:
Subtractor:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the Adder circuit as shown in figure (1) and switch ON the trainer.
2. Apply the input voltages from the regulated supplies to the corresponding inputs.
3. Connect the voltmeter at the Out put terminals, and note down the values and verify
with theoretical values.
4. Repeat the above steps for different input voltages.
5. Now connect the subtractor circuit as shown in figure (2).
6. Repeat steps 2&3 and record the values.
7. Repeat the above steps for different input voltages.
CALCULATIONS:
RESULT: Adder and Subtractor are designed using 741 Op – Amp and verified practical
values with theoretical values.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Breadboard trainer.
2. 1MHz function generator.
3. 20MHz Oscilloscope.
4. Digital Multimeter .
5. Connecting wires & Power supply.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. IC 741 – 1No.
2. 0.047μf Capacitor –1 No.
3. 100KΩ, 1.5 KΩ , 100 Ω, –1 No.
4. 1.5 kΩ, Resistors -1 No.
5. 10kΩ Resistor - 1No.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
INTEGRATOR:
DIFFERENTIATOR:
THEORY:
THE INTEGRATOR
A circuit in which the output voltage waveform is the integration of the input is
called integrator.
1. When we apply a sine wave the frequency response is as shown in Fig (1.a). The
equation (1) indicates that the output voltage is directly proportional to the negative
integral of the input voltage and inversely proportional to the time constant R1 CF . For
Example if the input is a sine wave output will be a cosine wave or if the input is a square
wave, the output will be a triangular wave.
2. When Vin = 0 the integrator works as an open – loop amplifier. This is because of the
capacitor CF acts as an open circuit (XCF = infinite) to the input offset voltage Vin. In
other words, the input offset voltage Vin and the part of the input current charging
capacitor CF produce the error voltage at the output of the integrator. To overcome this
problem RF is connected across the feed back capacitor CF . Thus RF limits the low-
frequency gain and hence minimizes the variations in the output voltage.
3. Frequency response (fb) of integrator at 0 dB is given by fb =1/2ΠR1CF .
4. Both the stability and the low – frequency roll-off problems can be corrected by the
addition of a resistors RF as shown in fig (2.a). The frequency response of practical
integrator is as shown in fig (2.c). by a dashed line . In this ‘f’ is relative operating
frequency and for ‘f’ and f3 the gain RF/R1 is constant.
However after fa the gain decreases at a rate of 20dB/decade. In other words, between fa
and fb the circuit acts as in integrator.
B.E 3rd I SEM, ECE 14
MCET, DEPT OF ECE IC LAB MANUAL
5. The input signal will be integrated properly if the time period T of the input signal as
larger than or equal to RF CF
THE DIFFERENTIATOR:
The differentiator circuit performs the mathematical operation of differentiation.
That is the output waveform is the derivative of the input waveform.
1. If a sine wave is applied to the input of the differentiator then the output is cosine
waveform.
2. The reactance of the circuit (RF/XC1) increase with increase in frequency at a rate of
20dB decade. This makes the circuit unstable
3. The input impedance XC1 decreases with increase in frequency, which makes the
circuit very susceptible to high frequency noise.
4. The frequency response of the basic differentiator is shown in figure.1.C. In this fig fa
is the frequency at which the gain is 0 dB .
5. Both the stability and the high – frequency noise problem can be corrected by the
addition of two components R1 and CF as shown in fig 2.a .The frequency response of
which is shown in fig 1.c by dashed line from f to fa the gain decrease at 20dB/decade.
This 40 dB/decade change in gain is caused by the R1 C1 and RF CF combinations.
The gain limiting frequency fb is given by
Where R1 C1 = RF CF.
R1 C1 and RF CF help to reduce significantly the effect of high – frequency input,
amplifier noise, and offsets.
Above all, it makes the circuit more stable by preventing the increase in gain with
frequency. General, the value of f1, and in turn R1 C1 and RF CF should be selected that
fa = fb = fc unit gain – bandwidth.
6. The input signal will be differentiated properly if the time period T of the input signal
is larger than or equal to RF C1.
PROCEDURE:
INTEGRATOR
1. Connect the integrator circuit as shown in fig 1.a.
2. Connect the 1MHz function generator to the terminals. Apply the input waveform.
3. Connect the 20MHz C.R.O at the output terminals.
4. Switch ON the trainer and see that the supply LED glows.
5. Observe and note down the output frequency and waveforms. (Sample output
waveforms are as shown in figures).
6. Fig (1.b) shows the frequency response of sine wave input.
7. Repeat the above procedure 1 – 5 to get the different waveforms, by varying the input
frequency.
8. Apply the square wave, and repeat the above steps and observe & record the waveform
(Ideal waveform are as shown in fig (1.b).
PROCEDURE:
DIFFERENTIATOR
1. Connect the differentiator as shown in fig 2.a
2. Connect the 1MHz function generators to the input terminals; apply sine wave at the
input terminals.
3. Connect the 20MHz C.R.O at the output terminals.
4. Switch ON the trainer and see that the supply LED glows.
5. Observe and record the output frequency of waveforms (Ideal output waveforms are as
shown in fig 2.b
6. Repeat the above steps from 1 to 5 and observe different output waveforms, by varying
the input frequency.
7. Apply the square wave, and repeat the above steps and observe & record the
waveform. (Ideal waveforms) are as shown in Fig (1.c). The frequency response graph of
basic differentiator circuit is also shown in the fig.
WAVEFORMS:
EXPECTED WAVEFORM:
RESULT:
EXPERIMENT NO: 4
OP-AMP ACTIVE FILTERS
4.1. HIGH PASS FILTER
AIM: To perform the operation of High pass filter and to observe the
frequency response.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Op amp 741 IC 1
2. Resistors R =10 KΩ 4
3. Capacitance C = 0.02μF 1
4. Function Generator 1
5. Bread Board Trainer 1
6. CRO 1
7. Connecting accessories Required
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
WAVE FORMS:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Apply +Vcc =+15V and –Vee = – 15V to Pin 7 and 4 of μA741 IC.
3. Apply the input voltage Vin of 1Vp-p at 1Khz.
4. Observe the output at pin 6th of μA 741 IC on CRO.
5. Vary the i/p frequency and note down corresponding o/p voltages.
Calculate the gain in decibels.
6. Draw the frequency response curve on semi log sheet and calculate
the bandwidth.
OBSERVATIONS:
THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS:
Cut off frequency, fH = 1/(2RC)
RESULT:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Op amp 741 IC 1
2. Resistance R1 -10 KΩ 3
3.3 KΩ 1
3. Capacitance C = 0.02μF 1
4. Bread Board trainer 1
5. CRO 1
6. Function Generator 1
7. Connecting accessories Required
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
A low pass filter is a filter that passes all low frequencies and
attenuates all high frequencies. From the graph the range of
frequencies that are passed up to “fh” comes under “pass band” and
the frequencies which are greater than “fh” comes under “stop band”.
The Op- Amp is used in the non inverting configuration; hence it does
not load down the RC network. The frequency “fh” is called cut-off
frequency because the gain of the filter at this frequency is 0.707
times to its pass band value.
WAVE FORMS:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Apply +Vcc =+15V and –Vee = – 15V to Pin 7 and 4 of μA741IC
3. Apply the input voltage Vin of 1V p-p at 1Khz frequency.
4. Observe the output waveform at 6th pin of μA 741 IC on CRO.
5. Vary the input frequency and note down the corresponding output
voltages.
6. Calculate the gain in decibels.
7. Draw the frequency response curve on semi log sheet and calculate
the bandwidth.
OBSERVATIONS:
THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS:
Cut off frequency, fH = 1/(2RC)
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. CRO (Dual channel)
2. Bread Board trainer.
COMPONENTS:
1. Resistor 3.3 kΩ, 6.8 kΩ, 10k Ω – 1 No.
2. 33kΩ Resistor – 2 No.
3. 1MΩ Variable Resistor – 1 No.
4. 0.1 μF , 0.01 μF, 0.001 μF Capacitor – 1 No.
5. Operational Amplifier IC 741 – 1 No.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the R1 C1 networks in the feedback circuit at TP1 & TP2 respectively as
shown in figure.
2. From the given values of R1 & C1 calculate theoretical frequency (f0 =
0.065/RC) and note down in the tabular column.
3. Connect Oscilloscope at output terminals V0 observe the output sine wave and
note down the practical frequency f0. Adjust gain and shape of the sine wave by
using potentiometer Rf..
4. Compare the theoretical and practical frequencies.
5. Repeat above steps 1 to 4 for R2 C2 and R3 C3 networks and compare the
theoretical and practical frequency.
OBSERVATIONS:
CALCULATIONS:
GRAPH:
RESULT:
The frequency of oscillation of the RC phase shift oscillator = --------Hz
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. CRO (Dual channel) - 1 No
2. Bread Board trainer – 1 No
COMPONENTS:
1. 12kΩ Resistor – 1 No.
2. 50kΩ Resistor – 1 No.
3. 3.3kΩ Resistor – 1 No.
4. 0.05µ F Capacitor – 1 No.
5. Operational Amplifier – 1 No.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
PROCEDURE:
1. Construct the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Adjust the potentiometer Rf such that an output wave form is obtained.
3. Calculate the output wave form frequency and peak to peak voltage.
4. Compare the theoretical and practical values of the output waveform frequency.
OBSERVATIONS:
The frequency of oscillation = ______
CALCULATIONS:
The frequency of oscillation fo is exactly the resonant frequency of the balanced Wein
Bridge and is given by fo = 1/ (2π RC) = 0.159 / RC
The gain required for sustained oscillations is given by Av= 3. i.e., Rf = 2R1
Let C = 0.05 µ F
Then fo = 1/ (2π RC)
R = 1/ (2π foC)
= 3.3 k Ω
Now let R1 = 12 kΩ , Rf= 2R1 = 24 kΩ , Rf = 50 kΩ potential meter.
GRAPH:
EXPERIMENT NO: 7
FUNCTION GENERATOR
AIM: To generate Square wave and triangular waveforms using μA741 IC.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Op amp 741 IC 2
2. Resistors R -10 KΩ 3
-100KΩ 2
-15KΩ 1
-4.7KΩ 1
3. Capacitance C = 0.1μF 1
4. Bread Board trainer 1
5. CRO 1
7. Connecting accessories Required
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
This is operated in astable mode. The op amp is operated in saturation region and
the output swings between ± Vsat. A Positive feedback of β = R2/R1+R2 is provided to the
non – inverting terminal. The output is fed back to the inverting terminal after integration
through a RC network. The frequency of oscillation of the output waveform is given by
fo=1/2RC.A triangular wave is obtained by integrating a square wave. The frequency of
oscillation is given by fo = R3/ (4R1C1R2) = 1/ (2П R3C2).
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Observe the output at 6th pin of 1st IC and it will be a square wave.
3. Calculate the output frequency of square wave and verify theoretical frequency.
4. Connect the output of the 1st IC to the Integrator.
5. Observe the output waveform at 6th pin of 2nd IC on CRO and determine the frequency
of triangular wave.
WAVE FORMS:
THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:
RESULT:
The non-linear application of op–amp is studied and frequency of square and triangular
waveform is verified.
EXPERIMENT NO:8
IC 566- VCO APPLICATIONS
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. IC 566 1
2. Resistors-1KΩ 1
-15KΩ 1
-470Ω 1
3. Capacitors-0.01μF 1
-0.001 μF 1
4. Function generator 1
5. Bread Board 1
6. CRO 1
7. Dual Regulated Power supply 1
8. Connecting accessories Required
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Apply the modulating signal (sinusoidal) of 5v p-p at 1KHZ using the
function generator to the 5th pin of IC 566.
3. Observe the output waveforms at pin4 and pin3 of IC 566
individually.
4. Vary the amplitude of the modulating signal and note down the
corresponding changes in the frequencies of the output signals.
THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
Frequency, fo=1/(4 RT CT)
WAVE FORMS:
RESULT:
Voltage controlled oscillator is constructed and operation is verified
using IC 566.
EXPERIMENT NO: 09
AIM:
1. To study the operation of NE565 PLL
2. To use NE565 as a multiplier
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. CRO - 1 No.
2. Bread Board trainer - 1 No.
3. Function Generator - 1 No.
COMPONENTS:
1. 6.8 kΩ Resistor – 1 No.
2. µ F Capacitor – 1 No
3. µ F Capacitor – 2 Nos
4. IC565 - 1 No.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
The 565 is available as a 14-pin DIP package. It is produced by Signatic
Corporation. The output frequency of the VCO can be rewritten as
0.25
fo = Hz
RT CT
Where RT and CT are the external resistor and capacitor connected to pin 8 and pin 9. A
value between 2 kΩ and 20 kΩ is recommended for RT. The VCO free running
frequency is adjusted with RT and CT to be at the centre fo the input frequency range.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit using the component values as shown in the figure
2 .Measure the free running frequency of VCO at pin 4 with the input signal Vin set =
zero. Compare it with the calculated value = 0.25/ RTCT
3. Now apply the input signal of 1Vpp square wave at a 1kHz to pin 2
4. Connect 1 channel of the scope to pin 2 and display this signal on the scope
5 .Gradually increase the input frequency till the PLL is locked to the input
frequency. This frequency f1gives the lower ends of the capture range. Go on increase
the input frequency, till PLL tracks the input signal, say to a frequency f2. This
frequency f2 gives the upper end of the lock range. If the input frequency is increased
further the loop will get unlocked.
6. Now gradually decrease the input frequency till the PLL is again locked. This is
the frequency f3, the upper end of the capture range. Keep on decreasing the input
frequency until the loop is unlocked. This frequency f4 gives the lower end of the lock
range
± 7.8 fo
7 .The lock range ∆ fL = (f2 – f4) compare it with the calculated value of
12
Also the capture range is ∆ fc = (f3 – f1). Compare it with the calculated value of
capture range.
1/ 2
∆f L
∆f c = ±
( 2π )( 3.6)(10 ) xC )
3
8. To use PLL as a multiplie5r, make connections as shown in fig. The circuit uses a
4-bit binary counter 7490 used as a divide-by-5 circuit.
9. Set the input signal at 1Vpp square wave at 500Hz
10. Vary the VCO frequency by adjusting the 20KΩ potentiometer till the PLL is
locked. Measure the output frequency
11. Repeat step 9 and 10 for input frequency of 1 kHz and 1.5 kHz.
OBSERVATIONS:
fo = __________
fL = __________
fC = __________
CALCULATIONS:
± 7.8 fo
∆ fL = (f2 – f4) =
12
1/ 2
∆f L
∆ fc = (f3 – f1) = = ±
(2π )(3.6)(10 ) xC )
3
GRAPH:
RESULT:
fo = __________ fL = __________ fC = __________
EXPERIMENT NO:10
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
AIM: To observe the operation of Voltage regulator using IC723.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. IC 723 1
2. Resistors-1KΩ 2
-680Ω 1
-2.2KΩ 1
-33Ω 1
Potentiometer-10kΩ 1
3. Capacitor- 100pf 1
4. Function generator 1
5. Bread Board 1
6. CRO 1
7. Dual Regulated Power supply 1
8. Connecting accessories Required
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
A voltage regulator is a circuit that supplies constant voltage
regardless of changes in load current and changes in the input voltage.
It also has short circuit operation. These can be adjusted over a wide
range of both positive and negative regulated voltage. This IC is
inherently a low current device. But, can be boosted to provide 5amps
to more current by connecting external components. The limitation of
723 is that it has no inbuilt protection.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Connect a variable DC voltage source at the input of circuit.
3. Feed a Dc voltage of 10V at the input of the circuit, set the output
voltage of regulator at +5V, by varying the potentiometer position.
4. Now change the input voltage by 2V at either side of +10v (ie, 8V to
12V) measure the output voltage. Tabulate results and draw
conclusions.
5. Interchange the input terminals for negative voltage regulation and
repeat steps 3 to 5 of this case.
OBSERVATIONS:
RESULT:
A Voltage regulator is constructed using IC 723.
EXPERIMENT NO: D1
BCD TO EXCESS 3 AND EXCESS 3 TO BCD
AIM: To verify BCD to excess –3 code conversion using NAND gates. To study and
verify the truth table of excess-3 to BCD code converter.
APPARATUS:
1. Bread board trainer.
2. IC 7400, IC 7410, etc.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
EXPERIMENT NO: D2
FLIP FLOP CONVERSIONS USING IC’S
AIM: Truth table verification of Flip-Flops: (i) JK Master Slave (ii) D- Type (iii) T- Type.
And realize T-Flip-flop, D-Flip-flop using JK flip-flop.
APPARATUS:
CURCUIT DIAGRAMS:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.
2. The truth table is verified for various combinations of inputs.
LOGIC DIAGRAMS:
J K Q(t+1)
0 0 Q(t)
0 1 0
1 0 1
1 1 Q(t)’
T Q(t+1)
0 Q(t)
1 Q(t)’
D input Q(t+1)
0 0
1 1
PROCEDURE:
EXPERIMENT NO: D3
DESIGNING OF COUNTER AND MOD-N COUNTER
AIM: Realization of 3-bit counters as a sequential circuit and Mod-N counter design
(7476, 7490, 74192, 74193).
APPARATUS:
3. Bread board trainer.
4. IC 7408, IC 7476, IC 7490, IC 74192, IC 74193, IC 7400, IC 7416, IC 7432 etc.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.
2. Clock pulses are applied one by one at the clock I/P and the O/P is observed at
QA, QB & QC for IC 7476.
3. Truth table is verified.
RESULT:
EXPERIMENT NO: D3
SHIFT REGISTER AND RIG COUNTER USING STANDARD IC’S
AIM: To construct and verify the operation of Shift register and Ring counter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Bread board trainer kit.
2. IC 7476 - 3 no’s.
3. DMM - 1 no’s.
4. Connecting wires.
LOGIC DIAGRAM:
TRUTH TABLE:
IN Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
1 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 PROCEDURE:
1 1 1 1 0 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the
1 1 1 1 1 figure using JK flip-flop IC’s on the
trainer kit.
2. And give the clock to the JK-flip flop at 1HZ and clear to the all flip-flops
3. While giving the input to the flip-flop it will shift to right.
4. Observe the out puts at Q0, Q1, Q2, and Q3.
RING COUNTER:
TRUTH TABLE
INPUT Q2 Q1 Q0
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figures in the flip flops trainer kit.
2. Apply the clock pulse to the circuit To, T1…….. Like that.
3. And observe the out put at Qo, Q1, and Q2.
RESULT:
EXPERIMENT NO: D4
HALF/FULL ADDER & HALF/FULL SUBTRACTOR
AIM: To realize half/full adder and half/full subtractor basic gates.
APPARATUS:
5. Bread board trainer.
6. IC 7486, IC 7432, IC 7408, IC 7400, etc.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TRUTH TABLE:
HALF SUBTRACTOR:
TRUTH TABLES:
PROCEDURE:
EXPERIMENT: D5
MUX/DEMUX USING 74153 & 74139
AIM: -To verify the truth table of multiplexer using 74153 & to verify a demultiplexer
using 74139. To study the arithmetic circuits half-adder half Subtractor, full adder and
full Subtractor using multiplexer.
APPARATUS:
7. Bread board trainer.
8. IC 74153, IC 74139, IC 7404, etc..
TRUTH TABLE:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE :( IC 74139)
1. The inputs are applied to either ‘a’ input or ‘b’ input
2. The demux is activated by making Ea low and Eb low.
3. The truth table is verified.
RESULT:
EXPERIMENT NO: D6
DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. IC 741 1
2. Resistors -10KΩ 4
-20KΩ 6
3. R.P.S. ±12 V 1
4. Digital multimeter 1
5. Bread Board 1
6. Connecting accessories Required
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
analog signal after analysis of the signal. Thus we require ADC and
DAC to analyze signals.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Apply the different 4 bit digital inputs to the input terminals ( b0 b1 b2
b3)
3. Measure the analog output at pin 6 using multimeter.
4. Calculate the theoretical analog voltage and compare with the
practically obtained value.
5. Repeat the procedure for all possible input combinations.
6. Tabulate the observations.
TABULAR COLUMNS:
EXPERIMENT NO: D7
TRANSFER CHARACTERISTIC OF TTL AND CMOS
AIM: To study TTL & CMOS transfer characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Dual Power supply
2. Breadboard
3. Multimeter.
COMPONENTS:
4. ICs 74LS00, 74HC00.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
A group of compatible ICs with the same logic levels and supply voltages
for performing various logic functions have been fabricated using a specific ckt.
Configuration which is referred to as a logic family. TTL (Transistor-Transistor logic) is
one of the saturated bipolar logic families. CMOS (Complementary metal oxide
semiconductor) is a unipolar logic family. Various chars. of digital ICs are used to
compare their performances.
High level output voltage VOH: — This is the min. voltage available at the o/p
corresponding to logic1.
Low level o/p voltage VOL: — This is the max. Voltage available at the o/p corresponding
to logic0.
PROCEDURE:
OBSERVATIONS:
Vi Vout
RESULT: Thus transfer characteristics of TTL & CMOS ICs are studied.
EXPERIMENT NO: D8
APPLICATIONS OF IC 555
D81. MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR IC 555 TIMER
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. IC 555 TIMER 1
2. Resistors R -1 KΩ 2
-10KΩ 1
3. Capacitance C -0.1uf 1
-0.01uf 2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
A Monostable multivibrator, often called a one – shot
multivibrator, is a pulse generating circuit in which the duration of the
pulse is determined by the RC network connected externally to the 555
timer. In a stable or standby state, the output of the circuit is
approximately zero or at logic low level. When an external trigger
pulse is applied, the output is forced to go high. The time for which the
output remains high is determined by the external RC network
B.E 3rd I SEM, ECE 69
MCET, DEPT OF ECE IC LAB MANUAL
connected to the timer. At the end of the timing interval, the output
automatically reverts back to its logic low stable state. The output
stays low until the trigger pulse is again applied.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Apply the square wave input of 4Vp-p at 1 Khz to the trigger pin of
555 timer.
3. Observe the output at 3 pin of 555 timers and it will be a rectangular
pulse.
4. Calculate the pulse width and verify it with the theoretical value
Tp=1.1RC. Output signal will be 2/3Vcc.
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
THEORITICAL CALCULATION:
Tp= 1.1 RC =
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. IC 555 TIMER 1
2. Resistors R -1 KΩ 2
-100KΩ 1
3. Capacitance C = 0.1uf 1
-0.01uf 1
4. Regulated Power supply 1
5. Bread Board 1
6. CRO 1
7. Connecting accessories Required
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
The time during which the capacitor charges from 1/3 Vcc to 2/3 Vcc is
equal to
Tc =0.69 (RA+RB) C
Where RA and RB are in Ohms and C is in farads.
Similarly the time during which the capacitor discharges from 2/3 Vcc to
113 Vcc equal to the time the output is low and given by td = 0.69(RB)
C.
Where RB is in Ohms and C is in farads. Thus the total period of the
output waveform is T = tc + td = 0.69(RA + 2RB) C
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Observe the output at the 3rd pin of the 555 timer and it will be a
square wave.
3. Observe the output at 6th pin of 555 timer and measure the
amplitudes as shown in the
Model waveform and also measure the time period.
MODEL WAVEFORM: