Gtz2010 en Worldwide Ecosan Project List (Version 1)

Introduction / disclaimer
This project list is regularly updated by the GTZ ecosan team, but it is never going to be a "perfect" document.
Please treat all information with care and double-check any important numbers.
The purpose of having this project list is simply to have a rough overview of what is going on with ecosan projects worldwid
Please do send us any additions or corrections about ecosan projects that you know of (ecosan@gtz.de).
Guidelines for Editors

- Before Type ofadding project a newto add: entry check if a sanitation
sustainable similar entry does not
/ ecosan already
projects exist.
with reusePlease avoid
of some overlapping
or all treated of
General Information
projects
-waste Clump under
streams
projects different
being
together names!
possible (even ifaccording
if relevant: not fully achieved,
to type of e.g. UDDTs
project (e.g. where
school,urine is infiltrated
household, are
emergency
included
Project
sanitation, in rural
title: the list);
areas, domestic
urban areas sanitation;
etc.) working
that belong projects
to the same implementers or overall programme; or
-according Do not be
Should add: small
toconcise,
work doneresearch
informative,
by a single projects;
with industrial
the name of
organisation wastewater
theorplace
etc; reuse;
and
if a pilot non-reuse
if possible,
project is thentheprojects
province/state.
followed up by up-scaling,
--merge Use
IncludeBritish
thetype english
pilot ofproject spelling.
technology in the title;project
with upscaling e.g. instead of 'ecosan toilet', tell the type of toilet, e.g. 'urine
- For UDDT,
diversion use the phrase
dehydration toilet' 'urine diversion dehydration toilet'
- Enter information on changes made in the excel sheet and any source of changes (e.g. an email, an
Doc History - If possible, include if school toilet or household toilet and if rural, urban or peri-urban.
article,
-- Avoid a telephone conversation).
Detailed Add a abbreviations
new entry as ainnew the title
column (e.gat UDDT),
the end except
of thatfor abbreviations
country's entry. of a project which should be put in
project list brackets after the name of the project written out in full, e.g SWAMP, ROSA etc.
Type
- Avoid of adding
project:names of organisations in the title since it is a bias against other organisations which
Explain
have notabit been more about the project in relation to the title if possible- what technology, where, reuse or
mentioned
City:
not?
-Project
- MentionOnly fillsize reuse
this in ifin
and #thea title
of if there
project
served is inisareuse
inhab.: city oroftown greywater or is a decentralised treatment system in which
Address:
there
Project If onlyis reuse.
period: Dont mention reuse in the makeifof
title only toilets (e.g. UDDT, thecomposting toilets etc) have
-PreviousThis is number
the
andproject of households
current location,
phase: NOT is known,
the address an assumption
the supportingabout average household
organisations. size from
been
-the This built.
is
country the start
list project
given below year and (with month
calculate if
the notable)
total and
number the
of end project
people served year.based on this assumption. If
-- ThisFor is SuSanA
all details ofcase the previous
studies, andtitle
the currentshould phases, e.g. Split
be exactly up information about startstudy.
of planning, start
a
of country
construction is notetc. in the list, find out average household sizethe same
from theas that ofand
internet the add
case it to the country list
-below.
Make thethe project titlelist
background colourtofor a new an entry green. make a note of this assumption in
Type of Ifsettlement: country has been used make assumption,
brackets.
- GenerallyAlso refers write this assumption
to urban area, ruralinarea columns G and J area,
or peri-urban of theand
'sortable
can bebyexplained
country' sheet.
further e.g. resort,
General
- Projectprison
school, conditions:
size includes no. of sanitary installations and number of users.
Waste
Background streams: information about the place, conditions
- Convert number
Technologies applied:of users for public toilets etc. to anbefore
average thedaily
project and/or
number ofproject
users. background
(i.e. not a total for a
- What goes into the sanitary unit? E.g. Blackwater or excreta or is it urine separate from faeces or
month
-brown or an
This iswater,etc. event etc.)
a listing of the different technologies without any details (except perhaps which waste stream
Cost:
they are relevant for)
-Technical
- Cost
Do not perjustsanitary
data unit
andecosan,
write designis the most
criteria:
write theuseful
namecost of the item for people
exact sanitaryusing
units the
anddatabase.
technologies used.
-Name
Convert
Include local
andimportant currency
date of actual to
detailscomment:euros or dollars.
of the design of the various components of the sanitary units and treatment
processes
- Fill in name of person who filled in the information or added any updates, their long-term email, date of
adding
- Fill outinformation, and sourceas
all cells as completely if relevant
possible(e.g. (seeEmail, website,
India entries asarticle,
exemplar) conversation etc.)
Project
Estimated title:No. of Users:
summary 1 - Make a row entry manually in this summary list for every new entry in the project list
- Link
These theare project
actualtitle in this summary
beneficiaries, NOT list with an
planned equal sign to the project title in the detailed project list,
beneficiaries.
so that any editing done to a project
- Fill in column I about number of users and if information title in the project list changes in this summary
about household size andlist automatically
number (i.e.
of sanitary
Don't
units istype in
relevant,
German TC participation the project
fill in title
columns hereG manually)
and H. Link column I with an equal sign to column E.
Under comments, write
- This includes:GTZ, Kfw, if any
inwent,assumptions
BGR, CIM, have
DED been used, eg. if household size has been taken from
summary 2 -the This is linked
country list directly to the 'sortable by country' sheet and only has to be updated before the next
for website uploading to the website.
(summary
list uploaded - The project that have been made into susana case studies have to be linked to the case studies with a
on the hyperlink. A couple of SuSanA case studies are not in this database, e.g. Kalyani, India and Hamburg
website) waterless urinals because Kalyani is a research project and Hamburg doesn't have a reuse element
respectively.
Country List
(to be used if assumptions
are needed about
Country Average h/h size Assmptions made on UDDT/person by country
Afghanistan 6
Armenia 4 Country Persons/UDDT
Azerbaijan 5 Mongolia 15
Bangladesh 5
Belarus 3
Bhutan 5 EvM guess - needs checking!
Bulgaria 3
Burkina Faso 8
Cambodia 4 EvM guess - needs checking!
China 3
Denmark 2
El Salvador 4
Ethiopia 5
Georgia 4
Germany 2
India 5
Israel 4
Jordan 5
Kosovo 7
Kyrgyzstan 5
Lebanon 4
Malawi 5
Moldova 3
Mozambique 4
Namibia 5
Nepal 6
Netherlands 2
Niger 6
North Korea 4
Palestine 7
Peru 5
Romania 3
South Africa 4
Sweden 2
Tajikistan 7
Tanzania 5
Togo 7 EvM guess - needs checking!
Uganda 5
Ukraine 3
Uzbekistan 5
Vietnam 4
Chad 5 EvM guess - needs checking!
Ecuador 6 Paul guess - needs checking!
Assumed average no. of litres consumed per day/person for wastewater by country
Country Average no.of litres/person

Egypt (luxury cruise liner!')
150 Guess
Assuming an
average
number of
girls per
UDDT =25, 15
UDDTs will be
375 girls,
average
number of
boys per
UDDT = 100
making 900.
For urinals
60=540 male
pupils. 1815
pupils in
total.based on
UNESCO
Kenya
standards
rfect" document. Still to do
Check all missing info indicated in red in first row of detailed project list.
with ecosan projects worldwide. Check starting years for all projects, in particular for Bolivia and Peru
an@gtz.de). Fill the empty cells in the summary sheet (for start years and number of users)
Later:
ofase avoid
some overlapping
or all treated of
Search for more info for countries without ecosan projects (see list in the other sheet).
ine is infiltrated
household, are
emergency Rearrange order of projects within country - by starting year!
or overall programme; or
eprojects
province/state.
followed up by up-scaling,
ype of toilet, e.g. 'urine
nges (e.g. an email, an
i-urban.
ect which should be put in
c.
r organisations which
nology, where, reuse or
atment system in which
osting toilets etc)
ge household have
size from
sed start
bout on this assumption.
of planning, startIf
he caseit study.
d add to the country list
of this assumption in
untry'
ained sheet.
further e.g. resort,
project
users. background
(i.e. not a total for a
arate from faeces or
ps which waste stream
ase.
ologies used.
ary units and treatment
r long-term email, date of
ation etc.)
ect list
n the detailed project list,
mary
e andlist automatically
number (i.e.
of sanitary
olumn E.
ize has been taken from
dated before the next
to the case studies with a

ani, India and Hamburg
have a reuse element
rson by country
rsons/UDDT
mber of users)
list in the other sheet).

Date Editor Amendments made
23/07/2008 E. von Muench Update on Knittlingen (Germany) project)
23/07/2008 E.von Muench with New project Rwanda Village Concept Project
visitors Alexandra
Höhne
28/07/2008 E. von Muench Deleted the sheet of new projects
28/07/2008 E. von Muench Bolivia habitat project --> still to be worked on
Ten projects in Germany --> will be worked on by new German
work experience student
India Bangalore and Calcutta --> still to be worked on
One Zambia project --> still to be worked on
29/07/2008 S. Rüd Combined KfW project Analiza / already existing data sheet
Deleted Mask Filter
Improved "Seitenansicht
29/07/2008 Christian Olt "Ecosan-EU" Burkina Faso inserted
08/08/2008 E. von Muench Inserted new sheet called "sortable by country". Now it is
easier to see how many projects there are for one country.
11/08/2008 A. Miso New Ecosan Pilot Project in Zambia- information from
Newsletter 17 dated August 2005.
11/08/2008 A Miso New Workshops: First Introduction to the concept of Ecological
Sanitation in Eritrea from Newletter 17 dated August 2005..
12/08/2008 A. Miso Ecosan Project in Uganda from Newletter 17 dated August
12/08/2008 A. Miso 2005.
Urine diverting dry toilets project/already existng project data
12/08/2008 A. Miso sheet
Ecosan Project in Shaanxi Province, China- From Newsletter
17 dated August 2005
13/08/2008 A. Miso Three Community Based Sanitation DEWATS units at H, L & A
Block, KGF, Roopa Nagar, Mysore and Mahajan Nagar,
Nagpur, India -information from the Newsletter 18 dated
14/08/2008 A.Miso November
Water 2005. System:greywater treatment from the
Treatment
Mosque in Yemen -information from the Newsletter 18 dated
14/08/2008 A.Miso November
Case study:2005.
Ecosan Pilot Projects in Yangzhou and
Changzhou, inthe frame of ecocity programmes in China-
information from the Newsletter 18 dated November 2005.
20/08/2008 A.Miso First ecosan Sanitation Mart in Kerala India- information from
the Newsletter 19 dated February 2006
20/08/2008 A.Miso Toilet Rehabilitation Project in Sri Lanka- information from the
Newsletter 19 dated February 2006
20/08/2008 A. Miso Water Reuse of Irrigationand industrial use -USA- information
from the Newsletter 19 dated February 2006
20/08/2008 A.Miso Puzhehei ecosan project China- information from the
20/08/2008 A.Miso Waterless sanitation in UNESCO-IHE building Netherlands-
information from the Newsletter 20 dated May 2006 and from
the existing Ecosan Project Data sheet # 26.
20/08/2008 A.Miso Planning and Implementation of Water Supply and Sanitation
Infrastructure at the Lumad Infirmary Hospital Balit-
Philippines-information from the Newsletter 20 dated May 2006
21/08/2008 A.Miso Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program-information from
the Newsletter 20 dated May 2006
21/08/2008 A.Miso Ecological master plan in Accra Ghana--just added some
information such as contact and some publication- information
from Newsletter 21 dated August 2006
21/08/2008 A.Miso MEDWA Project in Jordan- information from Newsletter 22
dated November 2006
21/08/2008 A.Miso China-Sweden Erdos Ecotown Project in China -information
from Newsletter 22 dated November 2006
26/08/2008 A.Miso Added information on China-Sweden Erdos Ecotown Project
27/08/2008 A.Miso Developing a Model for Sustainable Water and waste
Management for rural areas in Bulgaria-Information from
27/08/2008 A.Miso Safe Drinking Water in Ukraine- information from Newletter 23
dated February 2007
27/08/2008 A.Miso A Decentralized Sustainable Wastewater Managementin
Kyrgyzstan.- information from Newsletter 23 dated February
27/08/2008 A.Miso 2007
Working Group "Development of new sanitation systems"
(ONSS)" promotes urine diversion in the Netherlands-from
Newsltter 23 dated February 2007
27/08/2008 A.Miso Ecosan for school in Hayanist: Tapping Resources – use the
strength of women for sustainable development- information
from Newsletter 23 dated February 2007
27/08/2008 A.Miso Developing community-led water and sanitation initiatives in
three cities in Malawi-information from Newsletter 23 dated
27/08/2008 A.Miso February 2007
Arborloos for 10,000 Households i nEthiopia-information from
28/08/2008 A.Miso Ecosan Training for Masons in Bihar India-information from
Newslette 24 dated May 2007
28/08/2008 A.Miso Compost toilets for State of Karnataka India-just added some
information from the Newsletter 24 dated May 2007
28/08/2008 A.Miso Launched of ecosan during Film Festival Burkina Faso (mobile
diverting toilet)-information from Newsletter 24 dated May 2007
28/08/2008 A.Miso Dairy Wastewater as a resource Germany- information from
Newsletter 25 date August 2007
29/08/2008 A.Miso Ecosan training of trainers.-course for NGO-information from
Newsletter 25 dated August 2007
29/08/2008 A.Miso UDDTs at tourist camp Khovsgol Inn Khatgal Mongolia-
information from Newsletter 25 dated August 2007
29/08/2008 A.Miso Toilet Beauty Contest India- information from newsletter 25
dated August 2007
29/08/2008 A.Miso Ecosan Course in Banda Aceh India- information from
newsletter 25 dated August 2007
29/08/2008 A.Miso Greywater Reuse in Tanoura Lebanon-nformation from
newsletter 25 dated August 2007
29/08/2008 A.Miso Ecosan Project for College- information from Newsletter 26
dated November 2007
29/08/2008 A.Miso Ecosan contributing to the protection of El Tule Lagoon
Mexico-information from Newsletter 26 dated November 2007
8/29/2008 A.Miso Alternative Urban Water Management Concept-Germany-
information from Newsletter 28 dated June 2008
8/29/2008 A. Miso Zero-waste toilets-India -information from Newsletter 28 dated
June 2008
9/2/2008 A.Miso Remote monitored high-tech recycling system with potential for
remote, sparsely settled areas with water deficit problems-
information from Newsletter 28 dated June 2008
9/2/2008 A.Miso Ecosan in Champapur and Kirtipur-information from
Newsletter 28 dated June 2008
9/2/2008 A.Miso UDDT toilets in Nyamagable Secondary School-Rwanda
9/2/2008 A.Miso UDD toilet at Kigeme Hospital-Rwanda
9/2/2008 A.Miso UDD toilet for household in Bulera district- Rwanda
9/2/2009 A.Miso Public UDDT in Bulera District- Rwanda
9/23/2008 E. von Münch Quick update on the Valley View University project (Ghana)
after conversation with Mr Geller. Still awaiting cost info.
10/7/2008 Prahlad Lamichane Updates project in Bulgaria (Stara Zaragosa)
10/9/2008 E. von Münch Insert new project in Marocco (Souss Massa Park)
10/16/2008 G.Z.Ahabwe Pdimu Landing Site Ecosan Project: A case Study
10/16/2007 G.Z.Ahabwe Dry toilets, constructed wetland, water supply for Kalungu Girls
Secondary School.
10/17/2008 G.Z.Ahabwe Improvement of Sanitation infrastructure with ecosan elements
in Kanawat Health Centre in Kotido district-Uganda
11/3/2008 G.Z.Ahabwe Sustainable sanitation pilot and demonstrations UDDT projects in Mindanao,
Phillipines
11/20/2008 A. Schöpe Namibia, CuveWates in Northern Namibia
12/17/2008 E. von Münch Discovered that Gerald did not fill the info for the ROSA
projects properly. This is yet to be done
(http://rosa.boku.ac.at/). We have the latest ppt files in DMS
1/20/2009 L.Mndewa from
ROSA Sept 08. in Arusha, Tanzania
project
1/21/2009 L.Mndewa ROSA project in Kitgum, Uganda
1/22/2009 L.Mndewa ROSA project in Nakuru, Kenya
1/23/2009 L.Mndewa ROSA project in ArbaMinch, Ethiopia
1/24/2009 L.Mndewa Edited the report tittled; Facilitation of Ecological Sanitation in Hai District
Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania
1/25/2009 L.Mndewa Edited the report tittled; Piloting Ecological Sanitation Majumbasita Dar Es
Salaam, Tanzania
2/11/2009 Christian Olt Reformatted
2/16/2009 Lukas Ulrich Updates on Khuvsgul Project, Mongolia
New column for year of project start in "sortable by country".
This is for the purpose of Indicator 1 monitoring: now the
projects started after a certain year can be counted easily.
2/20/2009 Annika Schöpe Added new column: "Available on SuSanA as case study"
2/23/2009 E. v. Münch Deleted some projects which had hardly any info.
2/26/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted Vacuum toilets and sanitationproject at Tsinghua
University, Beijing-China
2/26/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted Olympic forest park reuse concept project, Beijing-
2/26/2009 Joyce Ekuful China
Inserted the 3 implemtation of wastewater reuse after reed
3/5/2009 Joyce Ekuful beds-Dubai
Inserted the humification of sewage sludge project in El Minia-
3/5/2009 Joyce Ekuful Egypt
Inserted Waterless urinals in public toilets project in Hamburg-
Germany
3/5/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted co-composting of faecal sludge and solid waste
project in Kumasi-Ghana
3/5/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted Improved traditional Ladakhi toilet project in Leh-India
3/6/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted Shree Baleshwar Anudanit Primary and Secondary,
Ashram School project. Maharastra-India
3/6/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted Madha Housing Society project. Maharashtra-India
3/6/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted wastewater and organic waste management project at
Colegio Christoferus, Lima, Peru.
3/6/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted ecosan within the community based natural resources
management project in Hanahai & Paje-Botswana
3/6/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted Urine diverting dry toilets project in Guanxi province-
3/9/2009 Joyce Ekuful China
Inserted wastewater reuse in Kolkata east wetlands, Kolkata-
3/9/2009 Joyce Ekuful India
Inserted compost and biogas plants for small scale farmers
projectz in Kenya
3/9/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted urine diversion project, Sofala Province-Mozambique
3/9/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted Ecosan school toilet project, Garla Mare-Romania
3/9/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted Integrated water and sewage management in Oasis
cities in the scope of TZ-Programmes " Integrated water
management" project in Algeria
3/9/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted Preparation and marketing of soil from sewage
sludge. Public Private partnership (PPP) Project- Algeria
3/9/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted Ecosan pilot project in the TZ Projects "Low cost
Housing" - Ethiopia.
3/9/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted developing a local production from urine sepreation
toilets and management models for dry toliets in multi-storey
buildings- PPP project. Ethiopia
3/9/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted development from Ecosan concept for buidling from
15 Universities in GTZ IS Projects "University Capacity
Building Project"-Ethiopia.
3/9/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted Implementation of ecosan concept in the TZ projects "
Rural Water supply"- Benin
3/9/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted Ecosan concept in rural water supply in Cooperation
Project (CP) of EU and TZ. Benin
3/10/2009 E. von Muench Inserted ecosan project in Mali where the information was
provided by Ellen Gunsilius (GTZ)
3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted ecosan concept as part of the waste and wastewater
management "missing link" project. Botswana
3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted ecosan in peri-urban areas of Ouagadougou in TZ
programme "KV-Drinking Water and Sanitation Programme in
small and midium towns". Burkina Faso
3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted Biogas feasibility studies "Biogas for a better life" in
cooperation with SNV. Burkina Faso
3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted ecosan pilot project at the Easter Island in cooperation
with WASTE/NL. Chile
3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted Decentralised wastewater treatment in cooperation
with CIM Tong Boitin. Specialist for bioenergy of CIB-
3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful Chengdu-Wenjiang-
Inserted Ecosan andChina
Biogas-spread through the Institute of
Energy and Environment CAAE/IEEP with CIM Heinz-Peter
3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful Mang - China
Inserted Ecosan in Schools project in cooperation with WTO
and CAAE/IEEP with CIM-China
3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted Building an Institute for sustainable sanitation
provision project at the University of Beijing with CIM. China
3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted Closing-the Loop oriented concept for public toilet
project in Olympic park Beijing with CIM Heinz Peter Mang, L
iZifu and Jörn Germer. China
3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted Ecosan concept in TZ Projects for decentralised rural
development and HIV/AIDS control and Orphan-care. Lesotho
3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted the project Spread of Ecosan and biogas through the
NGO "Technology for Economic Development (TED) with CIM
Andreas Scmidt, advisor for decentralised water supply.
3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful Lesotho
Inserted Wastewater management and recovery in TZ Projects
"Water supply and sewage disposal in Ramallah/Al Bireh".
3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful Palestine
Inserted EU-Water facility application devolution Trust Fund
3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted PPP Provision of wastewater treatment plant and
sludge conversion into soil as model project for middle-level
communties in cooperation with IPP-Consultant. Syria
3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted EU-Sanitation project network for Africa 2005
NETSSAF- Africa
3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted ecosan capacity building project over Asia for ECO.
3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful India
ecosan public toilet centre - Dhapoli. India
3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful Inserted Ecosan project with UTTHAN people's learning centre
WATSAN - India
4/15/2009 Philipp Feiereisen Demonstration ecosan project in Adama Ethiopia
4/16/2009 Philipp Feiereisen Update on Source separating sanitation in Olympic Forest
Park, Beijing, China
4/17/2009 Philipp Feiereisen Ecosan project in Darechowk in Nepal
4/17/2009 Philipp Feiereisen UDD school toilets as part of GTZ programme disease control,
4/20/2009 Philipp Feiereisen Rwanda
GTZ ecosan pilot projects in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
4/27/2009 Philipp Feiereisen Project KOMPLETT Kaiserslautern, Germany
5/11/2009 Christian Olt Updated classification of projects (colours).
5/18/2009 Philipp Feiereisen Community−led Water and Ecosan Programme in Shaanxi
Province, China
5/18/2009 Philipp Feiereisen Update on Rural community and school UDD toilets in Misamis
Oriental - Libertad, Initao and Manticao, Philippines
5/18/2009 Philipp Feiereisen Update: Pilot Project "ACTS eco-friendly public toilet centre,
Rajendra Nagar, Bangalore"
5/18/2009 Philipp Feiereisen Update: Private urine diversion dehydration toilets in peri-urban
5/18/2009 Philipp Feiereisen areas
Update: Automated composting toilet system at Asahiyama
Zoo
5/18/2009 Philipp Feiereisen Update: Improved traditional Ladakhi composting toilet
5/18/2009 Philipp Feiereisen Update: Ecosan pilot installations
5/18/2009 Philipp Feiereisen Update: Urine diversion toilet programme in a rural
resettlement area Sofala Province,Mozambique
5/18/2009 Philipp Feiereisen Update: Compost and biogas plants for small scale farmers -
5/19/2009 Philipp Feiereisen Kenya
Update: Gebers collective housing project
5/19/2009 Philipp Feiereisen Update: Dry urine diverting school toilets
5/19/2009 Philipp Feiereisen Urine-diverting vacuum sanitation systemt at Tsinghua
University (SIEEB) Beijing China
5/19/2009 Philipp Feiereisen Update: Decentralized Wastewater Mgmt at Adarsh College in
Badalapur, Maharashtra
5/19/2009 Philipp Feiereisen Update: UDD toilets with reuse in allotment gardens, Cagayan
5/19/2009 Philipp Feiereisen de Oro Urine diverting dehydration toilets in school, Hayanist,
Update:
5/19/2009 Philipp Feiereisen Armenia
Update: Ecological Settlement in Allermöhe, Hamburg
5/19/2009 Philipp Feiereisen Update: Urban urine diversion & greywater treatment system,
5/19/2009 Philipp Feiereisen Linz
Update: Blackwater and greywater reuse system, Chorrillos,
5/19/2009 Philipp Feiereisen Lima
Update: Effluent reuse from constructed wetland system,
Haran Al-Awamied, Syria
5/19/2009 Philipp Feiereisen Update: Co-composting faecal sludge & organic solid waste,
Kumasi, Ghana
5/19/2009 Philipp Feiereisen Update: UDD toilets for a Girls Secondary School, Kalungu
15 June 09 E. von Muench Inserted new sheet: sortable by country (2), this will be used
for website (as pdf file).
29 June 09 E. von Muench Inserted new Sweden project (from Dena Fam) - Elkanlandstad
School; deleted a double-entry for Gebers project in Sweden
30 June 09 E. von Muench Inserted new project in Australia: Maryborough Highschool
UDDT (by Dena Fam)
09 July 09 René Schweizer Update:Zero Emission Concept for water and wastewater
management, Project Rügen
09 July 09 René Schweizer Update:Burg Lenzen' Sustainable Water Management and
Wastewater Purification in Tourism Facilities
10 July 09 René Schweizer Update: 'Elbterassen Wussegel' Sustainable Water
Management and Wastewater Purification in Tourism Facilities
10 July 09 René Schweizer Update:Kiel-Hassee
13 July 09 René Schweizer Development of a residential area with public services/facilities;
"Rodensee 11", Erzhausen Community.
13 July 09 René Schweizer Development area Walldorf- south
13 July 09 René Schweizer Conversion of the former Michael Mcnair Barracks to a

residential area, Frankfurt a.M.
13 July 2009 Christian Olt Alignment with Sören's list "ecosan Maßnahmen in der
deutschen EZ", April 2008
15 July 09 René Schweizer Darmstadt Hauptbahnhof Westgalerie
16 July 09 René Schweizer Update:Separate derivate and treatment of urine, faeces and
wastewater (in the framework of SCST); Separate Ableitung
und Behandlung von Urin, Fäkalien und Grauwasser.
22 July 09 E. von Muench Inserted new project in Australia (from Dena Fam) - Currumbin
eco-village in Queensland, Australia
29 July 09 Martina Winker Update: "UrinPur" pilot project
8/12/2009 Isabelle Kunze Updated: Urine-Diversion Dehydration Toilet Centres at
Navsarjan Boarding Schools in Gujarat State
8/12/2009 Isabelle Kunze Updated: ACTS Eco-friendly Public Toilet Centre, Bangalore,
8/13/2009 Isabelle Kunze Karnataka
Updated and changed: Watershed Organisation Trust (WOTR)
Darewadi Training Centre, Maharashtra State
8/13/2009 Isabelle Kunze Updated: Ecosan prefeasibility study 'International Centre of
Ecological Engineering at the University of Kalyani, West
8/13/2009 Isabelle Kunze Bengal
Updated: Compost toilets for Tsunami hit coastal village, Tamil
Nadu
8/18/2009 Nadira Khawaja Update Ecuador Chordeleg from email of Jenny to Heinz Peter
8/19/2009 Nadira Khawaja Inserted Pakistan Machaki Village Wetland Project from article
on the web
8/19/2009 Isabelle Kunze Updated: Ecosan school toilets for Tsunami-hit village, Tamil
8/20/2009 Isabelle Kunze Nadu
Added: Experimentation on utilization of human urine as
fertilizer, Nashik, Maharashtra
8/20/2009 Isabelle Kunze Added: Utilization of human urine as liquid fertilizer for banana
cultivation, Trichy, Tamil Nadu
8/24/2009 E. von Muench Deleted ecosan course in Indonesia
8/24/2009 Nadira Khawaja Inserted agricultural research project in Nepal from ENPHO
Monthly Bulletin May 2009
8/24/2009 Nadira Khawaja Inserted individual ecofarming enterprise initiative in Nepal
from WHO newsletter May 2009
8/24/2009 Nadira Khawaja Inserted intial entries for new projects in Ukraine, Moldova,
Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan from email and map
attachment of Dr. Claudia Wendland to Elisabeth (16.06.09).
8/25/2009 Nadira Khawaja But no information
Inserted yet.
entry of Chiefdom Pejeh, Sierra Leone from WTN
8/25/2009 Isabelle Kunze website.
Added: Utilization of anthropogenic wastes for agriculture,
Bangalore, Karnataka
8/25/2009 Isabelle Kunze Added: IIT Zerodor - Waterless Urinal Odour Prevention Trap,
8/25/2009 Isabelle Kunze Delhi
Added: Development of ecosan pans for decentralized
production of entrepreneurship development, Bhopal, Madya
8/25/2009 Isabelle Kunze Pradesh
Added: Construction of eco- friendly sanitary latrines and roof
area rain water conservation system, Ranchi, Jharkhand
8/25/2009 Isabelle Kunze Added: Ensuring human rights through ecosan for the rural
poor, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
8/25/2009 Isabelle Kunze Added: Orissa ecosan project, Orissa state
8/25/2009 Isabelle Kunze Added: Piloting low cost ecosan model in drought prone water
scarcity area of Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu
8/25/2009 Isabelle Kunze Added: Piloting ecosan, Nagaland
8/25/2009 Isabelle Kunze Added: Piloting ecological sanitation, West Bengal
8/25/2009 Isabelle Kunze Added: Piloting the sustainability of ecosan toilets, Delhi
8/26/2009 Nadira Khawaja Inserted initial entry on three projects in Bangladesh by BARD
from email of Dr Choudhury to Elisabeth (30.06.09)
8/27/2009 Nadira Khawaja Inserted ecosan trial and demo project in Indonesia as part of
Phd dissertation of A. Malisie
8/31/2009 Nadira Khawaja Inserted Hamburg Jenfeld project from article in
Korrespondenz Abwasser, Abfall
8/31/2009 Nadira Khawaja Updated Kaiserlautern research project from presentation
slides of H. Knerr
9/1/2009 Nadira Khawaja Inserted Sanbox project from website and article, research
project in planning phase
9/1/2009 Isabelle Kunze Deleted: Public Toilet Centre Sanand (project idea)
9/1/2009 Isabelle Kunze Updated: Compost Toilets for Karnataka state; significantly
changed, new title: Total Sanitation Campaign, Mysore,
9/2/2009 Isabelle Kunze Karnataka (old title:
Deleted: Ecosan training course
9/2/2009 Isabelle Kunze Deleted: Ecosan Prefeasibility Study "ACTS Rayasandra
Campus for Higher Education", has never really taken place
(according to Martin Wafler)
9/2/2009 Isabelle Kunze Deleted: Prefeasibility Study "Virar Science Garden"; has not
being implemented
9/2/2009 Nadira Khawaja Updated Sierra Leone projects and added new school and
market place projects in Sierra Leone and Kenya clinic toilet
project from email exchange with D. Crosweller
9/3/2009 Nadira Khawaja Inserted Afghanistan projects of Katachel e.V. after telephonic
exchange with S. Schnehage
9/3/2009 Isabelle Kunze Uodated: Prefeasibility Study 'Pandharpur', significantly
changed, new title: Sustainale sanitation infrastructure project
'Pandharpur', Maharashtra
9/3/2009 Isabelle Kunze updated: BORDA CBS units at Ullalu Upanagara using
DEWATS; new title: BORDA community based sanitation
project, Ullalu Upanagara, Bangalore
9/3/2009 Isabelle Kunze Updated: Report on ecosan pilot projects in India
9/3/2009 Isabelle Kunze Updated: Musiri ecosan pilot project; new title: Community
Compost Toilets (ECCT), Musiri, Tamil Nadu
9/7/2009 Nadira Khawaja Inserted ecosan toilet project in Herat, Afganistan from article
by Bregnhog comparing experiences in ecosan
9/7/2009 Marc Spiekerman Updated and checked entries of Algeria
9/8/2009 Isabelle Kunze Added: UDDT toilets in Nagasandra village, Karnataka
9/8/2009 Isabelle Kunze Updated: Decentralised wastewater management at Adarsh
College, Badlapur, Maharastra
9/9/2009 Isabelle Kunze Updated: Zero-waste toilets, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
9/9/2009 Christina Braum Updated Low cost ecosan approach, Malawi
9/10/2009 Nadira Khawaja Inserted completed entries filled in and emailed by Dr.
Chowduhry of BARD
9/10/2009 Christina Braum Inserted Decentralised Wastewater Management in Kafr El
Sheikh Governorate
9/10/2009 Katrin Compiled entry on Bolivia La nina emergency project
9/10/2009 Nadira Khawaja Inserted Tajikistan household ecosan, Sugh region
9/10/2009 Isabelle Kunze Updated: Sanitation project at Madha Housing Society,
Badlapur, Maharastra
9/10/2009 Isabelle Kunze Updated: Shree Baleshwar Anudanit Primary and Secondary
Ashram School, Sarole Pathar, Maharashtra
9/10/2009 Isabelle Kunze Updated: Navsarjan Trust Vocational Training DSK, Gujarat
9/11/2009 Isabelle Kunze Deleted: Wastewater reuse in Kolkata east wetlands
9/11/2009 Isabelle Kunze Deleted: Ecosan capacity building project over Asia for ECO
9/11/2009 Isabelle Kunze Deleted: Ecosan public toilet centre - Dhapoli
9/11/2009 Isabelle Kunze Updated: Improved trad. Ladakhi composting toilets, Leh,
Kashmir and Jammu
9/11/2009 Isabelle Kunze Updated and significantly changed: Utthan awareness
programm for ecological sanitation, Gujarat
9/11/2009 Alemayehu Asrat Added: Water, sanitation and hygiene education, working with
local partners on comunity managed projects, Ethiopia
9/11/2009 Alemayehu Asrat Added: Biogas generation from Human Excreta: A multi-
dimensional Sanitation approach, Ethiopia
9/11/2009 Nadira Khawaja Inserted Uganda project on ecosan uptake in Kabale, from
presentation at Dry Toilet Conference
9/14/2009 Nadira Khawaja Inserted Bangladesh emergeny project from presentation at
Dry Toilet Conference
9/14/2009 Nadira Khawaja Updated mobile toilet project in Burkina Faso from presentation
at Dry Toilet Conference 2009
9/15/2009 Nadira Khawaja Inserted ZASP Zambia from presentation at Dry Toilet
9/15/2009 Christina Braum Conference 2009
Updated Community sanitation system "MCK plus ++"
9/15/2009 Isabelle Kunze Updated: First ecosan sanitation mart; new title: India's first
eco-sanitary mart, Kerala
9/15/2009 Isabelle Kunze Deleted: Three Community Based Sanitation DEWATS units at
H, L & A Block, KGF, Roopa Nagar, Mysore and Mahajan
Nagar, Nagpur (very little information, location of projects
9/15/2009 Isabelle Kunze unclear)
Deleted: Ecosan training for masons, Bihar (no information
9/15/2009 Isabelle Kunze available)
Added: Sendriya Shouchalaya - UDDT experience from Kuran
village, Maharashtra
9/16/2009 Nadira Khawaja Inserted dry toilet entry of national park UK from presentation
at DTC 2009
9/16/2009 Christina Braum Colour changed Implementation of ecosan concept in the TZ
projects " Rural Water supply"- Benin
9/16/2009 Christina Braum Colour changed Ecosan concept in rural water supply in
Cooperation Project (CP) of EU and TZ- Benin
9/16/2009 Christina Braum Updated and colour changed Ecosan in peri-urban areas of
Ouagadougou in TZ programme "KV-Drinking Water and
Sanitation Programme in small and medium towns"
9/16/2009 Christina Braum Colour changed Urine diversion sanitation in Olympic Forest
Park Beijing
9/16/2009 Christina Braum Colour changed Urine diverting dry toilets project in Kunming
9/16/2009 Christina Braum China
Updated and colour changed Case study: Ecosan Pilot
Projects in Yangzhou and Changzhou, in the frame of ecocity
9/16/2009 Christina Braum programmes
Updated and colour changed Puzhehei ecosan project
9/16/2009 Christina Braum SwissRe
Can not find any information Decentralised wastewater
treatment in cooperation with CIM Tong Boitin. Specialist for
bioenergy of CIB- Chengdu-Wenjiang
9/16/2009 Christina Braum Can not find any information Ecosan in Schools in cooperation
with WTO and CAAE/IEEP with CIM
9/16/2009 Christina Braum Colour changed Adapted Wastewater Disposal in the
Governorate of Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
9/16/2009 Christina Braum Inserted Decentralised Wastewater Management in Kafr El
Sheikh Governorate
9/16/2009 Christina Braum Colour changed Ecological development of Valley View
University, Ghana
9/16/2009 Christina Braum Colour changed Use of reclaimed water in the Jordan Valley
9/16/2009 Christina Braum Updated and colour changed Resource-Oriented Sanitation
concepts for peri-urban areas in Africa (ROSA); Implemented
in Nakuru municipality in Kenya
9/16/2009 Christina Braum Updated and colour changed EU-GTZ-SIDA EcoSan
9/16/2009 Christina Braum Promotion
Updated and Project
colour changed Compost and biogas plants for
small scale farmers - Kenya
9/16/2009 Christina Braum Can not find any information Ecosan concept in TZ Projects for
decentralised rural development and HIV/AIDS control and
Orphan-care
9/17/2009 Nadira Khawaja Inserted biotoilet Kizhi Island Russia, from presentatin at DTC
9/17/2009 Nadira Khawaja 2009
Added information to earlier entry (from C. Wendland's email.)
of kazakhstan nature reserve sanitation project from
presentation at DTC 2009
9/18/2009 Nadira Khawaja Added information to earlier entry (from C. Wendland's email.)
of school toilets in Tajikistan from email of J. Ulmasov.
9/21/2009 Nadira Khawaja Reviewed all projects having > 10,000 beneficiaries. Found
discrepancies, questionable assumptions for Ghana, Egypt,
Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda. (made comments for these in red
and removed number of users for the moment- need to be
9/21/2009 Nadira Khawaja followed up).
Added hyperlinks to susana case studies
9/22/2009 Alemayehu Asrat Filled in entry for NETSSAF - West Africa
9/22/2009 Nadira Khawaja Updated list: deleted projects with little info, or education only
projects. Shifted incomplete or questionable projects to new
sheet 'possible projects'.
9/23/2009 Nadira Khawaja Filled in Lesotho entries of dewats for household, institutions
and tourism facilities respectively
9/24/2009 Alemayehu Asrat Added: Safe sanitation, health and Dignity in three provinces -
10/6/2009 Alemayehu Asrat Bulgaria
Updated: Developing local production of urine separation
toilets and management models for dry toilets in multi-storey
10/6/2009 Alemayehu Asrat buildings
Self uptake in Awassa
of ecological sanitation toilets by households in
Kabale municipality district, Uganda: Case study
10/6/2009 Alemayehu Asrat Updated: Provision of sustainable sanitation services to peri-
urban and rural communities: Double-vault urine diversion
toilet in the peri-urban areas of the eThekwini muncipality,
10/7/2009 Alemayehu Asrat South
Updated: Africa
Ecosan-EU project, Burkina Faso
10/20/2009 Alemayehu Asrat Inserted from Dry toilet Conference 2009: Social marketing
approach to scale-up sanitation and hygiene in urban slums of
Kawempe division, Kampala, Uganda
10/20/2009 Alemayehu Asrat Inserted from Dry toilet conference 2009:SAPH-Partnership
with the agro industry: Ecosan in four villages: Katiola, Dabou,
Sikensi and Bingerville in Cote d'Ivoire
10/20/2009 Alemayehu Asrat Inserted from Dry toilet conference 2009: Productive Sanitation
- Innovative technology and sensitization in Aguie in Niger
10/20/2009 Alemayehu Asrat Inserted from Dry toilet conference 2009: Ecosan_UE II
Kourittenga - scaling up produtive sanitation in Burkina Faso
10/27/2009 Alemayehu Asrat Inserted from dry toilet conference 2009: Performance of
onsite wastewater treatment systems, a case study in rural
Finland, Nurmijärvi municipality/Finland
10/27/2009 Alemayehu Asrat Inserted from dry toilet conference 2009: Dry sanitation project,
Msunduza in Swaziland
10/27/2009 Alemayehu Asrat Inserted from dry toilet conference 2009: Acceptability of dry
toilet: case study of nomadic community in Malinyi/Tanzania
10/27/2009 Alemayehu Asrat Inserted from Dry toilet confeence 2009: UDDT at Khaimba
primary school in Butere/Kenya
10/28/2009 Alemayehu Asrat CLTS in Cambodia, Kampong Cham and Siem
10/29/2009 Nadira Khawaja Reap/Cambodia
Inserted 5 new projects in India by P. Thakur from ESF
(Mahabalipurum; Khidkali & Desai, Thane; Kuteer Resort,
Pune; Oasis Resort, Pune; Thergaon Village) and 3 updated
projects (Madha Housing Society, Badlapur; Ashram School,
Sarole Pathar; Adarsh College, Badlapur)
11/5/2009 Alemayehu Asrat Upgrade: Ecosan concept as part of waste and
wastemangement "missing link" Project in Botswana
11/9/2009 Alemayehu Asrat Updated: CRS/Ethiopia Arborloos for village households
11/9/2009 Alemayehu Asrat Updated: Ecosan in Schools in cooperation with WTO and
CAAE/IEEP with CIM, China
11/9/2009 Alemayehu Asrat Updated: Cummunal Services in Gibeon, Namibia
11/11/2009 Nadira Khawaja Deleted India WOTR school sanitation project since toilets only
linked to septic tank and soakage pits
11/13/2009 Laura Simon Inserted entry of Israel wetland from article in Water 21
11/13/2009 Laura Simon Magazine
Inserted entry of Bolivia from data given by A. Kanzler and
article link (not yet added in summary list, need to check
overlap with subregional Andean project
11/13/2009 Nadira Khawaja Completed editing, review and update of all India entries
11/13/2009 Nadira Khawaja Eawag No Mix toilet entry updated from research article by P.
11/13/2009 Nadira Khawaja Goosse.
Duplicate entry of SCST Germany project removed from
summary list. No. Of users changed from email sent to E.v
11/16/2009 Nadira Khawaja Muench
Information included about SCOPE toilets under household,
school and ECCT titles (i.e. updated single project entries to
multiple projects since Scope has expanded activities in many
areas) from email communication with M. Subburaman.
11/16/2009 Nadira Khawaja India Rajendra Slum project updated and Kalyani research
project shifted to basket (since only collecting urine from
urinals for research), after email from J. Heebs and A.
11/15/2009 Philipp Feiereisen Panesar.
Update: Puzhehei ecosan project SwissRe, Yunnan Province
11/20/2009 Nadira Khawaja Deleted Germany Novatech Wolpertshausen project since only
use manure and biowaste
11/20/2009 Nadira Khawaja Finalised project list for next updated version after deleting and
moving some projects
1/4/2010 Laura Simon Inserted Datcha ECOSAN Latrine Project, Togo
1/4/2010 Laura Simon Inserted Rural Village Water Resources Management Project
(RVWRMP) at Nepal
1/4/2010 Laura Simon Inserted Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System (Biogas)
at North Korea, Yontan County
1/5/2010 Laura Simon Update: Peri-urban diversion dehydration toilets (abandoned),
Koulikoro, Mali
1/5/2010 Laura Simon Inserted: Ecological Sanitation programme at Dakar and Thiès,
Senegal
1/5/2010 Laura Simon Inserted: Urine Harvesting and Utilization for Cultivation of
Selected Crops: Trials from Ibadan, South West Nigeria
1/6/2010 Laura Simon Inserted: Ecological emptiable family latrines in refugee camps,
1/6/2010 Laura Simon Chad
Inserted: Social representation of hygiene and excretes
disposal- introduction of Ecological dry toilet
1/6/2010 Laura Simon Inserted: Ecological farming at Nepal
19-Jan Laura Simon Inserted: UDDTs for households in San Pedro, Bolivia
19-Jan Laura Simon Inserted: UDDTS for households in Oruro town, Bolivia
19-Jan Laura Simon Inserted: UDDTs for households at Beni, Bolivia
19-Jan Laura Simon Inserted: UDDTs for households at La Paz: More health for
better education, Bolivia
19-Jan Laura Simon Inserted: UDDTs in a school in Chuquisaca: More health for
better education, Bolivia
19-Jan Laura Simon Inserted: UDDTs for households at a peri-urban area in
Cochabamba, Bolivia
19-Jan Laura Simon Inserted: UDDTs for households in poor rural areas, Bolivia
19-Jan Laura Simon Inserted: Emergency project Trinidad, Bolivia
19-Jan Laura Simon Inserted: PPP Project Rotaria de Peru SAC, Peru
19-Jan Laura Simon Inserted: Caritas- UDDT project for healthy families in rural
villages in the rainforest, Peru
19-Jan Laura Simon Inserted: Demonstration UDDT Project of the NGO Cenca in
Nieveria, a peri-urban region of Lima, Peru
19-Jan Laura Simon Inserted: Emergency project after the earthquake. UDDTs in
Cañete build by Care, Peru
19-Jan Laura Simon Inserted: Emergency project after earthquake, Peru
19-Jan Laura Simon Inserted: UDDT Project in a squatter Settlement "Nueva
Pachacutec" at Lima, Peru
19-Jan Laura Simon Inserted: UDDTs as an improvement for families in poor urban
zones, squatter Settlements at Lima, Peru
19-Jan Laura Simon Inserted: UDDTs as an improvement for poor periurban zones
in Ica, Peru
19-Jan Laura Simon Inserted: UDDTs as an improvement for the house and health-
conditions at the Rainforest, Peru
19-Jan Laura Simon Inserted: UDDTs as an improvement for rural villages in the
mountains of the Huallanca district in the Ancash region, Peru
19-Jan Laura Simon Inserted: UDDTS as an improvement for the sanitation and
health conditions at the district of Huanta, Peru
19-Jan Laura Simon Inserted: UDDT as an improvement for the sanitation
conditions at the Sechura desert, Peru
19-Jan Laura Simon UDDT as an improvement for the sanitation conditions at the
pisco region- Upgrading of the rural zones. Peru
19-Jan Laura Simon UDDTs for better living conditions in the Lalaquiz district,
Project for an sustainable development in the rural areas of
19-Jan Laura Simon Piura
UDDTs region, Peruarea in Surite near by Cusco, Peru
at a huge
2/14/2010 Nadira Khawaja Inserted entry of village public UDDTs, Uruzgan, Afghanistan,
from personal visit to ADA in Uruzgan.
2/14/2010 Nadira Khawaja Inserted entry on village household toilets as part of UNICEF
Clean village project in Ghor and Herat, Afghanistan, from
progress report of VWO and information from visit to VWO by
Eng. N. Noori (GTZ-Rodeco).
2/15/2010 Nadira Khawaja Inserted entry on Sulabh public toilets in Kabul, Afghanistan
from web article and visit to Kabul municipality
2/16/2010 Nadira Khawaja Deleted (shifted to Just for Info): Stadlpura, Austria. Klug Veitl,
Austria. Fischerhof, Austria.
Shifted to 'Follow up': SUSSAN, Austria.
2/16/2010 Nadira Khawaja Merged pilot phase and expansion phase entries of hh UDDTs,
Comilla, Bangladesh into one entry
2/17/2010 Nadira Khawaja Bolivia: Merged Sumaj Huasi hh UDDT entries for Oruro and
Beni Departments.
2/17/2010 Enno Schroeder Inserted Kinglake Australia entry from email of Dena Fam to
E.v Muench
2/20/2010 Nadira Khawaja Bolivia: overlap sorted out based on information clarification
from M. Winker- UNICEF Proandes project was separate from
the smaller projects of local NGOs. Last entry done by L.
Simone from summary of Kanzler report deleted because it
combined data from both the proandes project and local NGO
2/20/2010 Nadira Khawaja projects.
Bolivia: Deleted one of two entries on emergency project in
Trinidad city since same project
2/20/2010 Nadira Khawaja Burkina Faso, decreased portable toilet number from 35000 to
2000 to approx daily average
2/20/2010 Nadira Khawaja Colombia project removed from summary list but left in project
list. Need to find out more.
2/20/2010 Nadira Khawaja Deleted (shifted to Just for Info): Finland, case study of on-site
wastewater treatment systems because mostly septic tanks
and no mention of reuse
2/20/2010 Nadira Khawaja Deleted (shifted to Just for Info): Emergency project, Pisco,
Peru since it says they are not working anymore
2/20/2010 Nadira Khawaja Deleted (shifted to Just for Info): Ibadan trial project, Nigeria
because agricultural research project
2/20/2010 Nadira Khawaja Deleted (shifted to Just for Info): research project nepal
because project about agricultural trials
2/22/2010 Nadira Khawaja Updated Botswana Hanahai and Paje Village entry from
SuSanA case study
2/22/2010 Nadira Khawaja Added information to Lambertsmuehle, Germany project from
GTZ datasheet
2/22/2010 Nadira Khawaja Added information to Waldmichelbacherhof, Germany project
from GTZ datasheet
2/22/2010 Nadira Khawaja Added information to Freiburg-Vauban, Germany from listed
Koetse document
2/22/2010 Nadira Khawaja Added information to Oeko technik park Hannover, Germany
project from GTZ datasheet
2/24/2010 Nadira Khawaja Deleted entry on remote-monitored, water deficit area project,
Germany because it is the Komplett project which is same as
the Kaiserlautern Germany entry.
2/24/2010 Nadira Khawaja Added information to Hotel Arabella Sheraton Offenbach,
Germany project from GTZ datasheet
2/24/2010 Nadira Khawaja Added information to zoo toilets, Japan project from GTZ
2/24/2010 Nadira Khawaja datasheet
Added information to Jordan Valley, Japan project from
SuSanA case study
2/24/2010 Nadira Khawaja Inserted information on Ugunja District, Kenya project from
SuSanA case study
2/24/2010 Nadira Khawaja Added information to TepozEco, Mexico project from GTZ
Added information to the Green Roof Project, Netherlands from
Switch report on internet
3/1/2010 Nadira Khawaja Added information to school project, Rwanda from SuSanA
3/1/2010 Nadira Khawaja case study
Added information to Kalungu and Kanawat case studies,
Uganda from SuSanA case studies
3/1/2010 Nadira Khawaja Remove no of users from summary list of SWTWS Uganda
project since not clear in entry
3/1/2010 Marthe Roestel Insertet: information about the Emscherquellhof
3/3/2010 Nadira Khawaja Added information to Dubai project from SuSanA case study
3/3/2010 Nadira Khawaja Added information to Gozhuli Ukraine project from GTZ
Deleted entry of Thailand entitled vertical flow constructed
wetland in Bangkok because information below was mostly
about Tanzania project and the rest info was same as AIT
3/3/2010 Nadira Khawaja Thailand project to
Deleted (shifted entry
just for info): Decentralised WW treatment
at AIT, Thailand bc just research on a CW
3/4/2010 Nadira Khawaja Inserted and corrected information of Egypt sewage sludge
reuse project from GTZ datasheet
3/5/2010 Nadira Khawaja Inserted WECF supported projects from email of M. Samwel on
01.03.10. Merged some entries with existing entries (because
some information was updates or extension of existing entries)
3/5/2010 Nadira Khawaja Reduced number of users for Nepal Biogas Programme
because on 70% of biogas plants connected to toilets instead
3/5/2010 Nadira Khawaja of 100% project of Champapur, Kirtipur in Nepal since an
Deleted
ENPHO project, which are already included in the entry on
Kathmandu Valley projects
3/6/2010 Nadira Khawaja Completed review and editing of database
3/9/2010 Enno Schroeder Modified: Kitgum Town Water Supply Expansion and Basic
Sanitation Programme
3/9/2010 Enno Schroeder Modified: Resource-Orientated Sanitation Concepts for Peri-
urban Areas in Eastern Africa (ROSA), Kitgum Town Council
3/9/2010 Enno Schroeder Deleted: Improvement of sanitation at Kanawat health center,
3/9/2010 Enno Schroeder Kanawat
Deleted: Urine diversion dehydration toilets at a rural
secondary school, Kalungu
3/9/2010 Enno Schroeder Deleted: Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Maracha
Hospital, Maracha
3/9/2010 Enno Schroeder Inserted the following which replaces the deleted projects:
Planning, design and construction supervision of water supply
and ecological sanitation infrastructure rehabilitation projects
3/9/2010 Enno Schroeder Updated: Urine diversion dehydration and composting toilets
as a part of the Lake Victoria Environmental Management
Project (LVEMP), Ddimo
3/9/2010 Enno Schroeder Updated: Multi-story urine diversion dehydration toilets in
Rubaga Girls Secondary School
3/9/2010 Enno Schroeder Inserted: Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Biina primary
school in Luzira, Kampala
3/9/2010 Enno Schroeder Inserted: Kampala City Council (KCC) Ecological Sanitation
Project testing urine diversion dehydration toilets in slums,
3/9/2010 Enno Schroeder Kampala
Inserted: DED EcoSan Promotion in Adjumani Town Council,
Arua Municipal Council and Luwerop Town Council
3/9/2010 Marthe Roestel Inserted: Ecosanitation at the office of an engineering
company in Bellingham
3/22/2010 Elisabeth von Cleaning up; making pdf file for website.
Münch
6/23/2010 Christian Rieck Final entry for EU-Sida-GTZ EcoSan Promotion Project, Kenya
7/20/2010 Elisabeth von Updates made to 4 Egypt projects
7/20/2010 Münch
Elisabeth von Inserted 36 new projects which were derived from the work of
Münch Belinda Abraham (for example Bangladesh, Butan, Cameroon,
Togo, Zimbabwe…). Belinda had a contract with us to search
in particular for ecosan projects of UNICEF.
7/20/2010 Elisabeth von Inserted 36 new projects which were compiled by Belinda
Münch Abraham (she searched for UNICEF's ecosan projects): 20
new projects from Bangladesh, 1 Burkina Faso, 2 x Bhutan, 1
Congo Brazzaville, 1 Guinea Conakry, 2 x India, 1 Malawi, 1
Nigeria, 1 North Korea, 4 x Togo, 1 x Rwanda, 1 Zimbabwe
8/11/2010 Paul Okan-Adjetey Inserted 7 new projects, which were compiled by Belinda on
Guinea (Conakry) 6,and one new Bolivia project; also changes
made to Bhutan and Bangladesh
9/15/2010 Paul Okan-Adjetey Updated Cambodia project by Plan (in Kampong Cham)
9/20/2010 Stefanie Holzwarth Inserted 1 new project in Ecuador
9/21/2010 Paul Okan-Adjetey Estimated total no.of projects per country for
Algeria,Bolivia,Chad and Ecuador
9/22/2010 Paul Okan-Adjetey Compiled the total number of projects in each country plus the
ranking of the top coutries in terms of most active in ecosan
(highest number of projects)
9/23/2010 Paul Okan-Adjetey Updated and filled in the empty cells in the summary sheet for
the country list to be posted.
10/1/2010 Paul Okan-Adjetey Deleted two projects which were abandoned and too small,in
India, and Ethiopia (check deleted projects)
10/4/2010 Paul Okan-Adjetey Inserted 2 new projects from Nepal.
10/5/2010 Paul Okan-Adjetey Inserted 2 new projects from Niger and Yemen
10/6/2010 Paul Okan-Adjetey Inserted 1 new project from Zambia
10/7/2010 Paul Okan-Adjetey Inserted 2 new projects from Kenya and Uganda
10/8/2010 Paul Okan-Adjetey Inserted 1 new project from Zambia on Pestalozzi School
Other comments
Elisabeth Peuser:
elisabeth_p@worldtoilet.org
jekuful@yahoo.co.uk
jekuful@yahoo.co.uk
jekuful@yahoo.co.uk
p.feiereisen@yahoo.com
Unfinished and waiting for the new CS
Unfinished
Unfinished
No information available.
Project deleted.
Project deleted.
Project deleted.
Finished 2001. No new

information available. Project
deleted
Isabelle Kunze, email:

isa.kunze@gmail.com
Need to be asked for
information
isa.kunze@gmail.com
Need to be asked for

information
planning phase
isa.kunze@gmail.com
Need to fill in info for new

projects from website when
toilets constructed
isa.kunze@gmail.com
nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com
tina_toao@hotmail.com
tina_toao@hotmail.com
Find out actual user numbers

P. Thakur will provide some
additional info on the projects
check if same as subreiongal

Andean project
Further info requested from

TSC Mysore. (Wes
Consultant projects should be
updated when reports
released)
relook at project details and
update from websites
la.simon@gmx.de
More information needed

la.simon@gmx.de
la.simon@gmx.de
schroeder.enno@googlemail.com
belinda.abraham@googlemail.com
belinda.abraham@googlemail.com
okanadjetey1@yahoo.com
s6stholz@uni-trier.de
Notes for
editors
1
country Afghanistan
project title Bathroom construction with urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in Katachel and
Nasseri Villages, Kunduz Province
type of project Private household urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs)
city
address Katachel and Nasseri Villages, Kunduz Province
proj. period May to September 2009
previous and
current phase
project size and # 100 bathrooms with UDDTs (one bathroom per household). With 20 people per household, serving 2000
of served inhab. people.
type of settlement Rural area
planning Katachel e.V.

institution
executing Katachel e.V.

institution
supporting The Netherlands Government

agency
general conditions Poor remote area, suffering from decades of war and instability. Where people have toilets, the traditional
toilet comprises a hole in a raised vault for faeces and urine and loam lumps are used for anal cleansing.
Smells alot. This material is taken out and spread on the fields.
waste streams Separated urine and faeces respectively
technologies Single-vault, urine diversion dehydration toilets

applied
type of reuse, use Fertiliser: Urine is poured into the irrigation channels at time of irrigating. Faeces is removed from the
vault after it is full and tilled into the fields
costs 1000 Euro per bathroom.
technical data and The UDDT is a single-vault, two-holed, squatting toilet. The toilet slab is a metal plate or a Chinese
design criteria imported plastic mould.
The urine is collected in 20 L containers. When a container is full, it is used as per need as fertiliser.
After each faecal use, loam balls are used for anal cleansing and ash (produced from burning manure for
cooking) is added for dehydration. It is estimated that one vault will take about 6 months to fill up and
most of the faecal matter would be dry. After this, it would either be spread directly on to the fields or first
mixed with more ash. Spreading time depends on agricultural activity.
experiences and - The UDDT is a part of a complete production cycle. Home-made soap is used for hygiene. Urine and
lessons learnt faeces are used to fertilise the cotton crop: the cotton is used to make mattresses, the seeds are used to
make oil, the oil is then used for cooking or to make soap, and soap is used in the toilet, and the remains
from seed pressing are used as fish feed in the local fish pond- i.e. complete cycle!
- People are especially pleased with the lack of smell in the toilets.
publications and - Adoption of the technology (and generally work in Afghanistan) was facilitated because of personal
other available contacts. UDDT was discussed with an ex-Taliban general who did not understand what it was about but
documents nonetheless constructed it because of personal trust in the organisation and subsequently was pleased
with the results.
web-site http://www.katachel.de/
contact Sybille Schnehage (president of Katachel e.V), email: schnehage@wolfsburg.de, phone: 0049 5368 505
name & date of Nadira on 03.09.09 from telephone conversation with Sybille Schnehage (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com)
actual., comment
Uploaded on No
SuSana Website
as case study
Posted on No
sanimap by:
2
Afghanistan
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for a school in Kunduz Province
Schools constructed with urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs)
Kunduz Province
2003 - 2008
6 schools, each with 6 UDDTs, serving approximately 3600 students in total.
Rural area
Katachel e.V.
Katachel e.V.
BMZ, The Netherlands Government, a private organisation and WECF
Poor remote area, suffering from decades of war and instability. Where people have toilets, the traditional
toilet comprises a hole in a raised vault for faeces and urine and loam lumps are used for anal cleansing.
Smells alot. This material is taken out and spread on the fields.
Separated urine and faeces respectively
Single-vault, urine diversion dehydration toilets
Used as fertiliser by caretaker or surrounding farmers: Urine is poured into the irrigation channels at time
of irrigating. Faeces is tilled into the fields
5000 Euro per set of 6 toilets.
The UDDT is a single-vault, two-holed, squatting toilet. The toilet slab is Chinese imported plastic mould.
The urine is collected in containers. After each faecal use, loam balls are used for anal cleansing and
sand is added for dehydration. When the vault is full the faecal matter is spread directly on to the fields or
first mixed with ash. Spreading time depends on agricultural activity.
- Maintenance is critical in the toilets because so many children use them. Pictures have been put up on
the use of the toilets, but sometimes there are issues such as when the children sit wrongly and thus they
use the faecal and urine holes for opposite purposes. The toilets have to be cleaned and maintained by
the caretaker or it becomes a problem.
http://www.katachel.de/
Sybille Schnehage (president of Katachel e.V), email: schnehage@wolfsburg.de, phone: 0049 5368 505
Nadira on 03.09.09 from telephone conversation with Sybille Schnehage (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com)
No
No
3
Afghanistan
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for women at the Pedagogical Academy, Kunduz
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) at an institution
Kunduz City
Kunduz City
2007
6 UDDTs for about 150 women
Urban area
Katachel e.V.
Katachel e.V.
The Netherlands Government
The Pedagogical Academy in Kunduz only had toilets for males. The women used to go into the garden to
relieve themselves.
Single-vault UDDTs
Used as fertiliser by caretaker or surrounding farmers: Urine is poured into the irrigation channels at time
of irrigating. Faeces is tilled into the fields
6000 Euro
The UDDT is a single-vault, two-holed, squatting toilet. The toilet slab is Chinese imported plastic mould.
The urine is collected in containers. After each faecal use, loam balls are used for anal cleansing and
sand is added for dehydration. When the vault is full the faecal matter is spread directly on to the fields or
first mixed with ash. Spreading time depends on agricultural activity.
http://www.katachel.de/
Sybille Schnehage (president of Katachel e.V), email: schnehage@wolfsburg.de, phone: 0049 5368 505
Nadira on 03.09.09 from telephone conversation with Sybille Schnehage (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com)
No
No
4
Afghanistan
Urine diversion dehydration toilets tested with households in rural areas of Herat Province
Trial project for testing urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) with households in a village
Herat Province
2000
17 toilets contructed, one for each household. Assuming 6 people per household (from country list), about
100 beneficaries.
Rural area
NGO Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan Refugees (DACAAR),
DACAAR
Partial subsidy by DACAAR
Typical sanitation system is a raised single-vault latrine, which can be emptied when full, or a pit latrine,
which is not emptied. Approximately 35 % of the population in Herat are already applying excreta on the
fields. After emptying, excreta is either buried or stored in a heap covered with earth for an extended
period of time before it is applied on the field. The main risk of disease transmission is therefore on the
men who empty the latrines. Main reasons for having a latrine were: visual shelter from the public,
isolating dirt in one place, clean (compared to bushes), fertiliser. Vault latrines are usually used for
depositing all kinds of dirt from e.g. sweeping (but not food waste) because it helps to keep smell reduced.
Smell and emptying of latrines were mentioned as adverse effects.
Double-vault UDDTs
Faecal matter used for fertiliser. Urine diverted into soak pit, with plan to use the soil as fertiliser
Design of double-vault latrine with urine collection was developed based on the Vietnamese toilet design.
The latrine has a slab with two sets of holes and two vaults, to be used one at a time. The two
units share a common urine collection system. Unlike the Vietnamese system, urine is led to a
soak pit outside the latrine. The idea is that the soil in the soakpit could collect most of the
nutrients from the urine and be used as fertiliser regularly.
- All of the respondents supported the method of recycling nutrients. However, for religious reasons, it was
considered problematic to mix urine (considered unclean) with water (considered clean). The diverted
urine
could therefore not be applied by sprinkling on the fields.
Feedback of followup one year after construction was as follows:
Bregnhoj, H were
- The toilets et al. being
(2003),used
'Experiences with ecosan
by all household in Danish
members allotment
and the gardens
users found themand
to in
bedevelopment
an improvement
projects',
over their 2nd International
old type in terms Symposium
of being of aon Ecological
good size, notAanitation,
as smelly April 2003,
as the IWA, GTZ.
old latrines, and the numbers of
flies were less. The separation of urine from faeces seemed to be working as it should.
- The urine recycling method had not worked at all. It is not clear if it was because they did not receive
sufficient instructions, if they did not understand the instructions, or if they are not willing to follow the
http://puvep.xu.edu.ph/publications/Experiences%20with%20ecosan%20in%20Danish%20allotment%20gardens%20and%
instructions given.
- The latrine was not replicated. This is exactly the same situation as with the DACAAR single-vault type of
improved latrine, which was also very seldom replicated. The problem seems primarily to be that the cost
was found to be too high, but also that the latrine takes up too much space in the compound.
- The design is still being considered as an optional design in DACAAR’s water supply, sanitation and
health
education program.
- Ecosan is generally more expensive than other options, such as various types of pit latrines, which can
be constructed for free. It will continue to be a problem among poor people, but when the benefits of
ecosan for agriculture, and thereby income, have been more widely demonstrated in an area, it may result
in larger
demand.
- The additional arguments of less smell and flies and improved production in agriculture have to be
conveyed carefully together with the arguments of health/pathogen control and privacy.
Nadira on 07.09.09 from paper by Bregnhog et al. on ecosan experiences (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com)
No
No
5
Afghanistan
Public urine diversion dehydration toilets in villages in Dehrawud District, Uruzgan Province
Public urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in villages
Dehrawud District, Uruzgan Province
2008 - 2009. And onwards, depending on availability of financial resources.
Uruzgan office has submitted plan for making 162 further public UDDTs in Dehrawud district over the next
three years (2010 - 2012). Implementation will depend on budget availability.
40 public UDDTs made, serving 12,500 people.

ADA is working in 14 other provinces and has implemented public UDDTs in other provinces. The number
of these projects is not known however.
Rural area
Afghan Development Association (ADA)
Afghan Development Association (ADA)
Norwegian Church Aid (NCA)
Uruzgan, located in south-central Afghanistan, is one of the poorest of the 34 Afghan provinces. Once
famous for its fruit and horticultural sector, the province today suffers to a high extent from the past 30
years of war and armed conflict. Most of the people in Uruzgan still live in traditional Pashtun societies and
work in farming. Due to an almost non-existing public education system, close to a 100 per cent of the
women and 90 per cent of the men are illiterate. The local provincial and district governments face great
difficulties in meeting public demand of public goods and services.
People either rely on open defecation or use a local dry toilet. The local dry toilet is a raised vault in which
excreta are deposited. The toilets are smelly and attract flies. The reuse of the excreta collected in the
toilets is a traditional practice. The excreta is mixed with soil and in the summer it is dried in the sun for
one week; in the winter it is dried for one month. This is done before the time of cultivation and the
excreta mixed soil is spread on to the fields before cultivation. In a similar manner, animal manure and
household biowaste are also collected and reused. In the villages, every household has a specific site
where they collect this material before using it on the fields.
Single-vault UDDTs
Faeces are reused on the agricultural lands as per traditional practices of excreta reuse- faeces is mixed
with soil and dried in the sun for about one week in the summer and one month in the winter.
The farmers are digging out the soil where the urine is being soaked outside the UDDT and spreading this
soil also on the fields.
Toilet cost: $500 for materials given by ADA. These materials are cement (for bottom base of toilet, stone
masonry), toilet door, window, pipes, 3 beams, sub-structure (faeces chamber) door, readymade concrete
slab.
Community contribution: labour, superstructure (make of mud or brick)
The UDDT is a single-vault, squatting toilet. The toilet slab is made of a moulded concrete slab with a
trapezoidal hole (which helps to show the right direction of sitting) for faeces deposition and a urine
diverting channel leading from the front of the faeces hole. This channel drains into a pipe running down
along the outside wall of the UDDT. The urine flows in the channel, down through this pipe and soaks in
the soil outside the UDDT. The sub-structure is made of stone masonry with a concrete base and has a
door to be able to remove the excreta.
People use the
A ventilation UDDT
pipe leadsproperly.
out from They are given
the faeces training
collection about
vault making
to above the
the toilet
roof and then
to reduce thethey also
smell know
and dry
how it works. The UDDT fits well with traditional practices and the faeces (and even urine soaked soil) are
the faeces.
in high demand.
After each faecal use, loam balls are used for anal cleansing. (No material is added to the faeces chamber
for dessication). When the vault is full, the faecal matter is collected and spread on to the fields after
mixing with soil and drying in the sun.
No hand washing facilities, people wash their hands in streams along the way.
Mr. Said Salam Agha, Director Uruzgan

Mr. Ghulam Sakhi Ludin, Country Program Director, Kabul (0799330018) (programmatic work)
Mr. Sayed Hassan, Managing Director, Kabul (funding related work)
Nadira on 14.02.10 from information gathered in personal visit to ADA Uruzgan office.
(nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com)
No
No
6
Afghanistan
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in two villages as a part of the Clean Village Project, in Injeel
District, Herat Province and Chaghcaharan City, Ghor Province
Implementation of sanitary household toilets in two villages as a part of the UNICEF Clean Village Project
Khowaja Surmaq Village, Injeel District, Herat Province and

Wajgona Village, Chaghcharan City, Ghor Province
2nd April, 2009 - 1st February, 2010
35 single-vault UDDTs and about 100 double-vault UDDTs made for households, with estimated 810
beneficiaries (based on assumption of household size from country list). Also 5 public toilets (double-vault
UDDTs) made for men (beneficiaries unknown).
Rural area
Voice of Women Organisation (VWO)
Voice of Women Organisation (VWO)
UNICEF (The United Nations Children's Fund)
Nearly 50,000 children under the age of five die each year in Afghanistan as a result of diarrhoeal
diseases. Limited access to safe water (43% average) and very low coverage of appropriate sanitary
means of excreta disposal (12% average) as well as poor hygiene practices contribute to this. As a part of
International Year of Sanitation initiatives, UNICEF and MRRD have committed to prioritise hygiene and
sanitation and will promote model sanitation villages in each of the 34 provinces.
What is a model sanitary village: All households have a sanitary toilets and effectively use; no open
defecation practices in the village; all family members practice proper hand washing and other key
personal hygiene; all families have access and use safe drinking water throughout the year; community
school have water and sanitation facilities and well maintained; WATSAN facilities are available and
maintained well; village hand pump mechanic or Water system maintenance mechanic is available and
supporting; general cleanliness maintained in the village including soiled waste management; CDC or
WATSAN committee exists and mange WATSAN interventions; hygiene practices are monitored and
sustained; CDC monitor health impact and other indicators such as incidents of diahorea, skin diseases
and other water born and water related diseases.
VWO is making ecosan toilets as the chosen sanitary toilets in the two target villages.
Sinlge- and double- vault UDDTs
30 – 40% of the families use the urine as fertiliser in their gardens and 85% of the households use the
dried faeces as soil conditioner on the land.
$150 per toilet for substructure. VWO pays for the cost of the substructure and the households have to
make the superstructure.
The UDDT is a double-vault, squatting toilet. The toilet slab is made of a moulded concrete slab with a
trapezoidal hole (which helps to show the right direction of sitting) for faeces deposition and a urine
diverting channel leading from the front of the faeces hole. The urine is collected via a pipe in a container.
The substructure is made of stone masonry.
A ventilation pipe leads out from the faeces collection vault to above the roof to reduce the smell and dry
the faeces.
- In Herat, VWO has established a Women Latrine Productive Centres (WLPC) where women have been
trained
About 30%to make
of thethe concrete
users products needed
add dessicating forinto
material the the
construction of the UDDTs.
faeces collection chamber after use.
- In the beginning single-vault UDDTs were made but they faced problems with these. Then double-vault
UDDTs were advocated. At first the villagers did not accept the double-vault toilets because they take
more land, but after receiving awareness about the advantages of it and using the dry wastes as fertiliser,
they agreed and now the villagers have more interest to have the UDDTs in their houses.
- Nearly 85% of community are managing and maintaining the toilets.
Voice of Women Organization (VWO). Office Address: Badmorghan, across from Masjidul Reza, Herat,
Afghanistan. Office Telephone number: +93 (0) 22 60 61/ 0093 (0)799 209 386
Email Address: vwo_afg@yahoo.com
Nadarajah S. Moorhty, Chief of WES Section, UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund), Afghanistan
Country Office. Office Mobile: +93(0)798507650 Office: +93(0)790507650. E-mail: nmoorthy@unicef.org
Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) on 14.02.10 from information in VWO quarterly progress report (Apr -
Jun 2009) and information gathered by Eng. Najibullah Noori (GTZ-Rodeco, Herat) from personal visit to
VWO.
No
No
7
Afghanistan
Public toilet and bath complexes with biogas digesters in five localities of Kabul City
City public sanitation. Toilet cum bath complexes with biogas treatment system and use of biogas for
energy and effluent for irrigation.
Kabul
The five localities in Kabul city are as follows:

1. Char Rahee Khote Sangi
2. Sarai Shyamolie
3. Farosh Gah
4. Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health (IGICH)
2005
5. Deh- 2007
Afghanan
1. Char Rahee Khote Sangi 20 Seated Toilet Complex with 2 Biogas Digesters
2. Sarai Shyamolie 20 Seated Toilet Complex with 2 (two) Biogas Digesters
3. Farosh Gah 19 Seated Toilet Complex with 1 (one) Biogas Digesters
4. Indira Gandhi Institute ofChild Health (IGICH) 20 Seated Toilet Complex with 2 (two) Biogas Digesters
5. Deh Afghanan 20 Seated Toilet Complex with 2 (two) Biogas Digesters
Urban area
Generally, 8 toilets for women and 12 for men.
Approximately, 1,000 people visit each toilet per day, i.e. 5,000 users per day in total.
Kabul Municipality and Sulabh International Social Service Organisation (SISSO)
Kabul Municipality and Sulabh International Social Service Organisation (SISSO)
Government of India
Kabul, situated on the Kabul River is the capital of Afghanistan. It is the largest city with a population of
more than 3 million people. Once a very beautiful city, it now bears the scars of continuous wars,which
have almost, wrecked this great city. Water and sanitation services are the worst hit. The few old toilet
complexes in the city are either inadequate or non-functional. The public places are in great need of toilet
complexes and also baths, especially where the neighbourhood lacks individual sanitation facilities.
A team consisting of senior functionaries of Sulabh visited Kabul in October, 2005 for a meeting with the
Hon'ble Mayor of Kabul, the concerned officials of Kabul Municipality and the Indian Ambassador at Kabul,
H.E. Mr. Rakesh Sood. The Hon'ble Mayor expressed his desire to get Sulabh toilet complexes
constructed in Kabul. Subsequently, Engineers of the Kabul Municipality and the technical team of Sulabh
conducted a joint survey. Five sites were identified for constructing toilet complexes with biogas digesters.
Black water from pour-flush toilet, greywater from sinks and baths.
Pour-flush squatting toilets attached to biogas digesters.

Series of filtration steps and UV disinfection for treatment of digestate produced in the biogas treatment
process.
Soakage well for greywater.
The biogas is used directly to light gas lamps outside the toilet complex and to fuel a gas stove which is
used by the guard for cooking. The gas is also used to produce power via a generator that converts the
gas to electricity, which is used for the lights inside the complex.
The treated effluent is used as irrigation water.
32,700,000 Indian Rupees (approx. US$ 743,200)
Biogas complex design:

- Two biogas digesters of size 30-40 m3 for each complex.
- Built min. 1m below the ground to protect in winter.
- Pour-flush toilets connected to the biogas unit.
- Fresh water for toilet use is pumped from underground.
- Handwashing and bath water goes into soakage well.
- For startup added 10% manure, quickens up the process.
-- 20
Gaspeople were started
production trained after
for maintenance
40 days. - 18 for cleaning, 2 for technical maintenance. These two
people are plumbers.
- Complete system is: They
biogas were sent togravel
digester- India filter-
to seechannel
the complete
with UV process in operation
light- another filter (since at that time
biogas production
- End effluent hadfor
is used notirrigation.
begun inSince
Kabul). They
there learnt
is no about
green areaallaround
the steps, piping system,
the toilets, leakage
this is stored in a tank
control.
and removed Two technical people are
by tank (perhaps notonce
about enough, need to have more.
a month)
- The gas amount reduces in winter (but don’t know amount of gas production)
Article
- Userson SISSO
have webpage,
to pay 2 Afs (4'Construction, operation
US cents) to use and maintenance
the toilets. of community
The Sulabh complexes alsotoilet
havecomplexes
bathing in Kabul, Afghanistan': http://www.sulabhinternationa
facilities and users have to pay 5 Afs (10 US cents) per visit. This money is collected by the municipality
and becomes a part of their annual budget. The municipality is in turn responsible for cleaning and
maintaining the toilets. It is not known whether the income covers the maintenance costs of the
facilities.Th
http://www.sulabhinternational.org/
-The toilets in the Sulabh complexes are kept clean, with no smell and hence user-friendly. Municipality
caretakers are present full-time and cleaned the toilets.
- In Nov. 2009, the biogas system was not functioning optimally in all the toilet complexes as per its
design; biogas was either not being produced or the generator that converts a part of the biogas into
electricity was out of order. This was because spare parts for the generator were not available in the
Eng.
market Mohd.
(theyYasin
had toHellal, Deputy Director,
be purchased Policy
from India) andand Coordination
there Dept,technical
was insufficient Kabul Municipality.
monitoring and follow-up
Mobile Ph: 0093
of the biogas 799331085
digesters and pipe network.
Email: eng.Yasin@yahoo.com
Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) on 14.02.10 from information from personal visit to Eng. Mohd Yasin,
Kabul Municipality; from article on SISSO webpage (see above) and personal visit to one toilet complex.
No
No
8
Algeria
Integrated water and sewage management with effluent reuse in the Béni Abbès Oasis
The project is one aspect of the IWRM (Integrated Water Resource Management) in the Saoura Region
and entails the planning and conceptualisation of an appropriate water treatment plant in Béni Abbès and
the reuse of purified water for irrigation of green spaces and arable land.
Béni Abbès
GTZ Wasserprogramm Algerien, 23 Chemin Rachid Lafkir, El Mouradia, 16508 Algier
8 years, 10/2003 - 12/2011
Previous phase: 10/2003 - 12/2006

Current phase: 01/2007 - 12/2009
Expected construction start date: 2010
Planned: 12,000 (population of Béni Abbès)
Urban area
GTZ
GTZ, AHT
BMZ/GTZ Regional
Current situation of wastewater treatment is as follows: One pipe discharges two-thirds of the wastewater
without any treatment directly into the Wadi Saoura. A second pipe carries one-third of wastewater to an
old lagooning facility, which does not have sufficient treatment capacities. The water from the lagooning
station is used to irrigate fodder crops
Raw sewage
Biological sewage treatment plants
Irrigation
16 million Euros for the complete integrated water resources managment programme
GTZ Wissensspeicher ( Project number: 2006.2069.0 and 2001.2522.9)
www.eau.algerie.org
Gabriele Kessel, GTZ
Joyce Ekuful. 09.03.2009. Information from ecosan list (overview from Sören, April 2008);
Updated 01.09.09 Marc Spiekermann.
No
9
Armenia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in a rural school, Hayanist
Upgrading the sanitation system using UDDTs (urine diversion dehydration toilets) in an existing school in
a rural area; pilot project.
Hayanist
2005 - 2006
Start of planning: Autumn 2005

Start of construction: June 2006
Start of operation: November 2006
Phase 1: conducted baseline study of the village; phase 2: consisted of developing cooperation with the
Rural school withand
local authorities 350responsible
students and 26 staff
water companies; phase 3: consisted of educational and press activities
7 double-vault UDDTs, 3 urinals
Rural school
QUELQUE-CHOSE Architects, Yerevan, Aleksandr Danielyan

Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of wastewater management and water protection (TUHH)
Women in Europe for a Common Future (WECF), Netherlands

Armenian Women for Health and Healthy Environment (AWHHE), Armenia
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (TMF), Netherlands
The aim of the toilet facility is to provide the children safe, odour-free, and in winter freeze-free sanitation,
and to protect the ground and drainage water from infiltration of human excreta. Although in Armenia the
winters are very cold, the children had to go a rather long way to visit the previously bad smelling latrine.
Separate urine and faeces respectively
Double-vault UDDTs; waterless urinals; urine storage tank
Reuse of urine as a fertiliser for the local farmers. Dehydrated faeces will be used as soil conditioner after
it is ready.
28,740 Euro
For each toilet there are two easily accessible faeces vaults sealed with a concrete floor. The vaults with a
volume of 1 m³ each are used alternately in a 2.5-year rhythm and are filled by about 2/3 of their volume
only.
The floor of the vaults has a slope of 1% for the drainage of residual leachate which is connected to a
sewer leading to an open drainage.
Each faeces vault has an opening to the urine tank room. Airfrom that room together with equalised air
-pressureAfter realisation
from theof the ecosan
urine project, noby
tank is evacuated cases
one of helminths
common were found.
ventilation pipe leading to the roof where it is
-equipped
Ecological sanitation
with works ventilator
a wind-driven well in regions
of 30 without central water
cm in diameter supply
(see fig. or without
8). With basic only
this design, sanitation.
one
-ventilation
Transportation and
pipe for thehandling of large necessary
vaults became urine canisters (2 m³)tohas
compared turned
former out to where
designs be difficult.
every vault had one
-pipe.For anThe ventilation pipe being directly connected to the urine tank may lead to a loss of nitrogen should
adequate design of a school UDDT, the actual urine and faeces volumes to be expected
be investigated
contained in advance
in urine. If the air taking into account
pipes from the urinecountry-specific
tanks to the common nutrition habits. pipe were removed and
ventilation
SuSanA
-replaced
A crucial case study,
factor is the'Urine
users'diversion
real dehydration
understanding toilets
of the in a
facility
by a very small hole in each tank, this nitrogen loss could be reducedrural
and school,
the Hayanist'
users' and (see
influencetheon website below)
its functioning.
ventilator capacity
-be With proper education
increased. Furthermore, even the6-year old children
ventilation understand
pipe above the roofthe principle
should of urine diverting
be insulated to allow airtoilets
flowas a part
also in
http://www.wecf.eu/english/articles/2006/07/tmf_armenia_2005.php
of ecological
winter. sanitation.
- There is bad odour arising primarily from urine in the toilet facility which does not disappear even when
windows
For boys arethreeopen.
urinalsIt partly comesheight
at different from both
werethe place where
installed. For the the urinal pipe
collection andenters
storage theoffloor
the and
urinethe joint
from the
SuSanA
of case of
thetoilets
fixation study: http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-armenia-
the urinals,
female squatting pan onurinethe floor.
UDD and the 4 polyethylene tanks New sealing
of 2 m³ eachiswere
expected to reducethe
installed smell. which
in the basement
hayanist-school.pdf
-isTo avoid underneath
bad odour inthe UDD toilet facilities it is important
located toilet block. The urine of the girlstoand
install
theaboys
well is
functioning
separatelyventilation
collected system
and for
http://www.wecf.eu/
the faeces vaults.
stored. If one tank is full, the urine is lead into the second tank. While the second tank is in use, the urine
of the first tank is
stored for at least 6 months3 before it is ready for use as a fertilizer. During this storage time, most of the
sascha.gabizon@wecf.org ; Margriet.Samwel@wecf.org
low part of pathogens contained in urine are killed or significantly reduced. For monitoring and emptying
the tanks an easy access from outside is designed. Tanks with bigger volumes were difficult to obtain, too
expensive and would not have fitted through the entrance. In most urinals (8 out of 10) condoms are used
as an odour trap whereas the toilets do not have any odour trap.
Analiza from Newsletter 23 dated February 2007: 27.08. 2008

Updated 19.05.2009, Philipp Feiereisen (p.feiereisen@yahoo.com)
Yes
10
Armenia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in households and five schools in rural areas of Hayanist,
Fantan, Khachpar, Dzorghbyyur, Urud, Sverdlov, Saghmosavan
Yervan in the Lore region.
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in five schools and households in rural areas
Hayanist, Fantan, Khachpar, Dzorghbyyur, Urud, Sverdlov, Saghmosavan

Yervan, Lore region, Armenia
Since 2006
5 schools (excluding Hayanist school in previous entry), 35 household toilets
Assuming an average household size of 4 (from country list), 140 household users.
Assuming 200 students per school (for the purposes of the summar list), 1000 users
i.e. Total 1140 users.
Rural area
Armenian Women for Health and a Healthy Environment-AWHHE; Lore Eco Club, Charitable Women
Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, WECF
None or partly central water supply, no sewage connection.
Toilets constructed under the "Tapping Ressources" and "Empowerment and Local Action" programmes
Separate urine and faeces respectively, greywater
Double-vault UDDT; urinals; sandfilter
Reuse of urine and faeces
Double-vault UDDT: outdoor and indoor toilets, squatting slabs for schools, home-made seat for
households, urinals for male users, sandfilter
Dr. Claudia Wendland, Email: Claudia.Wendland@wecf.eu
Dr. Claudia Wendland, Email: Claudia.Wendland@wecf.eu 01.03.10
No
11
Australia
Urine separating sanitation facilities at Maryborough Educational Centre (high school), Victoria
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) included in the newly constructed development at the
Maryborough Educational Centre (high school)
Maryborough, Victoria
102-190 Balaclava Rd, Maryborough, Victoria, 3465, Australia
In operation since 2007
The installation was operational in early 2007, with reporting of results throughout 2007 and early 2008.
The research phase of the project was completed in late 2008.
Six urine-separating composting toilets, two waterless urinals, Rotaloo UDDT (Australian manufacturer)
and Uridan waterless urinals as well as conventional flush toilets were installed to serve a school
population of 1500 students and staff.
High School situated in peri urban area
GHD
The project was funded by the Smart Water Fund, an initiative of the Victorian Government and the
Victorian water industry supporting the development of water conservation, recycling and sustainable
biosolids solutions. As well as support and contribution from City West Water, CSIRO, Department of
Human Services (DHS), Environment Protection Authority (EPA), Melbourne Water Corporation, Monash
University and University of NSW, Bensons Property Group and Demaine Partnership.
Urine planned to be collected and trialled for reuse in local agricultural land close to the school
Separate collection, treatment and reuse of urine and faeces
Six urine-separating composting toilets and two waterless urinals, Rotaloo UDDT (Australian
manufacturer) and Uridan waterless urinals as well as conventional flush toilets
Reuse trial - urine collected for trial and reuse in agricultural application, dehydrated faeces is also
planned for reuse in farming application.
$170,000 (from Victorian Smart Water Fund) plus
The toilet block containing the UDDT was designed and constructed a long distance from the main school
buildings which became a problem as high school graffitti and vandalism to the toilets meant that the urine
collected couldn't be reused when vandals put cigarette butts down the urine diversion segment making
the urine unusable for reuse
Article in the latest publication of the Australian Water Association Journal - Water, May 2009
http://www.ghd.com.au/aptrixpublishing.nsf/Content/CompostingToiletsAU_prj#Benefits%20of%20dry
%20composting%20toilet
Johnathon Crockett (Project Manager), jonathan_crockett@ghd.com.au
19.06.2009 Dena Fam - dena.fam@uts.edu.au

www.isf.uts.edu.au
No
12
Australia
Currumbin Eco-village with urine diversion flush toilets, Queensland
Urine diversion flush toilets in a residential/eco-village
Queensland
In operation since 2008
20 toilets (urine diversion flush toilets) planned to be installed. So far there are 7 toilets, and 16
participants
Peri-urban
Department of Natural Resources and Water, Queensland Government. The Ecovillage at

Currumbin developer Landmatters Currumbin Valley Pty Ltd and consulting engineers Bligh
Tanner Pty Ltd.
New peri-urban eco-village

Separated urine and brown water respectively
Urine separation toilets (urine diversion flush toilets)
Trials with reuse of urine in agriculture and research
20 Gustavsberg UD flush toilets will be installed. Each household has a bladder to collect urine installed
under the house.
Odour problems were caused by hot weather and poor ventilation combined with a gas leakage through
the bladder walls. The solution was to trial an alternative storage vessel: We are currently trialling an
alternative storage vessel at Lot 105 to minimise the odours. The ‘waffle pod’ is a rigid walled 320 L
container that can beretrofitted under the house using the existing plumbing. This vessel is expected to be
completely impermeable to ammonia and most other gases that give urine its “off” odour.
QLD Government Department of Natural Resources and Water
http://www.science.qld.gov.au/dsdweb/v4/apps/web/content.cfm?id=6151
Australian Water Association Journal - Water, Vol 36 (1)
and also: https://dms.gtz.de/livelink-ger/livelink.exe?
func=ll&objId=54387699&objAction=browse&viewType=1
Ted Gardener: ted.gardener@nrw.qld.gov.au
21.07.2009 Dena Fam - dena.fam@uts.edu.au

www.isf.uts.edu.au
No
13
Australia
The reuse oriented Water Reclamation and Management Scheme at Sydney Olympic Park, Sydney
Wastewater treatment and reuse
Sydney
Sydney Olympic Park, NSW 2127
In operation since July 2000
Water reclamation plant capacity 2.2 million litres per day;

Water treatment plant capacity 7 million litres per day;
For 20,000 people
Urban area
Sydney Olympic Park Authority (SOPA)

Olympic Co-ordination Authority (OCA)
Wastewater and stormwater respectively.
Contact reactors and microfiltration, (filtered through a reverse osmosis process), UV disinfection plus
chlorine residual added.
Recycled water is used for: toilet flushing, watering gardens, lawns and parks, washing cars, windows,
brickwork, filling ornamental ponds, fire fighting
A$ 15 million
Wastewater and stormwater is treated by contact reactors and microfiltration, (filtered through a reverse
osmosis process), UV disinfection plus chlorine residual added, then returned via third pipe to homes for
toilet flushing, clothes washing, garden irrigation.
ready for downloading on website
http://www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au/education_and_learning/environment/water
Andrzej Listowski (CEO), Andrzej.Listowski@sopa.nsw.gov.au although Nicolas Ashbolt can act as the
contact if needed.
17.11.2003 Inés
23.12.2004 Sonny
07.02.2006 Dania
No
14
Australia
Urine diverting flush toilets and grey water recycling system with rural communities at Kinglake,
Victoria
Urine diverting flush toilets and grey water recycling system in a rural area
Kinglake, Victoria, 3763
2009 - 2010
2009: Planning, community consultation on installing UDT

2010: Start of installation
2010: Start of operation
Rural community of 70 households, 30 households have taken the offer of free provision of UDT that will
service approximately 90 residents
Rural area
Yarra Valley Water authority (YVW)
Yarra Valley Water authority (YVW)
Victorian Water Trust
The rural Kinglake area was devasted by bushfires in early 2009 with 75 homes destroyed in the area and
20 fatalities. The community is in the process of rebuilding homes and the local water authority has funded
residents to install UDT toilets as an alternative. 30 households have responded to incentives and as of
early 2010 UDTs and grey water recycling systems will begin to be installed.
Urine, brownwater and blackwater, greywater
Urine diverting flush toilet; urine storage tank; a greywater treatment system (Nubian GT600); STEP
components- septic tank and effluent pump (connection to main sewer).
Greywater will be reused for toilet flushing, laundry and irrigation. Urine will be collected and reused locally
in non-food crop trials by local farmer.
$4.2 million
The following infrastructure will be located on each property:

1. Greywater treatment system, comprising: Nubian GT600 unit, commonly located at the side of the
house; Collection well and pump to transfer greywater to the Nubian GT600.
2. Urine separation system, comprising: One or more urine separating toilets inside the home; A urine
storage tank to collect and store urine (located outside, in most cases underground).
3. STEP system for blackwater, comprising: Interceptor tank (i.e. septic tank); Effluent pump to transfer
septic tank effluent to sewer main; Property service line from septic tank to sewer main; and Control panel
and associated electrical cabling to the home and pump unit.
MacDonald, S. & Narangala, R. 2008, 'Decentralised or centralised and how to choose?' paper presented
to the On-site and decentralised sewerage and recycling conference, Benalla, Victoria, Australia, 12-15th
October, 2008.
To be constructed
Rita Narangala, email: Rita.Narangala@yvw.com.au
26.1.2010 Dena
No
15
Austria
Urban urine diversion and greywater treatment system, Linz (solarcity)
Medium-scale ecosan pilot project in new urban area
Linz
solarCity Pichling
Linz, Austria
1998 - 2006
Start of planning: 1998

Start of construction: 2004
Start of operation: 2006 (ongoing)
Pilot project for approx. 250 inhabitants of 88 flats and 270 pupils of a primary school with a childcare
facility (in total 460 population equivalents).
Primary school & child care facility: 12 UD flush toilets, 20 waterless urinals.
88 flats: 115 UD flush toilets
Urban area
OtterWasser GmbH, Lübeck, Germany
LINZ AG, Linz, Austria

Steinmüller, Linz, Austria
The ecosan pilot project is part of an innovative town planning project with many ecological features. It
was developed with participation of the municipal authorities, 12 housing companies and READ
(Renewable Energies in Architecture and Design) as the main architectural initiator.
Urine stream and mixed brown water and greywater stream.
UD flush toilets, waterless urinals, 2 separate pipe network for urine and other wastewater, fibreglass urine
collectiona and storage tanks, compost filters, constructed wetlands, rainwater infiltration ditches.
The reuse of urine is not yet carried out because the Upper Austrian legislation prohibits its application in
agriculture. At the moment the composting process of the compost filter material is not functional due to
optimisation works. In the future, nutrient recycling (through use of urine, compost and reeds from the
constructed wetlands) and on-site infiltration of the treated brownwater and greywater shall be realised in
cooperation with research partners.
Alternative waste water concept: 510,000 Euro
Total costs for solarCity are 190,000,000 Euro
Urine-diversion flush toilets:

Ceramics. Bowl separated into urine and a faeces section. Used in sitting position because a urine pipe
valve is activated by the user’s weight on the toilet seat to allow the collection of pure urine (without flush
water). The valve closes when the user stands up, so that the flushing water does not enter the urine pipe
but drains off through the faeces outlet in the rear. Two different flush buttons available: 1-3 L for urine
flush and 6 L for faeces flush.
Waterless urinals:
-Ceramics
The ecosanwithtechnologies
special surface applied in this sticking
to prevent project are of anot
urineyetfilm
fullythat
mature
couldand functional.
cause odours.There
A liquidis a need
with
for
lower optimisation
density than of the NoMix
water and toilet
urine design.
works as The slightly liquid
a sealant increased demand for in
(biodegradable) cleaning is acceptable.
the odour trap; has toBut be
for
refilledyoung children, e.g. at primary schools, the Roediger toilets are not suitable. The project at the school
regularly.
has had significant
Urine storage tanks: problems with the urine separation flush toilets for small children who find it difficult to
sit
Separateback farurine
enough pipefor defecation.
network (100 mm After two
dia, 1-2%years in operation,
slope) leads to 6 the LINZ AG
double wallchanged
fibreglassthe UD flush
tanks (0.75 toilets
m3
SuSanA
at
each) in thepublication
the school areaavailable
to conventional
housing andflush at: http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-austria-linz-solar
to 2 toilets.
storage tanks (1.5 m3 each) in the basement of the school. Designed
-for The
30 waterless
to 60 daysurinals
storagearetime.
trouble-free.
Closed (to reduce odour and ammonia losses). Pressure equalisation
-takes
Public relations
place through work,
thei.e.
inletuser information,
pipes. Have level is extremely
indicators,crucial
a leakage for the acceptance
warning system,ofandinnovative
an overflow to
sanitation
sewer. systems and the users’ willingness to cooperate. The general acceptance of the innovative
sanitationfilter
Compost conceptunitsis(pretreatment)
good, despite the challenges that are brought about by the urine diversion flush
http://www.linz.at/solarcity/SolarCity_25645.asp
toilets.
Two 1 m³ filter units located in two operation buildings integrated in the hills of the artificial landscape.
-Dewatering
Valuable experience with theFilter
process follows. medium-scale
units madeapplication
of stainlessofsteel compost filters could
containers, servingbe as
gained in this
a carrier forproject.
a filter
One
bag of problem
acid-proofis that the filter
plastic units which
material, were undersized
is filled with(the permeability
organic structureofmaterial
the (e.g. straw). The
filter bags turned
brownwater out to be lower
and greywater mixture than expected).in the filter bag (by composting) under aerobic conditions
is pretreated
-and
Moreover, it became
drains through theevident
structure that it is important
material. to include
The filtrate runs off thethrough
local authorities
slots in thefrom
basetheofbeginning
the container as it
ILinz
avoidsService
many GmbH, Dipl.-Ing. A. Leimer,
run. it isWiener Str. 151, A-4021 Linz, e-Mail: A.Leimer@linzag.at
and flows to aproblems
pump sump, in the long
from where pumped to the constructed wetland.
Constructed wetlands
Sub-surface vertical flow type, planted with reed (Phragmites australis). Since the urine is separated, the
remaining wastewater has a low nutrient content. Therefore, the required size is up to 1 m² per inhabitant
smaller than in constructed wetlands for domestic wastewater where it is 2.5 - 3 m² per person. Two
wetlands exist, each containing two beds of 8.9 m x 22 m each. Overall, a wetland area of 771 m² is
available for treatment. The intermittent batch feeding is achieved by submerged pumps. To prevent
dehydration, e.g. due to low wastewater volumes during summer holidays, the wastewater can be
recirculated.
17.11.2003 Inés; 23.12.2004 Sonny; 07.02.2006 Dania; 16.02.2009 Update Lukas Ulrich; 19.05.2009
Update Philipp Feiereisen; 6.11.09 inserted details from susana case study, Nadira Khawaja
(nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com)
Yes
16
Austria
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at a mountain inn, Pretulgraben
Tourist, mountain inn
Pretulgraben
2002
Not known
Mountain inn
DI Klaus Jerlich, Technisches Büro Jerlich
Private
Ecosan Club Austria, University for Agriculture Siences Vienna

Urine diversion dehydration pedestal toilet, urinal, micro-plant filter
Soil conditioner, fertiliser, greywater for irrigation
Appr. 4,000 Euro
Storage containers 60 Liter

Micro-plant filter to treat greywater.
Treatment process: drying, increase pH-value, storage
Experience is only in two houses and the school.

It was better after explaining the idea.
Using toilet brushes increased hygiene.
http://www.jerlich.at
DI Klaus Jerlich, klausjerlich@ccc.at
17.11.2003 Inés
No
17
Austria
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and on-site greywater treatment at the mountain hut 'Bettelwurf
Hütte', Karwendel Alpine Park
Upgrading of a sanitation system in the mountain hut "Bettelwurf Hut" located in a nature reserve.
Installation of a urine diversion dry toilet (UDDT) and on-site greywater treatment system.
Bettelwurf Hut (2,100 m above see level) in Alpine Park Karwendel (Nature Reserve)
2002
Testing period of one toilet block in 2002
3 permanent workers, 79 beds; 2000 night stays / 3000 day guests (operating approx. 125 days / year);
approx 150 users daily.
Mountain hut
Posch & Partners Consulting Engineers
Posch & Partners Consulting Engineers on behalf of ÖAV Zweig Innsbruck (Austrian Alpine Club, Branch
Innsbruck)
ÖAV
Situated in nature reserve of alpine park "Karwendel" near to drinking water well Absam/Hall; reachable
only on foot. Before the project, the kitchen wastewater and toilet waste were being disposed in the
nature without treatment.
Separate urine and faeces respectively. Greywater from kitchen and baths. Separate disposal and
collection of toilet paper and hygienic articles.
Sanitary complex with 6 urine diversion dry toilets with pedestals and waterless urinals.
Collection of faces in containers, transport down to valley and off-site composting of faeces.
Infiltration of urine in soil.
Treatment of greywater in combined grease trap and desludging tank, infiltration of greywater.
Composted faeces as substrate for cultivation
120,000 Euro
Upgradation of one sanitary complex with UDDTs and waterless urinals, transport of faeces to the valley in
transport bins by cable car for later composting, biological treatment of urine by natural soil filter with
infiltration, treatment of greywater in combined grease trap and desludging tank, infiltration of greywater.
- Wrong use of ca. 40%

- Acceptance by hut owner and toilet users.
- High use of toilet paper. This can be reduced by a toilet paper dispenser.
- Separate toilet paper collection is not needed because it can't be burnt as was planned. It can be added
in the faeces collection hoel.
Experience report
- Bad smell in frontisofavailable in German
toilet, which can be at:
reduced with improved ventilation.
http://www.pap.co.at/uploads/media/Erfahrungsbericht_2002_01.pdf
- The faeces transport container must be closed air tight.
EcoSan (Bettelwurfhütte Österreich); Teil 1: http://www.pap.co.at/downloads/EcoSan%20in%20der
%20Praxis.pdf
www.pap.co.at
POSCH & PARTNER GMBH, Seb.-Kneuoo-Weg 17, A-6020 Innsbruck , kaschka@pap.co.at
Revised: Sören, 4.12.2006. Information inserted from experience report (see above), Nadira
(nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) on 14.02.10.
No
18
Austria
On-site treatment of blackwater with reuse for five mountain huts
Treatment of blackwater from mountain huts
Erlanger Hut (2550masl), Kaiserjoch Haus (2,310masl), Badener Hut (2,600 masl),
Leutkircher Hut (2,251masl), Kaunergrat Hut (2,817m)
1993 - 1999
Erlanger Hut (110 p.e), Kaiserjoch Haus (150 p.e.), Badener Hut (90 p.e), Leutkircher Hut (140 p.e),
Kaunergrat Hut (200 p.e.).
Total 690 p.e.
Mountain huts
Posch & Partners Consulting Engineers
Posch & Partners Consulting Engineers on behalf of DAV (German Alpine Club)
DAV
Mountain huts situated above 2000 m above sea level.

Blackwater
Mechanical separators and compactors designed for separation of blackwater from flush toilets,
dewatering and mixing with substrate for composing of faeces. Composting in specially designed "step
composters" designed for minimum 4 years composting period.
Composting of feaces for reuse as substrate for cultivation; infiltration of treated wastewater.
http://www.pap.co.at/sites/german/alp_tech.html
www.pap.co.at
kaschka@pap.co.at
Revised: Sören, 4.12.2006
No
19
Azerbaijan
Urine diversion dehydration toilets tested with rural households
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) tested with two rural households
Since 2008
2 household toilets
Assuming an average household size of 5 (from country list), 10 users
Rural area
EKOT, WECF
EKOT
No central water supply, no sewage connection
Toilets under the Empowerment and Local Action project

UDDT
No
20
Bangladesh
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in rural areas, Comilla
Rural household sanitation: urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs)
Piloting phase: Comilla Sadar Upazila, and Comilla Sadar South Upazila
Expansion phase: Comilla Sadar Upazila, Burichang Upazila, and Comilla Sadar South Upazila
2004 - 2009
Piloting phase: 2004 - 2007

Expansion phase: 2007 - 2009
Piloting phase: 150 people, 15 toilets

Expansion phase: 1200 people. 99 toilets
Rural area
Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development (BARD) and Japan Association of Drainage and
Environment (JADE)
Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development (BARD)
Piloting phase: JADE and Japan Fund for Global Environment (JFGE)
Expansion phase: JADE and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
Majority of the households are using pit latrine, which causes ground and surface water pollution, and
environmental pollution
UDDTs
Urine as liquid urea fertiliser and faeces as organic fertiliser in agriculture farm
Piloting phase: US$ 88,258

Expansion phase: US$ 28,000
Outcomes of the Project:

- Toilet owners are using their eco-toilets very eagerly and appropriately.
- The toilet owners (both male and female) are using human excreta (urine and faeces) and they have
found positive results of using human excreta in their agriculture lands
- The villagers accept the eco-toilets specially the women and they are interested to have the same type of
toilets if they have the financial support.
- The common people of the project areas are also interested to contribute some portion of toilet
construction cost.
Lessons Learnt:
- Social preparation, capacity building, education & training, motivation etc are the important issues to be
www.bard.gov.bd
considered in the process of implemention of UDD toilets.
Dr. Masudul Hoq Chowdhury, Joint Director and Team Leader, Ecological Sanitation Project, Bangladesh
Academy for Rural Development (BARD), Comilla, Bangladesh. Email: chowdhury62@yahoo.com
Dr. Masudul Hoq Chowdhury, BARD, on 10.09.2009
No
No
21
Bangladesh
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Shabuzpur Tea Estate for the households of the estate
workers, Mowlobibazar District
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for households of workers at a tea estate with reuse of
fertiliser
Shabuzpur Tea Estate, Mowlobibazar District
Pilot project
1000 people, 15 toilets
Tea estate
Shabuzpur Teal Estate,
Majority of the households don't have any toilets

UDDTs
Urine as liquid urea fertiliser and faeces as organic fertiliser in tea garden
US$ 5,217
Toilet owners are using the UDDTs very perfectly. The tea estate owners are using human excreta (urine
and faeces) as fertiliser in the tea garden.
Ecological Sanitation: An Intermediate Technology for Environmental Management Vol 1 & 2, Published
by Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development, Kotbari, Comilla, Bangladesh, Construction Manual
www.bard.gov.bd
Dr. Masudul Hoq Chowdhury, Joint Director and Team Leader, Ecological Sanitation Project, Bangladesh
Academy for Rural Development (BARD), Comilla, Bangladesh. Email: chowdhury62@yahoo.com
Dr. Masudul Hoq Chowdhury, BARD, on 10.09.2009
No
No
22
Bangladesh
Urine diversion dehydration toilets tested as sustainable emergency sanitation in cyclone affected
areas
Pilot project aseessing relevance of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in an emergency.
Started on: 2008
100 UDDTs. Assuming 5 people per household (from country list), 500 beneficiaries
Terre des hommes (INGO), Multi-Task (local CBO)
Terre des hommes, Multi-Task
Terre des hommes. Labour provided by households
Government has target of achieving 100% sanitation by 2010. UNICEF states 36% coverage of improved
sanitation in 2006, govt states 60%. By 2009, less than 500 ecosan toilets built in Bangladesh. Actors in
ecosan request more institutional support and affordable technologies. Climatic and geologic conditions
leading to floods, a high water table and cyclones. In Nov 2007 cyclone SIDR hit the coast at 240kph.
Violent storm Ayla occurred in May 2009. Many ring slab toilets flooded and superstructures and slabs
damaged. The commonly used ring slab latrine, raised pit latrine and hanging latrines not safe, when
flooded they are a health risk. Ventilated double pit and sand enveloped raised pit latrine also could not
contain excreta in storms and floods. Faecophobic culture.
Faecal matter stream; urine and beige water combined stream
Double-vault UDDT
$580 per toilet
Double-vault UDDT with squatting pans. Pans cast insitu and all structures built in concrete (hence
expensive) to withstand climatic events. Two large holes used for defecation, one smaller hole located
between the two defecation holes for urine and anal cleansing water. Urine and beige water are
infiltrated into the soil.
Vault, iron cover and vent pipes face south to receive sun rays and favour the drying process of excreta.
Pan not to be aligned in direction east-west (facing Mecca, Islamic belief)
- Urine combined with beige water and infiltrated into soil because population not ready to handle urine.
- After the storm Ayla in 2009, it was seen that out of 21 toilets checked 17 did not have any smell. In 4
cases there were flies around the doors of the vaults because the doors were damaged by the heavy
winds. Hence new doors are being designed to reduce these impacts. Most of the UDDTs were usable
after the event which was not the case for most of the traditional latrines.
Mazeau,
- In initial A. & Delepiere,
stage A. (2009),
beneficiaries adopted 'Introducing ecological
the eco-toilets becausesanitation in emergency:
they offer comfort and Some
safety lessons learned
(especially
from a pilot
important forproject
women).in Bangladesh', Paper
They need time to presented
appreciate at the
the Dry Toilet Conference,
environmental health andFinland.
economic benefits.
- People needed less than 4 days to get used to the toilet.
- People didnt find having to shift positions for anal cleansing a problem, as the toilet gave more important
benefits of safety and comfort.
http://www.drytoilet.org/dt2009/pdf/Antoine_Delepiere.pdf
- Some households did not allow children and/or guests to use the toilets for fear of spoiling the system.
Hence more awareness and demonstration is needed to make the use of UDDT universal.
http://www.drytoilet.org/dt2009/pdf/present_Antoine_Delepiere.pdf
- Some beneficiaries noted that since only 10% of the village had UDDT, the the effor they are making to
protect the environment will have little benefit.
- It is recommended that close and constant follow-up should be given to beneficiaries to maintain their
Adrien
motivationMazeau,
since Student
economic Msc Watercannot
benefits and Environment
be seen forManagement, WEDC (Water Engineering
two to three years.
Development
- The main issue Centre), Loughborough,
is develpoing an ecosan UK project
– JPO Tdhin anBangladesh
emergency-situation
adrienmazeau@hotmail.com
is to gain the understanding
Antoine Delepière*,
and involvement resource
of the person WASH,
local population. Terre
Ecosan candes hommes
only foundation,
be developed in anMontchoisi
emergency 15, Lausanne >
if the
Switzerland
implementing – organisation
ade@tdh.ch – (+41)
has the 58 611 0674
capacity to follow an support the users for a sufficient time.
Nadira on 14.09.09 from paper presented by Mazeau and Delepiere at Dry Toilet Conference 2009.
No
No
23
Bangladesh
Action research and construction of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in seven hilly
districts of Rangpur, Moulovibazar, Narsigdi, Sunamgonj, Bandarban, Cngonj, Gaibandh
(overarching project)
Action research on ecological alternatives in sanitation in difficult areas of Bangladesh (for details see 3
project entries to the right of this one!)
Difficult hilly areas in seven districts of Rangpur, Moulovibazar , Narsigdi, Sunamgonj, Bandarban, Cngonj,
Gaibandha
Government of Bangladesh and UNICEF, c/o UNICEF Bangledesh, UNICEF

P.O. Box 58
Dhaka - 1000
People's Republic of Bangaldesh
Start: Oct 2009
It aims to cover 120 upazilas (district or similar) and 31 pourashavas in 31 districts and a population of 30
million. The present implementation phase covers 68 upazilas in 19 districts (including 300 paras in 8
upazilas in the three Chittagong Hill Tracts districts).
Rural households
Project is being implemented thorough a consortium lead by Practical Action Bangladesh- and associates
Bangladesh Association for Social Advancement (BASA)
 Society for People’s Actions in Change and Equity (SPACE)
 Commitment Consultants
Practical Action Bangladesh
UNICEF and Government of Bangledesh
The project is known as ' The Sanitation, Hygiene Education and Water Supply in Bangladesh (SHEWAB)
project'. The purpose is to develop at least 5 innovative eco toilets options appropriate for geo-
hydrological, physical, socio economic and cultural contexts of selected difficult areas (urban slums, haor
areas, water scarce area like Chittagong Hill Tract and Barind region; flood prone and high water table) of
Bangladesh. Funding for this project will end in January 2011. There are 3 project entries (SPACE, BASA,
Practical Action), see to the right of this one in the same file
Separate urine and faeces
UDD toilets
No specific information available at this time. However, plans are to establish linkage with fertilizer
company/agricultural extension services for utilization of human excreta in agricultural farming
US$ 260,000 (EUR 200,200)
Available from UNICEF/ Practical Action as an output of project:Designs (at least 5) and /BOQ of different
innovative ecological toilet options were developed
Major Outputs achieved so far:

1. Inception report
2. Designs (at least 5) and /BOQ of different innovative ecological toilet options
3. Training manuals in Bengali (Construction manuals & Operation manuals for users)
4. 100 eco-toilets (constructed)
Ecosan
5. Build in Bangladesh
Local (synopsis
capacity (DPHE, document prepared
Municipality, CBOs and byCommunity
M. Alam of masons)
UNICEF, Technology for Human
Excreta Management
6. Laboratory (WASTE)
test of eco-san and partners
products and contact
and Usage details for ecosan in Bangladesh prepared by M.
in crop production
Alam
7. Network and linkage with relevant stakeholders
8. Knowledge products, including, user friendly catalogue
9. Final workshop, for knowledge dissemination, lobbing, networking, linkage and advocacy
n/a
Mohammad Monirul Alam, UNICEF (malam@unicef.org)

P.O. Box 58
Dhaka - 1000
People's Republic of Bangaldesh, Phone Nos.:
933.6701 to 933.6710
Entered on 30.06.2010 by B. Abraham who received information from Mohammad Monirul Alam, UNICEF
(malam@unicef.org) via e-mail on 03.05.2010
No
No
24
Bangladesh
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) construction in 60 rural households in Wrisipara,

Gazipur Municipality
Small-scale pilot project
Project Location: Wrisipara, Gazipur Municipality
C/o Practical Action House 12/B, Road 4, Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka – 1205, Bangladesh; Mr. Abdul Karim,
Mayor (Acting), Gazipur Municipality, Gazipur, Mobile: +880 1712 089331
Started on: April 2008
Total 7500 HHs are targetted with interventions including waste management, traditional sanitation and
compost - toilets constructed in 60 households, targetting approximately 300 people
Rural households

House 12/B, Road 4, Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka – 1205, Bangladesh
Tel: +8802 8650439, 9675236, 9675243

Fax: +880 2 9674340
Website: www.practicalaction.org
UNICEF Bangladesh
Under the Bio- Villages program to support community-based approaches for farmers to protect natural
resources. The project title is 'Integrated Support for Sustainable Environment '. The project funding ended
in March 2009
separation of urine and feces for agricultural purposes
UDDT
Agriculture
Euros 199,500
• Practical Action has developed two different model of eco-toilet one
made of ceramic and the other made of plastic fiber. Practical action also has
engineering designs and bills of quantities (BOQ).
The project also included a sub-project to promotion of urine use at homestead gardening in Gazipur
Municipality
Practical Action has a number of technical briefs on compost toilets, rainwater harvesting, available at:
http://www.practicalaction.org/water-and-sanitation; as well as documents on waste and recycling
available at:http://practicalaction.org/practicalanswers/index

S. A. Abdullah Al Mamun, Sr. Technology
Promotion Officer
Tel: +8802 8650439, 9675236, 9675243

Fax: +880 2 9674340
Email: mamun@practicalaction.org.bd
Entered on 05.07.2010-B. Abraham received information from Mohammad Monirul Alam, UNICEF
(malam@unicef.org) via e-mail on 03.05.2010 and Mr. Mamun on 05.07.2010
No
No
25
Bangladesh
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in five schools in Gazipur Municipality
small-scale school pilot project
Gazipur Municipality, Gazipur
C/o Practical Action House 12/B, Road 4, Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka – 1205, Bangladesh; Mr. Abdul Karim,
Mayor (Acting), Gazipur Municipality, Gazipur, Mobile: +880 1712 089331
Started on: April’ 09
5 Schools
School

Tel: +8802 8650439, 9675236, 9675243

Fax: +880 2 9674340
UNICEF Bangladesh
Known as the School Santiation Project, funding ended in March 2010

separation of urine and faeces
UDDT
Agriculture
14,500 EURO
Refer to Integrated Support for Sustainable Environment
http://www.practicalaction.org/water-and-sanitation;as well as documents on waste and recycling available
at:http://practicalaction.org/practicalanswers/index

Promotion Officer
Tel: +8802 8650439, 9675236, 9675243

Fax: +880 2 9674340
No
No
26
Bangladesh
Action research on ecological alternatives and construction of 100 UDDTs in difficult areas of
Gaibandha, Rangpur, Cngonj, Narsindhi, Moulovibazar, Sunamgonj, Bandarban
small-scale pilot project and action research
Gaibandha, Rangpur, Cngonj, Narsindhi, Moulovibazar, Sunamgonj, Bandarban
C/o Practical Action House 12/B, Road 4, Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka – 1205,
Bangladesh
Started on: 1.10.2009
100 UDDTs ("ecotoilets"), assuming 5 people per household = 500 users
rural/peri-urban municipality

Tel: +8802 8650439, 9675236, 9675243

Fax: +880 2 9674340
UNICEF Bangladesh
Under the joint initiative with UNICEF- see SHEWAB project, this project funding will run until January
2011
UDDT
Agriculture
17,842,385 BDT or 204,420.57 Euros

Promotion Officer
Tel: +8802 8650439, 9675236, 9675243

Fax: +880 2 9674340
No
No
27
Bangladesh
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) with 19 households in Pazulia and Fawcal villages,
Gazipur district under Gazipur Municipality
small-scale pilot project
Gazipur District, Pazulia and Fawcal village under Gazipur Municipality
Bangladesh; Mr. Abdul Karim, Mayor (Acting), Gazipur Municipality, Gazipur, Mobile:
+880 1712 089331
19 households or 95 people (approximately)
rural/peri-urban municipality

Tel: +8802 8650439, 9675236, 9675243

Fax: +880 2 9674340
UNICEF Bangladesh
Under the Bio- Villages program to support community-based approaches for farmers
to protect natural resources, this project is known as 'Construction of 19 household
level UDDTs in Gazipur Town'. Funding for this project ends December 2010
UDDT
Agriculture
199,500 EURO ( budget under ISSUE II Integrated Support for Sustainable Environment)
• Practical Action has developed two different model of eco-toilet and also
has engineering design and BOQ.

Promotion Officer
Tel: +8802 8650439, 9675236, 9675243

Fax: +880 2 9674340
No
No
28
Bangladesh
Sanitation block with biogas plant at G.K. Model High School in Dhirassharm under Gazipur
Municipality
small-scale pilot project
Village: Dhirassharm under Gazipur Municipality
+880 1712 089331
1 school, ?? of beneficiaries
Rural/peri-urban municipality

Tel: +8802 8650439, 9675236, 9675243

Fax: +880 2 9674340
UNICEF Bangladesh
This project is known as 'Construction of Sanitation Block with Bio-gas plant at G.K. Model High School in
Dhirassharm under Gazipur Municipality' and funding ended in March 2010
UDDT linked to biodigester
Agriculture
Budget under $14,500 Euros under school sanitation budget
• Practical Action has developed two different model of eco-toilet and also
has engineering design and BOQ. Urine pan designed and tested under this
project

Promotion Officer
Tel: +8802 8650439, 9675236, 9675243

Fax: +880 2 9674340
No
No
29
Bangladesh
Construction and promotion of concrete urine diversion pans through piloting community-based
urine diversion toilet (UDT) in Wrishipara Polli of Gazipur Municipality
pilot rural
Wrisipara, Gazipur Municipality
+880 1712 089331
rural household

Tel: +8802 8650439, 9675236, 9675243

Fax: +880 2 9674340
UNICEF
The funding for this project ended in March 2009. This project was part of the research projects under Mini
Aid Group meeting: Poverty Reduction Project.
separation of faeces and urine
Promotion of concrete UDDTS
Agriculture- crop production
Budget: 10,000 GBP or 12,077 Euros
Concrete urine diversion pans and composting toilets are promoted in this
project
no

Promotion Officer
Tel: +8802 8650439, 9675236, 9675243

Fax: +880 2 9674340
No
no
30
Bangladesh
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) constructed in eight schools in Gazipur City
school ecological sanitation project
Gazipur district ( city)
c/o Bangladesh Association for Social Advancement

(BASA)
3675 of school children and teachers
School
Bangladesh Association for Social Advancement

(BASA)

(BASA)
UNICEF
BASA is implementing several projects in various districts in Bangladesh, including

"Safe drinking water for the slum people in Gazipur" which covers hundreds of poor
slum people. In Chittagong district at Sitakunda upazila, BASA is implementing a pilot
project related to ecological sanitation, in which the beneficiaries are poor rural
people. BASA is also implementing a project with ICS (Improved Cook
Stoves)'.Reference taken from http://www.pciaonline.org/node/950. The project
funding ended in November 2009.
Urine and faeces seperated
UDDT
Agriculture
US$ 23,000 or Euros 17,784
UDDT. Collected urine is diluted with water and used at the agricultural field for the
production. The compost that is collected 6 months interval used for vegetable
production, for gardening and also for the crop production.
BASA's 'School Sanitation Project' report available through organisation
www.basa-ngo.org (currently not working)
A. K. M. Shirajul Islam,
Executive Director
House # 247, Road # 18, New DOHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka-1206 Bangladesh, Tel:
+8802 9862464, 01711528281. Fax #: 02-9880957
Email: edbasa@worldnetbd.net
(malam@unicef.org) via e-mail on 03.05.2010 and A.K.M. Shirajul Islam via e-mail 7 July 2010
no
no
31
Bangladesh
Pilot demonstration of 10 urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for rural households at
Sitakunda Upazila in Chittagong and Noakhali districts
pilot demonstration for rural village households
Sitakunda Upazila in Chittagong and Noakhali districts

(BASA)
15 families or 80 persons benefitted (but 5 people per household used in summary list)
rural village households

(BASA)

(BASA)
WHO
Bangladesh Association for Social Advancement (BASA) has been working at Environment sector
especially on WATSAN sector since 1991. BASA has been working on UDDTs since last
4 years.'A.K.M. Shirajul Islam, Executive Director via e-mail July 7, 2010. the project funding ended in
November 2009.
Urine and faeces seperated
UDDT
Agriculture
$14,000 or Euros 10,826.27
UDDT. Collected urine is diluted with water and used at the agricultural field for the production. The
compost that is collected 6 months interval used for vegetable production, for gardening and also for the
crop production.
One of the beneficiaries named Josna Begum who is the owner of ecosan toilet using urine for chilli
production. She showed [BASA] the chilli which is longer than the average size and said that the main
reason for getting such type of healthy and longer chilli is to use diluted urine [as she followed the] the
field officer suggestions.Encouraged by [her success], her neighbors also started applying urine in
vegetable gardens. . . . Poor people are in favor of using ecosan toilet [UDDT and composting toilets] and
BASA's 'Final
are positive toevaluation report of “PILOT PROJECT FOR DEMONSTRATION AND
DISSEMINATION OF ECOSAN
accept the new approach TOILET'
since they is available
can get throughtoorganisation.
the opportunity use the ecosan product to their agricultural
field or for gardening. But the scarcity of the resources for ecosan toilet [UDDT and composting toilets] is
the main challenges.
www.basa-ngo.org
Ø The construction (cost
currently not working)
of ecosan toilet [UDDT and composting toilets] is relatively more than that of
traditional pit latrines. Poor people generally do not think about the pollution of the environment but they
always want the sanitation facilities with cheap price.
Ø Appropriate technological options is the another challenges in case of dissemination of ecosan toilet
A. K. M.and
[UDDT Shirajul Islam, toilets] at grass root level. Geographical variation is the main factor in this issue.
composting
Executive Director options which are suitable for one place may not be suitable for other places.
The technological
House # 247, options
Technological Road # vary
18, New
fromDOHS, Mohakhali,
hill track Dhaka-1206
regions, flood Bangladesh,
prone region, Tel:and
plain land +8802
also9862464,
for the poor
01711528281.
people. BASA, FaxPAB,#:SPACE
02-9880957
and CCL with UNICEF is implementing a pilot project in 5 geographical
Email:
regionsedbasa@worldnetbd.net
for selection of appropriate design.' A.K.M. Shirajul Islam via e-mail 7 July 2010.
no
no
32
Bangladesh
Construction of 200 urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural communities of Gazipur,
Tangail, Mymensingh Municipalities
rural community sanitation project
Gazipur, Tangail, Mymensingh

(BASA)
Started on: March 2010
to date 20 UDDTs constructed benefitting 600 people directly and indirectly 5,000 people (this means 30
people per communal facility)

(BASA) A. K. M. Shirajul Islam,
Executive Director
House # 247, Road # 18, New DOHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka-1206 Bangladesh, Tel: +8802 9862464,
01711528281. Fax #: 02-9880957
(BASA)
UNICEF
urine and faeces seperated
UDDT
Agriculture
US$ 43,000 or Euros 33,252
crop production.
www.basa-ngo.org ( currently not working)
Executive Director
01711528281. Fax #: 02-9880957
no
no
33
Bangladesh
Construction of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for the poor and excluded of
indigenous community in Durgapur, Netrokona
rural community sanitation project
Durgapur, Netrokona

(BASA)
Implemenation has not started yet. Integrated and Transparent Actions through NSA and LA Cooperation
for
Sustainable Development (INTRA SUSTAIN)

(BASA)

(BASA)
Action Aid Bangladesh
The project title is 'Integrated and Transparent Actions through NSA and LA Cooperation for
Sustainable Development (INTRA SUSTAIN): Construction of UDDTs for the poor and excluded of
indigenous community in Durgapur, Netrokona. It is set to begin construction in
UDDT
Agriculture
crop production.
www.basa-ngo.org ( currently not working)
Executive Director
01711528281. Fax #: 02-9880957
34
Bangladesh
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) to improve sanitation at Bashaivog and Bejgoan
villages, Munshigonj in Bangladesh through information dissemination and awareness raising
Pilot, village, rural
Village: Bashaivog, Bejgoan,

Union: Patavog
Upazila: Srinagar
District: Munshigonj
c/o Society for People’s Actions in Change and Equity (SPACE)
Direct: 177 (25 UDDTs)

Indirect: 5000
(Approx)
Society for People’s Actions in Change and Equity (SPACE)
TOTO Japan through Japan Association of Drainage and Environment (JADE)
The project is taking place in a flood prone area. The title is 'Technical Cooperative Activities to Improve
Sanitation at Rural Areas in Bangladesh focusing on Dissemination and Awareness Raising (A Piloting on
EcoSan Toilets) ' The project funding ended in March 2008
double vault urine diversion and faeces separation dry toilets
Agriculture
US$ 32000 (= EUR 24,640)

Unit cost: US$: 250 (=EUR 193)
See SPACE ECOSAN report, see http://www.spacebd.org/SPACE_in_EcoSan.pdf or see website itself:

http://www.spacebd.org/Projects.php
A total of 25 constructed in this project.We have unique learning that is: People at primarily level (before
constructing the toilets) there is a negative reaction for the UDD toilets, especially, to use urines and
faeces in productive activities. But, they become easily motivated for using those in vegetable farming and
fruit trees as they find tangible effects of the treated EcoSan products (Urines and faeces). It is easier to
motivate people for efficiently and hygienically use, operate, maintain and manage the EcoSan toilets than
none
the traditional options. The major challenges we usually face:
-
- Use of urine by 100% families in productive activities in general and rainy seasons in particular;
- Cost reduction as people do not chose fencing except the brick made walls;
- Addressing the extreme poor section of society;
www.spacebd.org
- Promoting UDDT at urban areas;
- Full cost payment by the owners, especially, by the solvent families, who can pay the cost around 200
US$;
- Managing Menstrual hygiene;
- Making it suitable for the physically challenged people;
Society
- Makingfor People’s
the EcoSanActions in fully
products Changerisksand Equity
free. (SPACE)
[From Md. Azahar Ali Pramanik from e-mail dated 4 July
Md. Azahar Ali Pramanik, Executive Director
2010]
House No. 318 (2nd floor), Road No. 02, Baitul Aman Housing Society,
Adabor, Dhaka-1207, bangladesh
Tel: +88-02-9138772, Cell: +88-01713-453100
Email-space.equity@gmail.com; www.space-ecosan.org
Entered/updated on 04.07.2010 by B. Abraham who received information from Mohammad Monirul Alam,
UNICEF (malam@unicef.org) via e-mail on 03.05.2010, and Md. Azahar Ali Pramanik
Executive Director, SPACE (space.equity@gmail.com) on 4 July 2010
no
no
35
Bangladesh
Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets in rural households in 16 villages in Naogoan,
Jessore, Satkhira, Gazipur districts
Pilot, Village rural
Village: 16,
Union: 5
Upazila: Niamatpur, Sharsha, Kolaroa, Keshobpur, Sreepur, Shyamnagar
District: Naogoan, Jessore, Satkhira, Gazipur
Started on: Oct. 2007
Direct: 1280
Indirect: 15000
(Approx)
Rural village households
The project title is 'Resource Recycling and Sanitation improvement through Ecological Sanitation in Rural
Areas' and funding ended in September 2009.
Agriculture
US$: 62000;Total UDDTs: 197 (use exchange rate of 1 USD = 0.77 EUR in July 2010 !)
Unit cost: US$: 150-180
School-based: 15 toilets + 10 Urinals
school wise cost: US$ 1200

See SPACE documents on ECOSAN s for detailed lessons learned and challenges. Project titled'
Technical Cooperative Activities to Improve Sanitation at Rural Areas in Bangladesh focusing on
Dissemination and Awareness Raising (A Piloting on EcoSan Toilets) '
Four unpublished documents exist from SPACE which provide lessons learned and experiences with
sanitation work in challenging areas of Bangladesh. Documents are:SPACE profile, Projects of SPACE,
SPACE in Ecosan and SPACE in Water Supply.
www.spacebd.org

Tel: +88-02-9138772, Cell: +88-01713-453100
no
no
36
Bangladesh
Double vault composting toilets and urine diversion toilets in 4 rural villages in Manikgonj and
Gazipur Districts
Village rural
Village: 4
Union: Baliakhora and Maona
Upazila: Ghior and Sreepur
District: Manikgonj and Gazipur
Direct: 744
Indirect: 6000
(Approx)
Rural village households
SPACE Project title is- 'Enhancing Community-Managed Environmental Health and Resource Recycling
through Ecological Sanitation'. The project funding ended in August 2008.
Agriculture
US$: 24000;Total UDDTs (Eco-Toilets): 120 (use exchange rate of 1 USD = 0.77 EUR in July 2010 !)

See SPACE documents on ECOSAN s for detailed lessons learned and challenges. The project original
title is 'Resource Recycling and Sanitation improvement through Ecological Sanitation in Rural Areas'
www.spacebd.org

Tel: +88-02-9138772, Cell: +88-01713-453100
UNICEF (malam@unicef.org) via e-mail on 03.05.2010, and Md. Azahar Ali Pramanik on 04.07.2010
no
no
37
Bangladesh
Double vault composting and urine diversion in urban community of Rangamati
urban, pilot with microfinancing
Rangamati Municipality
District: Rangamati
Direct: 42
Indirect: 200
Urban poor households
Private donations from Canada
The project original title is '' Sustainable Sanitation in Hill Tract Areas'. The project funding ended in
August 2008
Agriculture
US$: 1500; Total Eco-Toilets: 06 (use exchange rate of 1 USD = 0.77 EUR in July 2010 !)

See SPACE documents on ECOSAN s for detailed lessons learned and challenges.
www.spacebd.org

Tel: +88-02-9138772, Cell: +88-01713-453100
no
no
38
Bangladesh
Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets in rural households in Bogra, Gaibandha,
Joypurhat, linked to micro-financing
rural village
Upazila: Joypurhat, Gabtoli, Gaibandha Sadar
District: Bogra, Gaibandha, Joypurhat
Started on: January 2008
Direct: 57
Indirect: 200
Rural household
Private donations from Canada
The original project title is 'Enhancing Poverty Reduction Efforts through Micro financing'. The project
funding ended in
December 2008
Agriculture

See SPACE Project titled' Technical Cooperative Activities to Improve Sanitation at Rural Areas in
Bangladesh focusing on Dissemination and Awareness Raising (A Piloting on EcoSan Toilets) ' for details
on lessons learned and challenges
www.spacebd.org

Tel: +88-02-9138772, Cell: +88-01713-453100
no
no
39
Bangladesh
Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets in rural communities in Bandarban, and Cox’s
Bazar
Pilot rural household and clinic/public place
Upazila: Bandarban sadar, Lama, Alikadam, Rwanchari, Ramu
District: Bandarban, Cox’s bazar
Direct: 300
Indirect: 500
rural household
CordAid through Concern Universal Bangladesh
The original project title is 'Community Managed WatSan Project in South-East Bangladesh (Hill Tract
Areas)' and project funding will end August 2010
Agriculture
US$: 125000; Total Eco-Toilets: 20 (Clinic based) (use exchange rate of 1 USD = 0.77 EUR in July
2010 !)
Unit cost: US$: 275 -300

www.spacebd.org

Tel: +88-02-9138772, Cell: +88-01713-453100
UNICEF (malam@unicef.org) via e-mail on 03.05.2010, and Md. Azahar Ali Pramanik, Executive Director,
SPACE (space.equity@gmail.com) on 4 July 2010
no
no
40
Bangladesh
Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets and action research in difficult rural areas in
Bandarban, Gaibandha, Chapainawabgonj Districts
pilot, action research, rural
Upazila: Gomostapur, Chapainawabgonj, Gaibandha, Polashbari, Alikadam, Thanchi
District: Bandarban, Gaibandha, Chapainawabgonj
Started on 1.10.2009
Direct: 251
Indirect: 800
Rural households
UNICEF Bangladesh
The original title is 'Action Research on Ecological Alternatives in Sanitation in difficult Areas of
Bangladesh' part of the UNICEF SHEWAB initiative. Funding ends in January 2011
Agriculture
US$: 65000; Total Eco-Toilets: 38 (Underway) (use exchange rate of 1 USD = 0.77 EUR in July 2010 !)

www.spacebd.org
Md. Azahar Ali Pramanik

No
No
41
Bangladesh
Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets in rural communities of Meherpur, and
Naogoan Districts
pilot, rural
Upazila: Meherpur Sadar, Porsha
District: Meherpur, Naogoan
Start: July 2009
Direct: 137
Indirect: 5000
rural household
Save the Children, USA
The original project title is 'Ecological Alternatives for Sustainable Sanitation'. Funding will end in October
2010
Agriculture

www.spacebd.org
Md. Azahar Ali Pramanik

no
no
Interesting project! Follow up with results! Paul sent e-mail to xxx on date xxx
42
Bangladesh
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) in 20 flood prone villages in three districts of Sirajgonj,
Gaibandha and Kurigram (large scale project)
Pilot, rural households
A. 20 villages of 4 Unions of 2 Upazilas of Satkhira and Bagerhat districts.
B. 3 villages of 3 unions of 3 districts e.g. .
c/o Oxfam GB ( Bangladesh)
Start: 1.6.2009
project 09-10: direct 7,000 and indirect 28,000 population.
project 10-11: direct 8,500 and indirect 25,000 population
households
Oxfam GB
Oxfam GB
Oxfam GB from USA based donor Mariposa
The original title is 'In search of safe water options from “Pond to Pot” for coastal population and (b) latrine
solutions for flood prone area of Bangladesh'. The project funding is as follows first year from 1st June
2009 – 31st May 2010. The project has again extended for another one more year starting from June
2010 - May 2011.
Separation of urine and faeces
Promoting double vault eco-sanitation latrine and single pit and double pit urine diversion latrine. Also
trying use local materials in order to reduce its cost
Agriculture
US $ 170,000 for the FY 09-10 and US $ 140,000 for the FY 10-11. (use exchange rate of 1 USD = 0.77
EUR in July 2010 !)
They have just completed comprehensive evaluation of this project by independent consulting
organization. draft report is readily available with us and it will be finalized by mid of July 2010. there will
be a project learning sharing workshop on 12 July 2010. ( Request to share evaluation report when it
becomes available)
Oxfam plans to release in July 2010 an evaluation document as well as hold a workshop on lessons
learned.
Mr. Abdus Sobhan,

Public Health Engineer House#4, Road#3, Block I, banana, Dhaka 1213 Tel: +8802 8813607-9, 8824440
Fax: +880 2 8817402
Email: asobhan@oxfam.org.uk
Entered on 30.06.2010 by B. Abraham who received contact from Mohammad Monirul Alam, UNICEF
(malam@unicef.org) via e-mail on 03.05.2010. Received information and clarification from Mr. Abdus
Sobhan on 30 June 2010 via e-mail.
no
no
43
Belarus
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at dachas in Smilovichy Village
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) for a household and dachas (a yearly or seasonal country
home)
Smilovichy Village
2008
1 household; 10 dachas
Rural area
Ecoproject, WECF
Ecoproject
Dutch Ministry of Forreign Afairs, WECF
None or partly central water supply, no sewage system
Toilets constructed under the “Developing multi-stakeholder co-operation in the areas of water, waste and
energy efficiency in Belarus” project
Single and double vault UDDT
Urine and faeces as fertiliser for garden
House: Double-vault semi-indoor UDDT,

Dacha: outdoor, single-vault UDDT with separate urine diverting equipment.
No
44
Bhutan
Urine diversion dehydration toilet project at Goenpasingma Lower Secondary School and village,
Zobel Geog Pemagatshel
Pilot rural households and schools
Goenpasingma Lower Secondary School and

village under Zobel geog, Pemagatshel Dzongkhag
c/o UNICEF for project location details
1.12.2009
400 students ( approximate number).
rural households and rural community secondary and junior schools
Public Health and Environment Department under the Ministry of Health, Government of Bhutan
UNICEF
The title of the project, 'ECOSAN Toilet Project Goenpasingma Lower Secondary School and village,
Zobel Geog Pemagatshel'. 'The main objective is to construct the Ecological Sanitation Pilot Projects in
recognition
of the need for a sustainable sanitation to Goenpasingma Lower Secondary School and
village under Zobel geog, Pemagatshel Dzongkhag with the concept of ecological
sanitation (ecosan) for its many benefits in relation to public health, sanitation approaches
primarily aim at interrupting the cycle of pathogens and recognizing human excreta and
water from households not as a waste but as a resource for reuse providing valuable
nutrients for plants. As such, this village and school have been identified for the EcoSan
pilot project from East region and constructed Ecological urine diverting dry toilets as
there is water scarcity. . . This school with 350 students is located 13 kms from Pemagatshel Dzongkhag
and very
close to village with boarding facilities. At present, the sanitation facilities are inadequate
and the substructures of pit latrines for boys have collapsed during the last monsoon
season. However, the school has about one acre of vegetable garden and it has been one of the leading
schools in agricultural products. Due to water scarcity, the ecological urine
diverting dry toilets (ecosan) is constructed and the hygienic reuse of excreta could
improve the nutritional status of children as well.' ( Taken from completion report to WHO/UNICEF)
Agriculture in particular school gardens
UDDT
separation or urine and faeces
household latrine project- The total cost incurred in this pilot project for a single household ecosan toilet
construction is Nu.4860.60/- (82 euros for each facility).This is exclusive of local materials (sand, gravel,
timber,
stones) and labor for the construction.; school latrine project (Nu.155,652.70) or (2,749.08 euros) for a
total of 8 units.The school latrines are
See 'Completion
inclusive Report'
of both local andfornon
details
local materials and the labour cost with the technical assistance by PHED
engineers and the focal group from the districts and school.
At the end of construction phase a one day workshop was held at the school premises.
The workshop was on Reuse of ecosan products (feces and urine) as manure in fields.
Beneficiaries were trained and educated on hygienic reuse of urine and composted feces
in the kitchen garden. The toilets were constructed entirely by the beneficiaries themselves with technical
guidance from PHED engineers. The local materials like sand, gravel, stones, timber and
n/a were provided by the beneficiaries. The villagers constructed the toilets with
labor
various materials such as stone, bricks and concrete for the sub structure depending upon
their affordability. Since this was a pilot project PHED through WHO assistance
provided the hardware materials. The toilets were completed successfully as per planned
with great support from the focal group from the districts.
n/a
Kencho Namgyal (Mr.)

WASH Officer
UNICEF
Thimphu, Bhutan
Phone # +975-2-331369
Fax # + 975-2-323238
Mobile # +975-17607423
alternative e mail id: bapkgyal@gmail.com
Entered by B.Abraham 30.06.2010 based on information received from Mr. Namygal 22 June 2010 and
updated 9 August 2010 via e-mail
no
no
45
Bhutan
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in 18 households and one school in Euyamo Village,
Teop Geog Punakha
Rural pilot project in households and school
Euyamo village and Talhogang Community Primary school in Thimpu District
c/o UNICEF or WHO Bhutan for details
Jan-09
18 households ( 90 persons based on national estimation for household size of 5 persons); and 200
students and teacher ( approximate number)
rural households and community primary school
WHO
The original title of this project is ' Ecosan Toilet Project Euyamo Village Teop Geog Punakha.' The
project funding will end in December 2010. 'This village is one of the last villages bordering with the
Thimphu district under the Teop
geog,Punakha.The village presently had pit latrines and some households even didn’t
have any latrines.There were eighteen households in this village.In the sanitation demand
creation workshop the villagers expressed great interest to construct the ecological urine
diverting dry toilets.
The toilets were constructed entirely by the beneficiaries themselves with technical
guidance from PHED engineers. The local materials like sand,gravel ,stone,woods and
also labor were provided by the beneficiaries. The villagers constructed the toilets using
the mud blocks for the sub structure and mud blocks were made by themselves. Since this
was a pilot project PHED through WHO assistance provided the hardware materials. The
toilets were completed with ten days from the day of start of construction.'
This school is located a few
kilometers from this euyamo village.Children as fas as
Menchuna Village in Teop goeg walk to this school.The school was using pitlatrines for
its sanitation facilities. The principal had desired to have ecological urine diverting dry
toilets (ecosan) as there were water scarcity problems. Also, students were not happy to
use the toilets as it was far way from their classrooms. The present new ecosan toilets
have been constructed very near to their classrooms.
Since this was a pilot project the toilet construction was carried out with funds for
hardware and construction labor costs from WHO and UNICEF.The community did
contribute for local materials (wood carrying charges from forest, sand and
gravels).UNICEF provided funds for the toilet construction labor costs.
The toilets (two units for girls and boys) were handed over to the school authority after
UDDT
Agriculture
The total cost incurred in this pilot project for a single household ecosan toilet
construction is Nu.6364.50/- (Euro 112).This is exclusive of local materials (mud blocks, sand
,gravel,wood,stones) and labor for the construction.;The total expenses incurred for the school toilet
construction is Nu.14569.59/- (Euro 257) and is
inclusive of labor and hardware costs. However,the above cost is exclusive of local
See document
materials 'Completion Report onand
(wood,stone,sand.gravels) ECOSAN
overheadToilet Project for
expenses Euyamo Village
technical Teop Geog
assistance by Punakha' for
pictures of latrine designs
PHED engineers.
Pilot project encompassed hygiene and sanitation promotion including awareness raising before
introduction of new technologies. Everyone in the small village adopted the technology having 100%
sanitation coverage. School facilities well received and teachers are benefiting for making use of waste.
Children are supported to use the facilities at school because they are present in their homes.
Completion Report on ECOSAN Toilet Project Euyamo Village Teop Geog Punakha
n/a
Kencho Namgyal (Mr.)

WASH Officer
UNICEF
Thimphu, Bhutan
Phone # +975-2-331369
Fax # + 975-2-323238
Mobile # +975-17607423
alternative e mail id: bapkgyal@gmail.com
Entered by B.Abraham 30.06.2010 based on information received from Mr. Namygal 22 June 2010 and
updated 9 August 2010 via e-mail
No
No
46
Bolivia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in San Pedro town, Department (State) Santa
Cruz
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for households in a rural town
Department (State) Santa Cruz: San Pedro town
2005
500 UDDT for 2000 users
San Pedro is the central town of the municipality San Pedro. The municipality of San Pedro counts with
100.000 inhabitants. San Pedro is a rural town in the department of Santa Cruz.
Incades
Water for People
The use of “pour flush latrines” and dry compost toilets (sometimes only holes in the ground) are still the
most common ones. Especially since the collecting pit is very commonly kept open at the bottom, the
danger of groundwater contamination and subsequently an increase in water borne diseases can be
assumed.
Double-vault urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs)
450 US$ for each UDDT (include urine diversion toilet bowl, urinal, basin)
Where UDDTs were abandoned by beneficiaries, the main reason was the bad smell and due to the lack
of constant assistance especially after the construction, the unawareness of the handling and reuse of
urine and faeces in agriculture. So the faeces chamber got filled up in many cases and the toilet was left
abandoned.
Andreas Kanzler, Introducción de Saneamiento Básico (ECOSAN) en el Programma PROPAC de Bolivia
Update 28.11.2009: Katrin Windolf
No
No
47
Bolivia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in Departments (States) Oruro and Beni
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for households
Oruro city included
Department Oruro: Oruro city

Department Beni
Department Oruro: 15 UDDTs for 60 users

Department Beni: 14 UDDT for 80 users
Oruro is the capital city of the Department (State) Oruro
Sumaj Huasi
Sumaj Huasi
Department Oruro
In the peri-urban areas of the towns and municipalities on the Alti Plano, an externally organised collection
and handling system (e.g. EPSA organised and subcontracted to private waste companies) might be the
best choice to ensure sustainability.
Department Beni
Department Beni is in the Amazon Lowlands. Humidity and rainfall in these semitropical areas can be
extremely high during certain times of the year. The gran chaco has rain and hot humid conditions during
summer from December-March. The winter months are dry. Annual rainfall ranges from 500-900 mm. The
successful introduction of UDDT can be recommended also under these conditions (see NGO “Water for
People” experience in Santa Cruz), although an adapted construction is recommended with special focus
on best condition for faeces drying. Generally have centralised systems: lagoons as treatment.
Double-vault urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs). The toilet bowls are made of fiberglass and
fabricated by TECNIPLAST in El Alto.
Reuse of the products in gardening and agriculture
Each urine diversion toilet bowl: 35 $US
No
No
48
Bolivia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in the peri-urban areas of El Alto, Desaguadero,
Puerto Acosta and Warisata cities in Department (State) La Paz and private sector development for
the collection, treatment and reuse of excreta in El Alto City
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for households in peri-urban areas and support to private
service providers for excreta collection, treatment and reuse
El Alto, Desaguadero, Puerto Acosta, Warisata cities
Department La Paz: peri-urban areas of El Alto, Desaguadero, Puerto Acosta, Warisata cities
369 UDDTs for 1845 users
Peri-urban areas
Sumaj Huasi
Sumaj Huasi
ASDI
Since the humidity and the rainfall over the year at the "Altiplano" is extremely low, the climatological
conditions for the introduction of UDDT are favourable. The danger of fouling is limited.
In El Alto city, La Paz:

Supporting development of private service providers for collecting urine and faeces and ensuring proper
handling (composting and reuse). Collection of urine and faeces by the company “ABONA”. The company
sells the urine to vegetable producers in the area. The income generated will be used for personal costs
and acquisition and maintenance of equipment. The faeces, once developed into compost, will be sold
EachABONA
from urine diversion toilet bowl:
to the company 35 $US
taking care of the green areas within the municipalities.
One model for future handling of the responsibility could be, that the EPSA will take charge of legal and
commercial client relation (including tariff handling) and provide the alternative service itself or by
subcontracting a private waste company. This would imply that training in alternative sanitation solutions
for the responsible units in the EPSA would have to be organized and offered.
No
No
49
Bolivia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for a school in Department (State) Chuquisaca
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for a school
Department (State) Chuquisaca
Sumaj Huasi
Sumaj Huasi
Each urine diversion toilet bowl: 35 $US
No
No
50
Bolivia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households, with private sector development for the
collection, treatment and reuse of excreta, in a peri-urban area in Department (State) Cochabamba
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for households in a peri-urban area and support to private
service providers for excreta collection, treatment and reuse
Department (State) Cochabamba
30 UDDT for 120 users
Peri-urban area
Agua Tuya
Agua Tuya
Only between 22% and 36% (depending on the different sources) of the rural population has access to
basic sanitation
Separate urine and faeces respectively; greywater
Double-vault urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs). Composting and reuse.
Supporting the development of private service providers for collecting urine and faeces and ensuring
proper handling (composting and reuse). Five Bolivians are in charge of the collection of faeces by the
company “MESPAL”. Urine collection is free of charge. The collection here is offered for the 30 families
every 2 weeks. It is a good idea to authorise for the collection only companies who are already
experience in collecting and handling solid waste.
600 US$ for UDDT (include urine diversion toilet bowl, urinal, basin)
One model for future handling of the responsibility could be, that the EPSA will take charge of legal and
commercial client relation (including tariff handling) and provide the alternative service itself or by
subcontracting a private waste company.
No
No
51
Bolivia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in rural areas of Saavedra, Oquinawa and
Mineros, Department (State) Santa Cruz
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for households in poor rural areas
Department (State) Santa Cruz: Saavedra, Oquinawa and Mineros
After 1997
Rural area
Bibosi
Water for People
Humidity and rainfall in these semitropical areas can be extremely high during certain times of the year.
The gran chaco has rain and hot humid conditions during summer from December-March. The winter
months are dry. Annual rainfall ranges from 500 -900 mm. The successful introduction of UDDT can be
recommended also under these conditions, although an adapted construction is recommended with
special focus on best condition for faeces drying. Generally centralised systems: lagoons as treatment.
450 $US for UDDT (includes urine diversion toilet bowl, urinal)
No
No
52
Bolivia
Rural household and school urine diversion dehydration toilets in the sub-regional Andean
programme for basic services against poverty (PROANDES) in the Departments (States) of Potosí,
Cochabamba, Chuquisaca and Oruro
Upscaling of sanitation in rural areas with urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) for households and
schools
Various (Andean zones of named departments)
Departments of Potosí, Cochabamba, Chuquisaca and Oruro
1999 (second phase) - 2009
2nd phase: 1999-2005

3rd phase: 2006-2009
29,030 inhabitants (5,587 HH-ecosan latrines) and 12,480 school children (312 school ecosan latrines)
Rural area
UNICEF Bolivia and PRODELI
PROANDES
UNICEF Bolivia
Open defecation is very common and is seen as an appropriate form of defecation; the preferred places
are rivers and streams; traditional use of urine (fresh + fermented) and faeces (fresh) as medicine,
fermented urine as cosmetics but not in agriculture; lack of manure
UNICEF ecosan latrine based on the Latin American "Letrina Abonera Seca Familiar" (Dry composting
family latrine);
Urine as fertiliser; faeces as soil conditioner but most of the time not practiced
Estudio antropológico sore el uso de letrinas ecológicos en el área rural andina, informe del estudio
(UNICEF)
Sören
No
53
Bolivia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets as emergency sanitation, Trinidad City, Department (State) Beni
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) in emergency areas
Trinidad
2007 - 2008
1,000 families (100 UDDTs), with 5,000 total users
Urban area
Sumaj Huasi, PROAPAC
Sumaj Huasi, H.A.M de trinidad
Deutsche Botschaft
Humidity and rainfall in these semitropical areas can be extremely high during certain times of the
year.The gran chaco has rain and hot humid conditions during summer from December - March. The
winter months are dry. Annual rainfall ranges from 500 -900 mm. The successful introduction of UDDT can
be recommended also under these conditions, although an adapted construction is recommended with
special focus on best condition for faeces drying. Generally centralised systems: lagoons as treatment.
UNICEF ecosan latrine based on the Latin American "Letrina Abonera Seca Familiar" (Dry composting
family latrine);
Urine as fertiliser; faeces as soil conditioner but most of the time not practiced
Final report from Sumaj Huasi
Andreas Kanzler
No
No
54
Bolivia
Urine Diversion and Dehydration Toilets in the Departments of Cochabamba, Chuquisaca, Pando,
Beni and Potosi, Bolivia
rural sanitation and hygiene improvement project
rural dispersed and semi-dispersed communities (Departments of Cochabamba, Chuquisaca, Pando, Beni
and Potosi)
c/o UNICEF
Calle 20 #7720
esquina Av. Fuerza Naval Zona Calacoto
La Paz, Bolivia
2006-2010
The scope of the program 40 municipalities in six departments: Beni, Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, Pando,
Potosi and Oruro.
rural and peri-urban households
UNICEF with partners local governments (municipal governments); regional administrations (prefecturas),
national government (Ministry of Water and Environment and Vice ministry of Water and Basic Sanitation)
national partners: local governments (municipal governments); regional administrations (prefecturas),

national government (Ministry of Water and Environment and Vice ministry of Water and Basic Sanitation)
and NGOs
Multi-donor funded: UNICEF, Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), the Swedish
International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of The Netherlands
Urine diversion and deydration toilets built with local material- everything is available within communities.
urine and faeces seperation
urine diversion and deydration toilets
Agriculture in some cases, nothing in other cases
• Sanitary use of family ecological latrines is not widespread, only 21% of families use them. School
ecological latrines have a greater acceptance and frequency of use.
• Families do not have a good acceptance for use in compost, and the compost is not used for the facilities
located in schools
• UDDTs have shown some limitations in the operation and maintenance, both family and in schools
• At the school level, it requires more training and health education to overcome the deficiencies in use,
operation and maintenance.
• Perception on the reuse of manure as a duty is a factor which discourages sanitary use of some users.
Even so there is a proportion of users with opening to reuse in agriculture, but have the feeling that do not
have the adequate training to use them without polluting the environment
•n\a
Sensory factors that limit the use and proper operation refers to the odor, vectors and imagery of feces
stored inside the compartment, which they associate as a transmitter of disease factor
• Factors related to the Andean worldview born out of fear of upsetting the balance between man, nature
and deities from the use of excreta as fertilizer.
• No continuity of persons responsible for monitoring and technical support
FRANCK
• The modeBOUVET
of self-construction is feasible to implement even in projects implemented by construction
Chief of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Program,
companies
United Nations Children's Fund
P.O. Box 3-12435
La Paz, Bolivia
La Paz-Bolivia
Teléfono 591 2 277 0222
Directo 591 2 262 3281
Celular 591 7 154
Inserted and reviewed 6750Okan-Adjetey with info from B. Abraham based on inforamtion received
by Paul
Fax 591 226277
from Franck Bouvet 2101via email.
of May
fbouvet@unicef.org
www.unicef.org/bolivia
No
No
55
Botswana
Rural urine diversion dehydration toilets (after 6 years), Hanahai and Paje Villages
Urine diversion and dehydration toilets (UDDT) piloted in rural areas
East and West Hanahai Villages (Ghanzi district) Paje Village (Central district)
2001 - 2004
Phase 1: Research and Planning: 06/2001 – 06/2002

Phase 2: Assessment and Implementation: 07/2002 – 12/2004
In total 42 UDD toilets (East Hanahai: 5 households, West Hanahai: 5 households, Paje: 11 households
initially, expanded to 32 households)
Average household size in 2004 was 6 people, hence approx. 252 people reached
Rural area
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in Botswana with support from German
Development
Service (Deutscher Entwicklungsdienst, DED; Cathrine Wirbelauer)
Permaculture Trust Botswana (PTB),
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GTZ) in Botswana and Germany
IUCN – project coordination
PTB – implementing field component
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and

Development (BMZ) via GTZ
The sanitation conditions varied between the two settlements. The government had promoted and
subsidised pit latrines in the rural areas and many pit latrines were found in Paje Village. Alternatively,
people there used the bushes and men often used trees and hedge fences for urinating purposes. It was
found however, that concerns existed about groundwater pollution in Paje, and that in the past, boreholes
had been closed because of groundwater pollution caused by pit latrines. In East and West Hanahai, on
the other hand, people
generally did not have any toilets and hence were practising open defecation. All three communities were
generally unaware of water toilets and not skeptic towards dry toilets. However, urine and especially faecal
matter were considered dirty and to be forgotten as soon as possible. Superstitions and taboos also
strongly supported this attitude.
Single - vault UDDTs; brick built composters
Urine and compost for growing vegetables
The cost of construction of the sanitation facilities was calculated for the toilets built in Paje (in 2003). The
ground structure was estimated at 705 BWP (141 EUR), the urine diversion toilet pedestal (painted
concrete pedestal, made locally in Paje) at 73.5 BWP (15 EUR), and the composter at 310 BWP (62
EUR).
Single-vault UDDTs: The first eight UDDTs were constructed according to a toilet design from South Africa
(in April 2002). The faeces collection chamber of that model was built half or totally below ground and it
was approximately 1 – 1.5 m deep. Two-thirds of the sub-structure was covered with a concrete slab
which supported the super-structure; one-third was covered by a removable slab which could be lifted for
emptying the chamber from the outside. This “below ground design” had some major drawbacks and is
thus no longer recommended: some families had difficulty inmoving the heavy slab, especially those
without male support; the depth of the chamber was inconvenient even for routine maintenance; and the
Detailed experiences
joints of the slab wereare documented
often in theand
not water tight, SuSanA caserain
therefore study. In conclusion,
entering it can be
from the outside said thatthe
increased the
UDDTs
humiditywere successful
of the where and
faecal chamber people were convinced
intensified odours. of their benefits, where they had the need for
sanitation, where they
The final adapted modelhad been given
included financial
a ground support,
structure builtand/or where
entirely abovethey had been
ground given
with an long-term
access door at the
technical
back or atfollow-up (forbetter
the side for the toilets and for
handling andreuse activities).
maintenance and a ground and top slab made of concrete. The
urine diversion toilet pedestals, initially purchased as plastic pedestals from South Africa, were later locally
WEDC
produced 2000
from'Sustainable
cement using on-site excreta
a mould disposal
acquired fromin South
Botswana’;
Africa. The project organised a moulding
IUCN
workshop2004to´From desert
train the toilettobuilders
eden withforecological sanitation
the new structure. in Botswana´.
The cement pedestals were reworked with crack
SuSanA Case study 'Rural urine diversion dehydration toilets
filler and painted with water resistant floor paint for hygienic and (after 6 years), Hanahai
maintenance and
purposes (toPaje Villages'
minimise the
(see website below)
risk of bacteria surviving on a rough surface).
Composting boxes: The simple structure was approximately 1 m³ in size with openings for aeration. The
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-botswana-pajehanahai-uddtx.pdf
faecal matter was mixed with earth, organic waste and chicken dung. The recommended time to achieve
good quality compost and hygienisation was 1-2 years. In the follow-up visit in 2009, it was seen that
households that used compost were letting it mature for 3-4 years to be absolutely safe.
M. Gotaitamang, Permaculture Trust of Botswana (role: project implementation), PO Box 31113, Serowe,
Botswana. T: 4632428, E: permclt@botsnet.bw
Margret Mpati, Permaculture Trust Botswana (role: project implementation), PO Box 005, Ghanzi,
Botswana
T: 6596138, M: 71883437, E: permaculture@mega.bw, magretmapati@yahoo.com
Updated Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) on 22.02.10 from SuSanA casestudy (see website above).
Yes
56
Bulgaria
Household, school and public urine diversion dehydration toilets and greywater treatment systems
in villages of Stara Zagora, Pleven and Sofia Provinces
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) and greywater treatment for black and grey water (soil filter) in
households, schools and public buildings (cultural houses) in rural areas and testing of treated products in
vegetable gardens
Stara Zagora Province (10 villages), Pleven Povince (2 villages) and Pravets municipality in Sofia
Province (2 villages)
10/2007 - 09/2010
Pilot projects: 2005 - 2007

UDDTs (1 public and 2 private) and a planted soil filter
10/2007 - 09/2010
Implementation in 10 villages - 20 indoor household toilets, 4 new ecosan school toilets (1 outdoor, 3
Rural area
indoor), 4 school projects will test sanitised urine and dehydrated faeces in demonstration vegetable
garden, 10 grey-water filters will be built in 10 villages and 4 grey-water filters will be built for the schools.
Also 5 UDDTs for public (from wecf information, 01.03.10)
WECF, Earth
Assuming Forever
average Foundation,
household size local administration,
of 3 (from Swedish
country list), consultants
66 users for the 20+2 hh toilets.
Assuming 200 students per school, 800 users for the 4 school toilets (for the purposes of the summary list)
Earth Forever Foundation
Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Fondation Ensemble France, WECF
Central water supply mostly available, no sewege system

Separate urine and faeces respectively; greywater; blackwater
Double-vault UDDT; constructed wetland for treatment of grey and black water
Urine is applied as liquid fertiliser and faeces as a soil conditioner
Double-vault indoor UDDT, local made UD seatrisers, constructed wetlands with pre-sedimentation for
grey water. Public low flush toilet+ shower+ black water treatment by constrcuted wetland
Capacity building - tutoring programs, trainings, development a water safety plan for the villages. Up-
scaling - case studies, cooperation with the Trakia University in designing and monitoring of the dry urine
diverting toilets and development of a business plan for local production of ecological equipment.
http://www.wecf.eu/english/projects/45-bulgaria-safesanitation.phpwww.earthforever.org/en/publications.html
bistra.mihaylova@wecf.eu, anne.barre@wecf.eu
Earth Forever Foundation: Executive Director, Mrs.Diana Iskreva
sascha.gabizon@wecf.org; Margriet.Samwel@wecf.org; deegener@tuhh.de
Analiza from Newsletter 23 dated February 2007: 27.08. 2008; Prahlad from booklet published in Jan
2008
Alemayehu (alemerika27@yahoo.com), 24.09.2009 from the website of wecf (www,wecf.eu)
Dr. Claudia Wendland, Email: Claudia.Wendland@wecf.eu 01.03.10 added information about the public
toilets
No
57
Burkina Faso
Urban urine diversion dehydration toilets and reuse, Ouagadougou
Piloting of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) for households and public places in an urban area
Ouagadougou
06/2006 - 06/2009
EU project phase: June 2006 – Dec 2009 (the municipality is financially supporting the system from
January 2010 onwards)
Start of planning: June 2006
Start of construction: December 2007
End of construction: May 2009
UDDTs at 922 households
Start of operation at 11 public
of toilets and transport placesJanuary
system: (such as prisons, community centres) – approx. 6,000
2008
people if 6.5 people per household toilet are assumed.
(800 gardeners/small farmers trained)
Peri-urban area
CREPA
CREPA in association with GTZ and the National water and sanitation authority (ONEA) with financing
from EU
EU (74%)
CREPA (14%)
GTZ (12%)
Until recently sanitation was quite a low development priority for the landlocked West African nation of
Burkina Faso. In the capital, Ouagadougou, only 19% of the population of 1.4 million people had access to
basic sanitation (such as septic tanks, VIP latrines, pour flush latrines, sewerage, etc.) in 2006. With an
annual population growth rate of around 5% it was difficult to maintain pace with growth – particularly in
low
income peri-urban areas of the city. The project location is the City of Ouagadougou, which is
administratively divided into five districts: Baskuy, Bogodogo, Boulmiougou, Nongremasson, and
Signoghin. Each of these
districts is administered by a council led by an elected mayor. The implementation of the project covers
four sectors (of the total of 30 sectors) within the districts of Boulmiougou (sector 17 and 19),
Nongremasson (sector 27) and Bogodogo (sector 30).
To achieve the project objectives the project partners (GTZ, CREPA and ONEA) identified three major
fields of activity. 1. Firstly, ecological sanitation (ecosan) systems are being developed with the users of
these systems, responding to their needs and the local context. 2. Secondly, lobby work is being carried
out at municipal and governmental level in order to create an enabling environment for ecosan and ensure
its inclusion in legislation and future strategic plans. 3. This second field of activity is also serving to create
the conditions for the third field, which is to support and promote the involvement of the local private sector
in furnishing the infrastructure and logistic services required by the system.
Double-vault UDDTs
Use of ecosan by-products (dried faeces, urine)

To raise acceptance among the users (gardeners, farmers and consumers), it was decided to label the
ecosan products. Thus, sanitised urine was sold in green 20-L cans labelled “birg-koom” in the local
language (which means liquid fertiliser), while sanitised dried faeces are sold in bags labelled “birg-
koenga” (meaning solid fertiliser).
1,500,000 EUR (total investment of 3 year project)
Double vault UDDTs were designed for households with 6 to 7 members and the storage time for the
faeces is about 6 to 8 months. But the two vaults of this size can normally cater for even up to 15 persons.
The vaults are three bricks high (20 cm each) plus mortar between bricks. So, they have a total height of
65 cm, a width of 145 cm a length of 130 cm and nvolume of 1,220 L. To save costs, the urine diversion
squatting pans (for double and single vault UDDTs) and pedestals (of box UDDTs) are made of concrete
which is also easy to use and to maintain. Both pans and pedestals were purchased through local
manufacturers who were identified and trained by CREPA within the project. Each household was given
The project
at least threeteam gave
yellow households
20-L jerricans to thecollect
choice between
urine. double vault
Full jerricans and
(often single
one vault
or two) areUDDTs.
collected However,
by the
after a first assessment,
assocation’s workers every it was
twodecided
weeks and to stop building single
transported vault UDDTs,
to the treatment site.because
The storageof difficulties
space forrelated
the
to their
urine management.
storage Double
containers vaultthe
is under UDDTs
stairs made
to the of banco
toilet and(adobe)
is easilybricks were for
accessible alsocollectors
tested but soon
and
removed as a technical option due to problems during the rainy period. Building
household members (as the UDDTs are built separately from the houses). The drainage pipes for the the vault in local material
was
urinean attempt
have to reduce
a sufficient slopecosts, but did
to drain not resultThus,
completely. in structures with is
urine odour thekept
required resistance
at a minimum. All(despite
UDDTsvaults
were
SuSanA
being case
made ofstudy
a 'Urban
double layerurine
of diversion
adobe dehydration
bricks). toilets and reuse, Ouagadougou'
built entirely above ground to facilitate the air circulation in the vaults/buckets, thus accelerating (see website
the drying
below)
process. The toilet buildings have a small staircase. For physically impaired people, the staircases are
Practical experiences
installed with a ramp or are
andocumented
iron bar aiming in detail in the SuSanA
to facilitate them thecase accessstudy (seetoilet.
to the website
Thebelow).
toilet super-
structure is made of different materials. The wall material is chosen by the household and depends on
availability and affordability. Mud or cement bricks have been used for the walls. Galvanised steel sheets
SuSanA
were usedcase study:
for the http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-burkina-faso-ouagadougou-uddt-2010.pdfh
roof and standardised metal doors were provided by the project. Ventilation is provided
through ventilation pipes at the back of the toilet building. The vent pipe is made of PVC and has a
diameter of 110 mm. Just one vent pipe serves the two vaults and reaches at least 0.3 m above the roof.
The openings are covered with fly screens to prevent insect access.
Project coordinator: M. Anselm Vodounhessi, E: ecosan_UE@reseaucrepa.org. A report from WSP on
"Study for financial and economic analysis of ecological sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa".
CREPA siège, Bureau de coordination du projet Ecosan_UE
03 BP 7112, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
29.07.2008 Christian. Updated: Alemayehu, 07.10.2009 (alemerika27@yahoo.com)
Yes
58
Burkina Faso
Launch of ecosan during Film Festival with mobile urine diversion toilets and waterless urinals
and use of the mobile units in subsequent events, Ouagadougou
Promotional project launched at biennial international film festival FESPACO and continued at other
events since, using waterless urinals and UDDTs
Ouagadougou
2007
6 mobile urine diversion toilets; 6 urinals for women; 9 urinals for men
In the first FESPACO event, > 15,000 users during 8 days.
Since this launch in 2007, have been used in more than 20 events with 35,000 users.
To calculate average number of daily users, divide 15,000 over 8 days, i.e. approximately 2,000 users per
day
CREPA in cooperation with the Ministry of Environment. For later events APLE (Assoication pour la
Promotion fes Latrines Ecologiques)
CREPA in cooperation with the Ministry of Environment. For later events APLE
CREPA and event organisers (paying rent for the units)
There are many small scale ecosan projects in West Africa, but for the general public ecosan is
still largely an unknown concept. There is a need to raise awareness beyond the pilot project
sites and better than just information is to give people the possibility to see and use dry toilets.
Separate urine and faeces respectively; beige water
Men's waterless urinals; women's waterless urinals; single- vault mobile UDDT
Fertiliser in agriculture
For system of 3 men's urinals, 2 women's urinals and 1 UD toilet and accessories (i.e for average event
size), investment cost by CREPA = $671. Costs of APLE on consumbles and operation costs per
average event = $190. Income of Aple from rent charged to event organiser for units = $240.
Men's urinals: jerry can and funnel. Originally light bulb placed in funnel to prevent odor and nitrogen
loss, but caused splashing so replaced by a pipe at the end of the funnel. Fiberglass urinal made for VIP
events. Superstructure comprising two walls placed at an angle, attached with hinges and third side of
triangle closed with a curtain. Curtain filled with sand at bottom to make more wind resistant.
Women's urinals: Based on pour flush pan. Elevated platform made of wood coverd with plastic carpet,
pan of fiber glass.Toilet paper is placed in a bin. Cleansing water allowed to go into urine pan. Users
encouraged to use small quantities of water.
-Toilets:
Long-term goal ispan
Squatting thatwith
APLE should
three pay one
outlets, off investment cost faeces
each fro urine, to CREPA and and
analthus
washown the mobile
water. units.
Urine and wash
-water
Original version
colled in 20Lofjerry
women's
cans.urinal
Faecalhadmatter
manycollected
small holes at the
in 20L exit. lined
bucket, This was
with replaced by single
two 50L plastic hole
bags Ash
because
added after fibers
eachin use.
the model of with many
With enough small (ash,
dry matter holessoil
absorbed urine use
or sawdust) and of
smelled verynot
vent pipe bad.
judge
-necessary.
During FESPACO 2007 4500L urine and 150 kg dried feces obtained from 15000
Urine stored for at least 1 month before reuse. Faecal buckets emptied in trenches and users.
covered with straw and dried out before put in rice bags for further storage for at least 6 months while
Dagerskog,
Four advantages
protected L (2009),
from rain. 'Positive
of using
Jerry mobile
cans spin-offs
analusing
toilets
with towash mobile
disseminated urinals
water either and of
concept
emptiedUDecosan:
toilets
into in Burkina
a septic Faso',
tank or presented
in trench aroundata
Dry
1. Toilet Conference
Sensitisation
tree. on the 2009,
EcoSan Finland
concept: Combining explanations on the ecosan concept with the use of a
“dry” urinal or a toilet is more effective than just information. 2. Job creation for caretakers: The young
caretakers of the mobile units have formed an association and have managed seven events on their own
without the help from CREPA. They have earned on average 240 $ per event in rent for the units. 3.
http://www.drytoilet.org/dt2009/pdf/Linus_Dagerskog.pdf
Collection of large quantities of fertiliser: The mobile ecosan units have been a way to provide the urine
http://www.drytoilet.org/dt2009/pdf/present_Linus_Dagerskog.pdf
needed for participative experimentation in the urban ecosan project in Ouagadougou and the rural
EcoSan project in Koupela. The experimentation helps to create demand before the construction of toilets.
4. Provide the foundation for local initiatives: Using mobile toilets and training the urban farmers on reuse
can be a way to introduce ecosan in a community. However the first intervention needs to be followed up
Linus Dagerskog,
with more training Associate Expert,to
and also funding CREPA
meet the Headquarters
demand created.
Postal address: CREPA, 03 BP 7112, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
Email: linusdagerskog@yahoo.fr
Telephone: +226-50366210
Analiza from Newsletter May 2007: 28.08. 2008

Updated Nadira on 14.09.2009 from presentation by L. Dagerskog at Dry Toilet Conference 2009
No
No
59
Burkina Faso
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and urinals to obtain fertiliser for conservation
agriculture.Ouagadougou
2008 - 2011
Construction of 1050 UDDTs and 2100 urinals

Assuming average hh size of 8 (from country list), 8,400 users for the UDDTs
Rural area
CREPA, INERA (The National Agriculture Research Institute) and Ministry of Agriculture
CREPA, INERA (The National Agriculture Research Institute) and Ministry of Agriculture
EU
A three year poject financed with EU food security money. CREPA together with INERA (The National
Agriculture Research Institute) and Ministry of agriculture are implementing the project that covers 30
villages. Productive sanitation is combined with soil and water conservation techniques. The methodology
this far has been: Year I: Informing and training the differennt actors on the new fertilisers, urine collection
with simple urinals, participative tests with pilot farmers to show the effect of urine as a fertilisers,
evaluation of tests and field visits. Year II: training on conservation agriculture techniques and urine tests
at scale in all villages with farmer field schools (1/village) and individual tests (35/village), supervised by
the agricultural extension officers, construction of 1050 toilets and 2100 urinal for fertiliser production. In
Burkina and Niger the sanitised urine and faeces have been given local names meaning "liquid and dry
fertiliser". This is a great way to get over the mental barrier and distinguish between safe and unsafe
human fertiliser.
UDDT
Reuse as liquid and dry fertiliser in agriculture
Dr Amah Klutsé, Head of research and demonstration programs, CREPA, Linus Dagerskog, Associate
Expert, CREPA. Postal address: c/o CREPA, 03BP72, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso, e-mail:
ämahkltse@yahoo.fr, Telephone: +226-50366210
Alemayehu Asrat, 20.10.2009, (alemerika27@yahoo.com)
No
interesting project funded by Plan - need to get more info!
60
Burkina Faso
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in the rural communities and schools of Nasséré,
Rollo, Rouko and Zimtenga in the Province of Bam
pilot ecosan rural schools, households
Communities of Nasséré, Rollo, Rouko, and Zimtenga in the Province of Bam, Burkina Faso
c/o CREPA CAMEROUN crepacam2006@yahoo.fr
January 2008
Current
8,702 students and 74,540 people in villages (number of UDDTs built in schools and rural areas?) Is it
also counting indirect beneficiaries to come up with such a large number?
school and rural households
CREPA Burkina Faso/ Plan International
CREPA Burkina Faso and Plan international
NLNO in partnership with CREPA and the NGO known as AJPEE.
The original title is 'Amélioration des services d’eau et d’assainissement de base dans les quatre
communes rurales de la province du Bam au Burkina Faso pour une amélioration de la qualité de vie des
enfants'. The project funding goes until December 2010.
UDDT ( Latrines ECOSAN type vietnamienne)
Intended to be used for agriculture- but appears not sufficient orientation on handling waste took place
Environ 70 000 000 CFA (approximately 106,714 Euros)
Point brought up by UNICEF Cameroun: The pilot projects carried out do not benefit from all
the necessary components (materials and equipment) to allow the recipients to be able to
handle and re-use the organic matter resulting from decomposition of waste water and human
waste. This is a key aspect of the benefits of latrines ecological.
n/a
n/a
Gilles DJAGOUN Ing, M.Sc.;
Division Mobilisation des Ressources
Et Coordination des Projets du CREPA Siège
Bureau : +22650366210 /11
Cellulaire : +22678026870
Entered by B.Abraham 30.06.2010 based on information received from Suzanne Gbaguidi via Jane Bevan
Skype: gillesdja
(UNICEF) 19 April 2010 and M. Bilgo 1 July 2010
Ouagadougou ; Burkina Faso
no
no
Still waiting for reply regarding how many of these toilets are UDDTs exactly
61
Cambodia
Community-led Total Sanitation with urine diversion dehydration toilets in Kampong Cham
Ecosan toilets (separate urine and feaces) as a part of the total sanitation campaign
Kampong Cham and Siem Reap
Plan Cambodia, Kampong Cham Program Unit, Beoung Kok village, Boeug Iok Commune, Kampong
Cham Town, Kampong Cham province
2006 - ongoing
• Previous phase:
- The coverage of latrine was very low 5% of household have toilet in target villages.
- Community spent much time to defecate by going to bush and rice field which faced cruel animal and
human.
- Community spent much money for health treatment such diarrhoea, skin desease, worm...etc
2 districts,phase:
• Current 5 communes, 29 villages, 11,600 beneficiaries
- The coverage of latrine is sharply increasing 70% of household access to toilet in target CLTS villages
where some villages are declared ODF.
- Community people analyse their sanitation condition, understood the impact of open defecation on
health and the environment and take collective to end open defecation by constructing and using their own
Ordinary rural villages
latrines without subsidy.
- All latrines have been constructed with locally available materials.
- Community report health improvements such as a fewer skin disease and a reduction of diarrheal,
particularly among children.
Plan International - Cambodia
Ministry of Rural Development, Provincial Department of Rural Development
NORAD,..etc
Plan international - Cambodia has been implementing CLTS since 2006. They constructed thousand
simple pit latrines and hunderd pour-flush latrine without subsidy in both provinces Kampong Cham and
Siem Reap. Toilets constructed in Kampong Cham are mostly ecosan. The community learn by
themseleves how to construct them.
None
• The beneficiaries choose their preferred type of latrines by themselves based on an informed choice
approach. Most families opt for a dry pit latrine with a lid, econsan toiltelt and several pour flush latrines
have been built in the target villages.
When the pit is full, the owner will dig a new hole and apply the same technologies.
The cost is less than $10 depends on roof and wall of the beneficiary.
• Technical data and design is provided by Officer staff and Village focal CLTS person.
• Around 2,000 Ecosan toilets were built by voluntary from community people through CLTS triggering.
The astonishing number of families, who built a latrine when just provided with the relevant know how, is
indicating a fundamental change in the Cambodian cultural housing pattern: In rural areas a toilet is more
and more considered an essential part of a home and people are ready to take action.
No
Pictures are available at: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ecosanres/photos/album/392158053/pic/list
Hang Hybunna, Project Coordinator, email: hanghybunna@yahoo.com, hybunna.hang@yahoo.com
Alemayehu Asrat, 28.10.2009, alemerika27@yahoo.com; Last updated by Paul Okan-Adjetey on 15 Sept.

2010 based on e-mail received by Hang Hybunna (Bunna)
No
No
Number of users unknown
62
Chad
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in refugee camps of Farchana, Kounoungo and Mile
Piloting of urine diverting dehydration toilets in refugee camps
Refugee camps of Farchana, Kounoungo and Mile
In May 2009, there were 56 latrines in Farchana, 16 in Kounoungo and 16 in Mile No.of users is 440
Refugee camps
SECADEV (Chadian NGO)
SECADEV (Chadian NGO)
43% of refugees continue to defecate in the open due to the lack of latrines
Deep pits (2m) built with terracota bricks, which can be cleaned out manually (using spades and carts),
with the contents being re-used for agriculture. The latrine is also the place where people wash. The
majority of liquids (urine, shower water and water used for anal hygiene) are separated, flowing away due
to the shallow incline of the concrete slab. The first emptying is due to take place in two years time.
The ecological latrines confine and sanitise excrete, they do not take up much space and they are
sustainable, which helps them to save money in the long run.
Project implemented but certain technical issues still need to be clarified such as the management of the
by -products
Julie Panet, Researcher WASH, email: jpatinet@urd.org

Groupe URD-Urgence Rehabilitation Developpement
La Fontaine des Marins, 26170 Plaisins
T.: (33) (0) 4 75 28 29 35
6.1.2010, Laura Margarete Simon (la.simon@gmx.de) the no. Of users was Updated on 22/09/2010 by
Paul Okan-Adjetey (okanadjetey1@yahoo.com)
No
63
China
Urine-diverting vacuum sanitation system at Tsinghua University, Beijing
Vacuum urine diversion sewerage system in a university building
Beijing
Sino-Italian Environment & Energy Building (SIEEB),

Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
2003 - 2007
Planning: Jannuary 2003 – November 2004

Construction: December 2004 – May 2006
Start of operation: February 2007
9 story building with total area of 20,000 m², capacity of 50 persons per floor, 26 squatting and 2 sitting
toilets, 14 urinals; approx.: 175 person/day
University building
China Construction Research & Design Institute, P. R. China
EnviroSystems Engineering & Technology, P. R. China
none
The Sino-Italian Environment & Energy Building (SIEEB) is located on the campus of the Tsinghua
University in northwestern Beijing and is financed by the Italian Ministry for the Enviromental and Territory
and the Tsinghua University, in the framework of the Sino Italian Cooperation Programme for
Enviromental Protection. Its design integrates ecological and energy-efficient technologies and shows the
reduction potential of CO2-emissions in China’s building sector. On nine stories, plus the ground floor and
two stories below ground SIEEB provides a total floor space of 20,000 m². The west wing of the
symmetrical building is equipped with conventional water flush toilets, while the east wing is equipped with
a vacuum urine diverting sanitation.
Yellowwater; brownwater; greywater
Vacuum urine diverting squatting pans; vacuum toilet; waterless urinals; urine storage tank; a brownwater
storage tank; and a buffer tank for pressure compensation of the vacuum system; greywater treatment
with series of coagulation, sand filtration and activated carbon process.
Rainwater, mixed with reclaimed greywater is used for toilet flushing, car washing and landscaping. There
is currently no reuse of urine and brownwater and they flow to the sewer.
Total project budget € 20 million, € 27,000 for the vacuum sanitation system
- Urine collected in the source-separation sitting and squatting toilets as well as the waterless urinals is
drained by gravity. Faeces are withdrawn by vacuum suction. Both evacuation systems are made of PVC
pipes. Transport of both fractions is carried out with minimal volumes of flush water. Greywater from the
hand washing basins is also collected separately and transferred to a compact water treatment facility,
where it undergoes coagulation, sand filtration and activated carbon adsorption processes.
- The collection and storage station in the basement consists of a urine storage tank, a brownwater
(faeces + water) storage tank and a buffer tank for pressure compensation of the vacuum system. All three
-tanks
The vacuum urine diverting
have a diameter of 0.6 m sanitation system
and a height hasm
of 2.0 been newly565
(volume developed for SIEEB
L). Two pumps withand
an is the firstpower
installed of its
kind
of 1.1inkWChina.
eachItsgenerate
successful use in aforce
a vacuum modern multi-storey
of 0.4 to 0.6 bar.building
The vacuum demonstrates
in the air that
tightthe system
system is is a
potential
consistently alternative to more waterdemanding gravitation flush systems in urban areas.
maintained.
-- Based on the
The pipes knowledge
in the system have gathered during small
a relatively planning and in(i.e.
diameter later it was
40/50 mm found that theand
for faeces system
50 mmrepresents
for urine,a
technologically
compared to 100 feasible
mm forand economically
conventional reasonable system. Accumulated data on the construction and
toilets).
SuSanA
operation
-The flush casestudy
are
system of'Urine
expected diversion
thetotoilets
provide vacuumwith
important
is operated sanitation
information system, Beijing'urine
for optimisation
two buttons. Flushing (see website
of the below)
technology
requires only and its
about 0.1 L of
dissemination.
water. The button for faeces simultaneously opens two electronic valves and 0.8- 1.5 L of water flushes
-the
Low dilution with flush water yields concentrated yellow- and brownwater. Due to the concentration,
faeces area while 0.1 L rinses the urine area. There is no separate collection of toilet paper and used the
volume
paper istoevacuated
be treatedtogether
and transported is quite low per nutrient unit. This is a valuable advantage if these
with the faeces.
materials are to be used as plant fertilisers. The mass flows as well as their chemical and hygienic
SuSanA
propertiescase
are study: http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/cn/en-susana-cs-urine-
being currently monitored to study such reuse options. Thus, vacuum urine diverting
diverting-vacuum-university-beijing-2009.pdf
systems contribute to
http://www.tsinghua.edu.cn
limiting the water requirements of modern cities and may help to close the nutrient loop between rural and
urban areas.
Prof. Dr. Chengwen Wang

Xu Kangning (PhD student with Prof. Wang)
E: wangcw@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn
I: http://www.env.tsinghua.edu.cn/Eng
19.05.2009 Philipp Feiereisen philippf@students.uni-mainz.de
Yes
64
China
Community-led water and ecosan programme, Shaanxi Province
Large-scale community-led water and environmental sanitation improvement in rural area
Villages in Pucheng, Chunhua, Yulin, Jiaxian, Xixiang, and Chenggu counties in Shaanxi province, China.
2005 - 2009
Start of planning: Jan. 2005

Start of construction: July 2005
Start of operation: Jan. 2006
End of Project: June 2009
196,000 beneficiaries up to June 2007 (mid term of the project) based on base line survey for WES
program of Plan China. More than 20,000 UDDTs have been built so far in 300 rural communities and 200
schools in six counties.
Rural area
Plan China
Respective Village Development Committees facilitated by Plan China Program Units
Government Township Project Offices
- Despite China’s remarkable growth and development, significant pockets of poverty remain in many
regions. The development of poor communities is constrained by lack of access to services, unsustainable
use of natural resources and unhygienic environmental conditions (e.g. fixed point open defecation, no
garbage disposal, unmanaged domestic wastewater disposal, low water quality, mosquitoes breeding,
unplanned disposal of animal excreta).
- In the project area, in Shaanxi Province (in the North-West of China), lack of safe water supply and basic
sanitation is nclosely associated with livelihood and other social issues. Poor economic conditions and
lack of participation has hampered the initiation of developmental work. Due to a “top down approach” for
community development projects, there is little or no participation from the community. Communities in the
programme area are affected by a very high incidence of water borne diseases, particularly diarrhoea and
viral hepatitis.
Separate urine and faeces respectively; blackwater
a) Urine diverting dehydration toilets

b) Biogas toilets
c) Twin pit series latrines (double urn toilets)
Urine and faeces as fertiliser in the agriculture and reuse of biogas unknown
Total investment: € 1.8 million up to June 2007
Design information only for double-vault UDDT since they were the most used option:
· For a household of 5 persons the unit should consist of two processing chambers, each of a volume of
0.25 m3 (50 kg per person per year x 5 (No. of adults) x 1 year = 250 kg ≈ 0.25 m3).
· The entire construction is above ground and the vaults are placed on a solid floor. The size of a vault
may be 0.9 m x 0.7 m x 0.4 m (depth) = 0.25 m3. 0.2 m of free space is provided, i.e. total depth = 0.4 +
0.2 = 0.6 m. Thus, final vault size is 0.9 m x 0.7 m x 0.6 m. For a smaller household the size may be
reduced.
A community,
· Two openingsif of
properly mobilised
size 0.25 m x 0.25 and
m trained, is capable
are provided in eachof identifying
vault for thesanitary
removal problems
of dried and their
faeces.
solutions,
· One ventand pipeis(diameter
also ready 10toorplan, design
15 cm) and from
extents execute
the the
vaultsystem which
to above theisroof
useful for them. Children
for ventilation and is and
women
equipped have
witheagerness
lids to stoptorain
learn, analyse
water. Ventand
pipessolve theirbeproblems
should andasmanage
as straight possibletheir time inreduce
as bends a mostair
useful
manner.
flow, andOne should
should design hygiene
be minimum promotion
50 cm above messages
the roof. with women
If necessary and
the vent children
pipe in fitted
can be mind.with
Hygiene
a small
activities
electric fanshould
(price:suit to the women in the family and their domestic responsibility. The focus in this case
€ 3).
SuSanA
study casestudy
is on ecosan but'Community−led
this project is water
part ofand
theecosan programme,
comprehensive WESShaanxi
program Province' (see website below)
of Plan China.
Demonstration and cross visits are important tools for community capacity building. Urine diverting toilets
proved to be a community-friendly technology in rural China. Promotion of new technologies should
always be supported by demonstration and cross visits. The community is able to accept the new
technology for betterment of their lives and changing their unhygienic behaviours by health and hygiene
SuSanA
informationcasestudy:
conveyed http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/cn/en-cs-china-shaanxi-plan-int.pdf
by the ecosan promotion programme. Simple, low cost technology allows
independent local level construction. More community mobilization activities should be planned.
Community mobilisation and gender awareness is a continuous process and cannot be achieved by a
single training period.
Plan China and its five programme units at PuCheng,

Chunhua, Jia Xian, Yulin and Xixiang.
Ms. Shi Beilei (WES Manager, Plan China)
beilei.shi@plan-international.org
Yes
65
China
Urine diversion sanitation in Olympic Forest Park, Beijing
Urine diversion and nutrient cycling in a large public urban park (demo project)
Beijing
Olympic Forest Park, Kehui Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing
2007 - 2008
Start of planning: August 2007

Start of construction: December 2007
Start of operation: August 2008
Total area of 704 ha, planted area of 434 ha, 5,300,000 expected visitors/year, 4,280 staff
42 public toilet blocks, 1 staff restroom --> approx.: 18,800 user per day
Inner city parks
Dept. of Landscape Planning & Design (LPD), Planning & Design Institute, Tsinghua University, Beijing;
Dept. of Environmental Science and Engineering (DESE), Tsinghua University, Beijing; Beijing Zhongyuan
Engineering Design & Consulting Co. (ZEDC), Beijing;
EnviroSystems Engineering & Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing
None
The Olympic Forest Park lies at the northern end of the historic north-south axis of Beijing. It covers a total
area ofm 704 ha and is one of the world’s biggest inner city parks.The park's topography is characterised
by a man-made mountain in the south and an extensive network of waterways, lakes and wetlands
expanding over 70 ha. More than 60% of the park is covered by vegetation. An average irrigation water
demand of 350 mm is estimated for these areas, which is entirely provided by reclaimed wastewater. The
park area lies inside a planar depression. This does not allow gravity drainage and was the starting point
for the planning team at the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University
(DESE), in charge of sanitation system planning, to consider alternative sanitation solutions.
Urine; yellowwater (urine + flush water); brown water (including hand wash water); faeces
Low flush, urine-diverting, sitting or squatting toilets with: a two chamber septic tank system; solid-liquid
separation; MBR for liquids; composting of solids (in composting plant)
UDDTs- sitting and squatting toilets with collecting below the toilets
Conventional flush toilets connected to the sewer
Constructed wetland
Fertilisation of park
Waterless urinals vegetation,
with soil conditioner
underground and mulching material inside and outside of the park and
collecting tanks
treated brownwater
Urine storage percolation
tank complex
Composting plant for biowaste, dried faeces and septic tank solids
Not yet available
- The average flush volume in the low-flush toilets is: for faeces is approximately 6 litres and for urine 0.1-
0.3 litres. The brownwater (mixture of faeces plus flush and hand wash water) is flushed by gravity into a
two chamber septic tank system. Each of the flush toilet blocks has an individual tank system with an
average volume of 75 m3 (50-100 m³). The brownwater undergoes a liquid/solid separation in the tanks
and afterwards passes through a biological reactor. The reactor effluent flows through open drains
towards the wetlands and water-bodies. It is anticipated that a large part of the effluent infiltrates and
evaporates on the way. Scum and sludge that floats and settles in the septic tanks is removed via a
A preliminary
vacuum truck.assessment shows that the urine tanks are currently about half fulld. This means that
approx. 1000toilet
- Five public m³ ofblocks
yelloware
water (urine with
equipped plus UDDT
some flush water) no-flush
also called has been(waterless),
collected inseparating,
the period sitting
Sept. 2008
and
to April 2009.
squatting ThisThe
toilets. is significantly
faecal matter less
is than the amount
collected predicted
in containers from
below thethe model
toilet. for an 8-month
Mechanical additionperiod
of
(4,000 m³ yellow water was expected per year, or 2670 m³ for an 8-month period). Reasons
sawdust and automatic stirring of the faeces vaults controls odours and contributes to hygienisation of for the lower
collected amount
faeces. Every could be
6 months, thethat the park didfaecal
accumulated not receive
matter as manyisvisitors
mixture as assumed
conveyed in the calculations
to the composting plant for
SuSanA
because case study,
restrictive 'Urine
access,diversion
the sanitation
delayed in
opening Olympic
of one Forest
of the Park,
wings Beijing'
secondary treatment. In all blocks, only waterless urinals without any flushing water arethe
of of the (see
park website
and below)
harsh
installed. winter.
The
urine from these and yellow water (mixture of urine plus water) from the separating toilets is collected in
Germer, J. (2008)
underground tanksEcological sanitation
of an average volumenutrient cycling
of 15 m² (5-30inm³)
theatOlympic Forest
each block. AtPark: From equipped
the blocks nutrient flow
with
planning
UDDTs, theto cycle
waterimplementation. Available
from the hand wash basinsat:is collected together with the yellow water.
www2.gtz.de/dokumente/oe44/ecosan/en-ecologicalsanitation-nutrient-cycling-2008.pdf
The treatment process for the materials (excreta) collected with sustainable sanitation technology
SuSanA casestudy: http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/cn/en-susana-cs-china-
comprises three functional units:
beijing-forest-park-2009.pdf
1. A urine storage tank complex that sanitises urine by storage. With a total capacity of 2,000 m³, the
potential
storage time is over 180 days 2. A solid-liquid separation that receives the scum and sludge from the
septic tanks. The liquid fraction is treated in an MBR and the solid fraction composted (not yet in
Dr. Jörn Germer
operation). 3. A composting plant with an annual treatment capacity of about 2,000 t of fresh organic
E: j.germer@sanergy-net.de
matter. The plant treats gardening debris, including grass clippings, leaves and other biomass. Faecal
I: www.sanergy-net.de
matter from the dry toilets as well as solid material from the solid-liquid separation plant is co-composted
together with the gardening debris.
16.04.2009 Philipp Feiereisen philippf@students.uni-mainz.de; Christina 16.9.2009 (colour changed from

orange to white)
Yes
Joyce Ekuful 16.02.09

66
China
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in Zhonghe Village, Kunming, Yunnan Province
Rural sanitation with urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) for households
Zhonghe Village, Chenggong, Kunming
01.2003 - 02.2005
142 households. Assuming average household size of 3 (from country list), 426 users.
Rural area
Eawag/Sandec
Kunming Institute of Environmental Sci-ence (KIES)

Yunnan Academy of Social Science (YASS
Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)
in the framework of the Swiss National Centre of Competence (NCCR) North South Programme
A first attempt to implement urine diversion dehydration toilets in Taishi village in 2002 was a failure both
because of technical mistakes and the lack of acceptance by the villagers. In order to enhance the chance
of success of a second pilot project, Eawag encouraged the knowledge exchange with specialists from
neighbouring Guanxi Province, where several hundred thousand urine diversion dehydration toilets are in
use. Furthermore, local social scientists from YASS did follow the villagers’ acceptance of the new
sanitation system throughout the project. Both partnerships with KIES and YASS were financially
supported by the Swiss NCCR North South Programme. A study tour to Guanxi province and a training
course in Kunming and in Zhonghe village were organised in 2003.
Double-vault UDDT
Dried faeces were first reused as soil conditioner by the households on their own fields at the end of 2004.
Urine is usually mixed with composted organic waste. The quantity of anthropogenic fertiliser available
replaces chemical fertiliser to a small extent only, however. Currently compost and urine are not perceived
as a significant fertiliser resource by the households due to the limited quantities.
About 85 EURO per unit.
The double-vault UDDT as implemented in other southern Chinese provinces has been chosen.
The project was implemented quite successfully. The survey conducted shows that 90% of the households
using UDDTs are satisfied with their toilets. Nevertheless, after three months several households still did
not use their toilets for various reasons: some users were not involved in the selection of the toilet location,
technical problems with urine pipe, and worries about increased complexity of the operation and
maintenance, or simple lack of interest to change habits.
PDS 020
Some (see website
experiences below)
gained through the project are:
• Users must be involved in the design of the toilet, for example the location of the toilet
• Behavioural change, awareness raising and health education must take place prior or in parallel to the
con-struction process;
• It is important to get assistance from the farmers’ representatives and the village leaders. In addition,
http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-020-china-kunming-2006.pdf
support from the highest level of government can tremendously increase the credibility of the project and
will facilitate future work. On the other hand this leads to concerns that people might now primarily accept
the system because of this prestige and not out of conviction of the ecological sanitation concept. This
might improve when villagers start to use and appreciate this new sanitation system.
Latest reports from the project area suggest that the local authorities have been very convinced by the
Coordination
advantages ofand theproject
UDDTsmanagement:
and strongly promote and support their construction in large numbers since
Eawag
completion(Swiss Federal
of the Eawag Institute ofHowever
project. Aquatic Science
many ofand
the Technology) Novaquatis
toilets are currently and Sandec;
not being used. The main
Ueberlandstrasse
reason is probably133, that P.O. Boxof611,
several CH-8600 Duebendorf,
the recommendations drawn Switzerland; email:project
from the Eawag novaquatis@eawag.ch
have not been
respected in the large scale dissemination of the toilets:
Project
• A supplyleader (noapproach
driven longer working at the
has been Eawag):
adopted that did not sufficiently involve the users
Edi Medilanski; High
• Accompanying Performance
information Organisations
and train-ing AG (Management
campaigns were so far notConsulting),
sufficient Kantonsstrasse 14, 8807
Freienbach, Switzerland; email: edikasuku@yahoo.fr
NCCR “North South” Programme: http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/

Ahabwe Gerald, 04.11.2008 email:gz.ahabwe@gmail.com
Technology implementation:
Kunming Institute of environmental sci-ence (KIES); Xinwen Nanlu 23, Kunming 650032, China
Ph: +86 871 4161152, email;zgq7575@163.com; http://www.kmepb.gov.cn (Chinese only)
Social Surveys:
No
Ms. Liang Chuan; Agricultural Economic Research Inst-tute, Yunnan Academy of Social Sci-ence (YASS)
Huancheng Xilu 577, Kunming 650034, China; Ph: +86 871 5334812, email: liangchuan@hotmail.com
Technical supporting organisations:

Mr. Lin Jiang; Guanxi committee of Jui San Society, 29 Taoyuan Rd, Nanning 530021, Guanxi province,
China
Tel: +86 771 2808433, email: jsgx@public.nn.gx.cn
Ms. Li Lingling; Guanxi Public Health Bureau, 35 Taoyuan Lu, 530021 Nanning, China
67
China
Ecosan pilot projects with reuse of wastewater and compost in the ecocity programmes in
Yangzhou and Changzhou, Jiangsu Province
Pilot project in an urban area with reuse of wastewater and compost (exact technologies??)
Yangzhou and Changzhou cities
Case study 1) Huo Yu Yangzhou -around 1, 100 inhabitants; Case study 2.) Tong Jiang Changzhou-
1,300 future inhabitants
Case study 1) Huo Yu Yangzhou -located in a high density peri-uban area with old housing. Combined
system of wastewater treatment with the use of existing sewer system; overflow and greywater passing to
the treatment system 2.) Tong Jiang Changzhou- is located in a newly constructed. Combined system of
wastewater and sludge treatment system with the use of the existing separate system and the few of the
septic tanks in the catchment; storm water via a natural wetland.
Case study 1) wastewater, nightsoil; Case study 2.) Tong Jiang Changzhou- wastewater and sludge
Case study 1) treated wastewater for irrigation,composted nightsoil; Case study 2.) Tong Jiang
Changzhou- treated night soil and treated sludge (humification) to be reused as soil amendment.
http://www2.gtz.de/Dokumente/oe44/ecosan/en-Casestudies-China-2005.pdf
j.traenkler@ecocity-programme.org
Analiza from Newsletter 17 dated August 2005: 14.08. 2008, PN 2000.2253.3; Christina 15.9.2009 (small
update and colour changed from orange to white)
No
68
China
Ecosan project in Xianrendong Village with urine diversion dehydration toilets and biogas units for
households and schools, Yunnan Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) and biogas units for households and schools in a rural area
Xianrendong Village, Quibei County, Yunnan Province
2005 - 2007
First Phase
Project start: April 2005
End of construction: May 2006
End of all activities: 30th June 2006
Second Phase
First phase:
Dec 2006 104 2007
- Dec household UDDTs, 1 school sanitation unit with 10 UDDTs for 80 girls and 130 boys, 10
Biogas units, water supply for the school. Overall: 600 people
Second phase: Biogas plant for animal waste, additional 70 UDDTs and a school sanitation unit with 8
UDDTs. Assume 3 people per household (from country list), thus 210 users of the 70 UDDTs and assume
100 students for the school UDDTs
Rural area
Yunnan Environmental Development Institute (YEDI)
YEDI
First phase: SwissRe

Second phase: SwissRe, BORDA and the German Embassy
See lessons learnt

Separate urine and faeces respectively; blackwater
UDDT and biogas unit
Treated human waste for fertiliser and lighting from biogas
First phase: SwissRe with 50,000 US

Second phase: SwissRe with 50,000 SFR, BORDA 40,000 € and the German Embassy with 4,500 €
Visited in 2009 by Philipp Feiereisen (p.feiereisen@yahoo.com): the household UDDTs are in bad
condition, several are no more in use. The school toilets are in excellent conditions. The teachers are
living on the school yard and are using the toilets themselves.
http://www2.gtz.de/dokumente/oe44/ecosan/nl/en-press-release-ecosan-yunnan-2006.pdf
Henry Voigt email: yedi@vip.km169.net
Christina 15.9.2009 (small update and colour changed from orange to white)
Update 15.11.2009 by Philipp Feiereisen p.feiereisen@yahoo.com
No
The dry toilet system was changed in 2009. Ask SEI for update (now flush toilets with
BORDA system is installed) - to be updated (ask Arno Rosemarin:
arno.rosemarin@sei.se ); update available in thesis of Amparo E. Flores; Jennifer
McConville said she would assist
69
China
Erdos Ecotown Project, Dongsheng District, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
Dongsheng District, Erdos Municipality
Haozhaokui Village, Dongsheng District, Erdos Municipality in Northern China Inner Mongolia
Autonomaus Region
2003 - 2005
Preparation: 2003
Start of construction: 2004 until 2005
32 four and five storey buildings were finished in first phase and construction of a further 10 will soon be
completed. More than hundred households are moving in.
Sida sponsored undertaken by SEI
The ecosan system in EETP is composed of four subsystems to treat the four waste flows from the
households, namely, faeces, urine,GRW and solid waste
urine, faeces, greywater and solid waste
a.)Faeces Management system-is compost of urine diverting toilets, faeces drop chutes, faeces bins and
bin covers and a ventilation system. Toilets in each floor have a chute for falling faeces. The chute goes to
the basement where the faeces bins are located. b.)Urine drains in a urine diversion toilet and from a
urinal for men. c.)All the GRW is drain through piping system to the treatment plant. The treatment plant
consists of septic tank and a complex tank. d.)Eco-station is composed of GRW treatment plant, storgae
pond for treated water, composting plant and solid wste center as well as management system.
the system operated as intended, however, as the system is not yet completed and the households are
currently to new installations several difficulties have been encountered.At household level, one difficulty
has been the addition of water to the toilet by the users. This is in part due to the unfamiliarity of the users
with the dry systems, but also in part due to problems with cleaning the bowl. It is therefore necessary to
find convenient ways for the users to clean the toilet without using water. Odours have been entering the
http://www2.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-introduction-sweden-china-eco-town-project-text-2006.pdf
room.
Qiang Zhu email: zhuq70@163.com
Analiza from Newsletter 22 dated November 2006: 21.08. 2008
No
Ahabwe Gerald, 04.11.2008 email:gz.ahabwe@gmail.com

it says that such a programme was expanded to 17 provinces in China. There are a
couple of other entries for UDDTs in provinces of China, but I think if this were
followed up, there should be a very large number of UDDTs in China which are
currently not entered in the database. Ask Heinz-Peter Mang --> write e-mail and
70
EvM will forward it.
China
Rural sanitation with urine diversion deydration toilets in Guanxi Province
Large-scale rural sanitation with urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs)
Guanxi Province
1997 to unknown

Numerous villages, approx. 685,000 toilet units (by 2003). Assuming average household size of 3 from
country list, just over 2 million beneficiaries.
Rural area
No Information
Jui San Society Local Public Health Committee
UNICEF, SIDA, Red Cross
Around 47% of the rural population in China have access to improved sanitation – with around 200 million
pit latrines throughout the country. Sludge from latrines and septic tanks, mostly poorly treated, contribute
to the transmission of intestinal helminth infections. Remote rural areas suffer particularly from water
shortage, mainly due to a lack of access to hygienically safe water resources. This programme is being
implemented
in the rural areas of Guanxi province, which cover around 80% of the province area. It is one of the
poorest provinces in China (income/person 2,400 RMB (220 €) annually). Households are most commonly
involved in farming (rice) and small animal husbandry activities.
Sanitation coverage in Guanxi is less than 30% - below the national sanitation targets. In addition
frequently occurring floods are a severe problem, as they wash out the contents of pit latrines. Since its
start in 1997 in Guanxi province, the programme has been expanded to 17 provinces in 2003.
Double-vault UDDTs; tissue paper collected separately and burnt.
Dried faeces are applied to plants. Urine is collected once or twice a week and directly applied to the
fields in a 50% water dilution.
Approximately 7 million RMB (670.000 €) per year
- 2 chamber UDDT, with a volume of at least 0,4 m³ per chamber, corresponds to a filling time of 6 months
for one household.
- If the toilet is built on the 1st floor, the faeces drop through a PVC pipe (150- 200 mm diameter) to the
chamber at ground level.
- The first toilets built in Yongning had self made ceramic pans. Now prefabricated plastic (fibreglass) is
used, which is both cheap and break-resistant. They are produced in a local plastic factory. The front is
improved by a higher board to prevent urine sprinkles on the floor.
There are many
- Ventilation pipesadvantages
are standardof the
100toilet,
mm PVC like no water
pipes, consumption
rising and easy
at least 30cm aboveand simple to construct.
Diarrhoea
the roof. was dramatically reduced in the villages after introduction of the toilets. Very important for
convincing
- Lighting ofthethevillage
toilet isinhabitants was the selection
another important component,of awhich
model household
increases to friendliness
user build a first demonstration
and acceptance.
toilet or a public model.
Mi Hua: Sanitation: a global issue. Presentation at the CSD 12, New York,March 2004
www.gtz.de/ecosan/download/CSD12-ecosan-MiHua.pdf
http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-005-china-guanxi-2005.pdf
Mr. Lin Jiang

Guanxi committee of Jui San Society 29, Taoyuan Rd
Nanning 530021, Guanxi province, PR. China
tel: +86-771-2808433
email: jsgx@public.nn.gx.cn
No
71
China
Ecosan toilets to improve sanitation in a middle school in Zhao Jiagou Village, Shanxi Province
Improvement of school sanitation in a rural area with ecosan toilets (type of toilet???)
Zhao Jiagou village, Tianzhen Country, Shanxi Province
Aug - Nov 2006
370 students and teachers
Rural area
China association of poverty alleviation and development; Institute of energy and environment protection
of the chinese academy of agricultural engineering and World Toilet Organisation
China association of poverty alleviation and development; Institute of energy and environment protection
of the chinese academy of agricultural engineering and World Toilet Organisation
CIM/ local
Sanitation conditions at Zhao Jiagou middle school were so bad that it posed a health risk to the students.
A toilet complex was built, equipped with cubicles for greater privacy and handwashing facilities for
improved hygiene.
GTZ wissenspeicher (there is no information on the project number)
http://www.lienaid.org/reach/china
Joyce Ekuful. 12.03.2009. Information from ecosan list (overview from Sören, April 2008); Christina
16.09.2009 can not find any information, Alemayehu 09.11.2009 Updated information, but not complete
No
72
Congo Brazzaville
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in Ganga Edouard Primary School
peri-urban primary schools pilot project
School name: Ganga Edouard
c/o CREPA-Congo :
Avenue Marechal LYAUTEY, enceinte chateau d'eau SNDE
Tel: 00242 527 70 36 / 00242 551 46 00

E-mail: crepa_cncg@yahoo.fr
May-07
832 students
school
CREPA Congo Brazzaville
CREPA Congo Brazzaville
UNICEF Congo Brazzaville
The project is under the Government of Congo Brazzaville and UNICEF- Ecosan in schools project. The
project funding ended in the same year, August 2008
UDDT
Agriculture
600,000 CFA (approximately 914 Euros)
http://www.reseaucrepa.org/page/325
n/a
Abel Ndembe Nimi

Administrateur WASH
Unicef Brazzaville
Tel. (242) 622 50 22 / 281 50 24
Cel. 242 556 52 87 / 961 16 18
email: andembenimi@unicef.org
Entered by B.Abraham 30.06.2010 based on information received from Abel Ndembe Nimi (unicef) via e-
mail from Jane Bevan 13 April 2010 and second e-mail received directly on 01.07.2010
No
No
73
Cote d'Ivoire
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for the workers' villages of SAPH agro industries in the rubber
tree industry
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for the workers' villages of SAPH agro industries (rubber tree
industry)
2007
20 villages of total inhabitants 30,000
Rural area
SAPH agro industry
In Cote d'Ivoire, CREPA is collaborating with SAPH, an agro industrial giant in the rubber tree industry, to
provide the SAPH workers' villages with urine diversion dehydration toilets. After a period of testing and
evaluating the ecosan toilets in 2006/2007, SAPH decided to cover all 20 workers' villages.
UDDT
The urine and compost is used as fertiliser in the rubber tree nurseries, with the aim to reduce the
chemical fertiliser use.
Alemayehu Asrat, 20.10.2009, alemerika27@yahoo.com
No
74
Denmark
Composting toilets in the House Ramshusene, Bornholm
Composting toilets as a sanitation system for a building complex and mixing with organic kitchen waste
before reuse
Ramshusene, Bornholm
8 households in one building complex. Assuming an average household size of 2 (from country list), 16
users.
-
Faeces and organic kitchen waste
Composting toilets: Faeces are pre-composted and heated to 70°C to reduce the volume, then mixed with
organic kitchen waste
Use of the mixture as fertiliser
International survey on alternative water systems. BMBF. Research-project No 02 WA 0074. Oct 01
http://www.crte.lu/mmp/online/website/content/water/76/125/202/file_1306/crte_pilot_project_list.pdf
Architect: Anne Ørum-Nielsen
19.11.2003 Inés
Es gibt nur diese document (keine Information mehr)
08.12.2006 Update: Sören - also did not find a lot
No
75
Denmark
Urine separation toilets at Munkesogaard Ecovillage, Roskilde
Urine separation toilets at an ecological village
Roskilde
1995
20 houses. Assuming an average household size of 2 (from country list), 40 users
Rural area
The project is made up four co-housing units, each with their own community facilities. In the centre of the
project is an old farmhouse which will be renovated to provide community, office and work spaces for the
whole community
Urine (and?)
Urine separation toilet; urine is piped to a central tank and collected by local farmers to spray on their
lands
Use of urine as a fertiliser; rainwater is reused for washing of clothes
J.A. Wilsenach: An overview of initiatives in Europe to recover phosphate from source separated urine
http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/phosphate-recovery/Nordwijkerhout/Wilsenach.doc
http://www.habiter-autrement.org/05.eco-village/03_eco.htm
21.12.2004 Sonny
08.12.2006 Update: Sören
No
76
Ecuador
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at households in Chordeleg, Azuay Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) piloted with rural households
Canton Chordeleg (communities of Celel, and sectors of the cantonal centre of Cazhalao, Ramos and Las
Cuadras), Azuay Province
2000 - 2001

Start of operation: January 2001
46 inhabitants; 12 UDDTs
Rural area
CARE Ecuador
CARE Ecuador
Municipality of Chordeleg
Rural region, located east of the city of Cuenca. Its estimated population in 1995 was 12,200 inhabitants.
IIt has 27 communities.
The main economic activities are diverse handicrafts of toquilla straw, wool, and agriculture. Cold climate,
mountainous topography with clay soils.
Double-vault UDDT, urine storage container, greywater is disposed directly to the orchards
Faecal material as soil conditioner in the gardens, urine as fertiliser in the orchards
Total investment: 9,100 USD
The faeces are stabilised by storage in 2 ventilated dehydrating chambers be-neath the toilet, used
alternating from 6 months to one year. Supplementary dry-ing material such as earth, ash from artisan
ovens, carpentries shavings, sometimes lime (costly) are added after using the toilet. Urine flows to an
infiltration well or is in some cases collected and stored in containers to be used as fertiliser.
Main social/economic factors affecting the decision to implement a dry toilet:

- Migration of husband, lack of decision-making power of women
- Older people accepted easier the technology
- Bigger payment required for an ecological toilet than WC with septic tank
Project Data2003
Visit in May Sheet 019 in that
showed I3-I13;
thefsolis@care.org.ec
users were happy and the toilets were functioning well. There were no
Project
bad odourData
or Sheet 19,the
flies and ecosan in Chordeleg,
fruit garden looked Ecuador
good.
http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-019-chordeleg-ecuador.2006.pdf
pictures at https://dms.gtz.de/livelink-ger/livelink.exe?func=ll&objId=35364284&objAction=browse
Dr. Fernando Solís C., Water, Sanitation and Environmental Health Program Director; CARE
09.02.2006 Dania
18.12.2006 Small Update: Sören
18.08.2009: Small Update Nadira
No
77
Ecuador
Composting toilets at the Ecological Hotel Alándaluz, Manabí Province
Composting toilets and reuse as a part of ecological tourism
Machalilla, Cantón Puerto Rico, Province of Manabí, Ecuadorian coast
1996 - today
7 sanitary units
Hotel
Hotel Alándaluz
Hotel Alándaluz
Ecotourism project with integrated approach (organic farming, ecosan, bio-architecture, water protection,
etc.)
Excreta and greywater
Composting (?) toilets without urine separation, chambers are cleared daily and their content is burried for
one year; greywater recycling
Greywater for irrigation; treated excreta as soil conditioner in the garden/ forests
Dehydrating material: lime, ash, sawdust
Despite treatment with lime and ash odour problems
Aragundy, Jenny and Zapata, Xavier: Experiencias de la introducción del concepto de saneamiento
ecológico en Ecuador; photo and description:
http://www.alandaluzhosteria.com/codigo/ingles/ing_frames/fr-services.html
http://www.alandaluzhosteria.com/codigo/pages/campos.html English homepage: h
Dirección Hostería Ecológica: Ruta del Sol - Machalilla, Comunidad de Puerto Rico, Manabí Telf: (5934)
2780-690 / Telefax: (5934) 2780-686; E-mail: info@alandaluzhosteria.com
19.02.2007: Sören NEW

08.05.2007: Yaniv; added links
No
78
Ecuador
Constructed wetlands with reuse for a new urban settlement in Sabiango Town, Loja Province
Constructed wetlands to treat the combined sewage of a newly constructed urban settlement
Sabiango Town
Sabiango Parish, Macará Canton, Loja Province
2000 - 2001
Planning: October 2000

Construction: April 2001
Start of operation: July 2001
850 inhabitants
Urban area
Honorable Consejo Provincial de Loja – HCPL (Loja Province Council)
HCPL – OPS – CARE Ecuador
Macará Municipality - HCPL – OPS – CARE Ecuador
Located near the border to Peru. Annual mean precipitation 500 mm, two rainy seasons, temperatures 12
- 20 °C, main economic activity agriculture in rice fields, CARE Ecuador looked for a wastewater treatment
solution, try to convince inhabitants to implement a constructed wetland.
Combined sewage
Coarse screen; sedimentation pond; Imhoff tank; horizontal flow constructed wetlands
The treated wastewater is used to irrigate rice fields downstream and the sludge collected in the Imhoff
tanks is used to improve the soils of the public parks of the community
25,000 USD of investment
First mechanically treated through a manually cleaned coarse screen, then the WW flows to a
sedimentation pond, in which the suspended soils are separated, an Imhoff tank which retains the sludge
and finally two bio-filters (horizontal flow constructed wetlands) of 20 by 40 m, the constructed wetlands
are waterproof in the walls and the floor.
Constructed wetlands are a low price solution, operation and maintenance are simple.
Final draft 10.05.2005 in I3-I13
Patricio Espinosa; pespinoza@care.org.ec

Dr. Fernando Solís C.; solis@care.org.ec
09.02.2006 Dania
18.12.2006 Small Update: Sören
No
79
Ecuador
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in the building complex of Pestalozzi Foundation, Pichincha
Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) in a building complex
Yaruqui and Tumbaco
Cantón Quito, Province of Pichincha (Sierra-Norte)
1998
9 sanitary units, about 40 inhabitants served
Rural/ Peri-urban housing complex
Pestalozzi Foundation
Pestalozzi Foundation
Ecological living complex with flush toilets and UDDTs

Separate urine and faeces respectively; greywater
Double-vault UDDT
Urine as fertiliser; faeces as soil conditioner in the garden; greywater for irrigation
Double-vault UDDT, 2-chamber system of which one is always in use without ventilation; excreta and
drying material are buried in the garden or dried in external drying chambers; use of sunlight in some
constructions for drying. Drying material: dry earth, lime, ash, sawdust; glass fibre or wood for the toilet
construction
No flies, only very few problems with bad smell; continuous improvement of the toilets by the users;
difficult maintenance when having diarreah
Aragundy, Jenny and Zapata, Xavier: Experiencias de la introducción del concepto de saneamiento
ecológico en Ecuador;
19.02.2007: Sören NEW
No
80
Ecuador
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for the Achuar-Indios in the Province of Pastaza (pilot project
AMAZONICA)
UDDTs
Sharamentsa (dry toilets built for the Achuar-Indios in the Province of Pastaza)
Sharamentsa, Province of Pastaza
start: 2003
10 toilets in two public places for community of 70 people
rural
Indiohilfe Germany
not completely accepted by community (although training took place) --> cultural reasons; toilets are in
good condition, still functioning and clean; ash, bucket for toilet paper and hand wash facilities are
provided, but water and soap missing.
www.amazonica.org, http://www.indiohilfe.de/deutsch/index_d.htm
Lina Furch (lina.furch@googlemail.com)
20.09.2010 Stefanie Holzwarth
No
Ste
Check if this is a reuse project - if not, then it should be taken out (it is in because of
GTZ involvement) --> ask Martina for her contact in GTZ Egypt and then send to that
person
81
Egypt
Decentralised wastewater management in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate (with reuse?)
pilot concept for wastewater treatment
El-Moufty, El-Kobra
04/2002-03/2010
The project is still running, and according to a field visit of a friend of mine it is still running but not with the
supposed efficiency. His explanation that the decrease in efficiency is due to overloading and the drainage
of animal waste into the sewer system in some locations. (e-mail by Antonius Armanious in July 2010) -
a.armanious@gmail.com
present population: 2750 (in 2007)
Rural area
RODEO Consulting GmbH
Kafr El Sheikh Water and Sewerage Company (KWSC)
GTZ
since 1980s BMZ implements central wastewater systems in citys in towns; only 30% of the total
population can be reached with these systems because most of them living in small communities
wastewater
Small bore sewer (SBS) with interceptors and stabilisation pond
treatment plant: stabilisation pond
Length of sewers: approx. 9 km

Approx. 500 interceptors of 1,25 m³ capacity
450 clean out chambers
1 pumping station with two alternatively operating submersible 3 hp pumps (stand-by generator)
700 m force main from pumping station to treatment plant
Treatment plant (600 m²): stabilisation pond, 2 parallel streams: anaerobic 3 days,
facultative 8 days, maturation 5 days ´= total retention 16 days
ownership and "Bottom-up"
4 sludge drying beds approach is very important to make the projeckt work longtime
involve
Averagealleffluent
stakeholders
quality: Chemical Oxygen Demand ´= 35 to 50; Biological Oxygen Demand
clear
´= 18 and transparent
to 40; suspended sharing
solis ´=of35
financial responsibilities
to 80 (Egyptian at the(effluent
Standard); early stages
at homes BOD approx. 600)
learning by horizontal exchanges
PDF: Decentralised Wastewater Management Project Kafr El Sheikh

brief description: http://search.gtz.de/livelink-ger/livelink.exe
GTZ Wissenspeicher (Project Number: 2005.2016.3)
Dr. Stefan Sennewald (GTZ, Cairo, Egypt)
Inserted: Christina Braum 16.9.2009 20 July 2010: Elisabeth von Münch: updated with information from
Antonius Armanious (see under project phase)
82
Egypt
Improvement of the effluent quality of aerated lagoons (ponds) by membrane filtration and reuse of
treated wastewater in a village near Cairo
Treatment of secondary effluent of a village to make it suitable for reuse
Village near Cairo
There is an incomplete name of an Egyptian professor who was involved in the project and who works in
the National Research Center, but I could not get his contact details. It needs a visit to the center to try to
meet him. No information could be obtained. (e-mail by Antonius Armanious in July 2010) -
a.armanious@gmail.com
Pilot plant for effluent of 500 population equivalents
Rural area
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe
BMBF
Lagoons are widely spread because of the simple and cost-saving construction and maintenance.
However, the rate of degradation and the retention of bacteria and germs are limited compared to
activated sludge plants. The direct use of the effluent for irrigation purposes is not possible.
Wastewater
Membrane filtration technology
Reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation or industrial process water
Membrane filtration technology: The device will be optimised to reduce water evaporation, to increase
retention of pathogenic germs, the operation safety, and to reduce the costs of maintenance; operation
conditions for N- and P-removal will be studied.
2nd international symposium on ecological sanitation, april 2003
"http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-ecosan-symposium-luebeck-session-a-2004.pdf" - Brooken link
Dr. Rüdiger Furrer, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH; Mailbox 36 40, 76 021 Karlsruhe, Germany
Projektträger des BMBF und BMWA , E-Mail: Ruediger.Furrer@ptwte.fzk.de;
Prof. Hegemann - Technical University of Berlin. Institute for Technical Pollution Control
Prof. Abdel Shafy - National Research Center
19.11.2003 Inés
Es gibt nur eine Liste von "Overview on the international BMBF -project"
18.12.2006 Update: Sören 20 July 2010: Elisabeth von Münch: updated with information from Antonius
Armanious (see under project phase)
No
83
Egypt
Subterra constructed wetlands for treatment of wastewater from cruise liners on the Nile with
reuse in agriculture, Luxor
Wastewater treatment from cruiseliners and a restaurant with subterra constructed wetlands and reuse of
wastewater in agriculture
Luxor
The new Luxor harbour on the Nile bridge within the vicinities of Sunrise Enterprise and Habiba
Restaurant
April 2004 - October 2005
40 - 60 m3/day wastewater from 12 cruiser liners on the Nile and from the kitchen of the restaurant.
Assuming an average of 50 litres per day/person, 60m3/day (60,000 litres) of wastewater means 1200
people are served .
Urban harbour area
J.krüger Pflanzenkläranlagen GmbH; Grüschow Entsorgungs-und Umweltechnik GmbH; DEG mbH; AGET
Cairo
Wastewater resulting from ship transport and from a restaurant
Subterra constructed wetlands
Possible reuse in irrigation for agriculture
Energy consumption 4.8 kWh/d; Effluent expected COD ~ 20 - 50mg/l; Effluent expected NH4-N ~ 0.4 - 5
mg/l
www.subterra.de
Schloss Duckwitz
Tel : 039972/51961
Email: info@subterra.de Emails sent to the german company involved but got no answer. No
information could be obtained. (July 2010)
Abdul 20.03.06,the number of people served was updated by Paul Okan-Adjetey on 23/09/2010
No
84
El Salvador
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and solar toilets tested with households in rural areas
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) and solar toilets implemented with households in rural areas
November 2000 - March 2002
Survey of 156 households. 118 households with double-vault UDDTs and 38 households with solar toilets
in 7 rural communities.
Assuming average household size of 4 (from country list), 624 users.
Rural area
Ministry of Health and UNICEF. Work was funded by the Thrasher Research Fund, UNICEF, The Order of
Malta and the Pan American Health Organisation.
El Salvador is the most densely populated country in Central America and ecological sanitation has been
promoted by the Ministery of Health, UNICEF and several non-government organisations. Double-vault
UDDTs and single-vault solar toilets are intended to store faecal waste under conditions that promote
desiccation and inactivation of faecal pathogens. The treated biosolids are then removed and disposed of
or may be used for agricultural purposes.
Double-vault UDDT; single-vault solar toilet
Reuse for agriculture
1) Solar toilets were slightly drier and reached higher peak temperatures than double-vault UDDTs.
2) Measurements of the temperatures of the biosolids in the vaults indicated that true aerobic composting
was not occurring because the temperatures were only slightly higher than ambient temperature (see 2nd
int. symposium on ecosan 2003 session C, S. 295 ff.)
Moe, C.L. and R Izurieta. Longitudinal study of double-vault urine diverting toilets and solar toilets in El
Salvador. (2003) In: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Ecological Sanitation, 7-11
April 2003, Lubeck, Germany.(Peer-reviewed section) pgs 295-302.
Lana et al. (2006) Association between intestinal parasitic infections and type of sanitation system in rural
El Salvador. Tropical Medicine & International Health 11 (12), 1821–1831.
http://www.whsc.emory.edu/_pubs/ph/phwin05/waste_not.html;http://www.sph.emory.edu/moelab/Projects-Water.htm
Christine Moe, Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Room 760, Emory
University, 1518 Clifton RD., NE, Atlanta, GA USA 30307, E-mail: clmoe@sph.emory.edu and
rizurieta@hotmail.com
19.11.2003 Inés; 07.05.2007: Yaniv, added links and publications
No
check again if use has started (contact udo.weitekemper@adama-university.net)
85
Ethiopia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets on the campus of Adama University, Adama
Demonstration project with 24 UDDT (for 400 users)
Adama
Adama University P.O. Box 1888 Adama, Ethopia
2007 - 2010 (construction started Nov. 2009)
Planning: end of 2007 - end of 2008

To be started
24 UDDT units on campus. 15 UDDTs for girls and 9 UDDTs and 9 urinals for boys
University campus - urban settlement
MH Engineering , University of Adama & GTZ (ET)

Single-vault UDDT; urine storage tank; faeces co-composting with biowaste from campus; greywater:
sedimentation tank and percolation reedbed
Fertiliser for gardens
The faecal matter is collected in a bin system. The bins will be replaced in specified intervals with new
ones. The empty bins are equipped with a layer of organic material (e.g. compost) at the bottom for the
adsorption of liquids. The bin system has advantages in situations of misuse or too much liquid – in this
case the bin can be replaced by a new one and the material collected in other bins is not affected by this
dilution. The filled bins will be transported to the treatment place. Together with the added material (ash,
soil or compost) and organic bio waste from other sources (kitchen, gardening etc.) it will be composted at
the composting site. After emptying, the bins are cleaned and prepared for the next cycle. The faecal
Not operational
matter yet
remains approx. 6 - 12 months in the composting ditches until all the organic material is converted
to compost. Then the ditches are emptied and the compost can be used at the university site for different
purposes (see: faecal matter – treatment and co-composting).
The urine from the urine diversion dry toilets as well as from the urinals is transported in a pipe to a
collection tank near the buildings. The pipe has a larger diameter than necessary because precipitation
Oldenburg
may occur in et the
al. 2009
urine.'Urine Diverting
A short-term Drythat
tank Toilet at Adama
storages University;
the urine for a few days is installed closed to the
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/nl32/gtz-ecosan-nl-32-ucbp-uni-uddts-poster.pdf;
UDDT building. It is connected to the long-term storage tank which is located nearby the treatment site via
http://www2.gtz.de/Dokumente/oe44/ecosan/en-urine-diverting-dry-toilet-adama-university-2009.pdf
pipe. In this way the urine is drained by gravity. The connection is controlled by a valve which has to be
opened frequently for discharge. By emptying this tank a larger volume of urine is flushed in one process
to the long-term storage tank. The direct connection of the urine outlet of the toilet building (without the
short-term storage tank) would create a long transport way for small amounts of urine rinsing down to the
storage. Because of the possibility of precipitation during transport of the small volumes and flows the
decision is made for flush by emptying the short-term storage tank. In this way the installation of the short-
term storage tank increases the operational safety and reduces the possibility of disruptions caused by low
flow volumes.
udo.weitekemper@adama-university.net and martin.oldenburg@hs-owl.de
The grey water from the hand washing, anal cleansing and cleaning is pre-treated in a sedimentation tank
solids and other materials settle down. This sedimentation is necessary for the avoidance of clogging of
pipes of the following treatment step. The pre-treated grey water is fed into a percolation field on both
sides of the sedimentation tank by percolation pipes. Both percolation areas are made up of gravel and
planted with reed. The plants as well as the bio film located on the gravel bed degrade the pollution of the
low polluted grey water before its infiltration in the ground.
No
86
Ethiopia
Resource-Oriented Sanitation concepts for peri-urban areas in Africa (ROSA) using several
technologies, Arba Minch
Resource oriented sustainable sanitation (ROSA project) using a range of ecological sanitation
technologies and reuse of nutrients and greywater
Arba Minch
Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Oct. 2006 - Sep. 2009
The population of Arba Minch is over 78,000 people
Unplanned and highly populated areas characherised with poor infrastructure
Strategic Sanitation and Waste Plans (SSWPs) in Arba Minch
WASTE
EU through ROSA
Rain fall is not the only problem of this area but natural regeneration of soil is too low to the extent that
farming without fartiliser is not profitable any more. Therefore a quick and cheap solution like ecosan is
very important for smallholder farmers.
The project included capacity building, contruction of UDDTs, demonstration farm, innovation (locally
made UDSP) and research works.
Various
Arborloo; grey water tower; biogas unit; wetland; septic tank sludge disposal scheme
Urine and faeces and greywater reused to grow home fruit trees, vegetables etc.
Beneficiaries contributed labour force and all materials are purchased by the project
Arbor Loo: Shalow and simplest pit toilets designed for home fruit trees
Construction of grey water tower for vegetable growing and plastic re-use innovations.
Biogas unit at AM. Construction of wetland. Selection of site and construction of septic tank sludge
disposal scheme.
(In addition: Selection of site and construction of solid waste disposal system; training of local artisans and
MSE; training on solid waste separation and reuse; education on health risks and good hygienic practices;
training on WHO guidelines; plastic re-use training; design and construction of hand driven carts)
https://dms.gtz.de/livelink-ger/livelink.exe?func=ll&objaction=overview&objid=51033563
http://rosa.boku.ac.at/
Wudney Ayele, Ethiopia
Mndewa Lucas, 07.01.2009, email: mndewal@yahoo.com
No
87
Ethiopia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households, Addis Ababa
Urine diverison dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for households, mostly urban.
Addis Ababa
1996 - unknown
More than 100 units, most of them in Addis Ababa.

Assuming average houehold size of 5 (from country list), 500 users.
SUDEA
SUDEA
SUDEA is supported financially, morally and intellectually by over 150 members in Sweden and by the
swedish government through Sida (Swedish Int. Development Cooperation Agency) & Forum Syd.
UDDTs
The urine is used without treatment as a fertiliser in bio-intensive gardening systems

Faeces is used after drying out and composting.
Technical problems because of low quality of available materials especially plastic items.
Sanitation awareness campaigns have low priority in Ethiopia and so it was difficult to convince people.
Document PDF Format, ECOSAN - ecological sanitation

Almaz Terrefe and Gunder Edström
25th WEDC Conference INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT FOR WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION
SUDEA in Ethiopia; P.O. Box 31673; Addis Ababa

Tel. 251-155-7105
sudea-et@telecom.net.et
19.11.2003 Inés
No
88
Ethiopia
Large-scale rural sanitation with arborloos and fossa alterna toilets for households
Providing affordable sanitation and nutrient source for food production for rural households with arborloos
and fossa alterna toilets
Country-wide
2004
Around 53,840 households. Assuming 5 people per household from country list, have 269,200
beneficiaries.
Rural area
Catholic Relief Service (CRS)
Catholic Relief Service (CRS)
Ethiopian Catholic Church, Missionaries of Charity, Medical Missionaries of Mary, Organisation for Social
Services for AIDS, Water Action, Team Today and Tomorrow, 'Metemamen' (Mutual trust)
The area not only lacks sufficient rainfall, but farmers lack natural fertilisers or the cash to buy commercial
fertiliser.
Excreta
Arborloo and Fossa Alterna. Separate urine collection in a jerry can is also promoted.
Arborloo: reuse of nutrients for a fruit tree or other plant.

Fossa Alterna: Compost for backyard gardens.
Urine as liquid fertiliser
6 - 8$ per Arborloo. Cost of Fossa Alterna is similar.
The Arborloo is a very shalow pit that is designed to be eventually a home for a fruit tree. Desiged by
Peter Morgan of Zimbabwe especially for African conditions, the toilet is the simplest of all eco-toilets. A
pit about 80 cm deep and 60 cm in circumference is dug and dry leaves are added to the bottom. A single
concrete slab is placed over the opening. After each use, a cup of soil/wood ash mixture is added to
encourage soil composting, to reduce smell, and to discourage insect breeding. A very simply
superstructure can be added for privacy. The toilet is used by the household for one year and the slab will
be removed, the pit is topped up with good topsoil, and a fruit tree seedling or other plant is planted in the
To introduce
topsoil. As theanroots
ecosan
growproject, one needs
downwards trained
into the staff
pit, the and a budget
seedling for nutrients
takes rich producingwhichslabsresult
and educating
in a very
farmers. It istree
healthy fruit essential to connect
that produces the sanitationInproject
in abundance. Ethiopiawith agricultural
local farmers practices
have electedand tolocal
makeagronomists.
the pits
Ecological
smaller for sanitation is a system
uses of about 4 months,andsoneeds a systems
that they can speedapproach,
up the having
plantingteams ofseedlings.
of tree sanitarians,
agronomists, health workers and water supply engineers all involved and seeing the approach as a
package
The Fossa and a system.
Alterna Ideally
is similar these
to the toilets
Arbor Looshould be part ofand
in construction larger water
use, but itand sanitation
is not intendedprograms
for directthat
Ecological
include Sanitation:
facilities for A
hand CRS Ethipia Success Story'. http://www2.gtz.de/dokumente/oe44/ecosan/nl/en-ecosan-Ethiopia-Success-Story-2006.pdf
planting on the pit. The FA has two pits of 80 by 60 centimeters that are alternated in use annually. After
washing andhave
pit contents hygiene education. for one year, they can be safely removed, mixed 50:50 with topsoil, laid
soil composted
in furrows and planted with crops. Fossa Alternas are particularly useful for backyard gardens, but over
time, more and more
compost can be added to fields in furrows. The Fossa Alterna may have a simple light superstructure that
www.crs.org/Ethiopia
can be moved from one pit to the other with ease, or one more permanent structurethat can enclose both
pits. The toilet slab is moved yearly from one pit to the other, and the other pit is closed for composting.
maylingsh@yahoo.com, Bekele Abaire: babaire@et.earo.crs.org, CRS Ethiopia
From Newsletter 23 dated February 2007: 27.08.2008. Updated from Bekele Abaire CRS Ethiopia, Addis
Ababa by Alemayehu Asrat: alemerika27@yahoo.com: on 04.11.2009
No
89
Ethiopia
Biogas sanitation plants in seven schools in Addis Ababa, Jimma and Bahir Dar
Biogas plants as the sanitation system for seven schools in the country
Addis Ababa, Jimma and Bahir Dar
Center for Human Environment (CHE), P.O.Box 13309, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
2000 - 2002
Seven biogas plants giving service to students during the day and night and teachers; 5500.
Schools
Lem Ethiopia
Lem Ethiopia
Center for Human Environment (CHE), P.O.Box 13309, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Promotion of biogas specifically using human excreta and organic household wastes has the capacity to
address energy, health, economic and ecological problems and can be considered as multi-dimensional
development approach in the southern hemisphere.
Blackwater
Biogas plants
Awareness and skill development training is very essential to own the technology. Construction of dry
toilets or biogas digesters, the questions that need due attention are affordability, replicability, social
acceptability and sustainability. Along with the construction of toilets for poor people, it is essential to
consider installing water system to wash hands after using toilets.
CHE website: http://www.lemethiopia.org.et
Alemayehu, 11.09.2009 Information from the dry toilet conference 2009, alemerika27@yahoo.com
No
90
Fiji
Composting toilets and greywater reuse in a wastewater garden at a tropical resort, Beqa Island
Use of composting toilets and greywater treatment and reuse system at an ecoresort
Located south of the Suva, on Viti Levu, is Beqa Island and the surrounding Bega Lagoon
1999
Ecoresort
Center for Ecological Pollution Prevention (CEPP)
CEEP, Lalati Resort (Sustainable Strategies)

Blackwater from low-flush toilet, greywater
Low-flush (0.5L) toilet.

Three different types of composting toilets: Greenpeace toilet, EcoTech Carousel Composting toilet, Cepp
Net-Barrel System
Greywater reuse to Wastewater Gardens (The nutrient rich leachate filtered by the compost mass is
combined with filtered washwater and drained to the sub-surface irrigation system in the wastewater
gardens which surround the buildings).
The design concept is to integrate porcelain low-flush (0.5L) toilet to recycled polyethylene removable-
batch composters located under the building.
Three different types of composting toilets: Greenpeace toilet, EcoTech Carousel Composting toilet, Cepp
Net-Barrel System
This system has been cited by the World Health Organization (WHO) for best ecotourism practice in
sanitation.
http://www.ecowaters.org; http://www.ecowaters.org/ecosan/pacific.html; www.ecological-engineering.com
(CEPP), email: info@ecowaters.org; David Del Porto, email: info@ecological-engineering.com;

http://www.lalati-fiji.com.
19.11.2003 Inés
No
91
Finland
Ecological sanitation with different types of toilets at Kangasalan Yhteiskylä communal village,
Kangasala town
Dry toilets, compost toilets and greywater treatment system at a communal village
Outskirts of Kangasala town
Muurahaispolku 1-6, 8,9,11; Kangasala near Tampere
1997- unknown
Ongoing expansion of the village
9 family houses
Communal village at the outskirts of Kangasala town
Founded on a warm place on south wooded hillside; public services, schools, stores are 4 km away,
transportation is well organised; fresh water from communal system; prohibition of water closets.
Greywater, urine and faeces
Greywater: septic tank series (3); fibre cleaner; evaporation pond;

Dry-toilets with/without urine separation; some compost toilets; partly evaporation of urine
Urine as fertiliser
Asila type, dry toilet Naturum.

Greywater treated in septic tank series (3), then piped into Green Rock's fibre cleaner, then evaporation
pond; dry-toilets with/without urine separation, some compost toilets, partly evaporation of urine.
All dry-toilet systems need more care than water closets; time for cleaning and emptying ~ 1-3h/month;
without urine separation, systems suffer from time to time from fluid overloading
http://www.yhteiskyla.net/index_en.htm
arkinor@kotiposti.net
13.12.2006 New: Sören
No
92
Georgia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and constructed wetland for two schools, households and a
training centre in Mtskheta, Zugdidi, Khashuri, Dusheti and Gori Districts.
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) and constructed wetland in 2 schools, households and an
environmental training centre with reuse
Mtskheta, Zugdidi, Khashuri, Dusheti and Gori Districts , Khovle, Kavtiskhevi, Kardenakhi, Chkhoria,
Khabume, Nakiani, Napichkhao, Taia, Quareli, Tianeti, Qvareli (RSDA) : Ereda (Mtskheta District), Skra
(Gori District), Ali (Khashuri District)-SEMA; Ninotsminda District: v.Eshtiya and v.Gorilovka-PAROS;
Akhaltsikhe District: v.Qlde, and v.Tskruti - Akhaltsikhe; Kari (Mtskheta District), Dusheti (GEBMA); Khoni,
Matkhodgi, Sepieti, Teklati (Greens Movement)
Since 2008
2 schools, 40 households, environmental training centre
Assuming average household size of 4 (from country list), 160 household users.
Assuming 200 users per school (for the purposes of the summary list), 400 school users.
I.e. Total 560 users.
Rural area
RCDA, PAROS, Speqtry, SEMA, Greens Movement Georgia, GEBMA, Foundation Caucasus
Environment, WECF
RCDA, PAROS, Speqtry, SEMA, Greens Movement Georgia, GEBMA, Foundation Caucasus Environment
No central water supply, no sewage
Toilets made under the Empowerment and Local Action project

Double-vault UDDT (with shower- solar heated water), urinals, constructed wetland
Reuse of urine, faeces
Double-vault UDDT: for school toilet and environmental training centre, squatting slab from China; for
households and townhall, home-made urine diverting seat or porcelaine riser. For male user extra urinals.
In Tbilisi porcelaine udd seats are produced. Constructed wetland for treatment of grey water; solar
heating for warm water of shower or handwashing.
No
93
Germany
Development and combination of innovative system components from process engineering,

information technology and ceramics to create a sustainable technology for water and nutrient
cycles, Kaiserslautern.
Treatment and recycling of grey- and black- waters from buildings
Kaiserslautern and Oberhausen
2006 - 2008
1) Laboratory phase- to assess and optimise individual plant components.

2) Laboratory plant phase- 15 months (2007). Treat the separated wastewater streams of a residential
building. Process engineering tested, evaluated and optimised. Function tests of sanitary products
developed and the intelligent diagnosis system tested on functionality.
3) Demonstration pilot plant phase- 10 months (start 06 - 2008). Closed cyles of selected components as
1) Lab
well as phase- 5 population
connected equivalent
systems used for the(p.e.)
first time. Single components modified as a final step. Komplett
2) Lab plants-
-System pilot plant
integrated into astations for 20 p.e. Pilot plant stations at 8 new renovated appartment of the Bau
bigger building.
AG Kaiserslautern
3) Demonstration pilot plant- 150 to 200 p.e. Recreation and shopping centre in Oberhausen
Low-populated, remote (decentralised), water-scarce areas
Villeroy & Boch, University of Kaiserslautern, University of Bonn, Fraunhofer, UMSICHT, EnviroChemie,
ap-system
Villeroy & Boch, University of Kaiserslautern, University of Bonn, Fraunhofer, UMSICHT, EnviroChemie,
ap-system
Federal Ministry for Education and Research
System designed for worldwide use, particularly in water scarce regions and remote, sparsely populated
regions without existing water supply and disposal infrastructure or in regions with high potable water
prices.
Blackwater and greywater
Membrane bioreactor, ozonation, UV disinfection, activated carbon filter, ultra-filtration
Toilet rinse water, irrigation water, high quality process water, drinking water
Blackwater:
Rotation screen - inlet tank - Membrane bio-reactor - Ozonation - UV disinfection - Storage tank
Greywater:
Inlet tank - Membrane bio-reactor - Ozonation - UV disinfection - activated carbon filter - ultrafiltration -
chlorination - storage tank
- greywater effluent quality meets highest requirements for utilisation, e.g. drinking water standards of
WHO
- process scheme produces high effluent qualities for separated grey- and blackwater and provides a safe
alternative source of water supply
- blackwater effluent quality corresponds to international reuse standards for toilet flushing
Check out the
• nitrogen website
removal is of the KOMPLETT
limited project
in the biological process
• blackwater contains a high fraction of inert COD
http://www.komplett-projekt.de/
see contact at http://www.komplett-projekt.de/

Updated by Nadira on 31.08.09 from presentation doc by H. Knerr, University of Kaiserslautern, Institute of
Urban Water Management
No
No
Check with Martina if she has a link
94
Germany
Sustainable water management and wastewater purification in tourism facilities project (SWAMP)
using urine separation toilets at Stranddorf Augustenhof
Assessing urine separation and reuse systems at a tourism facility as a part of the SWAMP project.
At the coast of the Baltic Sea, community of Rellin, Augustenhof
15 small non-seasonal houses with low energy standard and one common house. 7 urine separation
toilets installed. (Assume for 14 people, if 2 people per house).
European Commission
16 touristic facilities in Germany, Austria, Italy, Latvia and Lithuania are participating in the EU SWAMP
project for sustainable water and wastewater concept development.
-
Urine separation toilets
Urine for agricultural use
http://www.swamp-eu.org/ENGLISH/demosites/germany1_1.html; http://www.stranddorf.de/
29.12.04 Sonny, Dania 09.02.2006
No
95
Germany
Source separation, treatment and reuse sanitation system at the Huber SE office building,
Berching.
Source separation of wastewater streams and on-site treatment (precipitation, composting, and
membrane) and reuse at an office building
Berching, Bavaria
Hans Huber AG; Kennwort DESAR; Industriepark Erasbach A1; D-92334 Berching
2002 - 2003
Start of construction: Sep. 2002

Start of operation: Sep. 2003
Upto 200 employees
Office building
Huber AG
Huber AG
High tech office building

Urine, brown water, grey water, rainwater
Yellow water: precipitation; Brown water: screening, composting; Greywater: membrane treatment;
Yellow water: mineral fertiliser / irrigation; Brown water: humus fertiliser / irrigation; Greywater: washwater
for toilets; Rainwater: groundwater recharge
Membrane: Ultrafiltration (VRM-technology); RESI-membrane digestion; Urine precipitation by

Magnesiumhydroxide
Many possibilities of reuse; Costs for system are neutralised by not needing connection to sewerage
Christ, Oliver: Stoffstromorientierte Abwasserbehandlung mit Membrantechnik am Beispiel des

Bürogebäudes der Hans Huber AG;
http://www.huber.de/upload/1e97676Xfacacd8f8bXY1059/433096310_aufsatz_desar_neubau.pdf
http://www.huber.de/hp365/Die-Zukunft-beginnt-bei-uns-selbst_-DeSA_R.htm
Dr. Oliver Christ; Huber Technology, D-92334 Berching, e-mail: oliver.christ@huber.de
Completely new: Sören 13.11.06
No
96
Germany
Source separation, treatment and reuse sanitation system in buildings of the Berliner
Wasserbetriebe in the Sanitation Concept for Separate Treatment (SCST) project, Berlin
Pilot project to assess separate collection, treatment (with biogas plant, composting, membrane
bioreactor and constructed wetland) and reuse of urine, faeces and greywater from office and residential
buildings
Berlin
Buildings of the BWB (one residential bulding, one office building) on the grounds of the wastewater
treatment plant Stahndsdorf.
2003 - 2006
Start of a pilot project 2002

From 2003 to 2006 as an EU demonstration projekt
35 users
Urban area
Berlin Centre of Competence for Water, Berliner Wasserbetriebe (BWB), Veolia
Berlin Centre of Competence for Water, Berliner Wasserbetriebe (BWB), VeoliaTUHH, TUB, HUB,
Otterwasser GmbH
European Union
The demonstration project is carried out within buildings of the Berlin Water Company (Berliner
Wasserbetriebe), in the office building and appartment house. The operation of the gravity separation
toilet concept started in October 2003 and the system with vaccum separation toilets is working since end
of 2004.
Waterless urinal and urine storage; vacuum-separation toilets; gravity separation toilets; biogas plant (for
faeces from vacuum-separation toilets + kichen waste); greywater separation and treatment with
membrane bioreactor and constructed wetland; composting (for faeces from gravity-separation toilets)
Urine as fertiliser, faeces sludge as soil conditioner for agriculture and garden use, greywater reuse for
toilet flushing systems and irrigation
Total Budget: 2,223,474.00 Euro

(LIFE PROGRAM, EC, 465,635.00 Euro)
Process scheme available at:http://www.kompetenz-

wasser.de/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/fact_sheets/SCST_fs_2005_RZ_web.pdf
The most important findings are:

- Overall, the tested sanitation concepts are functional and working;
- Only 30 - 40 % of the urine could be separated with the tested toilets, not the expected 70 - 80 %;
- Some technologies (toilets, faeces separator etc.) have to be improved;
- The treatment of greywater with a constructed wetland is as effective as anticipated;
- Urine has the same fertilising efficiency as mineral fertiliser;
- The results of consumer and farmer surveys regarding agricultural use are motivating;
- Pharmaceuticals and steroids in the products (urine, composted faeces, digested faeces) could be an
obstacle to their use as fertilisers. However, many actors dealing with new sanitation concepts estimate
that the benefits of these products outweigh the damages that could possibly be caused by these micro
www.kompetenz-water.dehttp://www.kompetenz-wasser.de/SCST.22.0.html
pollutants.
- Steam stripping plus magnesia-ammonium-phosphate-precipitation is the favoured process for nutrient
concentration in the urine;
- The results of the life-cycle-assessment show that the tested sanitation concepts are advantageous;
- Costs for the new sanitation concepts depend very much on the given circumstances and can be
Dr.-Ing. Anton Peter-Fröhlich,
advantageous Berliner Wasserbetriebe
(compared to conventional systems);
Neue
- ThereJüdenstraße 1, 10122
is a very strong Berlin,
interest Germany,
in this project. anton.peter-froehlich@bwb.de
Based on the internet presentation and the many national
and international presentations given on this project, approx. 500 national and international visitors have
come to learn about it on-site.
19.11.2003 Inés
Updated Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) 13.11.09 from email to E. von Muench
No
97
Germany
Restaurant and farm with biogas plant, Waldmichelbacher Hof, Bessenbach
Biogas digester for treatment of sewage, restaurant and farm waste and use of biogas for heating and
electricity and digestate as fertiliser
Claus Schultes; Waldmichelbach 4a; 63856 Bessenbach (near Frankfurt a.M.)

Tel: ++49-(0)6095-99 51 02; Mail: claus.schultes@t-online.de; www.schultes-waldmichelbach.de
1994 - 1996

Start of operation: 1996
Four families (14 people) and a restaurant with upto 260 guests.
200 Ha land, 280 cattle and 50 horses
Farmhouses, restaurant
Krieg & Fischer Ingenieure GmbH, Hannah-Voigt-Str. 1, 37085 Göttingen; Mail: Fischer@KriegFischer.de,
www.kriegfischer.de
Johann Wolf GmbH & Co Systembau KG, Osterhofen, Germany
Landratsamt Aschaffenburg, Amt fuer Landwirtschaft
The family-owned farm and restaurant “Waldmichelbacher-hof” is located in Bessenbach, near

Aschaffenburg,
Bavaria, Germany. It occupies 200 ha of land, where 170 ha are used for grazing and fruit trees and 30 ha
are used to grow fodder crops (e.g. maize and oat) for cattle and horses, and to grow field crops for the
farm-owned bakery and distillery. At present the farm has 280 cattle and 50 horses. These cattle and
horses live
in the barn during the winter and outside on grazing land in summer. The farm produces hornless cattle for
meat production and breeding purposes. Each week one cow is slaughtered, and the meat is sold in the
farm shop and the restaurant. The restaurant serves up to 260 guests. Four families (14 persons) live and
work
for the farm.
Wastewater
Biogas plant
Digested waste as fertiliser; biogas for heat and electricity
Total investment: 200,000 euro
The farm collects, treats and re-uses the liquid and solid organic waste from the farmhouses, restaurant,
shop, distillery, cattle and horse barn, and the slaughterhouse in a biogas plant. The system consists of
the following components:
- Conventional lowflush toilets. They are installed in the restaurant and farm houses.
In the planning phase the planning institution had recognized that there would be no need to install urine
diversion toilet, as the urine can be used together with the anaerobically digested waste (water) as
fertiliser.
The main problems
- 1 concrete wastewaterin thestorage
operation
tankofofthe100plants were: acting as a storage tank it also functions as a pre-
m3. Beside
-mixing
The digester
tank forno.1 used to have
the wastewater a movable
from plate heat
the restaurant, exchangerthe
farmhouses, between the influent
small distillery waste
on the and
farm, the
horse
effluent
urine digested manure using the so called “Freese System”. The system did not function well and was
removed in 1995.
(stable run-off), As adung
horse replacement
and meatfixed tubular heat
processing waste.exchangers were installed on the wall and the
bottom
- 1 collection channel (500 m3 usable volume) which is located under the cattle shed. Once a week the
Sheet
of draft 2005.
the cylindrical
wastewater - Trip
from digester
the Report
storage for isVisit
tank to Biogas-Ecosan
pumped Project
into the collection near Aschaffenburg,
channel Germany
using a submersible andThis
pump. Meet
with
TheEcosan-China
-would project’s andExperts,
flush outtarget is to
mix UNESCO-IHE
maximise
the wastewater andInstitute
biogas productionfor for
the content WatertheEducation.
ofenergy and heat
collection production. This was achieved
channel.
by
- 1 adding
heated straw to digester
and insulated no. 1. But
anaerobic the practice
digester (280 mhad
3 been causing
volume, mixing
fully mixed). Theproblems. In 40
heating to 2003/4 theis
- 44°C
See PDSwas
problem 006solved when a better mixer was installed in the digester no. 1.
accomplished by internal heat exchangers on the walls and the floor of the digester using “cooling” water
from the biogas CHP engines. WW from channel is pumped into digestor six times a day. In addition
http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-006-germany-waldmichelbacherhof-2005.pdf
there is also a feeding device to digester no.1 for various organic solid waste such as straw and dung from
the horses, solid organic waste from the restaurant and hot vegetable oil from the kitchen. HRT is 20
days.
- 1 anaerobic digester for storage of digested waste and biogas (1500 m3 volume, not mixed, not heated,
not
Krieg & Fischer Ingenieure GmbH
insulated). HRT is 1;37085
3.6 months.
Hannah-Voigt-Str. Göttingen;Mail: Fischer@KriegFischer.de; www.kriegfischer.de
- Both digester tanks have flexible covers for the biogas collection.
- 2 CHP-generator units (HJS-Dual fuel co-generators, each one with 37 kW electricity generator and 74
kW
of heat recovery through cooling water and exhaust gas heat exchanger)
The biogas plant produces more biogas in winter than in summer, because most of the cattle are not in the
barn in summer and the manure cannot be collected in the digester tanks. Generally 500 m3 / day biogas
is
24.11.04
producedTim, Dania
in winter 08.02.06
and only 80 -100 m3 /day in summer.
22.02.2010 Nadira (nadirakhawaja) inserted details from GTZ datasheet
No
98
Germany
Composting toilets and constructed wetlands for multi-story buildings at the ecological settlement
of Bielefeld Waldquelle, Bielefeld
Composting toilets and constructed wetlands for 4-story buildings at an ecological settlement
Bielefeld
Bielefeld - Waldquelle
1994 - 2002
Peri-urban area, (55,000 m2; 40,000 m2 Bruttobauland und 15,000 m2 Landschaftsschutz)

70 containers for 270 persons (400 inhabitants in total)
Ecological settlement with 4 story buildings
Architectural office Bültmann
Architectural office Bültmann
Users
Excreta, greywater
Composting toilets, constructed wetlands
Compost and greywater for garden use
TerraNova systems
Composting toilets produced by Berger Biotechnik GmbH
The installation of composting toilets for houses upto four stories are by a vertical pipe with composting
container, on the ground are several pipes, surface is reduced, problem to remove the feaces in the
composting container when the container is for two families.
1. Paper (session C): “2nd International symposium on ecological sanitation”. Lübeck, Germany, April
2003.
2. Excursion Photo Collection, available at: http://www.wifu.org/projs/project5/pics.html
3. EPE Sourcebook:http://www.epe.be/workbooks/sourcebook/3.11.html.
http://www.berger-biotechnik.de
Wolfgang Berger, Berger Biotechnik GmbH, Juliusstr. 27, 22769 Hamburg, Germany,
E-mail: info@berger-biotechnik.de
19.11.2003 Inés
29.12.04 Sonny
No
99
Germany
Source separation, treatment and reuse sanitation system at Lambertsmuehle museum, Burscheid
Separate collection, treatment (with composting and constructed wetland) and reuse of urine, faeces and
greywater from a museum
Burscheid
Lambertsmühle 1; 51339 Burscheid
2000 - 2005
Start of construction: mid-2000

Start of operation: mid-2001
Final Research Report: 2005
4 persons family + museum visitors.

Project size, 8 p.e.
Ancient watermill, which is now operating as a museum
Otterwater GmbH (Engelsgrube 81, 23552 Lübeck, Germany; ph: 0049-451-7020051)
Otterwater GmbH
Ministerium für Umwelt und Naturschutz, Landwirschaft und Verbraucherschutz des Landes Nordrhein-
Westfalen
The “Lambertsmühle” is an old water mill that today serves as a museum, located between Wuppertal and
Cologne in Germany. As part of the renovation of the building a progressive sanitation concept has been
developed for the museum and the apartment in the millhouse Due to local conditions, a connection to a
sewer network is not possible.
Greywater, brownwater, yellowwater
Urine separation toilets; waterless urinals; centrifugal separation of solids and liquids; filterbag; and urine
storage; composting; vertical flow constructed wetland
Urine used as fertiliser, composted faeces as soil conditioner
The complete investment costs for the installation were approx. 47,000 €.
For the separation of urine and faeces 3 different separation toilets and waterless urinals have been
installed:
(1) BB-Innovation, Sweden
(2) WostMan, Sweden
(3) Roediger, Germany
(4) Waterless urinals, Ernst, Germany
The urine is collected in a special storage tank (volume: 4 m³, storage capacity: approximately 1 year).
-Faeces
Not all and
separation
greywatertoilets
areproved
flushedsuitable.
separatelyChildren
into thein wastewater
particular need special
system, seats
where and shapes.
liquids and solids are
-separated
Nitrogen loss during urine
by centrifugal force.collection and storage
Solids enter is negligible
a filterbag, where a and the urine
filtering can be used
and dewatering as liquid
occurs. After half a
fertiliser.
year of storage they are then composted. This composting process is supported by adding further organic
-material
Under both
such as wood chips. The liquid phase is treated in a constructed wetland together and thefertilised
external and greenhouse conditions, investigations showed the growth rate of plants effluent
with urine to be
is discharged to similar
a smalltocreek.
those treated with mineral fertiliser or manure.
Oldenburg
- Standardsetfor al.wastewater
(2003). Nutrient utilization
treatment givenbybyurine separationcan
the authorities - experiences
be achievedfrom the Lambertsmühle
without any problems.
project
- The phosphorous elimination capacity of the constructed wetland decreases after three years of
operation.
See
- SincePDSthe002
faecal compost was too humid a composting by worms (vermiculture) was implemented. This
http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-002-germany-lambertsmuehle-2005.pdf
improved the process and the solid materials can be handled like conventional compost.
http://www.wupperverband.de/Forschung/Lambert/index.htm
- The separation of solid and liquid fractions before the filter-bag unit was an amelioration during
http://www.lambertsmuehle-burscheid.de/
operation. It has improved the dewatering capacity compared to the first trials, when both fractions were
flushed into the filter bag.
- Micro-pollutants are mainly concentrated in the urine. These substances may limit the utilisation of the
urine.
Dr.-Ing.
-ThroughMartin
urine Oldenburg,
separation the Otterwater
emission GmbH, Engelsgrube
of persistent 81,
organic 23552 Lübeck/Germany,
pollutants to the natural environment can be
oldenburg@otterwater.de
avoided. Additionally the emissionor Andreas Bastian, in
of nutrients Wupperverband, Untere
the receiving waters Lcihtenplatzer
can Str. artificial
be reduced and 100, 42220
Wuppertal,
fertilisers canbas@wupperverband.de
be replaced.
02.12.03 Inés
aktualisiert mit Beitrag vom 27.10.03, Dania 08.02.06.
22.02.2010 Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) from GTZ datasheet (see website above)
No
100
Germany
Decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse systems within the project 'Alternatives for urban
water supply and wastewater infrastructure systems' (AKWA 2100), Northrhine-Westfalia
Development and assessment of long-term scenarios (2050) for decentralised urban water and
wastewater infrastructure systems
Dortmund-Asseln and Selm-Bork (Northrhine-Westfalia)
2000 - 2003
Municipality level
9,100 (Dormund - Asseln)
6,700 (Selm- Bork)
Urban area
Fraunhofer Institut für Systemforschung, Karlsruhe
Emscher-Genossenschaft/ Lippeverband, Municipalites of Dormund and Selm, RWTH Aachen, Ruhr-

University Bochum, Stein & Parther Consultants, Hochtief, Roediger, Munters-Euroform
West LB-Stiftung Zukunft NRW
Long-term perspective (2050) on the modernisation of urban water infrastructure systems. Scenario
approach as a planning tool for urban water infrastructure systems on the level of municipalities
Various innovative decentralised / on-site technologies - what tech?
(for water, wastewater and energy, wastewater reuse, energy production from biowastes and from
wastewater treatment sludges, potable water from rainwater, dual distribution systems).
(Wastewater, nutrients, rainwater)- for what?
Cost comparisons of the innovative system solutions are comparable with conventional system design.
Final report, technical.

Final report: H.Hiessl et al. (2003): Alternativen der kommunalen waterversorgung und
Abwaterentsorgung - AKWA 2100. Band 53, Schriftenreihe Technik, Wirtschaft und Politik. Physica-
Verlag, Heidelberg, 2003.
Dr. Harald Hiessl, h.hiessl@isi.fraunhofer.de; Breslauer Str. 48, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
19.11.2003 Inés
aktualisiert mit Beitrag vom 01.09.03
No
101
Germany
Urine and brownwater separation (and partial treatment) at the GTZ main office building, Eschborn
Urine separation toilets and on-site treatment of separate wastewater streams of an office building
Eschborn
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Dag-Hammerskjöld-Weg 1-5;

65760 Eschborn, Germany
2005 - 2009
Phase 1
Start of construction 2005
Start of operation: end of 2006 (ongoing)
Phase 2:
Research project (treatment and reuse): planned to start mid 2009
Out of 650 employees, restaurant and conference rooms served by the urine separation system -->
approx.: 400 users/day.
23 waterless urinals, 50 urine divertsion flush toilets
Office building in urban area
GTZ, ecosan sector project
GTZ
GTZ, BMBF, HMULV
An enterprise for international cooperation, working for sustainable development worldwide, GTZ will
implement a modern system for the separate collection and reuse of urine and possibly a treatment and
reuse system for blackwater (mixed brown- and greywater).
Urine, blackwater (mixed brown- and greywater).
Waterless urinals; urine diversion flush toilets; a separate piping system for undiluted urine collection;
urine storage tanks
Reuse of urine for agricultural research.
Total sum (without VAT) 165,518 DU + additional costs 114,540 €
Waterless urinals (23 are installed): The Keramag waterless urinals (model Centaurus), which are made
of sanitary porcelain, are equipped with a flat rubber tube as odour seal and a sieve made of high-grade
steel.
The flat tube opens when urine flows through it. The sieve traps pubic hair which could otherwise stop the
flat rubber tube from closing properly.
Urine-diversion flush toilets (50 are installed): The toilets by Roediger (model NoMix) have two separate
bowls
Waterless
for urine and urinals: The cleaning
brownwater staffand
collection changes
two pipe relatively often at
connections forthe
theGTZ facilities.
separated It has been
wastewater found that
fractions. They
thorough
are madeinstruction
of sanitaryof the staff which
porcelain. The urineis responsible
is collectedfor the maintenance
undiluted (without flush of the urinals
water) byismeans
sometimesof a valve
lacking. Thesethe
located below problems
urinal bowl:are slightly reduced
the valve is openedby replacing
when the sieves
user and rubber There
sits down. tube seals withbuttons
are two a new,for
optimised model
toilet flushing; thebut if maintenance
smaller button is for is neglected,
the urine flush, then which
these releases
will also cause
about 1-3 odour problems.
L of water, and Aswith
a result,
the
the urinal
larger sieves,
button and rubber
the faeces tube seals
are flushed using were 6 L in
of some
water.instances not cleaned for many weeks or months.
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-germany-eschborn-haus1-
This led to the accumulation of urinestone on the sieve as well as pubic hair and slime deposits which then
Pipework
2009.pdf
cause odour problems.
Two separate piping systems With the arenew model of the
implemented for sieve andurine
separate rubber andtube seal suchcollection.
brownwater urine scaleThe formation
urine
and
flowsinternal
from the pubic
toiletshairtoaccumulation
the storage tanks is reduced.
in cast iron pipes with enamel (epoxide) coating. The pipe
Flush toilets:
diameters are The main problem with these toilets is that the urine pipe valve is susceptible to slimy struvite
precipitations
100 mm (for the which
maincauses clogging
collectors), 80 mm of theand valve,
50 mm. causing the urine to
A connection to the
discharge through
conventional the brownwater
sewer is installed
info@gtz.de;
pipe. Therefore http://www.gtz.de
it is crucial to apply
as well, which enables bypassing ofantheadequate
urine tanks. maintenance
This Pipe routine.
material As was this maintenance
chosen has urine
to minimise been
neglected
stone in this project, all valves stopped working after about two years of use and now need to be
replaced (June 2009). ThePlastic
formation(encrustations). trade-off between
pipes would sufficient flushingand
also be possible strength and water saving, should also be
are cheaper.
adressed
Urine storage in further
tanksdevelopment of the toilet bowl design. It was found that the urine flush is often not
strong
A total enough
volume of to 10
flushm³away urine-soiled
is provided for urine toilet paper. When
collection users the
and storage. The flush
fourtwice, water savings
polyethylene (PE) tanksare of
Christina About
negated. Werner, GTZ ; Tel.: +49 6196
users79-0; http://www.gtz.de
2.5 m³ each are two third
located inofthe
female
basement dothe
of not sit downinon
building these in
a room orthe
anycar other
park toilets
area,inandpublic
are places.The
equipped
urine of these and
with sampling females levelismeasuring
therefore not collected.
devices. This problem
The pipework could
design be reduced
allows filling eachby providing disinfection
tank separately. It
sprays for the
takes about seats. to fill the 4 tanks Therefore, about 40 m3 of urine are collected per year.
3 months
Dania 10.02.2006
Yes
102
Germany
Vacuum toilets with on-site wastewater treatment and reuse system for a residential and office
building at Vauban, Freiburg
Vacuum toilets, treatment of blackwater with anaerobic digestion, treatment of greywater on-site and reuse
of biogas and effluent, at an eco-building
Freiburg
Walter-Gropius-Str. 22, 79100 Freiburg
2000
Construction finished, part of treatment (anaerobic treatment unit) waiting for starting to work
1 building with 16 residential flats (30 adults, 10 children) and 4 offices

24 vacuum toilets and a biogas and greywater treatment system
Urban area
Fraunhofer Institut Karlsruhe (Innovative Systemtechnik)
TBW, Frankfurt
AG Technologietransfer, Umweltschutz, Raumplanung und Stadtökologie (ATURUS)
DBU
see Tagungsband Panesar and Lange

Blackwater, greywater
Vacuum toilets; vacuum station; biogas digester; biogas storage and post-fermentation tank; greywater
treatment installation; rainwater reuse
Greywater for irrigation and flushing vacuum toilets

Digested sludge for agricultural use
Biogas used to run the gas stirrer in the biogas reactor and cooking in the kitchen.
Vacuum system: investment - DM 73,500; operation - € 30 per hh and year

Greywater system: investment - € 15,000; addtional monitoring costs (1st year only) - € 4600
Vacuum toilet:The needed vacuum of 0.5 bar for flushing the toilets is produced by the central vacuum
station (type PE30, Roediger) in the basement of the building. By pressing the flush button a membrane
valve opens for two seconds resulting in an under pressure. In these seconds 15 - 20 litre of air and 1 litre
water is used to flush the toilet. The waste stream is than transported towards a reservoir behind the toilet.
This reservoir is a development of Roediger and has a capacity of circa 9 litre of wastewater. Up to 5 - 6
flushes are stalled inside this reservoir and when this reservoir is full it automatically empties itself with the
help of 60 - 70 litre of air. The wastewater is subsequently transported to the collecting tank in the
basement. By using these kinds of reservoirs (that are connected straight after the vacuum toilet) the
possibilities of clogging the vacuum pipes towards the collecting tank is reduced. This because of the fact
that a larger amount of blackwater is flushed towards the collecting tank in one time.
Biogas digester: The separated tanks are constructed out of concrete, situated below ground level. The
blackwater is transported through a pipeline from the vacuum station towards the biogas reactor by the
Koetse,
discharge E. pump.
2005. The implementation
Organic of DESAR
household waste concepts
can also in twoafter
be added projects in Germany.
shredding to smallWageningen
pieces. To get a
University,
homogeneous Wageningen, the Netherlands
substrate (blackwater & organic household waste) in the plant an integrated gas stirrer is
installed in the first compartment (biogas reactor). Biogas and substrate that is formed can be stored in the
next tank (biogas storage and postfermentation) where a post treatment takes place and the biogas is
separated by a membrane. Biogas is cleaned by activated carbon filter. Dimensions: biogas reactor 6 m3,
http://www.passivhaus-vauban.de/download.htmlhttp://www.vauban.de/aturus/www.vauban.de/wa
biogas storage and postfermentation 9 m3, pump station 3 m3, storage of fertiliser 14 m3.
Greywater system: A membrane filter unit (Mall Ultra-Sept). Treatement with the help of microorganism,
which form CO2 and mineralised particles under aerobic conditions. New sludge is produced within the
system which is reused in a returning cycle of the sludge. Within the water there are some floating
particles and sludge
Dr. A.R. Panesar; present
email: that are not separated
panesar@vauban.de by flotation. To avoid the presence of particles in the
lange@vauban.de
treated
ATURUS: wastewater a membrane-module
Arbeitsgemeinschaft (pore diameter
Technologietransfer, of 0.4 μm) isRaumplanung
Umweltschutz, installed, this und
membrane is forming
Stadtökologie
a barrier where no sludge
Walter-Gropius-Straße 22,or79100
other Freiburg
particles can flow through. To avoid clogging of the membrane surface,
crossflow
fon: filtration is used.
0761-456833-34; On the membraneemail:
fax: 0761-456833-37; surface, a turbulence is created (by the air that is flowing
aturus(at)vauban.de
next to the surface of the membrane) in the wastewater so a continuous filtration can take place.
http://www.vauban.de/projekte/aturus/
Dimensions: membrane surface 16 m2, pre-treatment 6 m3, aeration basin 5.5 m3, energy use blower 500
Watt.
Update: Yaniv 30.07.07.

22.02.2010 Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) inserted details from Koetse publication above.
No
103
Germany
Vacuum sewerage and greywater recycling at the Ostarkade office building of the KfW
Bankengruppe, Frankfurt
Vacuum toilets and greywater on-site treatment and reuse system at an office building
Frankfurt
Palmengartenstr. 5-9, 60325 Frankfurt am Main.
2001 - 2002
1 building (16,611 m2) with 350 offices, 300 workplaces and 13 apartments
Office building in urban area
RKW Architektur and Städtebau lp5 Ingeneurpartenerschaft
Rhode, Kellermann, Wawrowsky/Fran
The Ostarkade building contains many innovative facilities and combines economic and ecological
demands.
Greywater, sewage, rainwater
60 vaccum toilets, 20 vacuum urinals, rainwater catchment, greywater separation
Greywater reuse for flushing systems and cleaning water, rainwater use for irrigation
Vaccum system: investment - € 80,000; maintenance - 1550 €/y; electricity - 500 €/y
Greywater system: investment - € 50,000;
Roughly estimated annual return rate of 2 - 5% (system lifetime of 20 - 30 years)
The vacuum system was supplied by Roediger Vakuum und Haustechnik. Greywater treatment system
supplied by ACO Passavant. Greywater operates at a capacity of ca. 500 l/h and produces bathing water
quality.
The toilet and treatment facilities are well accepted by users and operating staff. Problems occured with
pipe blockages during the first 3 months.The greywater treatment system was originally designed
exclusively to treat greywater, but now also receives wastewater from the buildings and kitchen, thus
causing problems with the system performance. The membrane system in particular has had problems
and needed to be adapted to much higher pollution load in water. It would be better to treat highly charged
3 PowerPoint
kitchen presentations
wastewater on from
separately CD von Lars Späth
greywater, e.g. Roediger Vakuum + from
with the blackwater Haustechnik: Vacuum Sewerage
toilets. Cost-efficiency of
Systems (2) and
reuse systems Vacuum with
increases Systems Photo
the scale ofPresentation;
the project. In KfW buildings, vacuum sewerage and greywater
Koetse,
recyclingE.was
2005. Thecost-efficient.
found implementation of DESARtreatment
Brownwater conceptsforin reuse
two projects
was notinfound
Germany.
to be cost-efficient.
http://www.kfw.de/DE/Service/OnlineBibl48/KfWUmweltbericht_engl.pdf
http://www.ip5.de/projekte/start.htmlhttp://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-001-germany-frankfurt-kfW-2005.pdf
Martin Selig, ip5 ingenieurpartnerschaft, Karl-Hoffman-Str. 7, 76137 Karlsruhe,

Tel. 0721 -38489090, info@ip5.de
Sören: combined Analiza+old info, 29.07.08

update: Yaniv 30.07.07
2.12.2003 Inés, dania 08.02.06
No
104
Germany
Ecological settlement in Allermöhe, Hamburg
Composting toilets and constructed wetland for an urban housing area
Hamburg
c/o Helge Mangold

Fanny-Lewald-Ring 92a
21035 Hamburg; Germany
1983 - 2003

Construction period: 1985 - 2002 (in stages)
Building of the last two houses in 2003 (implementations of high energy conservation standards)
Start of operation: 1986 (in stages)
36 Houses. 114 inhabitants. End of 2003: 124 inhabitants . In 2009: 140 inhabitants
Urban social housing
Berger Biotechnik (composting toilets), AWA Ingenieure (constructed wetland)
Ökologisches Leben Allermöhe e.V
Environmental Authority Hamburg, German Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Housing
The ecological settlement is part of the new district Neu- Allermöhe, where 3,800 residential units were
built between 1982 and 1994. It is a very green area with relatively low buildings (all less than 4 floors), 15
km southeast of Hamburg city centre. The eco-settlement in Neu-Allermöhe-Ost (New- Allermöhe-East)
consists of 36 single-family houses with approx. 140 inhabitants aged from 0 to 99 years. All inhabitants
are owners of their houses and none of the houses are rented out. The two-storey twin and terraced
houses differ in architecture to avoid uniformity. They are arranged around three small court yards: north,
middle and south. The area of Allermöhe has many small canals. The entire area of the settlement has a
high groundwater table.
Excreta (optional: add organic kitchen waste and garden waste to the excreta stream), greywater,
rainwater
Composting toilets, constructed wetland

(low-energy housing, solar technique, rainwater harvesting)
Compost is used in the garden
Delivery and installation of 1 complete Terra Nova system with 2 toilets,approx. 6,500 EUR (in 2009)
Total costs for constructed wetland were € 95,000.
Composting toilet system: Each toilet is connected to one straight chute to the composting container in the
basement. Up to 4 toilet pedestals can be connected to one composting container. Used toilet paper is
thrown into the toilet and organic kitchen waste can be added as well. The containers have a chamber
size of 1.5 - 3 m³ and are delivered with a starter bed consisting of 600 litres absorbing material (compost).
This waterless toilet system saves about 40 litres of water per capita per day compared to a conventional
flush toilet (10 L per flush) which adds up to 2,044 m³ water savings per year for the whole settlement.
Specifications: The toilet seat has a special oval design and offers enough security when being used by
General:
small children, so that they cannot fall down the chute. The toilet has a funnel-shaped plastic inlet for easy
·handling
User involvement
and cleaning in, and ownership
of the toilet. Theoftoilet
the technology is very
lid has to close tightly to increase air draft and guarantee
high
correctdue to the common
aeration vision which
of the composting was theAbasic
container. idea
major partofof the liquid (80-100%) added to the toilet in the
the eco-settlement.
form of urine/water is evaporated via the ventilation pipe. The ventilation pipe is insulated to increase air
·draft
Ownership
and avoidis higher when the inhabitants
condensation.The fan in theare owners pipe
ventilation of theneeds 29 Watt electrical power or less (fan
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-germany-hamburg-eco-settlement-in-allermoehe-2009.pdf
houses (and not tenants), as is the case here.
power can be adjusted by a speed controller). Leachate in the container (resulting mainly from urine) can
be collected in a separation chamber. A relatively wide chute diameter of 30 cm was chosen to reduce
Specific
soiling ofexperiences for the
the pipes’ inner the toilets and the wetland are given in the SuSanA case study (see below).
surface.
Constructed wetland system for greywater treatment: Area of 240 m² (currently 1.7 m² per person) and a
capacity of 15 m³ per day. The actual inflow (in 2008) was 10 -13 m³ per day (82 L per person per day).
SuSanA Casestudy, 'Ecological settlement in Allermöhe, Hamburg'
The greywater pipes have a diameter of 100 mm. The filter material consists of sand with a depth of 1 m
http://www.oekosiedlungen.de/Liste/Bilder_Liste/Seiten/20_2_Allermoehe.htm and http://www.oeko-
and is
siedlung-allermoehe.de/
covered by gravel with a depth of 0.1 m. The greywater from the houses first flows to an underground
Imhoff tank for grease revmoal. It is distributed in intervals to the three reed bed modules. All modules
are planted with common reed plants (Phragmites australis) and are designed as vertical flow sub-surface
Ökologisches Leben Allermöhe e.V.; c/o Helge Mangold; Fanny-Lewald-Ring 92a;
constructed wetland. The effluent from the reed beds is collected in a polishing pond and is led from there
21035 Hamburg, Tel.: 040-735 72 4; Email: oeko.siedlung@hamburg.de
to the neighbouring surface water
02.12.03 Inés 06.10.03

aktualiziert mit Beitrag vom 06.10.03. Dania 08.02.06 Update 19.05.2009: Philipp Feiereisen
Yes
105
Germany
Composting toilets and constructed wetland for a residential area at Braamwisch, Hamburg
Composting toilets and constructed wetland in an urban social housing area
Hamburg
Braamwisch 31, 22175 Hamburg
40 houses. Assuming average household size of 2 (from country list), 80 users
Ökologische Siedlung Braamwisch e.V.
Low-energy housing community

Greywater, excreta, rainwater
Composting toilets; septic tank; downflow constructed wetland

(Solar energy - photovoltaic water warming system, rainwater catchment)
Compost toilets (Finnish and Swedish types) for human excreta and kitchen waste; greywater via septic
tank and a downflow constructed wetland. 0.5 cm high-pressure inflow pipes of PPMD for constructed
wetlands.
Significantly reduced water consumption
www.oekologische-siedlung-braamwisch.de
Kurt-Werner Mosert; Ökologische Siedlung Braamwisch e.V.; Braamwisch 31, 22175 Hamburg; Kurt-
Werner.Mosert@t-online.de
19.02.2007 Sören Update
No
106
Germany
Multiple sanitation technologies for decentralised treatment and reuse at Oeko-Technik Park,
Hannover
Urine diverting toilets and vacuum toilets combined with constructed wetland and other technologies for
on-site treatment and reuse for a living area with homes, church, school and farmland
Hannover
Hägewiesen, 30657 Hannover
1995
5 apartment buildings (with 104 apartments), school, church and farming area prox: 800
Stadtwerke Hannover and others
BauBeCon AG with Stadtwerke Hannover AG
Aquaplaner engineers
Urine, brownwater, blackwater, greywater, rainwater
Waterless urinals, urine diversion toilets, vacuum toilets, vertical flow constructed wetlands, mini rotating
biological contactor plant, greywater evaporation bed, eco-bathtubs
Urine should be used as fertiliser, faeces as soil conditioner after fermentation (but dont know if practiced,
utnil 2005 it was not practiced), rainwater and greywater reuse for irrigation, toilet flushing.
ca. 190,000 €
• 2 constructed wetlands (one for 24 and one for 1 apartment), both constructed as vertical flow systems
with reed plants (saving appr. 1000 m³ drinking water per year).
• A mini wastewater treatment plant using rotating biological contactor technology for 6 apartments (12
inhabitants) for the greywater from the bath tubs and washing machines in the same building (saving appr.
200 m³ drinking water per year).
• 2 Rainwater reservoirs for rainwater coming from the church and farm building roofs (saving appr. 200
m³
Satisfaction and savings
of drinking water per yearofand 50% of the water and energy demand, to be economically feasible, water and
flat).
energy
• 4 urineprices would
diverting currently
toilets have to be
in apartments of raised by 30%. Greater
the Epiphanias community efforts
andfor
in operation and maintenance
the farm (saving
are
appr.required.
30 m³ of drinking water per year).
Constructed
• 32 vacuum wetlands: The constructed
toilets installed wetlands
in 32 apartments withwork
appr.satisfactorily
80 inhabitants and(saving
reliably.appr.
The 950treated water of
m³ (84% is
clear,
standardcolourless
flushing)and odourless.
drinking waterItperis storable
year). and has bathing water quality in accordance to the EU
http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-007-germany-hannover-oekotechnikpark-2005.pdfSee
Directive. The plant
• Two waterless works
urinal eveninatthe
facilities temperatures
boys´ toiletsofoftemporarly
the elementaryminusschool
20°C. (saving
Nevertheless therem³
appr. 700 have
of been PDS 007
some
drinkingsmall
waterproblems
per year).during operation: In the constructed wetland at the BauBeCon building 200 litres of
sewage
• 12 uniquesludge
bathaccumulated in the settlingintank.
tubs called “Ökowanne” 2 years after
12 apartments withstart of operation
special featuresaforbarrier layer formed
the reutilisation of in
the reed bed.
greywater It could
for toilet be easily
flushing removed
(saving appr. by
10breaking
m³ drinkingthewater
layer per
withflat
a steel-pipe.
and year). If the toilets are not
•flushed
A 60 m²forgreywater
several weeks, a light bed
evaporation deposit caused
to treat by the water
the greywater is formed
of the in the and
farm bakery toiletproduction
bowl. But this can be
of willow.
www.oeko-technik-park.de
easily removed with a toilet brush.
Rotating biological
Further details can contactor:
be found inworks verysheet.
the data well, treated water is clear and odourless, storable and has
bathing
water quality in accordance to the EU Directive. This system is for economic reasons mainly suitable for
apartment buildings or other bigger buildings. Critical points: Due to aggressive air humidity corrosion
Thomas
problemsHesse;
at some Stadtwerke Hannoveroccurred
minor components AG, Ihmeplatz 2, 30449Therefore
in the system. Hannover, Tel. 0049-511-430
appropriate 2842,
corrosion-free
thomas.hesse@enercity.de
materials should be used. There have been several problems in the UV-light area due to blockages. A lack
of maintenance by the caretaker may cause a decrease of operational availability.
Dania 08.02.06
Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com), 22.02.2010, inserted information from GTZ datasheet
No
107
Germany
The Emscher River Head Centre - decentralised wastewater treatment with separation of brown,
grey and yellowwater
rural upgrading
Holzwickede
Emscherquellhof, centre at the head of the Emscher River
2002 - 2006
Construction time: 2002 - 2006, Operation time: since 2006
26 total population (Einwohnerwerte)
rural area
Emscher River Association
Emscher River Association
Due to the the local situation and the high costs for reconstruction of the sewerage to the wastewater
treatment plant: decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse, recycling of grey and rainwater. The
building is an office/seminar room building of Emscherverband (rough estimate for table: 40 people)
grey, brown, yellow and rainwater
Urine separation toilets, waterfree urinal for yellwowater storage, brown and greywater pretreatment,
septic tank, and biological treatment, constructed wetland.
Grey and rainwater reuse for toilet flushing; Urine for agriculural use as fertiliser
Invest cost: 76600 €; Operating costs: 2000 €/year
Yellowwater:
with maximum of capacity and 6 month storage, 56 l/d yellowwater, and the size of the cistern is 6 m³ with
a double wall, a leackage warning system and a manual level indication.
Some of the grey and rainwater is reused for toilet flushing.
Grey and Brownwater:

The waterfreeinurinals
Pretreatment a 13 mrun undisturbed.
³ septic tank. The urine separation toilets: Problems with the crystallisation of
Urine and treatment:
Biological clogging ofvertical
the sewer.
wetland with a specific land requirements of 3 m³/PT
The wetlands had problems in the beginning with other plants.
The dimension of the urine cistern and septic tank were adequate.
Presentation by Silke Geisler on 10 March 2010: http://www.susana.org/images/documents/07-cap-dev/b-

conferences/10-bmu/03-de-Geisler-Emscherquellhof-und-Dahler-Feld-Geisler-2010.pdf
ww.dwa.de/KA
Korrespondenz Abwasser, Abfall 2009; Silke Geisler, Emschergenossenschaft / Lippeverband
01.03.2010, Marthe Roestel
No
108
Germany
using reedbed treatment at the Elbterassen Wussegel tourism facility, Hitzacker
Reed bed treatment systems at a tourism facility as a part of the SWAMP project. Reuse not known
Hitzacker (Elbe), District Lüchow-Dannenberg, Lower Saxony
2003
The Elbterrassen Wussegel is a popular tourist cafe directly on the shore of the river Elbe. It is located in
the Lower Saxony biosphere reserve „Elbtalaue“ in District Lüchow-Dannenberg. At weekends during the
summer there are in the Elbterrassen up to 600 guests daily. Reedbed treatment system designed for 40
p.e.
AWA-Ingenieure Dr. Bahlo & Ebeling, Gartenstraße 36, D-29525 Uelzen, Tel. 0581 – 30733
E-mail: info@awa-ingenieure.de, www.awa-ingenieure.de
European Commission
Implementation of water saving technologies.

4 pits from 5 pits will be used as septic tank. The 5th pit will be adapted to a pump station with control
function to store the wastewater. The maximum of wastewater amount at weekends will be distributed to a
weekly cycle. So the max. wastewater amount does not cross 4 m3 per day. In comparison to the
calculation according to DIN, the dimensioning could be reduced about 70 %.
Wastewater
RBTS (Reed Bed Treatment System)
ca. 22,000 €
Sea level: 20 m
Capacity: Seats: up to 150 inside and up to 150 outside
Dimensioning (according to DIN) 40 p.e.
Wastewater production: Daily volume: 0.5 - 12.0 m3
Monthly volume: 15.0 - 120.0 m3
Surface area: 133 m2
An economic comparison was done with calculation of investment, operational and yearly costs between a
technical SBR-treatment plant and a reed bed system with vertical flow. The result: the reed bed system is
the cheaper solution.
www.awa-ingenieure.de/pdf/Wussegel-Flyer-deutsch.pdf
Hans Huber AG, Maschinen- und Anlagenbau, Industriepark Erasbach A1, 92334 Berching, Tel: ++49-
(0)8462-20 10, Fax: ++49-(0)8462-20 18 10, Mail: info@huber.de
29.12.04 Sonny // 10.07.09 René Schweizer
No
109
Germany
Composting toilets and constructed wetland with reuse for a residential area at Hassee, Kiel
Composting toilets and constructed wetland in an urban social housing area
Kiel
Am Moorwiesengraben 22, 24113 Kiel-Hassee
1990 - 1993
90 inhabitants
Werkgemeinschaft für Architektur und Städtebau

Dipl. Ing. Buhse, Damm, Hahn, Rose, Schulze
Ökologische Siedlung Hassee
Gemeinschaftshaus mit Infozentrum, Saal, Kindergarten und Energiezentrale, Pflanzenkläranlage 20

Wohneinheiten in Einzel-, Doppel- und Reihenhausbauweise.Trinkwasserhaushalt: Schonung des
Grundwassers und sparsamer Wasserverbrauch
Trinkwasser nur für notwendige Zwecke sparsam verwenden
Komposttoilette in allen Häusern spart Trinkwasser und Kläranlagenkapazität
Siedlungsinterne Pflanzenkläranlage für Restgrauwasser (Küche und Waschen)
dadurch Verantwortung für den Wasserkreislauf direkt erlebbar
Wasserverbrauch in der Siedlung Moorwiesengraben: 61 l / Person / Tag
Zum Vergleich:
Durchschnittlicher Wasserverbrauch in Deutschland: 163 l / Person / Tag
Regenwasserhaushalt: Größtmögliche Rückhaltung und Nutzung, naturnahe Versickerung
minimale Flächenversiegelung
Grasdächer auf allen Gebäuden
Zisternen am Haus
Feuchtbiotop
offene Regenwasserabläufe
Greywater, excreta, rainwater
Composting toilets, constructed wetland

(low-energy housing, solar technique, rainwater catchment,communal heating / power station)
ca. 1,125 EUR/m²

ca. 4,75 Mio EUR Gesamtbaukosten
http://www.oekosiedlungen.de/moorwiesensiedlung/steckbrief.htm schulze-architekten.de/9200_direkt.htm
nordlicht.uni-kiel.de/agenda21/projekte/moor.htm
Barbara Rösner-Wersig, Axel Steude and Hartmuth Kluth

Verein Moorwiesenhaus; Am Moorwiesengraben 22; 24113 Kiel; Tel.: 0431/680863
10.07.09 René Schweizer
No
110
Germany
Decentralised water and wastewater treatment and reuse for a housing development area through
the Decentralised Urban Infrastructure Systems (DEUS 21) project, Knittlingen
Rainwater harvesting and use, vacuum toilets with decentralised treatment of wastewater and kitchen
waste and reuse of effluent for irrigation at a new housing development area
Knittlingen
Am Römerweg in Knittlingen near Pforzheim, Baden-Württemberg
2004 - 2007 (ongoing in 2008)
c. 100 real estates planned with 350 inhabitants
Housing development area
Stuttgarter Fraunhofer-Institut für Grenzflächen- und Bioverfahrenstechnik IGB
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung BMBF. Other partners: Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und
Innovationsforschung (IS), Karlsruhe; ISA der RWTH Aachen (university research partner); 9 industry
partners
Wastewater (+ kitchen waste), stormwater
Vacuum toilets; vacuum sewage; advanced WWTP (anaeroibc membrane bioreactor with rotating disk
filters)
Treated wastewater will have bathing water quality and is discharged to a river, or infiltrated into the soil or
used in irrigation.
Vacuum toilets connected to vacuum sewage, together with kitchen waste (shredders in households) is
pumped to advanced WWTP in the central Water House. The WWTP is designed for 50 people but can
easily be extended. Membrane bioreactor with two rotating disk filters. MBR is anaerobic (operating at
ambient temperatures). Remaining N and P will be upgraded to fertiliser.
Rainwater is collected and piped to the Water House, where it is treated with rotating disc filters.
Afterwards it goes into a piping system back to the users who can use it for showers, washing machine or
Currently the trial period
toilets (in drinking has just Central
water quality). finished.rainwater
Now an upscaling is planned
storage tank of 300 mto3. cover 100 properties with 350
inhabitants.
www.igb.fraunhofer.de (http://www.igb.fraunhofer.de/WWW/GF/water/dt/GFWM_215_DEUS_KN.dt.html)
Prof. Dr. Walter Trösch; Fraunhofer-Institut für Grenzflächen- und Bioverfahrenstechnik IGB; Nobelstraße
12; 70569 Stuttgart
E-Mail: troesch@igb.fraunhofer.de; Telefon: 07 11/9 70-42 20, Fax: 07 11/9 70-42 00
11.10.04 Tim // 23.7.08 Elisabeth von Muench
No
111
Germany
using vacuum toilets and waterless urinals at the Burg Lenzen tourism facility, Lenzen
Vacuum toilets and waterless urinals at a tourism facility as part of the SWAMP project (treatment system
and reuse?)
At the river Elbe, Community of Lenzen, East Germany.
2007
A Hotel with the capacity of: Hotel beds 34; Restaurant seats 40; Room of seminars 40; max. number of
guests 120 (= 120 p. e.).
Vacuum toilets 30, waterless urinals 8
European Commission
Burg Lenzen is an old castle, which shall be reconstructed as a hotel with 34 beds, providing catering,
trade and seminar promotion.
Vacuum toilets and waterless urinals
(Water saving technologies at: washbowls 37, showers 26)
Agriculture reuse
29.12.04 Sonny // 09.07.09 René Schweizer
No
112
Germany
Ecological housing estate at Flintenbreite (vacuum toilets and constructed wetlands), Lübeck
Vacuum toilets, treatment of blackwater with biogas digestion and greywater with constructed wetland,
and reuse of biogas and digestate at an ecological housing settlement
Lübeck
Flintenbreite 4
23554 Lübeck
1995 - 2002

Start of operation: 2002 (except the blackwater reactor, not yet)
117 apartments in twin houses, terraced houses and blocks of flats appr. 350 - 380 inhabitants
Urban housing area
Otterwater GmbH
Infranova GmbH & Co. KG, Flintenbreite 4, 23554 Lübeck
Situated to the west of Lübeck, consists of 117 accommodations in twin and terraced houses; planned as
a car-free settlement; holistic ecological approach incl. Architecture, landscape planning, social
cooperation, energy and sanitation
Blackwater, greywater, rainwater, solid biowaste
Vacuum toilet; vacuum sewerage; thermic hygienisation; biogas plant; sedimentation unit; vertical flow
constructed wetland
Biogas used for power and heat; agricultural use of digested sludge; no use of greywater, diversion to
receiving water
Sanitation system: € 600,000; Investment 40% higher than for the common system, while operation costs
are estimated to be 25% less
Vacuum toilets (system Roevac by Roediger): Vacuum canalisation of 50 - 65 mm diameter, laid in a

sawtooth profile in the same line with other supply media (cost saving).
Biogas plant: in mesophile operation (37°C) with preliminary hygienisation (1 hour at 70°C). The remaining
time in the reactor is 21 days.
- Construction delays and low uptake of houses lead to mal-fuctioning of biogas plant.
- The separation of different wastewater flows is possible for a high standard housing area of approx. 350
inhabitants with no operating problems.
- A relatively high load of phosphorous in the greywater is caused by washing-up liquids. Washing powder
tablets in particular contain up to 30% phosphorous. The inhabitants could be convinced to use different
SuSanA case study,
brands, which reduce'Ecological
the P-loadhousing estate at by
in the greywater Flintenbreite,
15%. Luebeck'. See website below.
Lübecker EXPOinstallations
- The technical Siedlung Ökologische Wohnsiedlung
are well accepted Flintenbreite
by the inhabitants. TheLübeck,
vacuumInformations-Forum
system causes no 01.2000
loss of
comfort, but a significant reduction of water consumption. The risk of clogging can be minimised by putting
the pipes 0.8 meter under the earth level (frost protected) and reminding the users not to dispose any
objects through the toilets.
www.flintenbreite.deSuSanA
- The quantities of water and case
air hadstudy:
to behttp://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-germany-luebeck-ecological-housing-b
adjusted during operation by the caretaker to optimise the
system. - Technicians had to get used to the new technologies. The experience gained with the first units
caused a significantly higher efficiency in the further realisation.
Dr.-Ing. Martin Oldenburg

Otterwater GmbH
Engelsgrube 81, 23552 Lübeck, Germany
0049-451-7020051; oldenburg@otterwater.de
02.12.2003 Inés; 27.10.2003 aktualisiert mit Beitrag

10.02.2006 Dania
19.02.2007 and 21.02.2007 Sören - Update
Update 22.02.2010 Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) from SuSanA case study
Yes
113
Germany
Rural farm and ecological conference centre with biogas plant and constructed wetland at
Wacholderhof, Murrhardt
Biogas digester for treatment of blackwater and animal faeces and constructed wetland for treatment of
other wastewater with reuse, at an ecological centre cum farm
Wacholderhof 17; 71540 Murrhardt-Steinberg
1996
Rural farm and conference centre
Wacholderhof e.V.
Wacholderhof e.V.
Located in the centre of a nature park; heating with wood from own forest, solar energy and wind energy in
planning, organic farming
Household wastewater, animal faeces
Biogas plant; constructed wetland; rainwater harvesting
Biogas to energy which is supplied to the local energy network; digested sludge used as fertiliser
especially in the fodder fields
200,000 Deutsch Marks (subsidised at 50%)
Decentraised biogas plant for anaerobic treatment of wastewater with codigestion of animal faeces and oil
waste.
Use of an old opel vehicle engine for electricity generation.
Rest of the farm wastewater is treated via a constructed wetland.
Rainwater harvesting and use as service water.
Expensive maintenance, labour and time intensive operation (manual feeding of the digestor)
http://www.wacholderhof-ev.de/index.html
Telefon: 07192 - 7710; Fax: 07192 - 1412; e-mail: wacholderhof@gmx.de
21.02.2007 Sören NEW
No
114
Germany
Greywater recycling in Hotel Arabella Sheraton Am Büsing Palais, Offenbach
Greywater collection, treatment and reuse at a hotel
Offenbach
Arabella Sheraton Hotel, Am Büsing Palais.

Berliner straße 111
63065 Offenbach am Main.
04/1995 - 01/1996
4-star hotel located in Offenbach, has a capacity of 380 beds, 211 rooms
Urban area: hotel
Ingenieurbüro Nolde & Partner
Arabella Sheraton Frankfurt
When the construction of Arabella Sheraton in Offenbach was planned, the greywater collection, treatment
and recycling system was not included. The idea came out during the hotel construc-tion process. So the
existing system was built in the garage on two parking lots.
According to the initial design wash basins were placed at the opposite site from baths/showers, so the
greywater from wash basins was not included in the greywater recycling system, for the reason of sparing
extra draining pipes. Besides recycled greywater from bathes and showers is enough for toilet flushing.
Greywater, rainwater
Settling tank; rotating biological contactor; UV disinfection; service water tank
Greywater reuse for toilet flushing; rainwater for watering green areas
100,000 Euro (200.000 DM)
The greywater collection, treatment and recycling system is designed for a capacity of 20 m3/day (400
beds). It takes 35 m2 to place the treatment facilities. It was designed on an estimation of 70 to 90 liter of
greywater to be produced per day per person and 50 to 70 liter water required per day per overnight for
toilet flushing. There were no existing legal minimum quality requirements for recycled greywater in
Germany, but the quality of the treated greywater was designed to meet the specific quality standards
issued on a leaflet by the Berlin Senate Department for using recycled greywater in building and housing.
Only environmentally sound and corrosion resistant materials are employed: PE and polypropylene (PP)
-tanks,PE
The cleaned greywater
bio-rotors, is odourless,
stainless steel V4Aclear andand
shafts freebearings,
of suspended material.
zinc-plated steelThe userfor
fittings suffers no loss
the tanks, of
and
comfort
PE, PP, in comparison
stainless steel to
andthecopper
use ofpipes.
drinking water. According to the hotel, no customer complained.
- The primary settling tanks originally installed were market products for rainwater storage. They were
made from recycled polyethylene (PE). After some time of operation the first two tanks cracked due to
insufficient quality and were replaced by new PE tanks. The new tanks are functioning well.
http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-018-germany-offenbach-arabella-2006.pdfSee
- The two motors for RBC units were replaced by other type of motors due to their incapability ofPDS 018
regulating
the rotation speed of the contactors.
- The first rotor of a RBC unit was broken after some time due to unbalanced heavy weight brought by the
wet bacteria while the contactor rotates. For this reason it was repaired.
- In the last ten years, aside from the problems stated above, the whole system was working quite well.
http://www.graywater.com; http://www.nolde-partner.de;
ArabellaSheraton Am Büsing Palais Frankfurt; Am Büsing Palais, Berliner Straße 111; Offenbach 63065,
Germany;
19. 11.2003 Inés

Dania 09.02.06
Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) inserted information from GTZ datasheet.
No
115
Germany
Vacuum toilets with on-site wastewater treatment and reuse system for the visitor centre of the
national park Jasmund, Rügen
Vacuum toilets, treatment of blackwater with anaerobic digestion, treatment of greywater on-site and reuse
of biogas and effluent, at the visitor centre of a national park
Visitor Center in the national park Jasmund, Rügen
1998 - 2004
Feasibility studies: 1998

Opened: 2004
293,547 visitors in the year 2007.
Visitor Center in the national park Jasmund, Rügen

Vacuum toilets; waterless urinals; biogas plant; greywater recycling system
Use of biogas; use of digestate in agriculture
Reduction of demand of drinking water of about 80 %:; 5 percent by water saving fittings (2.5 litre per min
at washing basins); 12 percent by dry urinals; 43 percent by vacuum-toilets; 21 percent by greywater-
recycling. No emissions to the Baltic sea and the surrounding ecosystem. Recycling (agricultural use) of
750 kg nitrogen and 150 kg phosphorus each year. Production of 1,900 m³ biogas each year. Negligible
change of local water balance. 25 % reduction of costs (investment and running costs)
Klaus. U: Zero Emission Concept for Water and Wastewater Management, Project Rügen, Germany
http://www.aquaplaner.de/nph-ecosan-gtz.pdf
http://www.aquaplaner.de/
Uwe Klaus Aquaplaner - Consulting engineers for sustainable water management

Zur Bettfedernfabrik 1, 30451 Hanover, Germany
klaus@aquaplener.de
11.11.03 Inés
29.12.04 Sonny adding the publication 09.07.09 René Schweizer
No
116
Germany
using urine diversion toilets at the Park Moräna See tourism facility, Soltau
Urine separation toilets and waterless urinals at a tourism facility as part of the SWAMP project (treatment
system and reuse?)
The tourist area of Lüneburger Heath, Dittmern, community of Soltau.
Park Moränasee is a typical camping site located in the tourist area of Lüneburger Heath, Dittmern,
community of Soltau. The site is providing 565 stands for caravan and tents
European Commission
-
Implementation of water saving technologies (e. g. waterless urinals, urine separation toilets).
Separate rainwater treatment by a french drain.
During the summer season (April - Oct.) when the influent is reaching it´s maximum level, the treated
wastewater collected will be reused for agricultural irrigation
http://www.zer0-m.org/phpatm/index.php?action=downloadfile&filename=SWAMP_Guidelines.pdf&directory=Guidelines&PHPSESSID=c98be285fdb571c
29.12.04 Sonny
No
117
Germany
Vacuum toilets and biogas plant as a part of the Hamburg Water Cycle concept implementation in a
new residential area in Jenfeld, Hamburg
Vacuum toilets with treatment of blackwater in biogas digester and use of heat and power in a new
residential development area
Hamburg
Jenfeld, City zone Bezirk Wandsbek, Hamburg
2010 - 2013
2009
720 accommodation units. Approximately 1440 people served (assuming 2 people per household, from
country list).
Urban area
Hamburg Water Competence Network
Conversion of the former Lettow-Vorbeck Barracks into a new residential area.

Greywater, blackwater, rainwater
Vacuum toilets; surface area filtration; rainwater collection pond; biogas plant; water recirculation; aerobic
and phosphorus elimination pre-treament steps.
Watering of green areas; circulation through channels and cascades for beautification and micro-climate
improvement; heat and electricity generation; potential for nitrogen and phosphorus recovery.
Blackwater:
- vacuum toilets use 1L water/flush (i.e. blackwater < 10% of household wastewater)
- black water taken to nearby biogas facility, mixed with biomass and used for combined heat and power
generation. Part of electricity used to run the drainage network. Sludge will be initially given to the
Köhlbrandhöft treatment plant. In the future nitrogen and phosphorus recovery will be done.
Rainwater:
- Open drainage to a central pond. Bottom of pond is lined to always hold a minimum amount of water
also in dry months. Storage space is for 30 year rain event. Above the minimum level, water is sent via a
throttle to the receiving stream. To prevent eutrophication and lowering oxygen levels, the water is
circulated over cascades which are fitted with P removal filters.
- Water from near roads flows to pond via side channels. Water from far roads are filtered over green
areas and sent through cascade park before it flows into the pond.
Schonlau,
Greywater:H et al.(2008) 'Pilotprojekt für ein ganzheitliches Entwässerungskonzept in Städten',
Korrespondenz Abwasser,
- Pumped to facility Abfall, Vol 55,
with pretreatment, No. 10.
aerobic and P-elimination, and post-treamtent steps and from there
let out to the stream.
- In dry periods, the treated water it can be used to top up the level in the pond
www.dwa.de/KA
Nadira on 31.08.09 from article in Korrespondenz Abwasser, Abfall
No
No
118
Ghana
Ecological development of Valley View University, Accra
Water saving and reuse sanitation systems linked with agriculture development at the university
Accra
Valley View University, Accra, Ghana
2003 - 2009
Pre-phase: 2003-2005
BMBF funding ends in 2009 but the project is likely to continue with other funding or just run by university
itself
2500 people on the campus (staff and students) - most, but not all, live on the campus. In future, up to
5000 people (in about 2013)
Institution (university)
Consortium: Bauhaus University in Weimar (BUW), University of Hohenheim (UHOH), Ecological

Engineering Society (IÖV), Berger Biotechnik Ltd., Palutec Ltd.
Consortium as above
German Ministry of Research and Education (BMBF)
University campus covers 121 hectares. In 2001, water was delivered to the campus by truck. Wastewater
disposal used to take place in septic tanks decentralised for each building. Within the ecological
development of VVU, agriculture is challenged to produce crops for the supply of the cafeteria and the
local market, while offering environmentally sound and hygienically safe disposal solutions for valuable
and nutrient-rich sewage water, thus closing the nutrient loop. For this purpose, VVU has reserved an area
of about 20 hectares for farming on campus. The poor nutrient status and the low water holding capacity
of the soil along with very light precipitation make efficient use of soil fertility enhancing resources an
absolute must.
Urine, faeces, wastewater, bio-waste and left-over from the kitchen (plastic bags are now also recycled)
Specific technologies not clear, a little bit of everything mentioned
Urine, greywater, composting of septic tank sludge are utilised on the VVU own farmland for growing
various crops
Installations for treatment and management of black water, greywater and rainwater, urine and biogas (?).
Waterless urinals and water saving separation toilets.
The success of the physical measures was very much depending on care, training, acceptance and the
choice of the special responsible perons. A qualified supervision of the buildings by a construction
manager is essential.
See on website below
https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/respta/agric.php; www.ioev.de
Gunther Geller Project coordinator email: info@ioev.de
Updated in Sept. 08 by Elisabeth von Münch (after speaking to Mr. Geller). He said he would still send
some financial information; Christina 16.9.2009 (colour changed from orange to grey)
No
119
Ghana
Pilot scale co-composting of faecal sludge and organic solid waste, Kumasi (currently not in
operation)
Combined treatment of faecal sludge and organic solid waste for reuse in agriculture.
Kumasi
Buobai, 15km eastwards of city centre of Kumasi, Ghana
2001 - 2002
Start of planning: 07/2001

Start of construction 10/2001
Start of operation: 02/2002
Total land area covered: ~500 m². City of Kumasi has 1 million inhabitants; but only a fraction of the
faecal sludge is treated. Text from SuSanA case study: Of the 500 m³ /d of faecal sludge produced, only
1.5 m³/day is
treated in the pilot plant. Kumasi has a full-scale faecal sludge
treatment plant (formerly, the faecal sludge treatment plant at
Urban area
Buobai was used; currently, the FSTP at Dompoase is the main
plant used). The pilot plant was only established to investigate
the aspect of co-composting. And it is not a daily operation as
the FSTP.
Joint planning by 4 institutions led by International Water

Management Institute (IWMI):
· International Water Management Institute (IWMI);
executive institution
· Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing
Ministry
Countriesof(SANDEC)
Foreign Affairs,
of theFrance
Swiss Federal Institute for
NCCR
AquaticNorth
ScienceSouth,
andSwitzerland
Technology (EAWAG)
KEZO,
· Kwame Switzerland
Nkrumah University of Science and
Technology (KNUST)
· Waste Management Department of Kumasi
The overall faecal
Metropolitan sludge
Assembly treatment situation in Kumasi is as follows, according to Vodounhessi and von
(KMA)
Münch (2006) “The collection companies discharge the collected FS at the privately operated FS
treatment plant (FSTP) at Dompoase and there is now no longer illegal FS dumping in the city. This has
been successful through the strictness of the District Assembly rules and the community participation in
denouncing defaulters. The FSTP is located at the Dompoase solid waste landfill site and consists of five
anaerobic, one facultative and two maturation ponds to treat FS and landfill leachate. The facility became
operational in January 2004. The treated liquid effluent is mixed with the underground drainage from the
solid waste landfill and discharged into Sisai River without further treatment, despite questionable effluent
quality (based on visual observation; no analytical data available)."
Faecal sludge and organic solid waste
1) faecal sludge drying on unplanted drying beds and

2) windrows co-composting of dried faecal sludge (FS) and
organic solid waste (oSW).
Compost for growing cereals and vegetables
Capital investment costs: 16,500 €
Two unplanted drying beds were built with a surface area of 25 m2 each (to hold 15 m³ excreta with a
depth of 30 cm). They consist of different layers of a gravel-sand filter material of different thickness and
particle sizes.
The composting area is a roofed and sealed composting pad of 10 x 12 m. The composting pad has a
slight slope of 1% towards the centre where a narrow drainage channel is located. This serves as a
drainage system in case of leachate generation. The maturation area is a roofed and sealed pad of 7 x 6
m. These can be applied for similar climatic conditions and faecal sludge characteristics in other countries.
Functional improvements of the drying beds are necessary to guarantee a continuous and sustainable
compost production.
Further design detailsImprovements are needed
are given SuSanA on the
case study filter
(see qualitybelow)
website and how to control the effect of rainfall.
The co-composting plant has experienced the following operational problems:
· Occasionally, long delays in waste delivery to the site occur (due to logistical problems with the waste
collectors) which consequently cause a disruption of the operation.
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-ghana-kumasi-cocomposting-2009.pdf
· If there is excessive rain then the sludge drying process takes longer than the usual 10 days, as the
drying beds are not covered (clogging of the beds may also occur in this case).
· It has been observed that the nitrogen content of the compost is lower than would be required for high
yield of
short duration crop production as practiced in the urban areas. This is due to nitrogen losses during both
http://www.google.de/search?q=Co-composting+faecal+sludge+%26+organic+solid+waste
faecal sludge drying and the composting process itself.
· Some measures (e.g. reduction of the compost turning frequency, fertiliser enrichment) are taken in order
to reduce these nitrogen losses. An enriched form of the compost called Comliser (mixture of compost and
chemical fertiliser) is prepared and tested with farmers. Addition of pure urine to the compost to increase
the nitrogen content was considered but not carried out yet. IWMI, as one of the research partners, is in
For further information
the process of developingcontact:
a follow up research. The compost is generally of high quality as sorting of the
Dr.
solidOlufunke Cofie (IWMI)
T: +233-244-741703
waste (to removed inorganic matter, e.g. pieces of plastic and metal) is done very carefully and diligently
F:
be +233-21-784752
the plant workers.
E: o.cofie@cgiar.org
Update 19.05.2009: Philipp Feiereisen.Updated on the 23rd of september by Paul Okan-Adjetey.

Yes
120
Guinea (Conakry)
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in schools in Ansoumaniya, Dubréka and Kissidougou,
Conakry, Kindia, Guinea
sanitation improvement project
Ansoumaniya, Dubréka, Kissidougou, Conakry, Kindia
c/o CREPA Guinée (Conakry) BP 1278 Conakry

Tél. Portable (+224) 60 55 02 13
E-mail:madinaloudabah@yahoo.fr
Tél: (00224) 64 30 33 81
(00224) 60 57 35 27
2003-2010
10 /11
To be determined(TBD)
primary school
CREPA Guinea Conakry
UNICEF
This project falls under the Government of Guinea Conakry and UNICEF Program• In Guinea l' ecological
cleansing was introduced by CREPA in 2002 through a research program comprising four areas
(sociocultural, technical, agronomic and medical). Results were obtained from a pilot village (Ansoumaniya,
Dubréka) and presented the 1st forum of research of CREPA in 2004 in Ouagadougou.
• Decentralised, and integrated project in Kissidougou Zone (2006) Promotion of hygiene in the schools: 5,000
pupils in two schools in Conakry have access and use UDDT latrines , drinking water in the classrooms and
handwashing facilities at the entrance of the toilets. Also committees have been set-up for children,
headmasters and PTAs. As a result, schools are now able to manage the infrastructures of water and
cleansing, and maintain cleanliness in the schools and follow basic hygiene practices at the critical times.
Approximately 8 schools have benefited from the countruction of 32 facilities in total, under UNICEF's support
UDDT
Agriculture
• CREPA continues the popularize ECOSAN [UDDT], in particular in Kindia where there is school and
community latrines. The collection of the urine from the school is used for certain market-gardening groupings
of Kindia. The outcomes have been to some degree researched based with agricultural institutions. However
the products from the latrines have been used to grow a substantial amount of produce, mostly research
based: household flour, bananas, egg plant, cucumber, corn and other items
n/a
n/a
Madina Bah
WES Officer
UNICEF Conakry, BP: 222
République de Guinée
Tél. Bureau : (+224) 62 66 34 10
Mobiles: 60 55 02 13 / 64 39 72 45
Sat.Fax : +874 762 708 086
E-mail : mbah@unicef.org
Entered by B.Abraham 30.06.2010 based on information received from Madina Bah (unicef) via e-mail from
Jane Bevan 14 April 2010
No
No
121
Guinea (Conakry)
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in schools Bamban High School and Séguéyah
Primary School (Kindia)
School sanitation and hygiene improvement project
Kindia

Tél. Portable (+224) 60 55 02 13
Tél: (00224) 64 30 33 81
(00224) 60 57 35 27
2007-2008
10 /11
Tél: (00224) 64 30 33 81
(00224) 60 57 35 27
previous phase
schools
CREPA Guinea Conakry and Local Government
9 facilities built in two schools

seperation of urine and faeces
Urine Diversion and Dehydration Toilets (UDDTs)
Agriculture
Fatoumata Binta BARRY

Directrice Résidente
CREPA Guinée (Conakry)
Tél: (00224) 64 30 33 81
(00224) 60 57 35 27/crepa-gui@afribone.net.gn,
barrybinta5@yahoo.fr,
Inserted and reviewed by Paul Okan-Adjetey with info from Belinda Abraham 30.06.2010 based on
information received from Madina Bah (unicef) via e-mail from Jane Bevan 14 April 2010 and updated
with information received from Ms. Binta , 7 August 2010
no
no
122
Guinea (Conakry)
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in schools of Salloube, and Tialére and the community of
Dalaba
School and community sanitation improvement project
Kindia

Tél. Portable (+224) 60 55 02 13
Tél: (00224) 64 30 33 81
(00224) 60 57 35 27
2008-2009
previous
schools and community
ACAUPED (France) and CREPA Guinea Conakry
11 facilities built in two schools and a community.

Seperation of urine and faeces
Urine Diversion and Dehydration Toilets
Agriculture

Tél: (00224) 64 30 33 81
Entered by B.Abraham 30.06.2010 based on information received from Madina Bah (unicef) via e-mail
from Jane Bevan 14 April 2010 and updated with information received from Ms. Binta , 7 August 2010
no
no
123
Guinea (Conakry)
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in the Community of Damakhanyah in Kindia
Community sanitation improvement
Kindia

Tél. Portable (+224) 60 55 02 13
Tél: (00224) 64 30 33 81
(00224) 60 57 35 27
2008-2009
previous
community
A total of 14 communal facilities were built

Urine and faeces
Urine Diversion and Dehydration Toilets
Agriculture

Tél: (00224) 64 30 33 81
no
no
124
Guinea (Conakry)
Public urinals in 'Place de l’indépendance Palais de Justice', Kindia
sanitation improvement/ research
Kindia

Tél. Portable (+224) 60 55 02 13
Tél: (00224) 64 30 33 81
(00224) 60 57 35 27
Jul-05
previous
Tél: (00224) 64 30 33 81
(00224) 60 57 35 27
urban city
Guinée44 and Local Government of Kindia
five urinals were constructed

urine collected
urinals
Agriculture

Tél: (00224) 64 30 33 81
no
no
125
Guinea (Conakry)
Household urinals in the community of Molota Préfecture, Kindia
sanitation improvement/ research
Kindia

Tél. Portable (+224) 60 55 02 13
Tél: (00224) 64 30 33 81
(00224) 60 57 35 27
Jul-05
current
households
Guinée44 and Local Government of Kindia
A total of 30 household urinals were constructed

urine
urinals
agriculture

Tél: (00224) 64 30 33 81
no
no
126
Haiti
Dry composting toilet at a public market place, Cap Haitien
Double-vault dry composting toilet for a public market place where women especially work
Cap Haitien
Petitte Anse, Cap Haitien
December 17th 2007 just after the Hurricane struck
300 people
Public toilet in a market place
Appropriate Infrastructure Development Group (AIDG); SOIL or SOL and; Asosasyon Fanm Aktif Petit
Anse (AFAPA)
AFAFA
The rains that accompanied Hurricane Noel in November 2007 made for unpleasant walking for Petite-
Anse’s residents. Mud on unpaved streets churned and mixed with litter and raw sewage in this
neighborhood of Cap Haitien in Northern Haiti. Prior to this project, the only available toilet in the area was
a rundown latrine that was nearly full, difficult to access and surrounded by garbage.
The public toilets are located in the rear of the public market in Petite-Anse where hundreds of women
work each day selling produce and other goods. The toilet serves 300 people. AFAPA chose to charge
people from the market a small fee to use the toilet (5 Gourdes = ~12 cents US). The money is used to
pay someone to manage the latrines and to buy toilet paper and cleaning supplies.
Excreta (presumably, since composting toilet)
Double vault dry composting toilet
Not known
Not known
http://www.aidg.org/outreach/petite_anse_latrine.htm
New: 14.05.2008 Analiza
No
Ahabwe Gerald on 29.10.2008 email:gz.ahabwe@gmail.com.Updated project period.by Paul Okan-

Adjetey based on information from the website on 23/09/2010
127
Haiti
Treatment of waste from public latrines in a biogas plant, Cap Haitien
Biogas digester for treatment of waste from city's public latrine along with organic waste and use of biogas
for energy
Cap Haitien
Haiti
In planning process
Urban area
AIDG
Working on a partnership with Oxfam, the municipal government of Cap Haitien, and local community
groups
AIDG’s second incubated business will work to address two problems plaguing Haiti’s 2nd largest city:
poor sanitation and inadequate energy sources
Municipal scale waste treatment and biogas plant. As part of a pilot project, AIDG will install a community-
scale biodigester for a pottery collective in Lori, Haiti. The biogas generated will fuel a small kiln.
Biogas for energy
They are looking to employ a biogas plant design similar to models put out by Ashden Award Winners,
Biotech of Kerala India
http://www.aidg.org/outreach/cap_haitien_2007.htm
No
128
India
Urine diversion dehydration toilet centres at Navsarjan Boarding Schools, Gujarat
Concepts and technologies implemented at the primary schools (boarding schools) shall provide
Navsarjan Trust with first hand experiences on ecologically sound sanitation concepts and the knowledge
for further dissemination of ecosan in Gujarat, specifically UDDTs and urinals.
Various rural locations in the state of Gujarat, India

Navsarjan vidhyalaya, Gujarat, India, at: 1. Rayka village, Dhandhuka taluka, Ahmedabad district 2.
Katariya village, Limdi taluka, Surendranagar district 3. Navsarjan vidhyalaya, Sami village, Sami taluka,
Patan district.
2004 - 2006
Dec 2004: planning; 2005: construction; Feb 2006: 1st UDDT centre (at Katariya) inaugurated; Jul 2006:
operation of sanitation facilities at Katariya. Finalisation of construction at Sami taluka is expected soon.
3 primary schools (up to 210 pupils and 10 staff each), approx. 660 people in total
8 toilet units per school (i.e. 24 in total)
Rural area: school
Navsarjan Trust, India; seecon international; GTZ; IEES
Navsarjan Trust, India; seecon international; GTZ; IEES
Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)
Willingness to improve situation of Dalit caste including safe treatment and reuse of faeces, urine and
greywater. Provide children with first hand experiences on ecosan concepts. Hygiene education and
raising awareness on socially and culturally acceptable, sustainable, and hygienically safe sanitation
concepts was also the focus.
Separate streams of urine, faeces, and greywater respectively
Double-vault UDDTs, urinals, urine collection system, vertical flow filter for greywater
The desiccated faeces and cover material and urine (after storage) is applied as soil amendment and
nitrogen-rich liquid fertiliser respectively to flower beds, kitchen gardens, etc. Treated greywater is used
for irrigating the garden.
Construction and labour costs for establishing a single sanitation centre adds up to approx. 4,700 Euro.
- "3-hole" squatting pans (urine, faeces and anal wash water collected separately);
- in order to facilitate the harvest of the desiccated faeces and cover material, the toilets are designed to
operate in batches and cubicles will double-up as showers during the “resting period”. If a processing
chamber is full, the cubicle above is converted into a “bathroom” by providing a specially designed cover
that seals the urine-diversion squatting pan and prevents showerwater from entering either the processing
chamber or the urine collection system.
- processing chamber with minimum volume 2 m3, 5 urine tanks of 2 m3;
Spreading
- greywaterofthatknowledge from
is collected school
from kids to villages.
bathrooms, Elimination
washbasins and theoflaundry
prejudices
areaamong village
is drained to adwellers.
vertical flow
Project helped
filter filled to remove
with organics caste-based
(rice husk, sawoccupation.
dust, etc.). Promotion of gender issues (scavening mainly done by
women) and of sanitation under the aspect of human dignity (cultural and social relevance).
Ecosan Project Data Sheet 022 (2007): see http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-022-india-

navsarjan-schools-2007.pdf.
Wafler, M. (2006): Report on Case Studies of Ecosan Pilot Projects in India Version 1,
September 5th, 2006. Macwan, M. and Heeb, J. (2006): Navsarjan Ecosan Pilot Project in Gujarat
State, India. see http://www2.gtz.de/Dokumente/oe44/ecosan/en-navsarjanecosan-pilot-projects-2006.pdf.
http://www.ecosanservices.org/page.php?id=1009#par1296
Martin Wafler, martin.wafler@seecon.ch, seecon gmbh, Löwengasse 47, 1030 Vienna, Austria, +43-650-
511-8669
New: Sören, 16.11.06 update: Yaniv 24.5.07; update: Philipp Feiereisen 18.05.2009; Isabelle Kunze
12.08.2009 (isa.kunze@gmail.com)
Yes
129
India
Demonstration of an eco-friendly, reuse-oriented public toilet centre in Rajendra Nagar Slum,

Bangalore, Karnataka (no longer in use)
Public toilet centres with urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in a slum area and an external
excreta processing facility. A pilot urban upgrading sanitation project.
Bangalore
Rajendra Nagar Slum, Bangalore, state of Karnataka, India
1999 - 2006
Jun 1999: planning; Mar 2000-2001: construction in cooperation with Seecon Intern. GmbH; Aug 2001-
2005: operation; Jun 2005: replanning excreta transport and treatment; Nov 2005-2006: upgraded
services functional; Jan 2006: demonstration phase ends-toilets close as lease contract expired; ACTS
applied to the authorities for a 2nd project phase under its management
8 toilets (4 for men, 4 for women), serving up to 1,000 users daily at one public toilet centre.
Slum (transition) area
Seecon, GTZ
ACTS (Arts, Crafts, Trade and Studies) Bangalore
IEES
Before 2001, the majority of households in the huge slum did not have their own toilets and there was only
one functioning public toilet. Problems and risks for women in particular due to sexual harassment.
Separate streams of faecal matter with paper, urine, and greywater respectively
separation and storage of urine and faeces; daily collection of urine and faeces by a vacuum truck; faeces
matter with waste paper and biodegradable waste processed in a biogas plant; slurry dried in sludge
drying beds; water used for handwashing water was drained to an infiltration bed; surplus water was
collected in a subsurface collection tank.
Faecal material: treated in a biogas plant,dried slurry applied as a soil amendment at the ACTS School
Campus.
Urine: applied as a nitrogen-rich liquid fertiliser to banana plantations.
Any surplus water that was not taken up by the planted infiltration bed in front of the public toilet water
drained to a nearby municipal sewer.
Estimations of a cost-revenue analysis (for 5 centres & 3 biogas plants) in case of upscaling the
demonstratin project: Capital costs: 110 - 122,000€ / 190-229,000€ (with interest); Operational costs:
16,400-20,000€/yr; Income: 19,100-62,300€/yr;
"3-hole" squatting pans; processing and reuse site for source separated flow streams outside the city at an
ACTS secondary school; the floating-drum type biodigester with water jacket, which was installed at the
ACTS Rayasandra Campus, has a reactor capacity of ca. 40 m3 (inner diameter: 3,80 m; height: 3,70 m).
- Improved human community health and food security through successful implementation of socially and
culturally accepted ecosan toilet centre; efficient nutrient-cycles between urban (consumer) and rural
(producer) areas (economic development); strong organisational management and long-term cooperation
with local partners; hygenically secure handling of human excreta; creation of new jobs; reduction of
transport costs (planned); stakeholder involvement is essential; urine-diversion system proved feasible;
Ecosan
long-term Project Data Sheet
experiences 023: http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-023-india-bangalore-
and internationally/interdisciplinary research is crucial for learning processes and
public-toilet-2007.pdf.
critical reflection
Wafler, M. (2006): Report on Case Studies of Ecosan Pilot Projects in India, Version
1, September
- Just 5th, 2006.
a few weeks before the end of the lease contract, SULABH had opened a toilet cum shower etc.
quite close to the SEECON-toilet. This had reduced the number of visitors considerably.
- The biogas plant implemented for the project is still in operation and is being used for co - fermentation of
green waste. The transport car is being used for the collection of the green waste.
GTZ;
Dr. Johannes Heeb, johannes.heeb@seecon.eu, seecon gmbh, Bahnhofstrasse 2, CH-6110 Wolhusen,
Switzerland, +41-79-366-6850
Dania 14.02.2006;
Updated: Sören, 16.11.06; update: Yaniv, 23.5.07; update 18.05.2009: Philipp Feiereisen; update, Isabelle
Kunze: 12.08.2009. (isa.kunze@gmail.com). Nadira update, 16.11.09, on closure from email with A.
Panesar and J. Heebs.
No
130
India
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets (locally known as compost toilets) in four villages
(including tsunami hit villages) of Trichy and Nagai Districts, Tamil Nadu
Implementing urine diversion dehydrating toilets (UDDTs) as the sanitation practice in rural areas with
reuse of products; includes rural reconstruction after disaster.
Musiri Village, Trichy District; Sevanthalingapuram Village, Trichy District; Vellur - Musiri Village, Trichy
District; Kameshwaram Village, Nagai District. All in the state of Tamil Nadu
Various time periods. Approximately 2006 onwards.
Musiri Village, Trichy District: 400 toilets, 1,200 users

Sevanthalingapuram, Trichy District: 220 toilets, 710 users
Vellur - Musiri, Trichy District: 50 toilets, 240 users
Kameshwaram, Nagai District: 350 toilets, 1,300 users
I.e. total number of toilets is 1,020 with 3,450 users
Ruralofarea
90% the people in these villages are using the UDDTs
Society for Community Organisation and Peoples Education (SCOPE)
Society for Community Organisation and Peoples Education (SCOPE)
For Kameshwaram Village: UNICEF; DRDA (Nagapattinam District Rural Development Agency); FIN
(Friends in Need) of France; house owners
Kameshwaram village was strongly hit by tsunami.

Special problems of conventional toilet models in high water-table and sandy coastal areas.
Separate streams of anal wash water, urine and faeces respectively
Double-vault UDDT
Irrigation / fertiliser in the house garden
7,000 INR/unit (approx. 100 €)

For Kameshwaram Village: 2,500 INR/unit from UNICEF, 1,200 INR/unit from DRDA & 1,200 INR/unit from
FIN & 2,100 INR/unit from house owners
SCOPE UDDT ('composting') toilet:

The UDDT has two chambers and is used alternatively. 3-hole squatting pan is used to separate the waste
streams (faeces, urine, wash water). Faeces is stored for about 8 - 10 months. The toilet is provided with
a concrete bottom so that there will be no contact between the human excreta and the soil. After
defecation the user sprinkles ash over excreta so that there will not be any fly or mosquito nuisance. S/He
then closes the drop hole with a lid. Only about three liters of water is needed for body wash. (In
comparison, a conventional toilet uses 12 to 15 L water).
As opposed to conventional sanitation constructions, ecosan constructions are highly suitable for high
water-table areasdrains
The wash water such through
as sandythecoastal belts
hole in the and
washriverbanks.
water bowl and is taken to a filter bed that filters out
faecal matter in the wash water. From the filter pit the water flows out to vegetation near by. A blackened
vent pipe fixed in the faecal chamber quickens the dehydration of the faecal matter.
Two newspaper articles in "The Hindu":
Tsunami-hit village gets 50 ecosan toilets,
http://www.thehindu.com/2006/09/20/stories/2006092016410300.htm, published Wed, Sept. 20, 2006.
Maximum `ECOSAN' toilets for fishing village,
http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/07/stories/2007010714450300.htm, published Sun, Jan 07, 2007.
For further information on SCOPE see http://www.scopetrichy.com
M. Subburaman, SCOPE, P/17, 6th Cross, Ahmed Colony, Ramalinganagar, Trichy 620003, India
08.01.2007 - Sören new

update: 24.5.07 Yaniv; update: 13.08.2009, Isabelle Kunze (isa.kunze@gmail.com)
Update 16.11.09 Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) from email from M. Subburaman.
No
N. Khawaja emailed cse for actual numbers but no answer. Follow up since large
project. Says 90,000 household will benefit: how many actual households, how many
users? Is it just hh toilets or also school toilets? --> ask again and if still no answer
ask Rahul for other contact person?
131
India
Total Sanitation Campaign Project using urine diversion dehydration toilets (locally known as
composting toilet), Mysore, Karnataka
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) as a means of implementing the Total Sanitation Campaign of
the district
school upgrading ??
Mysore District, State of Karnataka
2006 - 2009
1,230 villages in the district and will help in bringing about a qualitative change in life in rural areas. The
project is expected to be completed by 2009 and will benefit 90,000 families living below the poverty line
who will be provided with sanitation. (no. of people?). how many actually done till now?
Rural area
Rural Development Department
Rural Development Department and local NGO (Total Sanitation Campaign)
UNICEF
Separate streams of anal wash water, urine and faeces respectively
Double-vault UDDT
Irrigation / fertiliser in the house garden
The cost of the special toilet was INR. 11,000 (approx. 160 €) of which UNICEF would give INR. 5,000 and
MYRADA had agreed to give INR 2,500. The project beneficiaries would contribute INR 3,500 by way of
labour or material.
Basic design information and experience from SCOPE Project in Kameshwaram- i.e. a double-vault UDDT
http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/17/stories/2006121711070300.htm; For further information on all projects launched by the Toilet Sanitation Campaign see
http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/17/stories/2006121711070300.htm
Mrs. N.T. Abroo, Manioj Kumar and Mr. Venugopal, Rural Development Department, State Government of
Karnataka; cse@cseindia.org
08.01.2007 - Sören new; Analiza added some information on 28.08.2008; updated and changed
01.09.2009, Isabelle Kunze (isa.kunze@gmail.com)
No
follow up if and when implemented, ask martin.wafler@seecon.ch
132
India
Sustainable sanitation infrastructure project at the pilgrimage town of Pandharpur, Maharashtra
Public toilets for pilgrimage town
Pandharpur
Pandharpur, Solapur District, state of Maharashtra, India
2006 - ongoing planning process.
The Ecosan Services Foundation from Pune, India, is conducting a sanitation feasibility study for the city
of Pandharpur. The design and construction of a reuse-oriented ecosan system will follow. After a first
draft prefeasibility study has been conducted, the project proposal has been submitted to Pandharpur
Municipal Council and Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran State Environment Department. Based on the
expertise of seecon consultancy, the project is about to start in about one year.
Planning process
Mid-size city (100,000 permanent residents, 25,000 floating population, several 100,000 up to 1 million
devotees on several occasions)
Seecon and IESNI
Seecon and IESNI
The project is conducted with collaboration of the city council, the Maharashtra Pollution Board, GTZ and
Seecon International
Located at the banks of the Bhima-River, the town is one of the most important pilgrimage places of the
state. Makeshift toilets are provided along the riverbanks during festival seasons and the sanitary situation
in general is poor. The small pilgrimage town lacks the necessary infrastructure, which leads to
environmental stress resulting in a steady degradation of environmental status/conditions of the town.
Separate streams of urine and faeces respectively
Proposed: Source-separate collection, treatment and reuse
Pictures about the Pandharpur project are available on flickr:

http://www.flickr.com/photos/gtzecosan/sets/72157606536182337/.
Dr. Johannes Heeb, johannes.heeb@seecon.eu, seecon gmbh, Bahnhofstrasse 2, CH-6110 Wolhusen,

+41-79-366-6850; Martin Wafler, martin.wafler@seecon.ch, seecon gmbh, Löwengasse 47, 1030 Vienna,
Austria, +43-650-511-8669
New: Sören, 16.11.06; update: 03.09.2009 Isabelle Kunze (isa.kunze@gmail.com)
No
133
India
Pour-flush toilets with biogas plant at DSK (Dalit Shakti Kendra) Training Institute, Gujarat
Sanitation facilities upgraded in a boarding training institute using systems with separated waste streams,
on-site treatment and reuse of products.
Dalit Shakti Kendra Training Centre, Nani Devti Village near Sanand, Ahmedabad District, Gujarat
Province
2004 - 2006
Start: 09/2004
Start of construction: 02/2005
300 students, 500 visitors per month

One sanitation complex with 22 pour-flush toilet cabins (11 for females and 11 for males). 2 UDDTs next
to the men's hostel. 1 UDDT next to the women's hostel. 1 urinal centre (with multiple male and femal
urinals)
Rural area: vocational training institute with boarding facilities
Navsarjan Trust, seecon international, GTZ, IEES
Navsarjan Trust, seecon international, GTZ, IEES (International Centre fo Ecological Engineering)
Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)
The DSK institute wastewater was collected and infiltrated into the ground by two soak-pits located close
to the
hostel building. The following reasons led to a malfunction of the system:
· Due to the lack of maintenance (sludge removal of the soakpits), sludge accumulated at the bottom and
walls of the soak-pits leading to an insufficient infiltration of the wastewater into the ground.
· In addition, wastewater was not discharged into the soakpits at ground level but at a depth of 3 m below
ground. This caused a permanently flooded sewer and soak-pits, resulting in significant odour as well as
unhygienic conditions (flies breeding contributing to the transmission of diseases).
· The groundwater level varies between 5 m (during dry season) and only 1.5 m below ground (during
rainy season). It can therefore be assumed that wastewater also mixed with
the groundwater, which was a severe health risk as groundwater is used for drinking water.
The Institute was planning an expansion, and hence a new sanitation concept was also developed.
Navasarjan Trust aims at eliminating discrimination based on caste to assure equality of status and
opportunities. Manual scavenging practices should stop with the help of ecosan and hence such a
sanitation system was implemented
Black water; urine; dried faeces; greywater streams.
Pour-flush toilets connected with biogas plant; sludge drying bed.

Men and women urinals (used with flushing water); single-vault UDDTS; urine storage/hygienisation tanks.
Organic filter; elevated grey-water gardens.
Biogas: used as a substitute to Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and firewood cooking; Slurry: used as a
soil conditioner (e.g. growing seeds);
Source-separated urine collected from the urinal centre (with flush water) and the UDDTs: applied after
storage as a nitrogen-rich liquid organic fertiliser in the kitchen-garden and campus lawn.
Greywater from dishwashing: treated by organic (straw) filter, stored and used to irrigate nearby
plantations.
Greywater from bathrooms: pre-treated in elevated greywater gardens and any surplus that does not
infiltrate is collected in a tank and reused for irrigation purposes in the dry season.
Sanitation Complex:
Toilet cabins with pour (low) flush squatting pans (with water seal) using 4-5 L per flush, arranged in a
circular shape around a biogas plant located in the center.
Biogas plant: It has a "floating drum" cover which simultaneously stores and provides the produced gas at
a constant pressure. The daily amount of blackwater of 1.4 to 2.4 m3/d. With the given volume of the
biogas digester of 27.3 m³, this results in a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 11 to 20 days. With a HRT of
11 days at mesophilic temperatures, anaerobic decomposition and hygienisation (if at all) will however be
Urinal
very lowcentre:
(being due to incorrect In
investigated). installation of 'membrane
order to increase valves'
the gas attached
production at thematerial
organic urinal drains for odour
is sometimes added
control
from theand to reduce the
neighbouring water cow
farmer’s consumption,
manure. odours came out of the drains. Hence, flushing became
necessary for both ladies' and gents' urinals. Consequently, the membrane valves have been removed
and
UDDTstoday
andthe urinal is flushed 8 times a day. A solution could consist of installing a 3-way-valve that
urinals:
would
3-hole collect the flushing
squatting, UD panswaterused.separately from the urine.
For SuSanA
Biogas plant:Case
with
5 urine tanks 3 m Study
3 the on
actual DSK
numberVocational Training
of students Centre (2009)
permanently presentsee:
on the campus, the volume of
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-india-gurajat-navsarjan-dsk.pdf.
biogas plant has become insufficient. This results in a hydraulic retention time being much lower than the
Panse, Dayanand,
one initially designed B. for.
(2006): Ecological sanitation - a need for today! Progress on ecosan in India.
Available
Compost: at gtz homepage:
sludge http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-innovative-ecosan-network-india-
from the biogas plant goes into a drying bed for composting/storage for further reuse.
progress-text-2006.pdf.
Solutions to avoid the moistening of compost due to monsoon (e.g. by elevating the drying beds) are being
For Navsarjan
GTZ-ecosan
deing Trust website see: http://navsarjan.org/dalitshaktikendra.
Auslandspraktikanten-
discussed. und Baselinestudien-Tage 2004 - Martin Wafler- GTZ Division 44
Wafler, M. (2006): Report on Case Studies of ecosan Pilot Projects in India, Version 1, September 5th,
2006.
Martin Wafler, martin.wafler@seecon.ch, seecon gmbh, Löwengasse 47, 1030 Vienna, Austria, +43-650-
511-8689
Dania 14.02.2006
updated: Sören, 15.11.06; update: 23.5.07 Yaniv; updated 10.09.2009, Isabelle Kunze
(isa.kunze@gmail.com); Nadira Khawaja (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com), 5.11.09, filled in information from
susana case study.
see http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-india-gurajat-navsarjan-
dsk.pdf
http://www.sanimap.net/xoops2/modules/gnavi/index.php?lid=160
134
India
Community-based, public toilet centre with a decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse
system (pilot project) at Ullalu Upanagara, Bangalore
Public toilet centre in an urban area, using DEWATS (decentralised wastewater treatment systems) and
reuse of products
Ullalu Upanagara, Bangalore
Consortium for DEWATS Dissemination

#621, 5th Main Road, OMBR Layout, Banaswadi Post, Bangalore 560 033
Tel Fax: +91-080-25452805 / 25452804
2006
The toilet centre comprises11 toilets and one shower facility each, for men and women. There are 10
washing slabs in each section for up to 750 users per day .
Urban area
BORDA (Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association)
BORDA
Separate streams of blackwater and greywater respectively
Hot water required for bathing is provided through biogas-fuelled heaters. The biogas is generated from
the biogas digesters that are part of the treatment system. Blackwater is treated by a biogas settler
followed by a baffled reactor and finally a planted gravel filter. Greywater from laundry and washbasins is
directed to planted gravel filters.
Groundwater recharge by soak pits of treated wastewater; biogas for heating purposes
11.5 m3/day treatment capacity; hot water required for bathing provided through biogas-fuelled heaters
- It was observed that the Planted Gravel Filter (PGF) had water stagnation and the filter material was
choked with mud. The reason for this might be the result of the levelling of ground surrounding the PGF.
Due to recent rains, mud was washed into the PGF. This stagnation resulted in reduced efficiency of the
PGF. Filter material has to be replaced or cleaned in the upcoming maintenance session to re-establish
permeability.
BORDA
- Educate(2006): Maintenance
CBS users about theactivities
usage andat CBS unit -ofUllalu
flushing Upanagara.
the toilet Seethem
and instruct http://www.borda-sa.org/modules/news/article.php?storyid=60
not to use toilet for the (viewed 03.09
disposal of unwanted cloth and other non-degradable material to avoid blockage.
For further information on BORDA South Asia see http://www.borda-sa.org.
email: bangalore@cddindia.org
New: Sören, 15.06.2007; update: 03.09.2009, Isabelle Kunze (isa.kunze@gmail.com)
No
135
India
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (locally known as composting toilets) for ten schools in rural
areas (including tsunami hit villages), Tamil Nadu
Village school toilets: urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs)
St.Sebastian School, Kameshwaram Village

Government Higher Secondary School, P.R. Puram
Annai Ashram Girls Higher Secondary School, Trichy
Musiri Primary School, Musiri
Thakkalai Panchayat Union Primary School, Kanyakumari
Various time
Panchayat periods,
Union starting
Primary approximately
School, Lathur 2007
Thimmapurum School, Krishnagiri District
Thogarapalli Girls Primary School, Krishnagiri District
Santhur Girls Primary School, Krishnagiri District
Bahalur Girls Primary School, Krishnagiri District
completed
In the mixed gender schools, there are separate toilet blocks for girls and boys.
St.Sebastian School, Kameshwaram Village: toilets 4, urinals 40, users 750
Government Higher Secondary School, P.R. Puram: toilets 2, urinals 20, users 540
Annai Ashram Girls Higher Secondary School, Trichy: toilets 2, urinals 10, users 400
Musiri Primary School, Musiri: toilets 2, urinals 14, users 117
Rural areaPanchayat Union Primary School, Kanyakumari: toilet 1, urinals 5, users 65
Thakkalai
Panchayat Union Primary School, Lathur: toilets 2, users 140
Thimmapurum School, Krishnagiri District: toilets 4, urinals 20, users 675
Thogarapalli Girls Primary School, Krishnagiri District: toilets 4, urinals 10, users 810
Santhur Girls Primary School, Krishnagiri District: toilets 4, urinals 10, users 730
For Kameshwaram
Bahalur Village:
Girls Primary Savior
School, Oser La
Krishnagiri Solidarite
District: (SOS),
toilets France;
4, urinals 10,SCOPE, India
users 480
I.e. total number of toilets and urinals is 168 with 4,707 users
SCOPE
For Kameshwaram Village: Funds raised by activists of SOS (Savior Oser la Solidarite) France; school
management
Kameshwaram Village was hit by tsunami; special problems of conventional toilets in high water table and
sandy coastal areas.
Separate urine, faeces, and washwater streams respectively
Double-vault UDDTs, and sanitary napkin incinerator with some toilets
Urine and wash water are used for irrigation, e.g. of adjacent cashew plantation
Dried faeces used for agriculture.
INR 200,000 (approx. 2,900 €) to construct toilets; Rs 250,000 (approx. 3,600 €) to construct incinerator
In Kameshwaram Village: Rs 20,000 were paid by the school

Good education should aim at inculcating in the minds of children the need for promoting health and
hygienic
The washpractices that are
water drains also environmentally
through friendly.
the hole in the wash The
water bowlimplementation
and is taken of
to urine-diversion
a filter bed that toilets was
filters out
a success
faecal and,
matter in therefore, shouldFrom
the wash water. be implemented
the filter pit in
thethe whole
water state.
flows out to vegetation near by. A blackened
vent pipe fixed in the faecal chamber quickens the dehydration of the faecal matter.
The Hindu newspaper. Village school gets 'ecosan' toilet (30.05.2007), see
http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/30/stories/2007053012170300.htm.
M. Subburaman
SCOPE
P/17 6th Cross, Ahamed Colony, Ramalinganagar, Trichy 620003, Tamil Nadu, India
scopeagency86@rediffmail.com
scopeagency86@sify.com
new: Yaniv, 30.07.07; updated 19.08.2009 by Isabelle Kunze (isa.kunze@gmail.com); details added from
scope website, 5.11.09, Nadira Khawaja (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) and later update from email of M.
Subburaman.
No
136
India
Three public urine diversion dehydration toilet complexes (locally known as Ecosan Community
Compost Toilets) in Musiri Town linked to agricultural research trials at Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University, Tamil Nadu
Community urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in a small town and agricultural research trials with
urine
Musiri Town, Tamil Nadu
Saliyar Street, Musiri Town,

Parisalthurai Road, Musiri Town
Nataraja Nagar, Musiri Town
2005 - ongoing
Sep 2005: start of construction; Apr 2006: the opening; Tamil Nadu Agricultural University will research the
use of urine as fertiliser; Two major milestones have taken place in Ecosan movement in India in June
2009. Compost from the first chamber in the first Ecosan Community Compost Toilet (ECCT) in Musiri was
taken out. Furthermore, the first banana bunch (it weighed 17kg and had 202 fruits) raised under the
UNICEF-SEI research project, using urine as liquid fertiliser was harvested.
Three community toilet complexes with two blocks each, one for men and the other for women.
Saliyar Street, 7 + 7 toilets, 310 users

Parisalthurai Road, 7 + 7 toilets, 260 users
Nataraja Nagar, 3 + 3, 120 users
Small
i.e. town
total (35,000
34 toilets inhabitants)
and 690 users
SCOPE (India)
SCOPE (India)
WASTE (the Netherlands); UNICEF-SEI research project; Trichy based National Research Centre for
Banana (NRCB)
Risk of groundwater pollution due to high water table. 50% of the population who do not have domestic
toilets and resort to open defecation, contaminating the Cauvery River
Separate streams of urine, faeces, wash water respectively
3-hole squatting slab (and pedestal toilet constructed for the elderly and handicapped people); UDDTs;
wash water collection in a bed filter
Diluted urine used as fertiliser in nearby farm for paddy, banana and sugarcane culivation; filtered wash
water used in nearby farm for banana plantation. Dried faeces used in agriculture.
Rs 900,000 (approx. 12,900 €) per toilet for construction; user fees for operation

Two months awareness programme for the residents was launched; residents also visited the site during
the
Theconstruction
wash water phase.
drains through the hole in the wash water bowl and is taken to a filter bed that filters out
Fertiliser trials:in the wash water. From the filter pit the water flows out to vegetation near by. A blackened
faecal matter
Banana crop was
vent pipe fixed in the grown withchamber
faecal 30, 40, 50 and 60the
quickens litres of human urine
dehydration of theapplication with irrigation water along
faecal matter.
with graded levels of commercial potassium fertilisers. Application of 50 litres of human urine per plant
WASTE
with 75%email bulletin 52,commercial
recommended May 2006; potassium fertiliser recorded 32.1% more plant height, 25.6% more
Scope (2006)girth,
pseudostem Options
71.5%for more
sanitation.
numberPPof
presentation
leaves and in Mexico
68.8% City;
more leaf area, 25% more leaf nitrogen
The Hindu newspaper,
concentration, 52.6% more 16.4.07, Reporter's
phosphorus Diary
concentration and 6.5% more leaf potassium than normally
grown banana plants without urine application. Seasonal leaf spot disease incidence and sodium toxicity
(salinity) symptoms were not recorded with the application of human urine as liquid organic fertiliser, in
For information
banana. Detailed onstudies
projectononyield
SCOPE homepage
parameters, see:quality
edible http://www.scopetrichy.com/First_ECCT_Musiri.asp.
of banana fruits will be studied. The final Newspaper article see: http://www.hindu.com/
outcome of this experiment may pave solutions for impending challenges, in near future of Indian
agriculture.
M. Subburaman
SCOPE, P/17 6th Cross, Ahamed Colony, Ramalinganagar, Trichy 620003, Tamil Nadu, India
scopeagency86@rediffmail.com
scopeagency86@sify.com
new: Yaniv, 30.07.07; updated: 03.09.2009, Isabelle Kunze (isa.kunze@gmail.com)

updated 16.11.09 Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) from email of M. Subburaman
No
137
India
Decentralised wastewater management at Adarsh College, Badlapur, Maharashtra
Decentralised, reuse-oriented wastewater management at Adarsh Vidyaprasarak Sanstha’s College of

Arts & Commerce
Badlapur in the state of Maharashtra
Adarsh Vidya Mandir, Kulgaon Badlapur Municipal Corporation - East, Maharastra State, India, 421503
2006 - 2008
Inauguration of the new sanitation centre and the wastewater treatment scheme- January, 2007.
Start of construction: Apr. 2006

End of construction: Jun. 2008
Start of operation: Sep. 2008 (Project completed)
Approx. 2,600 students attending Senior and Junior College daily (1300 morning 1-6 standard, 1300
afternoon 7- 12 standard) and up to 800 people attending special programmes (such as wedding
ceremonies) on about 20 occasions per year
Urban area: college
Ecosan Services Foundation (ESF), Seecon gmbh, Paradigm Environmental Strategies Ltd.
Kulgaon Badlapur Muncipal Council, with technical support by Ecosan Services Foundation, Pune,
Maharashtra
EU-funded AsiaProEco II - project

GTZ-ecosan cell
Awareness amongst students: Awareness programmes for teachers and students were done for ecosan
concept and an overview of the implemented project. The council plans to replicate the concept in other
areas after evaluating the findings of this decentralised, reuse-oriented school sanitation project. Capacity
development and awareness-raising is being carried out parallel to the technical installation in order to
ensure the correct operation of the system in the future.
Separate brown and yellow water streams from the toilets used by students. Any black water from other
toilets?
Waterless urinals, Biogas settler, Anaerobic Baffle Reactor, Anaerobic Up-flow filter, Planted Gravel Filter,
Polishing pond (original entry mentioned pour-flush and UDDTs?)
Urine collected from gent's waterless urinals is stored and reused as fertliser in garden; treated greywater
for irrigation (biogas, effluent, sludge?)
430,000 INR (approx. 6,200 €)
Total wastewater is 8 m3, BOD in = 1500 mg/L , COD in = 3000 mg/L. Treatment system is designed to
handle also additional load → Organic load of 12 kgCOD/day and peak flow of 1 m3/h (about 125 toilet
uses/h).
For further information provided by the Ecosan Services Foundation's (ESF) School Sanitation Project on Progress see:http://www2.gtz.de/Dokumente/o
http://www.ecosanservices.org/page.php?id=1
Kulgaon Badlapur Municipal Council opp. Badalapur Railway Station Badlapur€ Tal-AmbernathDist-Thane,Maharashtra, Indiaphone: +91-(0)251-269039

Update 19.05.2009, Philipp Feiereisen;
Update 08.09.2009, Isabelle Kunze (isa.kunze@gmail.com)
Update 06.10.2009, Mrs Pradnya Thakur (ESF) (email:pradnyathakur@yahoo.co.in)
see http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-india-badlapur-adarsh-
school.pdf
see http://www.sanimap.net/xoops2/modules/gnavi/index.php?lid=168.
138
India
Zero-discharge, recycling toilet being tested for Indian trains and communal toilet blocks, Kanpur,
Uttar Pradesh
Pilot project for trialling an ecological toilet for trains and public toilets that minimises water use and reuses
outputs.
Kanpur (toilet development), Aligarh (communal toilet testing), Lucknow-Chennai train (toilet testing in
train)
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.

Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh.
2007 to ongoing
Toilet model developed in 2007 and installed at IIT Kanpur. Currently testing phase by Indian Railways
(along with another ecological toilet) in trains. Indian Railways will install ecological toilet in its 9,000 trains
by 2011-2013. Meanwhile, UNICEF trialling toilet in Aligarh in a communal toilet block.
Four toilets have been installed in a congested locality of Aligarh by UNICEF where most households do
not have toilet facilities – or the toilets discharge into open drains. Each toilet is designed for 25 users per
day, so the new toilet block serves 100 people.
Toilet in testing phase for Indian trains. In the future, 9,000 trains will be equipped with the toilet.
A full-scale model of the zero-discharge toilet was installed at the IIT Kanpur campus more than two years
ago and is still in operation.
IIT Kanpur, Indian Railway, UNICEF
A lack of access to proper sanitation in rural and urban regions threatens to hold India back. Conscious of
water shortages, an ever-increasing population and its important role in tackling climate change, India is
trying to find solutions to sanitation shortfalls that conserve water while providing access to a greater
number of people. The Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur has created just such a solution – a
zero-discharge toilet. A large proportion of the Indian population do not have access to public toilets, let
alone a domestic connection, so the zero-discharge toilet is being tried out in the public domain.
Furthermore, at the request of Indian Railways, via government funding, Tare and his team at IIT Kanpur
were asked to develop a new sanitation system for the national railway network. Filthy conditions at
railway stations, corrosion of rails and the underside of carriages, and a desire to improve sanitary
conditions on the nation’s vast rail network led Indian Railways to approach IIT Kanpur. Officials wanted a
system that used limited fresh water and prevented waste from coming into contact with infrastructure.
Railways Minister Lalu Prasad – who has become something of a national icon – is credited with
transforming Indian Railways from near bankruptcy several years ago to a thriving enterprise now making
billions of dollars a year in profit. “Lalu Prasad wants change in India. He has traveled all over the world to
look at what kind of toilet systems are being used in trains,” Tare says. “The railways came to the
conclusion that none of the toilet systems available in the world are appropriate for Indian conditions, so
that is why they are interested in our research.”
Separated out streams of solids (faecal material) and liquids (urine, flush water, and cleansing water) from
a flush toilet.
Flush toilet with tank and separator below the toilet; filters; microbial cultures; pre-composting;
vermicomposting; liquid evaporation.
Compost and nutrients to be used for soil amelioration, water reused for flushing.
The main body of the toilet is essentially the same. Typically for a domestic toilet the additional cost (on
top of the toilet itself) will equate to $US 65 to $US 86 per toilet.
The main body of the zero-discharge toilet is identical to a conventional model, but the collection and
processing of waste is entirely different. A tank and separator device is installed to the P-trap (water seal)
below the toilet that divides solids and liquids. The separator generates a thin film of water that adheres to
the surface and flows outwards, collecting liquids (the water is guided into pipes in the sides that take it to
another tank), and the solids gravitate into the central retention compartment. The pipes are fitted with
microfilters made of high quality poly vinyl chloride which clean the liquid. The microfilters do not cost
more than Rs 100 and last at least a year. In community toilets where electricity may not be available,
-handThe pumps
implementation
can be usedof dryto toilets
take the in trains
filterediswater
a useful way
to an to save tank.
overhead fresh Itwater,
needsand minimise
to be pumped wastewater
twice or
production.
thrice a day.Overall,
Treatmentthe of
toilets decreases
the liquid is onlytheto level of fresh
a certain levelwater
becauseconsumption.
it is reused only for flushing and
-remains
Using faecal
in the matter
closed in vermicomposting
loop. Specially developed is tricky.microbial cultures are used for eliminating odors. No
-compromise
The compost is currently
made on being
hygiene, produced at theisIIT
as the toilet campus
flushed is adequate
with of good quality. It can
volumes be bought
of water. The for
onlyRs 10
fresh
per kg.
water used in the operation of the toilet is for personal cleaning (about 1.5 L per person per use). Over
Misa,
-The S. S.
the (2008):ofZero-waste
time, zero-discharge
quantity toilet
the flush toilets developed
is relatively
solution inexpensive,
increases, by particularly
so IIT Kanpur.
the excess whenIntaken
is Down to Earth
compared
out every magazine,
with to five Nr.
twoconventional
days.31 It2008.
is
Available
alternatives.at: http://www.downtoearth.org.in/full6.asp?
then evaporated using solar energy to obtain valuable nutrients present in human urine. The solids
foldername=20080131&filename=news&sec_id=50&sid=39
gradually disintegrate to form a slurry, which is removed from the toilet periodically. The tank containing
For
solidadditional
waste cancontact details
have exit andconnected
points information to on technology
pipes, which can usedbe see International
sucked Water and into
out and transferred Sanitation
Centre
containers(IRC)or article onInproject,
trolleys. available
the railways, onceat:the
http://www.irc.nl/page/39337
train moves into the yard, pipes could be attached to these
For furtherand
Basantani,
exit points M.information
(2008).
the tanks on railways
Indian IIT Kanpur
emptied. thensee:
It isgoing http://www.iitk.ac.in/.
green
converted withinto
eco-toilets.
quality organic manure via activated aerobic
http://www.inhabitat.com/2008/05/15/indian-railways-going-green-with-eco-toilets/
composting followed by vermi-composting.
Follow-up article by Tufvesson, A. (2009). India trials new train toilet.
http://www.worldplumbinginfo.com/article/india-trials-new-train-toilet
Prof. Vinod Tare from the Environmental Engineering Department of the IIT Kanpur, India,
Tel.: +91-512- 2597792, Email: vinod@iitk.ac.in
Analiza from Newsletter 28 dated June 2008: 29.08. 2008; update 09.09.2009, Isabelle Kunze
(isa.kunze@gmail.com); update 12.11.09, adding details from articles on the web, Nadira Khawaja
(nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com).
No
No
139
India
Decentralised wastewater treatment in Shree Baleshwar Anudanit Primary and Secondary Ashram
School, Sarole Pathar, Maharashtra
Upgrading school sanitation with decentralised greywater treatment and reuse.
Sarole Pathar, District Ahmadnagar, Maharashtra State
Shree Baleshwar Anudanit Primary and Secondary Ashram School (Tribal Boarding School)
Sarole Pathar, Tal Sangamner, Dist. Ahmadnagar, 422620, Maharashtra State, India
2008 - 2009
Start of Planning: 03/2008;

End of construction: 05/2008;
Start of operation: 01/2009 (Completed Project)
Treatment system designed for 520 people. (A residential school with 200 tribal boys and 200 tribal
girls living and having classes there; 100 non-tribal girls living at the school but going to a
nearby school for classes; 20 teaching and non-teaching staff.)
Rural area: boarding school for tribal students
Ecosan Services Foundation (ESF), Paradigm Environmental Strategies Ltd. (http://ecoparadigm.com/)

seecon gmbh ?
Shree Baleshwar Anudanit Primary and Secondary Ashram School; Watershed NGO; Pradigm
Environmental Strategies Ltd.?
EU-funded AsiaProEco II - project
Currently there is one toilet block for boys (5 toilets, 7 urinals, 6 bathrooms) and one for girls
(6 toilets, 7 urinals, 6 bathrooms). Each toilet (low flush toilet, rural pan) block has a water
tank with a capacity of about 2 m3 in its centre. The students can use a bucket to take water from there for
flushing after toilet use, anal cleansing, showering and washing clothes. The urinals are waterless and the
urine flows out into a trench system through which the water from showering and washing clothes also
flows; i.e. the urine gets flushed with this water to the outlet of the toilet block and from there directly into
the open field outside the school premises. The wastewater from toilet use flows into a septic tank (each
toilet block has a ST), and from there direct into the open field. The sanitary infrastructure was built in
1996. Since then the ST has never been desludged and therefore it is to be expected that the ST is full of
faecal sludge and the retention time of the blackwater in the tank has been substantially reduced, which
also reduces the treatment efficiency of the ST. Considering this status and that this is a water shadow
area, the need of reuse of water is a necessity. Hence a decentralised treatment system for grey water
has been finalised. Moreover, open defecation in the same premises has been observed. The school has
suggested to increase the number of toilet blocks along with the shower facility. There is no toilet facility
for teachers and non-teaching staff. Hence in the memorandum of understanding, it is suggested to have
a separate toilet provision for them.
Separate streams of urine (yellowwater), brown water from toilets, and greywater from bathrooms,
washing clothes etc.
Organic filter; vertical flow constructed wetland
The treated water shall be used for irrigation purposes at the school premises. Vegetation from wetland
presumably harvested and used as forage.
Approximately INR 530,000 (7,600 €)
- Primary treatment of greywater and/or greywater-urine mixture (17.5 m3/d) in vertical flow organic filter to
remove solids (filled with rice husk, saw dust). Surface area and height of the organic filter media are 1 - 4
m2 (depending on anticipated wastewater production) and 0.90 m, respectively.
- Secondary treatment in a horizontal flow constructed wetland. Length and width is 6 by 20 m. The main
filter media is fine gravel with a grain size of 4 - 8 mm. The height of filter media (at inlet) is approx.. 0.80
m. while the saturated water depth is approx. 0.60 m. The wetland shall be operated as a “productive
wetland” growing (hybrid) Napier grass (also referred to as "Elephant grass" due to its height and vigorous
vegetative growth, "Sudan grass" or "King grass"), which is an improved fodder grass that produces a lot
of high-protein forage.
- Collection of effluent in a tank, ready for irrigation reuse on the campus. The pond/tank has an effective
volume of 14 m³ at a maximum depth of about 1.20 m.
- 2.5 m3/d black water is wastewater inflow (???). isnt this brown water. what is the treatment?? what
Shree Baleshwar
happenend to ST,Anudanit Primaryabout
what is decided and Secondary Ashram
urine? treatment School
only Case for
described Study (draft) is available on SuSaA website: http://www.susana.org/images/docu
greywater.
- The construction is brickwork (double brick) with external and internal (watertight) plastering.
For further information on the project see http://www.ecosanservices.org/page.php?id=1008
Shree Baleshwar Anudanit Primary and Secondary Ashram School, Sarole Pathar, Tal Sangamner, Dist.
Ahmadnagar, 422 620, Maharastra State, India
Update 10.09.2009, Isabelle Kunze.

Update 06.10.09 Mrs. Pradnya Thakur (email:pradnyathakur@yahoo.co.in)
Update 12.11.09 Nadira Khawaja from Susana case study (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com)
No
140
India
Urban decentralised wastewater management, Badlapur, Maharashtra
Decentralised wastewater management and reuse concept
Badlapur, Maharashtra State
Madha Housing Society, Badlapur, District Thane, Maharashtra, India
2008 to ?
Start of Planning: 2008

Under consideration by ULB for funding.
Decentralised wastewater treatment scheme for 300 + 240 households (stage I & II, respectively) approx:
2000 persons
Township sanitation
Ecosan Services Foundation (ESF)

Paradigm Environmental Strategies Ltd.?
Kulgaon Badlapur Municipal Council
Kulgaon Badlapur Municipal Council
The wastewater from about 300 households (i.e. Cluster A) drains to a septic tank for treatment. But due
to the desolate condition of the existing sewer system a large amount of the wastewater does not even
reach the treatment system. The septic tank itself is in bad condition as well and partially filled with solid
waste dumped at the site.
Domestic watsewater
Treatment of domestic wastewater will happen in a decentralised treatment system comprising a biogas
settler, an anaerobic baffled reactor and an anaerobic upflow filter
Treated wastewater for irrigation purposes. Biogas will be converted into electricity via a (bio) gas
generator
A cost estimate suggests total project implementation costs of about INR 4,000,000 (i.e. approx. €
57,300).
Daily wastewater production is estimated to be about 200 m³. The surface area for construction of all
treatment steps is approx. 500 m2.
A SuSanA case study (draft version) is available at: http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-

studies/en-susana-cs-india-madha-housing.pdf. For images on the project design see flickr:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/gtzecosan/sets/72157613525856871/.
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-india-madha-housing.pdf
Project owner:
Kulgaon Badlapur Municipal Council opp. Badalapur Railway
Station Badlapur(E)
Taluka-Ambernath
Dist-Thane,Maharashtra, India
phone: +91-(0)251-2690397
email: rampatkar@gmail.com
web: http://www.kbmcinfo.com
Update: 10.09.2009, Isabelle Kunze (isa.kunze@gmail.com)

Updated 06.10.09 by Mrs. Pradnya Thakur (email:pradnyathakur@yahoo.co.in)
draft version see: http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-india-madha-

housing.pdf
141
India
Improved traditional composting toilets with urine diversion, Leh, Jammu and Kashmir
Demonstration project on revitalisation of traditional ecological sanitation practices
Leh, in the state of Jammu and Kashmir
LEDeG (Ladakh Ecological Development Group) Ecology Centre,

Karzoo, Leh, Ladakh 194101
Jammu & Kashmir, India
1985 - 2006
1. Phase: start of planning: 1985; start of operation: 1986

2. Phase: start of planning: 2005; start of operation: 2006
Phase 1: 1 demonstration toilet in the Ecology Centre guest house used by appr.100 persons/day (1-
Phase)
Phase 2: 8 ecosan separation toilets
Rural area: isolated area, mountainous landscape
LEDeG
LEDeG
BORDA, eco-solutions
As opposed to the overall situation in India which is dominated by faecophobia, in Leh traditionally excreta
were composted and seen as an important resource for nutrients since centuries.
Ladakh (“Little Tibet”) is one of the last remaining traditional cultures on earth. Leh is situated in a
mountainous desert 3,500 m above sea level with long cold winters and severe water scarcity with rainfall
below 100 mm per year. In the 1970s, tourism came to Ladakh undermining traditional agrarian lifestyle
and values. In the case of sanitation, especially in Leh people tried to replace traditional sanitation
systems by waterborne toilet systems. This development e.g. increased water supply problems and
pollution of surface and groundwater due to leakages and disposal of untreated wastewater. The
waterborne systems often simply drain into the irrigation systems of the urban and peri-urban agriculture
of Leh, leading to smell and hygienic concerns. An additional problem of waterborne systems in this region
is freezing of pipes during winters with temperatures reaching minus 30 °C. In 1978, the ecological
Ladakhi project was founded in order to preserve and develop ways of living adapted to the local
conditions and values. An indigenous NGO, LEDeG, started an Ecology Centre for visitors in Leh
establishing a soft tourism approach and facilitating close contact of tourists to the nature-based life of the
Ladakhi society. In the centre, a demonstration facility of the traditional Ladakhi toilet system is
implemented.
Combined soil, faeces and urine mixture
Traditional composting toilet; two-pit traditional toilet; trombe-wall, solar, passive toilet.
The quantity of composted excreta collected for reuse is about 3 m3 per year. The amount of soil added
per year is about 2 m3 . The excreta and soil mixture is removed once a year and traditionally reused as
fertiliser and soil conditioner, commonly in urban agriculture.
Total investment was 40,000 INR (appr. 650 Euro). The cost for each ecosan toilet in a household was
15,000 - 20,000 INR (appr. 300 Euro).
Traditional composting toilet (at the Ecology Centre): Based on the traditional local toilet system,
improved by a black-painted vent-pipe (like in VIP latrines) to ventilate the collection chamber and reduce
flies. Most traditional houses have an indoor toilet on the upper floor. Due to an extremely dry climate it is
possible to process human excreta indoors without prior diversion of urine, by using a combination of soil
composting and dehydration. On the floor of the toilet, there is a thick layer of soil from the garden. In the
floor, a drop hole leads to a small ground-floor room. This room can only be reached from the outside.
People excrete on the soil which is on the floor and then push soil and excreta together down the drop
-hole. If theUrine
demonstration
goes the same toilet way.
in theAshes
Ecology fromCenter is properly
the kitchen used and
are added frommaintained,
time to time. it is accepted
Normally as the
there is no
traditional
anal cleaning. solution.
The decomposed excreta are removed in spring and again at the end of summer and
-spread Asheson from
thethe kitchen
fields. are added
As long as the from
toilet time to maintained
is well time to reduce andmoisture andisthus
enough soil improve
pushed down compost
the drop hole
quality.
every day, there are no odours. In some cases there might be a faint smell of ammonia from urine
-splashed
Improving the traditional system with a ventilation increases the comfort of the
on the soil-covered floor of the toilet room. There is no fly breeding due to the dryness of thesystem.
SEI (2004).pile.
-soil/excreta
If compost Ecological
processDueistonot Sanitation.
the finished,
very lowittemperatures,
is brought to athe nearby fieldhas
material andnot
covered
alwayswith soil tothe
finished finalise the
composting
process.
process before collection and is thus brought to a nearby field (200 m) and covered with soil to finalise the
-composting
Problems inprocess.
the system Afteroccur,
a periodwhen peopledays,
of 20-30 practice
it is anal cleansing
applied with water. It increases the moisture
to the fields.
of
Two thepit
material and thus
traditional odor
toilet: twoandpits,flyurine
breeding.
(connected to a diversion pipe) and excreta are collected
-separately.
Adding water Theorexcreta
other liquids, apart from
are collected urine, treatment
for further makes removal(like inofthe
thetraditional
humid excreta
system). mix more difficult
see
and http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-india-leh-composting-toilet-
people refuse
Trombe wall solartopassive
do it properly
toilet system: The Trombe wall is a sunfacing-wall with a solar collector to
2009.pdf.
-heat
It may not be suitable for people with different toilet behavior (if the are clueless about the system)
-the
Information
air betweenmaterial in or nearand
the tombe-wall the thetoilet would wall
second probably
of theraise
room, the awareness
where aboutare
the excreta thestored.
advantages
The of the
traditional toilet
temperature risesand explain
inside andsomeeven of in the
the visitors
night it (mainly
keeps atourists) how it works.
higher temperatureinside than outside.
- There are different problems caused by the long cold winters: the urine diversion does not work, because
LEDEG
the urine freezes in the diversion pipe; the urine freezes inside the storage container; to hygienise the
Ladakh
urine forEcological
reuse, theDevelopment
storage time has Group to be extended, because the temperature is to low during wintertime.
Director: Sonam
- The quantity Dawa
of the “human fertiliser” is too high for reuse, because agricultural activities are taking place
only a few months of the year.
Updated 18.05.2009 Philipp Feiereisen; updated 11.09.09 Isabelle Kunze (isa.kunze@gmail.com);

updated Nadira Khawaja from case study 12.11.09 (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com)
yes, see http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-india-leh-composting-

toilet-2009.pdf.
142
India
Demonstration of household urine diversion dehydration toilets in Nagasandra Village, Karnataka
Demonstration of household urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) with reuse of urine and dried
faeces for promotion as a productive sanitation option in an agricultural village
Nagasandra Village near Berngaluru in the state of Karnataka
2008
9 double-vault UDDTs (one per household), assuming 5 people per family (said in film)
Rural area
Mythri Sarva Seva Samithi, Gram Panchayat (local governments at the village or small town level),
WASTE
Mythri Sarva Seva Samithi, Gram Panchayat, WASTE
WASTE, Dr. Srinivasamurty / PhD students from Arghyam- GKVK Centre of Excellence on Productive
Sanitation, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore
Nagasandra is a village comprising 65 households. Agriculture and animal husbandry are the main
occupations in the village. The village had 55 acres of irrigated land and 130 acres of rain-fed agricultural
land.
Separate streams of faeces, urine and anal cleansing water respectively.
Double-vault UDDT
Urine used as liquid fertiliser; faeces used as a soil conditioner
- Two above-ground defecation chambers, used alternatively.

- First chamber opened after storage time of 8 months.
- Use cover of millet grain and ash from cooking as drying and cover material after defecation.
- Urine stored in a container or pipe leads directly to neighbouring fields for fertilisation of ash gourd crop.
- Wash water appears to be used in the fields.
- On the 1st of September, 2009 the first dessicating chamber was successfully opened. The dried matter
had no smell was excellently dessicated and has been picked up for pathogen and nutrient analysis.
- In the same village, the Arghyam- GKVK Centre of Excellence on productive sanitation runs a farmers'
field trial. The latest experiment has been on ash gourd and this too has shown excellent results with
human urine application in 3 split doses. The crop flowered early, sprouted fruit early and had larger fruits
Project is demonstrated on You Tube, see http://www.youtube.com/watch?
than usual.
v=RRTPFs6JRX0&feature=channel_page.
- Productive sanitation has a bright future if executed properly.
Vishvanath Skrikantaiah, email: zenrainman@gmail.com
New, 08.09.2009 Isabelle Kunze (isa.kunze@gmail.com)

Update 12.11.2009 Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) from youtube film
No
143
India
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households, Ranchi, Jharkhand
Construction of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in a rural area with reuse for fertiliser
Jagriti Vihara, Mcluskieganj-829208, Jharkhand, Ranchi District, Jharkhand State, India
05/2008 - 12/2008
35 households presumably with a UDDT each and estimated 175 users (assumption from country list of 5
people per household)
Rural area: hilly terrain, tribal village
Jagriti Vihara
Jagriti Vihara
SEI-UNICEF
Poor sanitation conditions.

Presumably separate streams of urine, faeces and washwater respectively
UDDT
Urine used as fertiliser for kitchen gardening
INR: 374,000 (US$ 8,300)
Final report will be available soon.
saxena.ajitkumar@gmail.com, Prakash Kumar WES Consultant Delhi India, prakaash.kr@gmail.com
new, 25.08.2009, Isabelle Kunze (isa.kunze@gmail.com)
No
144
India
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for the rural poor, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Construction of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in a rural area with reuse for fertiliser
Tamilnadu Ecosan Initiatives, Arputham Illam, 2/362,Mettu Street , Ayyappanthangal, Chennai: 600056,
Tamilnadu
10/2008-09/2009
Rural area
Tamilnadu Ecosan Initatives
Tamilnadu Ecosan Initatives
SEI-UNICEF
UDDT
Urine used for kitchen gardening/fertiliser
INR: 599,000 (US$ 13,300)
ongoing project
ecosaninitiatives@gmail.com, Prakash Kumar WES Consultant Delhi India, prakaash.kr@gmail.com
No
145
India
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households at a coastal area in Bhuvneshwar, Orissa
Construction of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) with reuse for fertiliser
Bhuvneshwar
Plan India,MIG 19, Lakshmisagar Phase II, Bhuvneshwar, Orissa state
11/2008- 06/2009
100 households presumably with a UDDT each and estimated 500 users (assumption from country list of
5 people per household)
Coastal region
PREM Plan and Plan International
PREM Plan and Plan International
SEI-UNICEF
100 % coverage with ecosan

UDDT
Urine used for vegetable/kitchen farming
INR: 800,000 (US$ 17,800)
tushar.ray@plan-international.org, Prakash Kumar WES Consultant Delhi India, prakaash.kr@gmail.com
No
146
India
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at households in the drought-prone, water-scarce area of

Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu
Construction of UDDTs and reuse of products as fertiliser
Dindigul
Rural Education and Action for Liberation (REAL) , M2/179, R M Colony, 12th Cross Street, Dindigul
624008, Tamilnadu.
10/2008-09/2009
100 households presumably with a UDDT each and estimated 500 users (assumption from country list of
5 people per household)
Rural Education and Action for Liberation (REAL)
REAL
SEI-UNICEF
Poor sanitation conditions, open defecation lead to a series of health problems and caused uneasiness
among women and girls who felt insecure and prone to abuse at times.
UDDT
Urine used for vegetable farming
INR: 397,200 (US$ 8,830)
The construction of ecosan toilet systems was very successfull in order to setup a hygienic system of
human waste disposal, retrieve and reuse of nutrients from human waste and to economise water use.
Overall, the project improved the living conditions and provided a sense of security and hgyiene to
women/girls in the village.
Reports; REAL Annual report 2007/2008 http://realvpm.org/downloads/ar0708.pdf (in particular section on

Water and Sanitation, p 11/12).
real.nagai@gmail.com, Prakash Kumar WES Consultant Delhi India, prakaash.kr@gmail.com
No
147
India
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at rural households as a demonstration of an effective

sanitation option for the state of Nagaland
Piloting of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) with rural households and reuse of products in
agricultural lands, as an effective solution for the poor sanitation conditions, with the long-term view of
upscaling ecosan in the whole state.
Near Dimapur
Beisumpuikam Village 40 km away from Dimapur, Peren District, Nagaland.

Care-Centre for Environment and Rural Poor (C-Cerp), A-Mao Colony, United North Block, Sector B,
Khatkhati Road, Dimapur, Nagaland
12/2008-07/ 2009
20 toilets with rural households, with estimated 100 people (assuming 5 people per household from
country list)
Rural area: Hilly terrain
C-CERP
C-CERP
SEI-UNICEF
This ecosan project is one of the first within Peren District in Nagaland State. The village was chosen for
the project because it is a neglected area in terms of development. The village cannot avail opportunities
from the headquarters and sanitation is very poor; its water is contaminated and unfit for human
consumption.
Separate streams of urine, faeces and wash water respectively.
Doube-vault UDDT
Faeces will be used for agriculture after one year of storage; Urine and wash water is diverted and let into
the home garden.
INR: 977,980 (US$: 21,700)

The C-Cerp toilet model costs around INR 9,000 for bamboo thatched walls and INR12,000 for cemented
structures. If used correctly, the toilet can last for 15 to 20 years.
The eco-san toilet is built above the ground with twin chambers beneath the toilet pan. Ash, soil or lime is
strewn over the collected matter to dehydrate and deodorise it. The collected matter is reduced to manure
in about one year (in Nagaland context) without any stench and can then be used for agriculture. Urine
and wash water is diverted and let into the home garden.
- UNICEF is also trying to make an impact in the GoI policy. Ecosan is just one component out of the five
ecological sanitation elements of brown, yellow, rain, grey water and solid waste.
- C-Cerp officials said they will be coming out with a document on the pilot project of eco-san in a month’s
time with inputs from users of Beisumpuikam village. The implementing agency is also in the process of
organising an awareness programme on the do’s and don’t of the eco-san toilets. And if the eco-san
Nagaland Post article
project is successful in itsentitled "Hygienic
experimentation 'eco-san'
here toilets
in the State, for rural
C-Cepr areas"
hopes (published
that with 14/08/2009)
assistance of the see: http://www.nagalandpost.com/ShowS
state government under the central scheme of TSC (Total Sanitation Campaign) and UNIECF, eco-san
would be introduced in all the villages as well as urban areas.
ccerp@rediffmail.com; Prakash Kumar WES Consultant Delhi India, prakaash.kr@gmail.com.
new, 25.08.2009, Isabelle Kunze (isa.kunze@gmail.com).

Updated 13.11.09 from articles Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com)
No
148
India
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at households in Kolkata, West Bengal
Construction of household UDDTs and reuse of products as fertiliser
Kolkata
Water for People, 26/1/1, Gariahat Road (south), Kolkata 700031
12/2008-03/2009
Coastal region
Water for People
Water for People
SEI-UNICEF
Poor sanitation conditions

UDDTs
Urine used for vegetable farming
INR: 138,000 (US$ 3,070)
Reports
rmukherjee@waterforpeople.org, Prakash Kumar WES Consultant Delhi India, prakaash.kr@gmail.com
No
149
India
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at households in a village near New Delhi
Construction of UDDTs in a rural area and reuse of products as fertiliser
near Delhi
Humana People to People India, C-183, First Floor , Madhuban, Preet Vihar, New Delhi:110092.
12/2008-12 2009
Rural area: in the plains
Humana People to people India
Humana People to people India
SEI-UNICEF
Partially covered village near Delhi

UDDT
Urine used for gardening
INR: 500,000 (US$ 11,100)
Reports
i_humana@hotmail.com,Prakash Kumar WES Consultant Delhi India, prakaash.kr@gmail.com
No
150
India
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in Thergaon Village, Maharashtra
Construction of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) on a pilot scale in a rural area
Thergaon Village, Taluka Ozar, District Nashik, Maharashtra State
2007 - 2008
Start of construction: September 2007

End of construction: April 2008
Start of operation: July 2008. Project Completed.
1 UDDT is constructed for 15 people of a family. 2 UDDTs are constructed for male and female workers of
a farm. (how many people?)
Rural area
Ecosan Services Foundation and Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikarasn (MJP)
The farmers used to use artificial fertilisers for their farms.

Separated streams of urine, faecal matter, and anal cleansing water respectively
Double-vault UDDT
Urine is reused as fertiliser for the farms. The faecal matter is not yet ready for reuse but will be applied as
fertiliser.
40,000 INR (approx. 570€)
Because of low soil bearing capacity (black cotton soil), a strong foundation of 1.2 m was necessary.
Volume of storage compartments: 1 m x 1.2 m x 1 m = 1.2 m3
Faecal chambers are used alternatively, i.e. faeceal matter is dessicated and treated by storage (storage
period?)
Farmers are using excreta as fertiliser. They are currently using stored urine, and dessicated faecal
matter (which is not yet ready ) will also be reused as fertiliser, thus reducing the cost of buying artificial
fertiliser and increasing their farm yield. The owners are satisfied with the UDDTs.
Mrs. Pradnya Thakur, Head Projects, ESF, email:pradnyathakur@yahoo.co.in
Mrs. Pradnya Thakur, on 6th October, 2009 (email:pradnyathakur@yahoo.co.in)
No
151
India
Decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse system at Oasis Resort, Pune City
Decentralised wastewater treatment system for a resort with reuse of treated effluent
Pune City
NDA road, Kothrud (Chandni Chowk area), Pune - 411029
2009
Start of construction: March 2009

End of construction: June 2009
Start of operation: September 2009
Treatment system for wastewater generated by 700 to 800 persons (floating population: per week; 200
-300 on weekdays, 500 - 600 for weekends) and 70 staff members (out of which 35 residential staff)
Urban area: resort (lodging facilities only for staff)
seecon
The resort has no municipal water supply, thus the freshwater has to be supplied by tanker. Earlier, two
treatment systems were inefficient in treating the wastewater; thus, the owner desired a reliable tratment
system for reusing treated wastewater for gardening purposes. There are flush toilets present in all
sections of the resort.
Wastewater from kitchen, from toilets (black water), from bathrooms (grey water)- combined, right?
Oil & grease trap, settler, baffle reactor, up-flow filter & collection tank
The treated wastewater will be reused for gardening purposes
Approximately INR 300,000 (approx. 4,300 €)
There was a treatment system already present. Instead of a totally new design, there are some
modifications made in the earlier design.
No
152
India
Decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse system at Kamilini Kuteer Resort, Khariv, Pune
Decentralised wastewater treatment system for a resort with reuse of treated effluent
Khariv,Taluka Velha, Pune District - 412212.
2009
Start of construction: April, 2009

End of construction: June, 2009
Start of operation: June, 2009
Ongoing monitoring period planned for: October 2009
Project end: November 2009
Serves 25 people
Rural area: resort (with lodging facilities for customers)
seecon
The resort is situated next to Kanindi River and is surrounded by agricultural land. The wastewater
produced in the resort was treated on-site in a septic tank. The effluent of the septic tank percolated into
the ground; there was no reuse of the water. Leakage of septic tank caused unhygienic conditions around
the tank and river, and therefore the owner of the resort decided to go for a more sophisticated treatment
system. A small sewer network collects and transports the entire wastewater from the bungalows and the
kitchen to a location behind the bungalows. Fresh water for the resort is pumped up daily from the nearby
river.
Wastewater from kitchen, From toilets (brown water), from bathrooms (grey water)- combined, right?
Settler, Baffle Reactor and Upflow Filter steps, already present septic tank used as collection tank
The treated wastewater will be reused for gardening purposes. Sludge can be co-composted with wet
organic material. The compost can be used as soil conditioner in the garden
INR 200,000 (approx. 2,900 €)
Generated wastewater: 5 m3/d

Inlet BOD: 240 mg/l
The tanks are designed for a desludging period of 2 years.
Concerning construction of the treatment system, the only challenge was the fact that there was a rocky
part at the location of excavation; to minimise the construction costs the location had to be shifted 1 meter.
No
153
India
Decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse system at residential complexes at Khidkali and
Desai, Thane, Mumbai
Decentralised wastewater treatment system for residential blocks (one location or two separate locations?)
and reuse of treated effluent
Thane, Mumbai
Thane, Mumbai
2008 - ongoing
Start of planning: November 2008

Stake holder meetings have been done and their consent has been taken.
Current phase: construction (excavation)
Serves 1,276 people
Urban area: residential
Enviro-con consultancy
Paradigm Environmental Strategies Ltd.
Previously, only one treatment system for the whole residential complex was planned. Due to hard rock, it
has been divided into 5 small treatment systems.
Wastewater & organic waste from kitchen, from toilets (brown water) & bathrooms (grey water)- all
combined right?
Primary treatment of the wastewater in a Biogas Settler, secondary treatment of the settler effluent in an
Anaerobic Baffle Reactor (ABR) and Fix Film Reactor (AF). Further aerobic and anaerobic treatment in a
Planted Gravel Filter (PGF); collection of the treated water in two Collection Tanks. Overflow of the tanks
into an infiltration ditch.
Treated water reused for flushing, gardening & infiltration into the ground. Sludge is disposed off through
tankers and converted into organic compost. Biogas (methane) is used for electricity generation.
5 treatment systems of 74 Kld, 79 Kld and 15 Kld at Desai ; 18Kld and 139 Kld at Khidkali. Excavation
work is going on presently.
No
154
India
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets at Poonjeri Habitation, Mahabalipurum Town, Tamil
Nadu
UDDTs for households
Mahabalipurum
Poonjeri Habitation, Masimanagar, Town Mahabalipurum, Tamilnadu
Project completed.
3 household toilets for total 15 people.
Town near seashore
Ecosan Services Foundation
Jointly by Ecosan Services Foundation and India NGO, Chennai
Mahabalipuram Town Panchayat
The project is near the seashore.There is enough space for plantation and urine application. 50 houses
were without toilets. The need of the project was of 50 toilets, but only 5 toilets were planned for individual
houses. Earlier each house used to discharge their wastewater into their gardens. The people were very
positive towards UDDTs and were ready to reuse treated human waste. A total of 3 UDDTs are functioning
for single households with 5 members in each family. (what happeneed to other 2 toilets?)
Separate streams of urine and faeces respectively. (other streams?)
Double-vault UDDT
???
INR 20,000 (approx. 290€) for a single UDDT
Size of the UDDT: 2 m x 1.20 m x 3 m
No
155
India
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for rural farming households in hilly village of
Talavadi village, Tamil Nadu
Action research with pilot, micro-credit
Talavadi village , Tamil Nadu
c/o MYRADA KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA 272 – Perumal Nagar,

Puduvalliampalayam,
Kalingiyam – 638 453
Gobichettipalayam – Taluk
Erode District (Tamil Nadu) INDIA
Jan-03 : (91) 04285 241626, 241727
Phone
Fax : (91) 04285 241 627
E-mail : myradakvk@dataone.in; myradakvk@gmail.com
Approximately 200 people
rural farming households
MYRADA KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA, and State Government
MYRADA KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA and State government
UNICEF India
The original title is 'Ecosan Toilets In Hilly Terrain'. The project consisted of development initiatives
related to integrated and organic farming and, the use of a revolving fund managed by SHG federations to
finance members to build individual eco-san latrines in Tamil Nadu
Double vault urine diversion and compost toilet. New modification introduced to use a plastic drum instead
of constructing chambers- saves about 40% of construction costs.
Agriculture
unit costs from 4,000-12,000 Indian Rupees (use exchange rate of 60 INR = 1 EUR)
The two chamber toilet will be replaced by one chamber system. A “Plastic Drum” is used for collecting
faeces for a year or so, once it fills, the drum is replaced with empty one. The filled drum is kept for six
months for decomposition and used as manure. Like wise the plastic drum is changed as on when it fills.
This reduces 40 % of the present construction cost and also reduces the cost for clearing the compost
every year, the management also comparatively easy. 29 such models were constructed in erode district
on pilot basis.
This approach followed a systematic path that graduated from farm waste to animal waste to human
waste. Eco-san in this route of waste management has filled the gap very effectively. Because of this over
all holistic approach, each household today has a bio-gas plant, bathroom with eco-friendly water heater,
eco-san toilets, kitchen garden, cow shed with urine collection tank, and space for vermi-composting
indigenous growth promoters and pest repellents, rain water harvesting, tree planting on field bunds, etc.
Evaluation report,'MYRADA
Interestingly, all KRISHI VIGYAN
these facilities are interlinked in a way to KENDRA
promote maximum utilization of waste either
being generated at household or at farm level. The journey of ecosan construction started in 2004 with 40
farm families in M.P Doddi of Talavadi hills , now after 5 years it has spread to 598 farm families. When
ECOSAN TOILETthe
UNICEF approached INKendra
HILLY to TERRAIN–
demonstrate the LESSONS
eco-san, theLEARNED' (unpublished)
organization selected the village where
the IFD program is being implemented. The farm families accepted the concept and integrated this
n/a for project
practice but available
in recycling of farm for
andMyrada Krishi
household Vigyan
waste; Kendra-
it also http://www.myradakvk.org/
supported their need for safe disposal and usage
system for human waste. Now the village looks greener and the people are living in a hygienic
environment; it stands as a model for others to advocate Eco-san with an integrated approach.In
September 2007 the strategy was mainstreamed and every district of Tamil Nadu was included in the
programme.
Prakash Kumar
Sustainable Sanitation Expert

UNICEF- Stockholm Environment Institute
New Delhi,India
Mobile:+91 9968411430
Telephone: +91-11-24606252
Fax: +91-11-24691410,24627521
Email:
enteredprakumar@unicef.org
by Belinda Abraham with information received from Prakash Kumar on 26 April 2010
no
no
156
India
Promotion of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural households in Dindigul District,
Tamil Nadu
pilot, monitoring and technical support
“Ashwath Nivas”
5-296, Anandhagiri 7th street
Kodaikanal 624 101
Phone: +91 4542 240881 Fax: +91 4542 240882
1.11.2008
E-mail: secretariat@washinstitute.org
Approximately 173 households or 865 people
rural households
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Institute, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
a. Jagriti Vihara Mccluskieganj, Ranchi

b. NIWYCD, Mandla
c. Tamil Nadu Ecosan Initiatives, Chennai
d. REAL, Dindigul
SEI and UNICEF
The project title is 'Capacity Building and Technical Support for SEI-Unicef Ecosan Pilot program partners
in India'. WASH Institute, Kodaikanal was entrusted the responsibility of monitoring 4 projects being
funded by Unicef-SEI to enable the pilot project partners across India to implement the program with
capacity building and technical support from WASH Institute.
urine and faeces separated
UDDT- pour flush toilets (why pour flush toilets here?)
Agriculture
For project monitoring and technical support 170,000 Indian Rupees or 2,870 Euros
The four projects have been introduced to ecosan concepts and made thorough on the skills for
construction of toilets. Awareness building is being continued and in the near future it is hoped all toilets
constructed will be in better use and the message will spread to all members in the village and to the
surrounding areas which will enable replication
monitoring report titled, 'Report on
Providing technical and capacity building support to UNICEF-SEI Ecosan projects in

India '
Prakash Kumar
Sustainable Sanitation Expert

UNICEF- Stockholm Environment Institute
New Delhi,India
Mobile:+91 9968411430
Telephone: +91-11-24606252
Fax: +91-11-24691410,24627521
Email:
Belindaprakumar@unicef.org
Abraham entered from report received from P. Kumar 26 April 2010
no
no
157
Indonesia
Decentralised wastewater treatment systems with reuse for urban low-income settlements,
Tangerand and Surabaya
Decentralised wastewater treatment systems for urban low-income settlements as a part of the community
sanitation system programme "MCK plus ++"
Tangerang and Surabaya
More than 30 units are build
Urban area: low-income settlements
BORDA
BORDA and BEST
BORDA
Wastewater
Decentralised Waste Water Treatment System (DEWATS technology)
Compost for soil improvement, biogas for cooking, treated wastewater for gardening or fish ponds
Construction cost: 15,000 €
http://www.borda-net.org/modules/cjaycontent/index.php?id=29
BORDA e.V.
Fahrenheitstr. 9
D-28359 Bremen
e-mail: kontakt@borda.de
fon: +49 (0) 421 1 37 18, fax: +49 (0) 421 1 65 53 23
Christina 15.9.2009 small update.Contact updated by Paul Okan-Adjetey on 23/09/2010 from

website.okanadjetey1@yahoo.com
No
158
Indonesia
Pilot testing of ecological sanitation technologies at the Center for Urban Community
Empowerment (Pusdakota), Kali Rungkut, Surabaya
Pilot ecosan demonstration project built in the office compound of the NGO Pusdakota as part of a Phd
dissertation.
Kali Rungkut sub-district
East Surabaya
15 employees, visiting community people
Urban area: low-income settlement
Hamburg Universtiy of Technology
Sanitation facility coverage only reaches 65 %; the rest uses public toilet and natural
environments such as bushes and open ditches. Generally, those with a private toilet at their home use a
septic tank as on-site wastewater treatment. The outlet seeps directly into the groundwater, polluting it.
Grey water is normally disposed directly into ditches and nearest rivers without further processing.
Therefore, both groundwater and surface water are in bad conditions. Consequently, water from the
well is unfit for daily use. The 1997 SSDP Report shows that the incident index rate for diarrhea
reached 11.25 %, an alarming number indicating terrible sanitation conditions.
Urine, brownwater, greywater
Urine diverting pour-flush toilet, pre-composting container for brown water, 2 vermicomposting bins, urine
holding tank, urine storage tanks, constructed wetland
Diluted urine and vermicompost as fertilser
toilet: squatting, pour-flush urine diverting fiberglass toilet.

pre-composting container: 250L plastic drum, tightly covered, with ventilation pipe, plastic sieve 10 cm
from bottom of container supported by bricks and gravel, grille cloth hung in container to retain solid part of
brown water. Liquid flows through gravel and bottom hole into wetland.
vermicomposting bins: bins with holes in top and lower part. agitated once a week for homogenisation.
Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus rubellus used.
30 days filling phase in pre-composting container. Solids transferred to bins and not treated for 7 days.
Vermicomposting:
Worms then added and vermicomposting for 30 and 60 days.
-urine On day 60 of tank:
holding vermicomposting,
210L, tightly faecal
covered matter looked
plastic liked with
container soil and nothe
tap at longer smelled like faeces.
bottom.
-urineP and K content
storage increased
tanks: during
urine from UHTvermicomposting process.
transferred to storage (reportedly
tanks which arelinked to C:N
stored ratio being
outdoors underlower
the
than
sun for 20)six months to sterilise also from perspective of faecal cross-contamination.
-horizontal
C:N ratio varied between 3.9 to 12, far lower than 25 required for optimal microbial degradation.
sub-surface flow constructed wetland: acrylic plastic troughs filled with filter media gravel or
Malisie,
-coconut
FinishedA.F. 2008.planted
compost
charcoal, 'Sustainability
had lower
withC:N Assessment
ratio
cattail or than on
theSanitation
reed.other composting
greywater Systemsliquidfor
studies
and Low
because
part ofIncome
of no water
brown use offirst
toilet paper
entered
Urban
-storage
Almost Areas in maintain
complete
tank to Indonesia',
removal Phd dissertation
of continuity.
flow E.coli 60 submitted
afterwetland to TUHH.
days.acclimated with tap water for one week.
Urine:
- Fresh urine is diluted (estimated 8 x) in the holding tank because users use water for washing after
urinating.
http://www.tu-harburg.de/aww/publikationen/pdf/diss/DissAlmyMalisie.pdf.
- Urine in holding tank and storage tank had no E. coli, i.e. iindicates probably no faecal cross-
contamination.
Fertiliser treatments:
- Plant fertilising treatment tried for urine, urine and vermicompost, and vermicompost only. The first two
treatments had relatively better plant growth than the vermicomposting only treatment. The latter also did
not have any flower blooms whereas plants with the first two treatments did.
Wastewater treatment:
- the wetland using different treament conditions (two filter materials, and two types of plants) failed to
meet regulation effluent standards.
- The role of plants in removing pollutants was not significant.
- The two different plants and two different media did not show significant pollutant removal
Nadira on 27.08.09 from Phd dissertation of Almy Malisie
No
159
Israel
Landscape-integrated constructed wetland system for the treatment and reuse of greywater of a
residential block at Ganei Tikva (not authorised for operation yet)
Integrating greywater treatment and reuse with landscaping elements in a residential area, using
constructed wetland system.
Ganei Tikva
Ganei Tikva, east of Tel Aviv
Current state: construction completed

Start of the project: awaiting approval by the Ministry of Health
Construction completed, cells all planted, ornamental pond due to be sealed, pumps and
electromechanical equipment still need to be installed.
550 residences with estimated 2,200 inhabitants (assuming 4 people/household from country list)
Reuse from 100 m³ wastewater/day
Urban area: residential
Eli Cohen of Ayala Water & Ecology, working alongsinde Syrkin Buchner Kornberg Consulting Engineers
Ayala Water & Ecology
Located in an urban environment wiht 550 residences

Subtropical region, dry and hot summer.
Greywater
Constructed wetland system
Reuse of wastewater for agricultural irrigation and wetland treatment
The intention is to collect wasterwater from the residential area in an underground settling pond to
separate out the non-degredable material. The water will be pumped to the top of a constructed wetland
treatment system and will be collected in reservoir, after UV treatment, will again be pumped to the top of
the system, this time to flow down through an ornamental pond. Excess flow will be drawn off and used for
landscape irrigation.
96 cells, each 4 m by 4 m and 0.8 m deep with different plants. The ornamental pond is approximately 900
The project
m² with is stillwater
the inlet awaiting approval
quality to this by
setthe
at 5Ministry of Health.
mg/l BOD, 5 mg/l In thesuspended
total meantime, solids
grey water
and afrom
zerothe
value for
residential
E.coli. area is routed to the sewer and the plants of the natural treatment system are being watered by
mains water.
Cells planted wth cyperus sedges, irises, sedges and botumus flowering rushes.
Article: Extending Israeli reuse in the urban environment in "Water 21"; magazine of the International
water association, August 2009
http://www.ayala-aqua.com
Ayala Water & Ecology
Moshav Zippori, Israel 17910
Tel. 972-77-7008156
Fax. 972-77-3008156
E-Mail: office@ayala-aqua.com
Laura Simon: 13.11.2009 (la.simon@gmx.de).Contact updated by Paul Okan - Adjetey on
23/09/2010.okanadjetey1@yahoo.com
No
160
Japan
Automated composting toilet system at Asahiyama Zoo, Asahikawa City
Heated and automated composting toilets installed as public toilets at the zoo
Asahikawa City
Kuranuma, Higashi Asahikawa-cho, Asahikawa City, Japan
1997
Start of the project: 1997
Gradual installation of 31 bio-toilets since 1997, approx. 4,000 users per day
Rural area
Seiwa Denko Co., Ltd. and Hokkaido University (Sustainable Sanitation Laboratory, Faculty of
Engineering)
Seiwa Denko Co., Ltd.
Located in a rural area, not covered by a sewage system. Before waste was collected using pumping cars.
Problems are odour, high maintenance costs, functional and operational problems especially in winter.
Temperatures –20 / –30, biotoilet system (OWDTS) should be implemented. Visitors will be 1.45 million
during the year 2004.
Excreta
Composting toilet
Compost for agriculture
Investment for all complete toilets: appr. € 42,000.

Running costs: appr. € 20-25 per month and toilet (mainly of costs for maintenance personnel and energy
costs)
A Biotoilet is an automated type of composting reactor that utilizes sawdust as an artificial soil matrix for
biodegradtion of human excreta. The system consists of the following main components: Excreta falls/runs
from the toilet bowl and/or urinal to the electronically steered composting reactor. There it is automatically
mixed in certain intervals and ventilated. To ensure an optimum temperature for the composting the
reactor is electrically heated as far as necessary. Almost all of the installed bio-toilets in Asahiyama zoo
are used to treat both faeces and urine, while few units are just used to collect urine from urinals.
During eightcompost
The gained years of is monitoring
rich in N, so farand
P, K no problem has been
a good source encountered.
of fertilizer. The zoo
At present authorities
a small can now is
part of compost
open the zoo
distributed even during
to interested winterby
citizens season because
the toilet freezing
company is noBut
for free. longer
mostaof problem. Eachtounit
it is brought works even at
stockbreeding
extreme
firm free conditions like freezing
of charge, where temperatures.
it is mixed The public
with conditioner accepted
and then it very well, as
commercialised especially
compost. since
It is there
appliedareby
no odourasproblems,
farmers which
fertiliser to are oftenUp
vegetables. encountered
to now thereinwas
othernotoilet systems.
detailed followSince
up ofthere are adapted
this processes, toilet
but no
types also for
complaints special needs like those of handicapped people or portability of whole units no major
either.
PDS 030 have to
limitations
http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-030-automated-compost-toilet-asahiyama-zoo-2006.pdf
be faced. The toilet solution has also been featured in the local newspapers and television networks and
received recommendable results.
www.xauat.edu.cn/FUWWS-XIAN2005/keynote-pgf/Naoyuki%20Funamizu.pdf
Dania 09.02.2006; Update 18.05.2009: Philipp Feiereisen

Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) 24.02.2010 inserted information from Gtz datasheet (see above)
No
161
Jordan
Use of treated wastewater in agriculture, Jordan Valley
Development of optimised fertigation (irrigation and fertiliser) practices by farmers using reclaimed water
for irrigation based on their specific site conditions
Farms in the middle and southern Jordan Valley extending over a length of about 50 km between Kreimeh
and the Dead Sea.
2003 - 2011
The project was, and still is, part of three consecutive GTZ programmes (carried out on behalf of the
German ministry BMZ):
1. from 2003 - 2006: Reclaimed Water Project
2. 2006 - 2009: Water Management in Irrigated Agriculture
3. 2009 - 2011: Water Resource Management
About 4,000 farm units with 10,000 ha irrigable area;
Rural area
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH
Jordan Valley Authority
BMZ (German Federal Ministry for Economic Collaboration and Development) via GTZ
The Jordan Valley is characterised by low annual rainfalls (an average of less than 300 mm at Deir Alla
and 100 mm at South Shuneh). However, the mild winter season between November and April allows an
off-season production of vegetables under irrigation. The majority of the farmers are small scale farmers,
with an
average farm area of about 3 hectares. Complementary activities of another GTZ project (Water
Management in Irrigated Agriculture) support the establishment of water user associations in order to
improve the water use efficiency. Both projects belong to the GTZ Water Program in Jordan.
In Jordan there are 22 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) treating approx. 250 ML/d of wastewater.
Most of the treatment plants are small, except for the plant as As-Samra, which treats more than 80% of
this quantity. In 2008 this plant was rehabilitated from a stabilisation pond system to an activated sludge
system. Approximately 66% of Jordan’s WWTP effluent of 250 ML/d is used for irrigation in the Jordan
Valley. In theory, untreated industrial wastewater is not allowed to be mixed in before treatment at Khirbet
As-Samra WWTP,
however it happens very often.
GTZ programme did not build any infrastructure but worked on optimising fertigation practices. An
information system has been built (based on trials and guidelines developed for fertigation) to optimise
their fertigation in light of the irrigation water quality, location, crop, soil type and other factors.
Wastewater
WWTP (at As-Samra, the largest plant) with activated sludge, nutrient removal and chlorine disinfection.
Water transport infrastructure and drip irrigation infrastructure.
(not built by project)
Irrigation water
- In the project region the main source of reclaimed water for irrigation is the treatment plant at Khirbet As-
Samra, the country’s largest treatment plant with a yearly effluent of currently 137 ML/d.
- From King Talal Reservoir (KTR) the discharged effluent is led via further wadis (small streams) and
canals to the middle and southern Jordan Valley. The reservoir is solely used for agriculture and has a
capacity of 75 Mm3.
- The distance to the main canal in the Jordan valley is 14 km, and this main canal has an extension from
north to south of 90 km. At the end of these canals, the reclaimed water is finally used to irrigate about
-4,000 The use
farms of with
reclaimed
an area water for irrigation
of approx. 10,000 is ha.
generally a sensitive topic in the public due to lack of
information.
- Treated effluent, No country-wide
which is reusedcrop monitoring
for irrigation, system for crops
is diluted irrigatedand
with surface with reclaimed water
precipitation waterhas been
by the
established
passage through yet due thetowadies
unclearetc. roles
The(and
wateroverlapping of roles)
flows by gravity between
from the WWTP involved agencies
via KTR to thewith regards to
agricultural
who
fields. should
Pumping be inischarge of such
not required asaKTRscheme for monitoring
is located 600 m abovebiological contamination
sea level of crops.
and the valley 200 m below sea
-level.
Providing guidelines in this field helps to clarify and improve the situation. The majority of farmers in the
SuSanA
project caseare
area
- The preferred study, 'Usemethod
not aware
irrigation ofoftreated
the is wastewater
nutrient
drip contentinin
irrigation ofagriculture,
the reclaimed
combination Jordan Valley'.
water
with very and (see
thinare website
sheetsbelow)
beginning
plastic to(in
appreciate
Jordan
information
called regarding reclaimed water quality.
-“mulch”)
Resultswhich
of the cover
crop monitoring
the plant rows. The typical crops are all kind of vegetables in open field and of
program and a rapid assessment of consultants revealed that use
treated
greenhouse cultivations.
-wastewater
GTZ project in developed
Jordan meets the health-based
an information systemtarget recommended program
(a computer-based by the WHOthat guidelines for the workers
allows extension safe
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-jordan-treated-wastewater-reuse-2009.pdf
use
and ofeducated farmers to optimise their fertigation in light of the irrigation water quality, location, crop, soil
treated
type andwastewater.
other factors). Governmental and private extension providers were trained on the use of this
-software
The results
to befrom
abletheto demo
providesites revealed
extension that fertiliser
advice expenditures
in accordance can
with this be reduced by 60%. Moreover,
tool.
between 2006 and 2009 a lot of emphasis was placed on training the farmers. A survey showed that 90%
of the farmers started to incorporate the recommendations of the advisers but in general it is a very slow
Reclaimed
process Water Project
to change (RWP), P.O. Box 926 238, Amman 11190, Jordan
their attitudes.
- Nevertheless, it has to be pointed out that the surrounding situation changed since the program started:
More and more industry has been established in Jordan, and in most cases the factories do not have
onsite treatment of their wastewater but lead it untreated into the sewer. The municipal wastewater
treatment plants are not equipped to treat this industrial effluent adequately. This now poses a threat for
the treated wastewater reuse scheme in agriculture.
Dania 09.02.2006
Sören 14.02.2007, Update,
PN 2002.2108.5
Christina 16.9.2009 (colour changed from orange to white)
Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) 24.02.10 added information from SuSanA case study
Yes
find out more about this project, the treatment technologies used (since it mentions
constructed wetlands but then describes trickling filters). What about reuse. No of
users? Where?
162
Jordan
Demonstration of decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse for households
demonstration project- what, how?
2002
The first phase was focused on capacity building and awareness raising. While on the current phase six
different demonstration systems for water collection and storage, wastewater treatment and reuse are
being realised. 45 home gardens are being built.
Wastewater
Constructed wetland
Treated wastewater for irrigation of the home gardens
This system consists of a septic tank followed by an anaerobic (upflow) rock filter and a trickling filter, with
recirculation from the trickling filter back to the pumping tank.
The anaerobic filter is used prior to the trickling filter to provide for further BOD and TSS reduction to
improve nitrification. Enhanced total nitrogen removal may be achieved by recirculatng the nitrified effluent
from the trickling filter to the anoxic conditions in the upflow rock filter or the influent of the septic tank,
which is not the case of the original design. Sufficient organic carbon can be provided from the septic tank
filter recirculation to the upflow filter for the denitrifying bacteria. The trickling filter unit doesn’t include a
clarifier, which should return sludge to the septic tank.
office@austria.hilfswerk.at or markus.lechner@econsan.at or elke.muellegger@ecosan.at (Markus is not

longer with Ecosanclub?)
No
163
Kazakhstan
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in and around Aksu-Jabagly and Naurzum Game Reserves
Portable urine diversion dehydration toilet (UDDT) built at a camp within the nature reserve.
Other UDDTs also built and constructed wetland planned (but details not known)
Aksu-Jabagly Reserve is located in the mountainous area in the south of Kazakhstan on the territory of the
Western Tian-Shan. Naurzum Reserve is located in steppe zone of Kostanay region.
In and around Aksu-Jabagly Game Reserve: Villages Karamendy and Urkash; Naurzum Game Reserve:
Villages Tonkeris and Baldybrek.
2008 - 2010
20 pilot UDDTs constructed, including two school UDDT.

Planned for 2009: 3 school dry toilets, 2 constructed wetlands for greywater.
(Additionally, urine diverting slabs by the SISTROM technology (Russian) and production of household dry
toilets are planned)
Game reserves,
Assume rural
200 users perand urban
school areas(for purposes of summary list), 400 school users
UDDT
Members of Ecoforum of NGOs of Kazakhstan: Mountain club ”Jabagly-Manas”, “Угам”, “Aksu-MSCH”,

“Naurzum Bionet”, “Ecocenter of Karaganda c., “Eco-center ” Ak Tyrna”, “Association of single mothers of
Tekely town”, “Ak-Kem-Rider”, Women in Europe for a Common Future (WECF)
MCJM, Bionet-Naurzum
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Netherlands.
Aksu-Jabagly Reserve is the oldest game reserve in Central Asia. Cesspools and discharge of waste
waters just on the surface is traditional. No village in rural districts has any treatment facilities. With
growing material well-being more and more people are able to build the toilets with flushing. Already now,
the South-Kazakhstan region is one of most affected, concerning infectious diseases. Naurzum Reserve
has impoverished population. The water supply systems constructed in the times of USSR are not
functioning. 95% of the population uses water from wells, which in most cases does not correspond to
sanitary standards. Rural schools have no warm toilets. The possibility of catching infectious and catarrhal
diseases is very high. Because of pit latrines, nitrate levels found between 50 - 500 mg/l
Separate streams of urine and faeces respectively, greywater
Portable UDDT; double-vault household and school toilets; constructed wetlands;
Urine as fertiliser for garden
Mobile UDDT built at camp: 300 EUR

School UDDT: 2,000 EUR
Mobile UDDT built at camp:

Simple portable construction: double chamber made of iron sheets, green tent-textile, ventilation pipe,
canister for urine, some wood and linoleum for floor, and 30 minutes for installation.
Lesson Learnt:
- Inspectors in the game reserves have too low a salary (about 100 EURO). They have no interest in
tourism, the less tourists come the less troubles for them. So nobody and nothing can make them take
care of the toilets.
- Many people are interested in good quality slabs. Absence of local production of slabs is a bottleneck of
spreading of UDDTs. Understanding the importance of sanitation is improving the situation of poor people.
- There are many rich people who want to buy high quality dry toilets, but nobody sells equipment for dry
toilets.
- Some of the game reserves in Kazakhstan are very large (for example, Korgalzhyn has more than
500,000 ha, Naurzum has 190, 000 hectares). It is very difficult to take care of toilets, so they need mobile
http://www.drytoilet.org/dt2009/pdf/present_Rauf_Sabitov.pdfhttp://www.thewaterchannel.tv/index.php?option=com_hwdvid
ecosan toilets (auto). Much
-There is much information in the Internet and other sources about ecosan, but only a few people know in
Kazakhstan about dry toilets.
- Support from the government and local administration may solve many troubles with spreading dry toilets
in schools, also financial restrictions.
Rauf Sabitov, Chair of NGO “Mountain club Jabagly-Manas”, Taraz city, Kazakhstan,
E-Mail: jabagly-manas@mail.ru, Tel: 7(7262) 571111, 310168, Mob: +77012335668
Nadira on 24.08.09, intial entry made from map attachment email of Dr. Claudia Wendland to Elisabeth
(16.06.09)
Update Dr. Claudia Wendland, Email: Claudia.Wendland@wecf.eu, on 01.03.10
No
No
164
Kenya
Resource-Oriented Sanitation concepts for peri-urban areas in Africa (ROSA), using urine
diversion dehydration toilets and a wetland, Nakuru
Implementing urine diversion dehydration toilets and a wetland as a part of the ROSA project
Nakuru
Nakuru, Rift Valley Province, Kenya
Oct. 2006 - Sep. 2009
Construction of 15 UDDTs, 2 soak pits, 9 urinal basins, one wetland, 2 shallow pits, one hand wash and
one agriculture demonstration plot. (Also awareness raising and sensitisation was done by using posters,
callenders and workshops).
The indirect beneficiaries of the project is the whole population of Nakuru (i.e. 400,000 people) while direct
beneficiaries are 230 people and 28 households.
Unplanned settlements, schools and community gathering places like churches
Strategic sanitation & waste plans (SSWPs) in Nakuru
Nakuru ROSA team
EU through ROSA
Poorly managed storm water drains, poor solid waste management, sewer blockages, unplanned
settlement structures
UDDTs; wetland
Reuse of urine and faeces for agriculture
Beneficiaries contribute labour force and materials are bought by the project
Double-vault UDDT with squatting pan
The municipal council is working together with NGOs, CBOs and donors like ITDG through JICA, WASTE;
after 2 years set-up of collection, treatment and commercial re-use of excreta; special requirements for
single-chamber UDDTs is optimal for densely populated plots; users seem to be willing to pay for the
collection service of faeces; not always enough ownership existent; re-use of excreta difficult in peri-urban
areas (because of not depending on farming).
https://dms.gtz.de/livelink-ger/livelink.exe?func=ll&objaction=overview&objid=51033974
http://rosa.boku.ac.at/
Benedict M. Mutua, ROSA project. Nakuru Kenya.
Mndewa Lucas, 07.01.2009. Email: mndewal@yahoo.com,

PN 2004.2061.2 and 2004.2027.3; Christina 16.9.2009 from internal report of a visit (Feb. 2009) and
colour changed from orange to white
No
165
Kenya
Developing service providers of compost and biogas plants for small scale farmers in western
Nyanza rift valley, central and eastern provinces of Kenya
Developing entrepreneurs for the construction of small-scale biogas plants and training of self-help groups
in making composting plants
Promotion of Private Sector Development in Agriculture (PSDA) Nairobi, Kenya
Jan. 2005 - Dec. 2007
3 entrepreneurs which offer services for construction and operation of biogas plants for a rising number of
clients (22 clients in May 2006)
GTZ, Ministry of Agriculture (PSDA)
GTZ, Ministry of Agriculture (PSDA)
BMZ, Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung
Firewood has become short because of cultivation of land and destruction of the forest cover, declining
soil fertility. A large amount of waste and wastewater from farms is not used at all but polluting the
environment.
Hence cost saving and environment-friendly technologies for energy production, fertilisation and irrigation
are needed.
Problems experienced earlier in the biogas plant construction and uptake have been mainly quality related
by
semi trained or untrained masons. Until 1994 there have been several support programs for regenerative
energies funded by diverse donors, that offered e.g. information literature or one-day trainings carried out
by national NGOs.. A number of entrepreneurs who only participated in these far short workfigure shops or
who were self trained by books, offered construction of inadequate biogas plants at the market, thus
contributing negatively to the reputation of the technology.
Although some private composting activities have been going on already for a number of years the used
technologies were often inadequate, resulting in a poor quality product, unattractive to customers.
Blackwater
Biogas digestor (for human and animal waste), composting
Biogas for cooking and lighting; slurry and compost used as soil conditioner
Investment costs for a turnkey 16 m3 biogas plant amount for instance to app. 1500 US$. Experience
shows that an average investment of app. 80 - 100 US$ per m3 digester volume can be taken.
Composting includes land costs
Biogas: The project targets to closely monitor the masons under training to ensure that they maintain
quality and are only allowed to undertake constructions after being properly trained. Follow-up supervision
and establishment of a network will contribute to monitoring of the skills development. However an
upscaling of implementation of biogas plants would help to meet the masons comprehensive training
requirements.
SEE PDS 029
Composting: Composting as a solid waste treatment model and the sale of fertiliser promises to be an
acceptable option if the market uptake of compost fertilisers is developed. With proper training in the
production of quality compost, and understanding of the economic advantages of using compost as an
alternative to petroleum sourced fertiliser, producers and users can contribute to expanding the market
http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-029-small-scale-compost-biogas-kenya-2006.pdf
and thus encouraging more sector investments. Hence also composting in a larger scale, e.g. in
composting groups or as a commercial activity, should be encouraged to motivate individuals and
corporate investors to participate. A number of groups and individual investors are already interested in
undertaking these activities as income generating enterprise.
PSDA@gtzpsda.co.ke
Establishment of credit facilities for both biogas plant constructions and compost site establishments – as
presently being investigated - would lead to further upscaling.
Update 18.05.2009: Philipp Feiereisen;

Christina 16.9.2009 (small update and colour change from orange to white)
Nadira (nadirakhawaja) 24.02.10 added information from GTZ datasheet
No
166
Kenya
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at a clinic in Shela, Lamu Island
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) at a clinic
Shela
Shela, Lamu Island
planned
Whereever the Need (WTN)
WTN
WTN
Eleven years of civil war (1991 to 2002) decimated the country. One of the poorest countries in Africa. In
the villages looting and pillaging are still evident. The villages have poor or non-existent sanitary facilities,
leading to many problems ranging from issues of health, to gender discrimination and empowerment.
UDDT
http://www.wherevertheneed.org.uk/projects/projects.htm
David Crosweller. email: david@wherevertheneed.org.uk

telephone: (44) 01225 723673
fax: (44) 01225 723105
Nadira on 02.09.09 from email of D. Crosweller (02.09.09)
No
No
167
Kenya
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Khaimba Primary School, Butere
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for a school
Butere town
Butere a town in the Western province of Kenya
2005-2006, 2008 through EU-SIDA-GTZ EcoSan Promotion Project
Two units of UDDTs for teachers and two for students.

One 40 m3 rainwater harvesting tank for handwashing.
1000 pupils + teachers (number of teachers is not known).
Town area
EU-Sida-GTZ
Sida through KWAHO, later EU-Sida-GTZ EcoSan Promotion Project
A successful pilot project within the Ecosan promotion programme is Khaimba primary school (1000
pupils) in Butere, a town in the Western province of Kenya in the Butere/Mumias district.
UDDT
Fertiliser in the school farm land for crops such as banana, maize and spinach
For school it is also appealing to raise their social status and image with improved sanitation facilities that
are likely to attract more students and funds. The awareness on environmental benefits of ecosan is well
understood by the local population, but it is lower-ranking as an incentive for schools.
Christian Rieck, GTZ - Kenya, P.O.Box 12232, Tom Mboya street, 00400 Nairobi, Kenya. E-Mail:
christian.rieck@gtz.de
No
168
Kenya
Implementation of recycling-oriented sanitation services: urine diversion

dehydration toilets (UDDTs), wastewater treatment systems (biogas) and
constructed wetlands (overarching project with many sub-projects)
Implementation of recycling-oriented sanitation services: urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs),
waste water treatment systems (biogas) and constructed wetlands (this project was called the EPP:
Ecosan Promotion Project, funded by EU, SIDA, GTZ)
Nairobi
Ngong Road, Maji House, 3rd Floor/Suite 316
Oct 2006 - May 2010
Training on EcoSan philosophy, construction of 1000 UDDTs with rain water harvesting system for hand
washing promotion and construction of 18 decentralised wastewater treatment systems (DTS) including
biogas digesters, baffled reactors and a constructed wetland
Beneficiaries total of approx. 50,000 people from an avarage of 20 per UDDT and 1,500 per DTS unit.
Rural household, institutions, public places and peri-urban settlements
GTZ water program, Ministry of Water and Irrigation
GTZ EcoSan through Community Based Organisations (CBOs), Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs),
Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), Artisans, Water sector institutions like Water Services Trust
Fund (WSTF), Water Services Boards (WSBs) and Water Service Providers (WSPs)
European Union (EU) through EU water facility ad co-funded by Swedish International Development
Agency (SIDA) and German Technical Corporation (GTZ)
Low sanitation coverage. Pollution of water resources by raw sewage and pit latrines. Pit latrines in rural
and urban areas pollute groundwater through leakage as well as surface water after strong rainfall and
flooding. Occurence of water-related diseases is the result. High costs for re-investing in latrines after the
pits are full, frequent flooding is prevelant and especially in areas where only shallow pits can be dug, e.g.
rocky, collapsing soils and high groundwater table. Poor agricultural soils in many areas with subsitence
farming and growing population. No and limited access to sanitation facilities in public places and
institutions.
Separate streams of urine, faeces, blackwater, greywater and kitchen waste
double-vaults UDDTs for households and primary schools, low-flush toilets (school and public toilets),
decentralised waste water treatment systems (DEWATS) with biogas digester (settler), anaerobic baffled
reactor (ABR), anaerobic filter (AF), wetlands and ponds for schools, prisons and public toilets.
Reuse of urine, faeces and treated waste water in agriculture. Use of biogas for cooking.
Beneficiaries contribute labour force and materials are bought by the project. Average costs for UDDTs is
EUR 500, costs for DEWATS for schools including 5 stand toilet and hand wash unit cost EUR 20,000,
costs for public toilet with 5 toilets, 2 showers, urinal and DEWATS are between EUR 30,000 and 40,000.
Double-vault UDDT with handwash facility- one per household and 2 bys units and 2 girl units in schools.
Rainwater harvesting system is included. DEWATS with digester of size 54 CM, 90 CM and 124 CM; ABR
with 6 chambers and 2 to 5 meter length and 1 meter width, AF with 2 chambers and 1,5 meter width and
same lengths.one constructed wetland with 50 sqm. Shallow ponds of differents sizes.
Implementation of EcoSan in rural households requires initial training of communities through community
based organisations. The communities easily adopts EcoSan technology when economic benefits are
emphasised. Revolving fund scheme does well in the area as the money from the toilet in terms of sold
agricultural products is saved for investment and to build other toilets (called ''factories'').
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/07-cap-dev/z-by-country/ssa/kenya/epp-rural-sanitation-hh-
Importance of user participation from planning, to implementation and to monitoring is essential for
kenya-2009-en.pdf
ownership as well as contribution of the beneficiaries to the toilet costs with unskilled labour and locally
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/07-cap-dev/z-by-country/ssa/kenya/epp-sanitation-instituitions-
available materials.
kenya-2009-en.pdf
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/07-cap-dev/z-by-country/ssa/kenya/epp-sanitation-public-
Implemenation with water sector institutions is a viable option to scale up ecosan in Kenya which should
- further developed and mainstreamed!!!
places-kenya-2009-en.pdf
be
http://www.susana.org/lang-en/case-studies/region/ssa (case studies)
http://www.susana.org/lang-en/videos-and-photos/videos/from-east-africa (videos)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/gtzecosan/collections/72157616752316076/ (photos)
Paul Patrick Onyango, GTZ EcoSan, Majihouse Room 316. P.O Box 19512-00202 Nairobi,
patrick.onyango@gtz-wsrp.or.ke, onyangopadak@yahoo.com
Christian Rieck, GTZ ecosan program, Eschborn, christian.rieck@gtz.de
Christian Rieck 23.05.2010
Yes
http://www.susana.org/lang-en/case-studies/region/ssa (case studies)
169
Kenya
Public toilet with biogas plant and water kiosk at a bus park in Naivasha, Kenya, Rift Valley
Province (one sub-project of larger ecosan project)
Public toilet with biogas plant next to a bus park extented with a water kiosk that also serves as the
operators room (a sub-project of the larger EPP project, see entry to the left)
Naivasha
Naivasha Bus Park

Naivasha, Rift Valley Province, Kenya
2007 - 2010
Start of construction: October 2007

Ongoing monitoring period until May 2010
Up tp 300 visitors per day (5 toilets cubicles, 1 urinal cubicle and 2 shower cubicles)
Urban area
EPP - EcoSan Promotion Project Kenya

(Supported by the EU, SIDA, GTZ and embedded in the Kenyan Water Sector Reform Program)
Water Service Provider: Naivasha Water, Sewerage and Sanitation Company Ltd. (NAIVAWASS)
Water Service Trust Fund (WSTF)
EU-Sida-GTZ EcoSan Promotion Project
Small town, area of 30 km2, and aproximately 70,000 people population. Less than 5% of household and
businesses are connected to sewer system which is connected to a poorly functioning treatment facility.
The town has five public toilets managed by the municipal council which are in an appalling state. The
public toilets are therefore not conductive to healthy and comfortable living conditions. Naivasha Bus Park
is located in the town center. It operates 24 hours a day for overland buses.The bus park is surrounded by
residential areas where households mainly depend on individual or shared toilets. The water supply
situation is chatacterised by unreliable water supply and insufficient quantities supplied (partly due to
power shortages).
Combined wastewater from flushed toilets, flushed urinals, showers and hand washing.
Fixed dome biogas plant
Biogas for the stove of café used for cooking food and making tea. (Applied)
Slurry (accumulated sludge) shall be used as soil conditioner. (Suggested)
Treated effluent water could be used as a source of fertiliser and irrigation water. (Suggested - not
possible due to prohibitive costs)
EUR 40,000 (material and labour costs for ablution block, water kiosk, biogas plant and adminstrative cost
for the WSP.
EUR 0.05 is the cost per visit based on 9000 visits per month, 10 years life span and 5% discount rate.
Tariffs: EUR 0.05 per toilet use/EUR 0.1 per shower use/EUR 0.02 per 20-22 litre jerrican)
5 toilets cubicles (2 male and 3 female) equipped with a 10 L cistern each

1 male wall urinal equiped with manual flushing
2 shower cubicles
Biogas Plant:
- Volume: 54 m3 with two expansion chambers
- Assumed daily user frequency: 1,000 people
- Design Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT): 5 days
Success factors: biogas plant (robust technology that works without moving parts and can operate
- Type: fixed-dome
-under
A prepared business
high inflow plan and management concept helped the water Servise Provider (WSP) and water
fluctuations)
Service Board (WSB) to fulfill their mandates and helped to ensure sustainable Service provision.
- Coordinator supervision of the contractor is necessary to insure quality and timely work progress.
- WSB and WSP must work closely together.
SuSanA case study,
- The pay-per-use 'Public
is an toilet with
appropriate biogastodigester
concept supply and water kiosk
convenient Naivasha,
services Central
to the user Kenya'
through an(see
website
operator.below)
- The operators must be well trained.
- The WSP need capacity building at the intial stages.
- Enough revenue is essential to make the facility attractive to the WSP and WSB.
See case
- Best usestudy here: http://www.susana.org/lang-en/case-studies/region/ssa
for biogass is for small resturants. and photos on flickr
http://www.flickr.com/photos/gtzecosan/sets/72157623254082278/
- Low demand for heated waters in showers.
- Linking to legal institutions of water sector are necessary to enhance sustainability of service provision.
Challenges for the project:

Paul Patrick Onyango,
- Architectural Project
design needs to leader, GTZ EcoSan
be enhanced in termsPromotion Project
of space use, (EPP) Kenya
efficiency, safety against vandalism
T: +254 721and
(day/night) 172user
661convenience.
E: patrick.onyango1@gtz.de
- Water or for saving water where there supply interuptions.
saving toilets are better
patrick.onyango@gtz-wsrp.or.ke
Antonius Armanious, 17.02.2010, the entry of the date based on the case study on the SuSanA website.
Yes
170
Kenya
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at St. Francis Nyangajo Girls Boarding High School in Kendu
Bay
UDDTs were built as part of a 50,000 dollar project at St. Francis Girls Boarding High School in Kendu Bay
Kendu Bay
Estimated to have started in 2010. need to confirm by mail.
4 UDDT Toilets for 40 students
The 4 UDDTs built were part of a $50,000.00 project. Money was raised to Build a Dormitory (Rodney &
Robin House) which is housing 40 students, a drilled Water Well, which was to supply clean water to the
School and surrounding community for at least the next 20 years. As pert of the project, 400 students and
staff were supplied with Mosquito Nets to help prevent Malaria, thereby savings lots of lives each year.
UDDTs
http://www.facebook.com/home.php?#!/pages/Millies-Village/113851028625026?ref=ts
Millie Klumpp,Tel.805-474-6100 or email luolady@gmail.com
Inserted by Paul Okan- Adjetey on 7/10/2010. okanadjetey1@yahoo.com

171
Kenya
Implementation of urine diversion dehydration toilets by Community Based Organisations, Ugunja

District, Western Kenya (one sub-project of larger ecosan project)
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) built by Community Based Organisations in rural areas and
reuse of products on crops (a sub-project of the larger EPP project, see entry to the left)
Rambula Magoya
2008 - 2009
Start of construction: October/2008

End of construction: February/2009
Start of operation: March/2009
Ongoing monitoring period planned for: 8 months
Project end: October 2009
Number of inhabitants covered: 3,040
Rural area
GTZ EcoSan Promotion Project Kenya
Community Based Organisations
EU-Sida-GTZ EcoSan Promotion Project

Double-vault UDDT
Urine as fertilier and dried faeces as soil conditioner for kale and banana crops
The investment in one toilet is KSH 50,000 (approx. EUR 500)
Double-vault UDDT: Faeces are collected in two vaults underneath a plastic, urine separating squatting
pan, where they are dried. There are two chambers, which are used alternatively and help in avoiding
handling of unsanitised human excreta. When the first vault is full, the defecation hole is closed, and the
squatting pan is transferred to the second vault. The urine is diverted by a funnel or specially designed
toilet into a urine container underneath the toilet. The basic design parameters include waste production
for sizing of the chambers. Faeces chambers have a volume of approx. 560 liters (length, width and
height: 750 x 1,100 x 750
The
mm).project has already
Construction created
materials moreburned
include interest in agricultural
bricks production asand
for the superstructure mostironpeople
sheetswere not aware of
for roofing.
reuse of human excreta as fertiliser. As a result of the project, the community members have formed a
revolving
A rain waterfund where thesystem
harvesting extra income from the use to
is also incorporated of provide
the EcoSan
waterfacilities
for hand is washing.
used for construction of
more toilets for the members of the community based organisation. The experience has shown that
contributions by the beneficiary are essential for ownership of the facility.
SuSana case study, 'Implementation of urine diversion dehydration toilets by Community Based
Organisation, Ugunja District, Western Kenya'. (see website below)
See case study here: http://www.susana.org/lang-en/case-studies/region/ssa and photos on flickr:

http://www.flickr.com/photos/gtzecosan/sets/72157616661477861/
Paul Patrick Onyango, Project leader, GTZ EcoSan Promotion Project (EPP) Kenya
T: +254 721 172 661
E: patrick.onyango1@gtz.de or
patrick.onyango@gtz-wsrp.or.ke
Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) 24.02.10 inserted from SuSanA case study (see above)
Yes
172
Kosovo
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in a rural school, Blace Village
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) in a rural school
Blace Village
2000 - 2001
School toilet for 500 pupils
Rural area: School
Posch & Partners Consulting Engineers in Consortia with SETEC
UNMIK, Municipality of Suva Reka
Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Blace: 3,500 inhabitants; 89% damaged houses; 55% completely destroyed;

School director enthusiastic in the project
For the 500 pupils school a sanitation building was constructed with washing and toilet facilities. The
toilets are based on separation of urine and dehydration of faeces.
Reuse of dried faeces for agriculture
40,000 (?)
Teachers are not the ideal group for promoting ecosan as toilets are seen as a symbol of the poor
EcoSan (Blace/Vranic Kosovo); Teil 2: http://www.pap.co.at/downloads/Versuch%20EcoSan.pdf
www.pap.co.at
kaschka@pap.co.at
No
173
Kosovo
Piloting urine diversion dehydration toilets in Vranic and Blace Villages, Suva Reka Municipality
Piloting urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in two villages
Vranic and Blace Villages, Suva Reka Municipality
2000 - to date
Project 1: 2000 - 2001

Project 2: since 2002
5 UDDTs for households. Assuming average household size of 7 (from country list), 35 users.
Rural area
Posch & Partners Consulting Engineers in Consortia with SETEC
UNMIK, Municipality of Suva Reka
Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Own governance since autumn 2001; no drainage; mainly latrines for sanitation; in reconstruction
tendency towards flushing toilets; greywater infiltrates
Vranic: 3,200 inhabitants; 99% damaged houses; 68% completely destroyed;
Blace: 3,500 inhabitants; 89% damaged houses; 55% completely destroyed
Separate streams of urine and faeces respectively. (beige water?)
Double-vault UDDT
Reuse of faeces for gardening
20,000 (?)
For 5 pilot families a double-vault UDDT has been designed and implemented. The toilet had to be
designed for the needs of the muslim population (preference for standing / water cleaning)
Succesful in Blace / Failed in Vranic

Possible reasons: Blace has older toilets, is economically worse off; good example from school toilet; hope
for canalisation in Vranic.
Ecosan accepted as provisional solution; better to implement in private field
EcoSan (Blace/Vranic Kosovo); Teil 2: http://www.pap.co.at/downloads/Versuch%20EcoSan.pdf
www.pap.co.at
kaschka@pap.co.at
No
174
Kyrgyzstan
Piloting of urine diversion toilets with households
Piloting of urine diversion toilets in Kyrgyzstan by four organisations
2006 - 2008
Planning phase/workshops in Dec. 2006 (two year project)
Each project partner will construct 3 toilets and 1 soil filter.

Below it says that four partners are collaberating, i.e. 12 toilets. Assuming average household size of 5
(from country list), 60 users
Four Kyrgyz NGO partners are collaborating in this project: the rural women’s NGO ALGA, the ecological
movement BIOM, Habitat for Humanity Kyrgyzstan, and the Public Association ULGU
Four Kyrgyz NGO partners are collaborating in this project: the rural women’s NGO ALGA, the ecological
movement BIOM, Habitat for Humanity Kyrgyzstan, and the Public Association ULGU
Funded by: German Environment Ministry (UBA) under its consulting support programme.
Kyrgyzstan is among the poorest countries of the former Soviet Union. Its population in the rural areas
faces many problems – bad sanitary conditions are among them. Kyrgyzstan’s National Statistics claim
that only 12% of the rural population has access to improved sanitation. Outdoor pit-latrines are the norm.
They are a cause for ground- and drinking water contamination, many infectious diseases, and also infant
mortality.
Different types of urine diversion toilets and soil filters to the country's condition
Treated greywater for watering of the garden; treated urine and faeces for fertiliser
http://www.wecf.eu/english/articles/2007/01/uba_kz.php
sascha.gabizon@wecf.org ; Margriet.Samwel@wecf.org ; deegener@tuhh.de
Analiza from Newsletter 23 dated February 2007; 27.08.2008
No
175
Kyrgyzstan
Urine diversion dehydration toilets with urban and rural households
Implementing urine diverison dehydration toilets (UDDT) with households and 2 constructed wetlands for
households
Bishkek, Kant, Ivanovka, village Saruu, town Kerben, Osh, village Kommuna
Provinces: Chui, Jalalabat, Osh, Batken, Issyk-Kul, Naryn
2006 - 2010
ca. 300 household UDDTs

Rural and urban areas
WECF, ALGA, BIOM, Habitat for Humanity, ULGU, Central Asian Alliance for Water and Mehr-Shavkat,
Unison, Agerkech, KAWS
ALGA, BIOM, Habitat for Humanity, ULGU, Central Asian Alliance for Water and Mehr-Shavkat, Unison,
Agerkech, KAWS
Dutch Ministry of Foreign Afairs, German Federal Environment Agency (Umwelt Bundesamt Germany),
WECF
Toilets implemented under the programmes

1) Ein nachhaltiges dezentrales Abwassermanangement fuer Kirgisistan
2) Empowerment & Local Action
UDDT; constructed wetlands
The urine and dehydrated faeces will be used by farmers in their farmland, partly by households
200 - 600 EUR
Double-vault UDDT for households, partly self developed squatting and sitting urine diverting toilet;
constructed wetlands for household grey water treatment
claudia.wendland@wecf.eu
gero.fedtke@wecf.eu
fedde.jorritsma@wecf.eu
farida.shorukova@wecf.eu
margriet.samwel@wecf.eu
No
176
Kyrgyzstan
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for six schools and one madrasah in rural areas
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) for 6 schools and 1 madrasah UDDT(religious school for boys)
with reuse
Village Myrsake, Ivanovka, Kommuna, Osh, Bokonbaeva

Provinces: Chui, Osh, Batken
2008 - 2009
UDDT for 6 schools and 1 madrasah UDDT (religious school for boys)
ca. 2.000 students and teachers
Rural area
WECF, ALGA, BIOM, ULGU, Central Asian Alliance for Water, Unison
ALGA, BIOM, ULGU, Central Asian Alliance for Water&Mehr-Shavkat, Unison
Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, WECF, German Ambassy
Toilets implemented under the programmes:

1) Empowerment & Local Action
2) Project in cooperation with German Ambassy in Kyrgyzstan
UDDT
The urine and dehydrated faeces will be used by farmers in their farmland.
Double-vault UDDT for schools with UD slabs from China
claudia.wendland@wecf.eu
gero.fedtke@wecf.eu
fedde.jorritsma@wecf.eu
farida.shorukova@wecf.eu
margriet.samwel@wecf.eu
No
177
Lebanon
Greywater treatment and reuse for households in Tanoura Village, Rasha Caza
Greywater treatment and reuse in a poor village with water scarcity
Tanoura, Rasha Caza, Lebanon
2006
30 houses, each house with a greywater treatment system
Rural area
Middle East Centre for the Transfer of Appropriate Technology (MECTAT)
Shortage of water, poor village

Greywater
Treated greywater used for irrigating the garden
Each house is equipped with a 3 or 4 barrel treatment kit in which the anearobic treatment of the collected
greywater takes place during one or two days, then it is pump into a drip irrigation network installed in the
garden.
http://www.mectat.com.lb/metopics/Tannoura%20Web/tannoura.htm
http://www.mectat.com.lb/metopics/Tannoura%20Web/tannoura.htm
boghos@mectat.com.lb
Analiza from Newsletter 25 dated August 2007; 29.08.2008
No
178
Lesotho
Decentralised wastewater treatment systems and reuse for the domestic wastewater of single
households in Maseru and Mapoteng
Demonstration of decentralised wastewater treatment systems for single households and use of biogas
and effluent for fertiliser or irrigation
Maseru and Mapoteng
2007 - 2009
16 DEWATS systems for single households, with a total of 184 users.

Three of these households also included animal manure in the system. And one household had an
outhouse used by about 40 people (included in the number of users above)
TED
TED-BORDA, client
Combined wastewater from toilets, kitchen, bath, laundry and/or kitchen waste, animal manure. Some
have separation of kitchen wastewater or grey and blackwater.
Biogas plants, anaerobic baffled reactors (ABR), planted gravel filters (PGF) or trickling filter
Surface irrigation for garden, fertiliser for garden, biogas for cooking
12,000 - 24,000 Maluti per project
Type of construction: brick and block build

Amount of wastewater: 1 - 2 m3/d
Biogas plants: 2 - 12 m3
Anaerobic baffled reactors: 2.3 - 6 m3
Planted gravel filter: 2 - 18 m2
http://www.borda-sadc.org/modules/news/
Andreas Ulrich, email: ulrich@borda.de
Nadira on 22.09.2009 from fact sheets emailed by BORDA
No
No
179
Lesotho
Decentralised wastewater treatment systems and reuse for the domestic wastewater of three
institutions in Maseru, Thaba Bosiu and Rothe
Demonstration of decentralised wastewater treatment systems at institutions and use of effluent for
irrigation
Maseru, Thaba Bosiu and Rothe
2007 - 2008
1) Home for disable children- 60 users

2) Orphanage- 45 users
3) Boarding school- 180 users
Total 285 users
Institutions
TED and T.C.C.
TED-BORDA
Combined wastewater from toilets, bathroom, kitchen and laundry
Biogas plants, Anaerobic baffled reactors (ABR), planted gravel filters (PGF),
Irrigation of garden and natural forest
1) 112,000 Maluti; 2) 65,000 Maluti; 3) 45,000 Maluti
Type of construction: brick and block build

Amount of wastewater: 1) 5 m3/d 2) 3.2 m3/d 3) 10 m3/d
Biogas plant: 1) 16 m3 2) 9 m3 3) 20 m3
Anaerobic baffled reactors: 1) 21 m3 2) 10 m3 3) integrated into the biogas dome
Planted gravel filter: 1) 75 m2 2) 30 m2 3) non
No
No
180
Lesotho
Decentralised wastewater treatment systems and reuse for the wastewater of three tourism
facilities in Butha Buthe and Thaba Bosiu
Demonstration of decentralised wastewater treatment systems at tourism facilities and use of effluent for
irrigation
Butha Buthe and Thaba Bosiu
2007 - 2008
1) Lodge with restaurant, guest houses and staff buiding- 50 users

2) Cultural village with amphitheatre, museum, restaurant and staff building- 100 users
3) Cultural village with 41 shallays, restaurant and staff building- 100 users
Total 250 users
Tourism facilities
TED and Matekane transport and plant hire
Client
Combined wastewater from toilets, bathroom, kitchen, laundry
Anaerobic baffled reactors (ABR), planted gravel filters (PGF), and settlers for the two cultural villages.
Irrigation of natural forest
1) 45,000 Rand (approx. 4,000 €); 2) 170,000 Rand (approx. 15,200 €); 3) 120,000 Rand (approx.
10,700 €)
Type of construction: 1) brick wall structure; 2) and 3) concrete structure and membrane
Amount of wastewater: 1) 4 m3/d 2) 35 m3/d 3) 12 m3/d
Settler: 2) 5 m3 3) 5 m3
Anaerobic baffled reactors: 1) 22 m3 2) 22 m3 3) 22m3
Planted gravel filter: 1) 15 m2 2) 550 m2 3) 326 m2
No
No
181
Malawi
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for poor households in the cities of Lilongwe, Blantyre and
Mzuzu
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for poor households in cities
Lilongwe, Blantyre and Mzuzu
2005 - 2008
500 UDDTS (the target is to reach 1900 UDDTs). Assuming average household size of 5 (from country
list), 2500 users.
Urban area
Homeless International in Cooperation with Center for Community Organization and Development
(CCODE) and Malawi Homeless People's Federation ( MHPF)
Homeless International in Cooperation with Center for Community Organization and Development
(CCODE) and Malawi Homeless People's Federation ( MHPF)
Access to clean drinking water and sanitation facilities is one of urban Malawi’s most pressing problems.
Slums throughout the country lack adequate toilet facilities, and outbreaks of cholera and other
waterborne diseases resulting from poor sanitation are rife. At the same time, the availability of clean
drinking water in informal settlements is also a major issue. Practices by the water boards controlling
piped water supply into slum communities, as well as the use of unmetered taps, have resulted in
residents being charged exorbitant water rates. Water points in slum communities are also not
strategically placed and are usually concentrated close to main roads or on the outside of settlements,
making it extremely difficult for residents to access them.
UDDT
http://www.homeless-international.org/Home_1.aspx?
id=0:907&sw=1024&sh=734&sd=32&ww=550&wh=264
info@homeless-international.org ; skuenkhoma@malawi.net
No
182
Malawi
Low cost sanitation with arboloo, fossa alterna and skyloo latrines in rural areas of Embangweni,
Thylo and Phalombe
Arborloo, fossa alterna and skyloo toilets as low cost sanitation for rural households
Embangweni, Thylo and Phalombe
2002 - 2006
Previous: baseline survey

Current: operation
6523 household ecosan latrines in Embangweni, 6188 ecosan toilets in Thyolo and Phalombe. Assuming
average household size of 5 (from country list), have 63,555 users.
Rural areas
Water Aid, Central Church of Africa Presbyterian (CCAP)
Water Aid, Central Church of Africa Presbyterian (CCAP)
47% already plant banana trees on their old latrine pits; 38% of interviewed accepted ecosan concept,
30% with some reservations, 32% would not use; low soil fertility in Malawi
Excreta
Arborloo; fossa Alterna; and Skyloo latrines
Fertiliser, soil conditioner
Subsidy: Initially 2.10$, after success was proven: dropped to 1.40$; no more than that of a traditional pit
latrine improvement program
Arborloo (planted tree in shallow pit), Fossa Alterna (moveable superstructure for two alternately operated
pits) and Skyloo latrines (two brick vaults above ground level).
All latrines use an 80 cm diameter domed slab as the basic building unit - only raw material that has to be
imported is cement.
Success of first operating systems promoted ecosan in the whole community; latrines for children with
smaller sizes were a big success; Urine diverting toilet also promoted but its high costs and complexity of
construction has precluded widespread use; dedicated individuals are needed, who became enthusiastic
about ecosan to drive it forward.
Sugden, Steven: One step closer to sustainable sanitation - the experiences of an eco-sanitation project in
Malawi
http://www2.gtz.de/Dokumente/oe44/ecosan/en-lessons-low-cost-ecological-approach-malawi-2007.pdfhttp://www.nku.edu/~longa/haiti/toilets/Eco_sanita
Steven Sugden, WaterAid, stevensugden@wateraid.malawi.net;
19.02.2007: Sören NEW; 09.09.2009 Christina
No
183
Malawi
Double vault composting toilets in schools in Chinteche
rural, school sanitation program to support scaling-up
Chinteche, Nkhata Bay, Malawi
P.O. BOX #129

Chintheche, Nkhata Bay, Malawi
Southern Africa
Jul-02
11 schools (approximately 11,000 students) to be confirmed
primary schools
CPAR- Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
CPAR- Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
UNICEF
Under the UNICEF Strategic School Sanitation and Hygiene Program, CPAR was subcontracted to
implement a portion of the project in Nkhata Bay schools. The original title of the project is Strategic school
sanitation and hygiene project- sub-compoenent implemented by CPAR
urine diversion, faeces composted
double vaults- composting latrines
planned for agriculture
approximately US$ 20,000
developed by CPAR
With the inclusion of urinals for both girls and boys, latrines stayed rather dry. Urine was filtered with grey
water from handwash facility and then filtered into the near by school gardens
See evaluation of Strategic School Sanitation and Hygiene by J. Degabreiel et al. 2004
Tchaka Thole, Country Director. E-mail:tchakathole@yahoo.com
Belinda Abraham on 06.07.2010
No
No
184
Mali
Peri-urban urine diversion dehydration toilets (abandoned), Koulikoro
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) and greywater treatment, with reuse for households in peri-
urban areas. Project failure mainly due to institutional and financial weaknesses.
Koulikoro
2000 - 2001
11 Urine diversion dehydration toilets and greywater infiltration gardens, each for approx. 10 - 25
inhabitants.
Currently mostly abandoned.
Peri-urban area
GTZ-ecosan and Otterwater GmbH, Lübeck
GTZ-ecosan, Eschborn
BMZ
Regional capital with approx. 26,000 inhabitans; existing drinking water supply: squatting toilets (with anal
hygiene); no public wastewater disposal; traditional decentralised separation and collection of faeces;
accommodation units with approx. 10 persons
Separate streams of urine and faeces respectively (got alot of anal cleansing water with the faeces also),
greywater
Double-vault UDDT; greywater garden
Urine as fertiliser, dried faeces as soil conditioner, urine to enhance compost produced from organic
waste, greywater for irrigation of crops
The investment for the double-vault toilets was approx. EUR 270 to EUR 414 in the year 2001
See SuSanA case study
Examples for project failure:

1. Lack of interest/demand:This was shown by a very low user commitment and a lack of awareness for
the need of maintenance
2. Municipality cooperation: The cooperation of the Koulikoro municipality was very low throughout the
entire project and the fluctuation within its authorities was very high
SuSanA
3. Projectcase study,
scale: The 'Peri-urban
project scaleurine
wasdiversion
too smalldehydration
so that theretoilets (abandoned),
was not Koulikoro'
enough urine for usage
4. Design: For Koulikoro, a drying pan for urine was designed that did not work because in particular
women used lots of water to wash after urinating. The separate collection of this washwater into the
washwater drain was however not included in the user instructions.
Conclusion: This project has not been sustainable, mainly because institutional and financial sustainability
SuSanA caseseverely
criteria were study: http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-mali-
neglected, for the reasons described above.
koulikoro-2009.pdf
In the technical regard the following observations are pointed out:
· The drying of faeces and their use is possible in Muslim countries. The issue of anal cleansing water can
be solved through an appropriate construction, such as a 3-hole squatting pan, where anal washwater is
collected separated and treated in a soil filter.
1. Dr.-Ing.
· The Martingarden
greywater Oldenburg,
system Email: oldenburg@otterwater.de
is a possible solution for families with a sufficiently large compound. The
2. Christineimprovement
immediate Werner/Heinz-Peter Mang, christine.werner@gtz.de,
of the household´s nutritional situation washeinz-peter.mang@gtz.de
appreciated by the families in
Koulikoro (although not enough so that they would invest the required time for proper maintenance).
· Urine fertilisation is very productive, but was only applicable if agricultural areas are nearby, as the
transport
of rather high amounts of liquid on bad roads with donkey carts proved difficult. A volume reduction of
collected urine would be desirable to ease handling and storage (but suitable systems, such as solar urine
desiccation, have not yet been found, mostly due to odour problems).
· The use of urine for composting (household waste or agriculture residues) is a good approach in arid
regions
02.12.03andInésis a promising alternative to the direct use of liquid urine. However composting in the Sahel
region can be
aktualiziert mitdifficult
Beitragduevomto 27.10.03,
the dry climate
Daniaand the low availability of compostable organic waste, which
09.02.2006
is instead consumed
akutalisiert by livestock.
am 04.01.2010 Laura Margarete Simon; la.simon@gmx.de
Yes
185
Mali
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households and women's centres in Commune VI, Bamako
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for households and women's centres in urban and peri-urban
areas
Bamako
Commune VI, Bamako
2005 - 2009
Pilot phase: 2005 - 2006

Project phase: 2007 - 2009
Continuous promotion and monitoring pilot project finished (15 toilets), on-going promotion of ecosan
UDDTs through collaboration with other partners and self-financing.
20 households and 2 public centers for women's cooperatives (~ 350 inhabitants)
Urban and peri-urban
CEK Kala Saba (Consultancy) and COGEVAD (communal committee of Commune VI, Bamako)
CEK Kala Saba (Consultancy) and COGEVAD (communal committee of Commune VI, Bamako)
WASTE (pilot project), CREPA-Mali (second phase), DED (continuous technical assistance)
Commune VI, Bamako is the largest and most populated of the 6 communes of the Malian capital
(300.000-500.000 inhabitants according to different sources). Drinking water supply is existing, but
insufficient in some quarters. There is no operational infrastructure for treatment of blackwater. Latrine
sludges are dumped outside the town or disposed on farmland.
Double-vault UDDT; simple drains for urine and washing water
Direct use of urine and faeces as fertiliser and soil conditioner for agriculture and gardening.
Co-composting with organic waste, transport and use directly by the families in their field/ garden
Total costs for 13 toilets, environmental education, awareness raising campaigns and training in 2006:
31,000 Euro. Costs in 2007 and 2008 for construction of 5 toilets each: ~400 Euro, 60% grants, 40%
contribution of beneficiairies
System of awareness raising and supervision by peers partly succesful, dependent on personal motivation
and remuneration, success of urine use as fertiliser by the beneficiaries themselves led to construction of
other toilets outside the grant program, some cultural reserves to handling of faeces.
Report for WASTE available at cek@afribone.net.ml, documentation of experiences planned for 2009
Ellen Gunsilius, Ellen.Gunsilius@gtz.de, Lazare Tembély, cogevad@afribone.net.ml, Mandiou Gassama,

cek@afribone.net.ml.
Comité de Gestion et de valorisation des déchets en Commune VI (COGEVAD),
cogevad@afribone.net.ml
02.03.2009 Ellen Gunsilius (GTZ) and Elisabeth von Münch (GTZ)
No
186
Mexico
Urban ecosan pilot program with multiple technologies at Tepoztlán
Piloting multiple ecosan technologies at the scale of an urban municipality
Tepoztlán
2002 - 2003
Start of planning: January 2002

Start of operation: January 2003
(Phase I: dissemination, implementation strategy evaluation, promotion)
Municipality of more than 35,000 -- including an integrated ecological sanitation closed–loop system in
one periurban community.
Small-town urban area
Sarar Transformación SC
Sarar Transformación SC
EcoSanRes / SIDA
Tepoztlán, a small urban centre 70 km south of Mexico City, has a special history of environmental
activism, strong municipality presents enormous contrasts that range from poor indigenous villages to
luxurious weekend homes. That socio-economic situation is, in many ways, a microcosm of contrasting
conditions prevalent in much of Mexico and Latin America. Tepoztlán is located at the top of its watershed,
within a national park and an important biological corridor. This municipality has been included in a
comprehensive
development program, sponsored by the Ministry of Tourism, which aims at conserving the natural and
cultural heritage of 16 distinctive Mexican towns. As a tourist destination the municipality is both politically
and environmentally strategic. Because of its high location Tepoztlán does not receive waters from
upstream
villages. But the clean water flowing down the mountains, after passing through various settlements, gets
polluted with greywater and black water as well as by garbage dumped into the ravines and rivers. An
estimated 70% of the urban population uses waterborne toilet systems emptying into septic tanks that
seldom conform to acceptable standards. Adequate emptying and maintenance rarely take place; so the
improperly treated effluent drains into the soil and underground fissures. Recent water quality tests
indicate that the aquifers, which supply water to most of the population, are being contaminated by nitrates
and phosphorous as well as detectable levels of faecal and total coliforms.
UDDT; arborloo; fossa alterna; reedbed; mulch filter; waterless male and female urinals; organoponics;
rainwater harvesting
Urine as fertiliser, dried faeces as soil conditioner, urine to enhance composting process, greywater for
irrigation.
Cost examples of a typical toilet with UD seat, male urinal and wash basin: $1,000 USD (including building
materials, accessories and labour). Fossa Alterna / Arborloo: $25 - $300 USD (depending on building
material). Greywater filter: $150 USD (including building material and labour).
1. Urine-diverting dry toilets, constructed with passive solar design and built with natural or traditional
materials. Over 30 UD dry toilets have been installed with: one dehydrating chamber with 2 large capacity
plastic containers (on wheels) for faeces collection, storage and pre-treatment; urine harvesting in 20 l
plastic
containers; south facing vent pipe and fly trap
2. Low-cost shallow pit composting sanitation system prototypes for poor peri-urban and rural populations
(Arborloo and Fossa Alterna).
Project has resulted
3. Reed-bed or mulch in:greywater
integration of dry systems
filtering toilets within households,
for physical improvingtreatment.
and biological security for users, especially
women and
4. Public, children; creation
institutional, domesticofwaterless
a networkmaleof alliances; demystification
and female urinals with of humancollection
a yearly urine for goal
use as
of fertiliser;
6000 l.
Resistance to the A
5. Organoponics: project due to:technique
culti¬vation lack of knowledge, scepticism,
in containers or gardenlack of understanding
beds, of the
mostly filled with drybenefits,
leaves, lack
of experience
soaked in government personnel.
with fermented human urine and a top layer of soil to produce vegetables.
PDS 012 (seeharvesting
6. Rainwater website below)
and pretreatment by sedimentation and volcanic gravel filtration. Local rainwater
harvesting potential of over 1 m³ per m² of roof surface.
PDS 012: http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-012-mexico-tepoz-eco-2005.pdfhttp://www.laneta.apc.org/sarar/http://www.sarar-t.org/PDFS/c
Ron Sawyer, Sarar Transformación SC; AP 8, Tepoztlán

Morelos 62520 Mexico, E-mail: rsawyer@laneta.apc.org
Tel/fax: +(52-739) 395-0364; Tel: +(52-739) 395-3001
Dania 09.02.2006
Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) 24.02.10 add information from GTZ datasheet
No
187
Mexico
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and greywater treatment contributing to the protection of El
Tule Lagoon
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) and greywater treatment contributing to environmental
protection
Mexican Pacific Coast
2006 - 2008
30 UDDTS until 2008. Assuming these are household toilets ?, assuming average household size of 5
(from country list), have 150 users
Coastal area
AproSanidad Melaque
UNEP
Problematic environmental condition

UDDT; waterless urinal; biofilter
All sanitation installations have a ceramic urine separating toilet and waterless urinal, a water saving
shower, wash basins and a biofilter for greywater treatment.
http://aprosanidad.blogspot.com/
jdeltoro1973@yahoo.com
No
188
Moldova
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for a kindergarten, a school and households in Criscauti,
Bolduresti and Bacseni Villages, Drochia and Causeni Towns
Urine diverstion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for kindergarten, school and households with reuse of
nutrients
Drochia and Causenia towns are a part of the project
Criscauti, Bolduresti and Bacseni Villages, Drochia and Causeni Towns
2008 - 2009
1 Kindergarten, 1 school; 20 household toilets
Assuming an average household size of 3 (from country list), 60 users at household level.
Assuming 50 students for kindergarten and 200 students for the school (for the purposes of the summary
list), have 250 users
Rural area
Ecotox, WISDOM, WECF
Ecotox, WISDOM
Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, TUHH, WECF
No central water supply, no sewage system, extremely bad sanitary status, nitrate and microrogansim
polluted groundwater
Toilets under the Empowerment for Local Action (ELA) project

UDDT, sandfilter
Urine reuse on demonstration garden. Urine and faeces as fertiliser for garden.
UDDTs: indoor and outdoor; home-made UD-seatrisers; for schools UD slabs from China
No
189
Mongolia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in an urban area, Ulaanbaatar
Piloting of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) in an urban area
Ulaanbaatar
Oct. 2006 - Mar. 2007
5 UDDTs. Assuming 1 UDDT is to 15 persons ,the estimated number of people will be 75.
Urban area
GTZ
GTZ
Double-vault UDDT; urinal
Both urine and faeces will be reused for the local production of vegetables.
900’000 MNT (ca. 530 Euro) per unit
The toilet model itself consists of a double-vault urine-diversion dehydration toilet (UDDT) and a urinal;
both are produced out of fibreglass in Ulaanbaatar. Both vaults have a drawer-like design that makes the
removal of urine containers or dried faeces very easy. In order to prevent the formation of “stalagmites”
from frozen faeces, the initial toilet was improved with a mesh where the faeces fall upon. This guarantees
a better aeration and drying of the excreta, and a more even distribution even in winter.
See Masters Thesis Katharina Conradin for elaborate description of this project:
http://www2.gtz.de/Dokumente/oe44/ecosan/en-ecosan-in-mongolia-mscthesis-2007.pdf
Erlback, Director of the Integrated Urban Development and Construction Sector Programme of the GTZ
and Katharina Conradin k.conradin@gmail.com
20.04.2009 Philipp Feiereisen philippf@students.uni-mainz.de. Total number of users updated by Paul

Okan-Adjetey on 24.09. 2010. okanadjetey1@yahoo.com
No
190
Mongolia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at tourist camp Khovsgol Inn, Khatgal
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) at a tourist camp in a rural area
Khatgal
2007
Construction in 2007
2 UDDTs. Assuming the average person/ UDDT 15 persons ,the estimated number of people will be 30.
Rural area
Single-vault UDDT
Trial garden
Single vault with room to hold 2 - 3 faeces buckets which can be removed easily, instead of building of
multiple vaults and moving the pedestal periodically from one vault to theother. Toilet pedestals were
imported from South Africa.
http://www2.gtz.de/Dokumente/oe44/ecosan/nl/en-uddt-touristcamp-khatgal-mongolia-2007.pdf
See Masters Thesis Katharina Conradin for elaborate description of this project:
http://www2.gtz.de/Dokumente/oe44/ecosan/en-ecosan-in-mongolia-mscthesis-2007.pdf
rett139@yahoo.com, k.conradin@gmail.com
Analiza from Newsletter 25 dated August 2007: 29.08. 2008

16.02.2009: Update L. Ulrich.Total number of users updated by Paul Okan-Adjetey on
24.09.2010.okanadjetey1@yahoo.com
No
191
Morocco
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in Souss Massa Park
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) and waterliess urinals in a national park
Rabat
2006 - 2011
Current phase 2006 - 2008
The ecosan toilets are constructed in the Souss Massa Park to offer appropriate infrastructure for the park
visitors. 4 squatting pans and 2 waterless urinals
National park
GTZ in cooperation with Moroccan Forestry Department (Regional Office Agadir)
GTZ, Moroccan Forestry Department; local construction company "Boufetra".
BMZ / GTZ
Semi-arid climate, water scarceness, high pressure on ground water level because of agriculture and
mass tourism around the Agadir region; Souss-Mass National Park shall be opened to sustainable
tourism.
UDDTs; waterless urinals
Fertiliser and soil conditioner
Cubicle construction (4 cubicles) : 15000 Euro;

EcoSan toilets (4 squatting pans and 2 waterless urinals): approx. 340 Euro (including transport fees from
Germany)
Stroebert-Beloud Heidrun: heidrun.stroebert-beloud@gtz.de.

GTZ-PRONALCD, B.P. 433, 10000 Rabat-Hassan
06.10.2008 Heidi Beloud (GTZ Marocco) - small amendments 09.10.2008 Sören.No ofusers updated by
Paul Okan-Adjetey on 24-09-2010. okanadjetey1@yahoo.com
No
192
Mozambique
Fossa alterna latrines in peri-urban areas of Lichinga City, Niassa Province
Fossa alterna latrines in peri-urban areas of a city and reuse of compost for crops
Lichinga
2000 - unknown
Latrines completly built; promotion
76 fossa alterna latrines. Assuming average household size of 4 (from country list), 304 users
Peri-urban area
Wateraid-Mozambique, ESTAMOS and Municipality
Niassa Province is characterised by poor infrastructure, a weak cash-based agriculture economy and
political and social isolation. Water and sanitation related health problems, groundwater pollution
Excreta
Fossa alterna toilet
Compost for vegetable gardens
Community participation reduces investment costs and increases the number of beneficiaries;
Adoption of double chamber EcoSan infrastructure is long lasting investment.
Programme is in final year. Last year rains wiped out most crops except EcoSan Crops, which has
spurred farmers on and led to dramatically increased demand.
Breslin, E.D. and dos Santos, F.: Introducing Ecological Sanitation in Rural and Peri-Urban Areas of
Northern Mozambique, Paper presented at the First International Conference on Ecological Sanitation,
5-11 November 2001, Nanning, China
Breslin, E.D.: Int
http://www.wateraid.org.uk/site/what_we_do/where_we_work/57.asp and
http://www.estamosoc.org./English/eco.htm
Edward D. Breslin, Wateraid, CP 276, Lichinga, Niassa Province, Mozambique, E-mail: wateraid-
mz@teledata.mz.
No
check if this project is the same as the previous entry. How many toilets, how many
users?
193
Mozambique
Fossa alterna and arborloo latrines in rural and peri-urban areas, Niassa Province
Fossa alterna and arborloo latrines in rural and peri-urban areas
Niassa Province (Nipepe, Maua)
Lichinga
2001
Study done in 1995
Dispersed in rural areas and congested peri-urban areas
The Niassa department of water and sanitation
ESTAMOS- Mozambiqan water supply & sanitation & HIV/Aids prevention/education; NGO
WaterAid-Mozambique
Poor infrastructure, weak cash-based agricultural economy & political and social isolation
Excreta
Various forms of ecosan technologies suitable for rural and peri urban reas as decided by the family
(model fossa alterna, arborloo models)
Fertiliser for agricultural purposes, demonstration with guava plant
Fossa alterna- US$18 - 27 (depending on scale);
1 plastic sheet for roof lining, 1 latrine slab, cement for mortar lining ~ 30 mcms of pit (from WaterAid)
All local materials and labor (from family)
Key lessons learnt from ongoing monitoring & evaluation:

Foul odours due to inadequate use of ash/soil for fear of quick filling of pits.
Improved hygienic practices, fear of witchcraft prohibits other users, the traditional belief that drinking
water is a threat to health compared to sanitation.
Breslin, E.D. and dos Santos, F (2001).: Introducing Ecological Sanitation in Rural and Peri-Urban Areas
of Northern Mozambique,
Breslin, E.D. (2001) Introducing Ecological Sanitation: some lessons from a small town pilot project in
Mozambique;
Breslin, E.D.; Kelleher, J & Sugden, S (2001): An Old Aproach Re-applied
www.wateraid.org.uk
Edward D. Breslin, Wateraid, CP 276, Lichinga, Niassa Province, Mozambique

E-mail: wateraid-mz@teledata.mz
Feliciano dos Santos, Director, ESTAMOS
Abdul 15.03.06
No
194
Mozambique
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in a rural resettlement area, Sofala Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for households, institutions and public areas in a rural
resettlement area, Sofala Province
Sofala Province
1999 - 2001
Start of planning: 03/1999

Start of construction: 03/2001
245 domestic latrines; 5 latrines for primary schools; 10 public latrines; 2 latrines for rural health post -->
5200 persons
Rural area
Programme for rural Water Supply and Sanitation PAARSS, Mozambique
Department for Water and Sanitation, Provincial Directorate for Public works in the Sofala province
Mozambique
ADA – Austrian Development Cooperation
In 2000 devastating floods affected the Sofala province in Mozambique and more than 4000 people were
resettled in the locality of Guara Guara. Sanitation was the major problem since the ground water table
was high and all the emergency water supply was provided from shallow aquifers. First 16 emergency
latrines were constructed using drums of 210 liters’ capacity designed to prevent groundwater
contamination.
During the resettlement period the families had already started to construct low cost latrines but
encountered difficulties since they always would reach the groundwater table in digging the pit. Their
solution to the problem was to pile up earth and then make a hole in it. Projects with pit latrines soon
abandoned the area due to challenges with the groundwater. The acceptance and understanding of the
EcoSan technology was based on the obvious advantages and the technology was quickly accepted by
the future users and the local administration. To get the concept accepted by advisors and donors took 1
½ year – a considerably longer time.
Double-vault UDDT
Urine as fertiliser and dried faeces as soil conditioner
Family UDDT: 478 US$ per family

Public UDDT: 700 US$ per toilet
The chosen technology is a simple squatting platform for urine and faeces separation made of local
material (concrete and cement - plastic is not very durable in the hot humid climate) with ventilated double
vault collection and drying chambers above ground, oriented to the sun. The latrine building includes a
shower compartment.
- The technology is well accepted as a feasible solution that can even be realised self-dependently by the
users in cooperation with local artisans.
- It is accepted as a durable and long lasting investment compared to emergency latrines or other interim
devices.
- The major project hinderings in the beginning were worries about cultural conflicts and costs, which were
See PDS 027
invalidated by (website
practical below)
experience.
- Awareness raising; the discussion and education process has raised the interest in sanitation and
hygiene of both communities and decision makers.
- Community participation in the design of sanitation infrastructure contributes to appropriate use and
maintenance due to better knowledge of the technology and increased ownership.
http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-027-rural-uddt-programme-mozambique-2006.pdf
- Active community participation in the project implementation has also an impact on reduction of
investment
costs and hence increases the number of beneficiaries.
- The technology is in the meanwhile also applied by other local initiatives in other towns or districts.
Alberto Cumbana, PAARSS project coordinator, PAARS, Mozambique,

Phone: 258 -03-328552/329595 Paarss@teledata.mz
Madeleine Fogde, PAARSS Consultant
mfogde@telia.com
18.05.2009 Philipp Feiereisen.

Updated 13.11.09 Nadira from information in E. Von Muench email
No
195
Namibia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets with peri-urban households in Mariental Town
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) with peri-urban households
Mariental town
Urban area
SDPP GTZ-Services, Universität of Namibia
MAWRD, DWA, MHSS, Ministry of Argicuture, Habitat research and Development centre
Dry country, 400 mm p.a., evaporation potential of 3,000 mm, 87% of the households have access to safe
water but 54% have no toilet facilities, mostly in rural and peri-urban areas, desert and savannah region
UDDT
Fertiliser
Acceptance, interest was raised nationwide at different levels, exposure of ecosan
www.gtz.de/ecosan
Christine Werner/Heinz-Peter Mang, ecosan-Projekt

christine.werner@gtz.de, heinz-peter.mang@gtz.de.
Mr. Wiwnwcke: andreas_hrdc@yahoo.com; Ms. Namene: NameneL@mawrd.gov.na;
Mr. Roeis: roeisR@mawrd.gov.na; Mr. Kohima: dinokohima@yahoo.co.uk
dania 10.02.2006
No
196
Namibia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets with rural households, Gibeon Village
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) with rural households
Gibeon Village
Feb. - Jul. 2004
Agreement for 12 UDDTs. Assuming average household size of 5 (from country list), 60 users.
Rural area
SDPP GTZ-service, Universität of Namibia
MAWRD, DWA, MHSS, Ministry of Argicuture, Habitat research and Development centre
Dry country, 400 mm p.a., evaporation potential of 3,000 mm, 87% of the households have access to safe
water but 54% have no toilet facilities, mostly in rural and peri-urban areas, desert and savannah region.
In the old location of Gibeon village, the sanitation system consists of a mix of on-site flush toilets with
septic tanks or conservancy tanks, soak aways, pit and bucket latrines, all causing environmental and
health hazards.
UDDT
Fertiliser
Acceptance, interest was raised. The Village Council is still willing to provide the 12 UDS pilots to the
community. Furthermore political priorities have led to the decision of implementing a vacuum sewage
system. Although the community is in favour of the dry UDS solution, because more than 30% will not be
able to pay the water bill, government is financing only a capital project.
www.gtz.de/ecosan
Christine Werner/Heinz-Peter Mang, ecosan-Projekt

christine.werner@gtz.de, heinz-peter.mang@gtz.de
dania 10.02.2006, Updated: Alemayehu, 09.11.2009, alemerika27@yahoo.com
No
197
Namibia
Sanitation centres with vacuum toilets and biogas plants for an informal urban settlement in
northern Namibia
Sanitation centres in informal settlements in Northern Namibia (Oshakati) with vacuum sewer system,
biogas digesters, biogas production and possibility to use water and fertilisers in agriculture
Oshakati (but may be changed due to problems with the communal administration)
In Namibia it is still not sure in which settlement the sanitation centres will be build.
2010 - 2014
Pilot phase: until 2010

Implementing phase: until 2014
Sanitation centres for 50 - 250 people for an informal settlement of about 5000 inhabitants
Informal houses and huts in urban areas
ISOE (Frankfurt), Fraunhofer Institute Institut für Grenzflächen- und Bioverfahrenstechnik (Stuttgart) TU
Darmstadt, Institute WAR,
Desert Research Foundation of Namibia, Ministry of Lands, Agriculture and Forestry, Namibia, BGR
Germany (CIM expert in Namibia) and GTZ NA.
Informal settlements have no access to sanitation, or share a toilet with up to 70 person. Inhabitants use
the bush for defection. President of Namibia promised to increase access to sanitation but with water
toilets. Northern Namibia faces water problems, due to transboundary water sources in Angola and no rain
(driest country in sub saharan Africa). Northern namibia is densely populated and has many poor people.
Blackwater
Vacuum toilets; biogas digester
Water for irrigation with nutrients as fertilisers (N, P) and biogas for cooking and lighting
not sure: 5 Mio. €
Vacuum toilets need 3 litre water per flush
see website
http://www.cuvewaters.net/index.htm
Thomas Kluge (ISOE) ,Alexandra Lux (ISOE), Walter Trösch.

In Germany: ISOE Institute for socio-ecologic development, Frankfurt.
Annika, 20.11.2008
No
198
Nepal
Urine bank in Siddhipur
Struvite recovery from Urine in Nepal" (STUN)
Siddhipur
May 2010 till present
100 UDDTs are available for collection of urine in Sidhipur,and will generate 35000 litres of urine which
will be available for use as plant fertiliser annually.
EAWAG,UN-HABITAT
The urine bank, which is a spin-off from the project "Struvite recovery from Urine in Nepal" (STUN), is a
pilot project aimed at increasing the reuse of nutrients from human urine. Source-separated urine is
collected from households which do not have a use for it and is sold for 1 Nepalese Rupee (or 1 Euro-
cent) per litre to farmers who use it to fertilise their crops. The entire urine of one adult would therefore
fetch a price of about EUR 5.5 per year. The urine bank is a project supported by EAWAG Switzerland)
and UN-HABITAT.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/gtzecosan/sets/72157624918691080/with/4975071532/
Inserted by Paul Okan-Adjetey on 4/10/2010. okanadjetey1@yahoo.com

199
Nepal
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in Darechowk VDC (Open Defecation Free Declaration
Programme) Chitwan District
Darechowk VDC Open Defecation Free Declaration Programme
Darechowk VDC
Estimated to have started in 2008.yet to clarify by sending out e - mails.
717 households have constructed EcoSan toilet at their home. according to the Central Bureau of
Statistics, Thapathali, Kathmandu.Nepal.
www.urbwatsan.org.np www.guthi.net. http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/gtz2010-en-ecosan-nl37.pdf
Tel. + 977-16- 200776, G.P.O Box 21036, Tripureshwor,kathmandu, e-mail : mail@guthi.net, URL-
www.guthi.net
Inserted by Paul Okan-Adjetey on 4/10/2010. okanadjetey1@yahoo.com
No
No
200
Nepal
Urine diversion toilets for a school in Darechowk Village, Chitwan District
Urine diversion toilets for a school in Darechowk Village, Chitwan District
Mahjgaun Lower Secondary School, Darechowk Village in Chitwan district
2007
School project is done and is doing well. The whole village tries to become an ecological village. See
entry on ecofarming
Over 120 ecosan toilets, approx: 500 students
Rural area: school
WHO
Urine diversion toilet
Reuse of urine in the agriculture (mainly oranges, cabbage and cauliflower)
The whole village became cleaner and now the community has plans to make the village an ecological
tourism area, with trekking routes and ‘bed and breakfast’ facilities.
Han Heijnen; Environmental Health Advisor; World Health Organization; UN House, P.O.Box 108
Pulchowk, Kathmandu, Nepal
e-mail: hanheijnen@gmail.com heijnenh@searo.who.int
No
Update number of toilets and users because many UDDTs made by the multiple
organisations listed below working together
201
Nepal
Household urine diversion toilets in peri-urban areas in Kathmandu Valley
Peri-urban sanitation improvement in the Kathmandu Valley with urine diversion toilets for households
Kathmandu Valley, Terai Region (Parsa)
2002 - ongoing

In 2009, toilets also under construction
Presently (in 2009) 200 toilets in 6 areas operated and under construction.
Assuming an average household size of 6 (from country list), 1200 users.
Peri-urban areas
DWSS - Department of Water Supply and Sewerage
2005 pilot: Jyoti Youth club; DWSS; ENPHO, Lumanti
WHO, Development Network, CODEF; WaterAid Nepal
80% live in rural areas; Sanitation coverage: 39% (2004) - only 20% in the low land; preferred sanitation:
open defection; high ground water table (dry ecosan difficult)
Wet ecosan latrine system for Terai region; separate urine collection
Faeces and urine as fertiliser; urine as catalyst to decompose garbage and cow dung / as pesticide to kill
pest
2005: support 200,000 NR for 20 latrine units
Twin pits lined with concrete rings for faeces; plastic jars for urine
High acceptability in the region; dry latrine was modified by locals themselves
Kishore, Nawal and Shrestha, Guna Raj: A Way Forward to Promote Ecosan Programme in Nepal
See PDS 028
http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-028-private-uddt-kathmandu-nepal-2006.pdfhttp://www.enpho.org/sprog.ht
Mr. Nawal Kishore, ess@most.gov.np, Mishra, Chief, ESS/DWSS; Mr. Guna Raj Shrestha,
gunaraj_shrestha@yahoo.com, Executive Chairperson of CODEF
ENPHO, 110/25 Adarsa Marga-1, Thapagaon, New Baneshwor

Email: enpho@mail.com.np
New: Sören, 4.12.2006; Update: 18.05.2009 Philipp Feiereisen
No
follow up how many more biogas units made connected with toilets after 2006
202
Nepal
Biogas digesters for household sanitation in the Nepal Biogas Support Program
Large-scale implementation of biogas digesters for rural sanitation and animal cow dung; economic
development (biogas market establishment); GHGs reduction
Country-wide project; taking place in 66 districts (out of 75 in total)
1992 - 2009
92-'94 Phase 1: 6,824 units installed; '94-2/96 Phase 2: 13,375 units installed; 3/97-6/03 Phase 3: 91,196
units installed; 6/03-12/05 Phase 4: 29,154 units installed;
Actual phase: July 2003 - June 2009
980,000 beneficiaries; over 150,000 units were built (June 2006).

70% are connected to toilets, 70% of 980,000= 686,000
Rural area: households
Biogas Support Program (BSP)
Biogas Support Program (BSP)
HMG/N, DGIS, KfW, ADB/N, SNV (Netherlands Development Orga.), Gobar Gas Company (GGC)
Overexplotation of fuelwood, acceleration of deforestation, agricultural residues and dung as alternative

cooking fuel, soil degradation, rapidly increasing population, high workload on women, poor indoor air
quality and smoke exposure.
Cattle dung, blackwater (~70% of plants have toilet connections, some rejections due to relegious beliefs),
rainwater
Anaerobic digester with biogas production, compost pits, rainwater harvesting
Biogas for energy, compost as soil conditioner
~US$ 350/unit; Government subsidy of US$ 70-150/household; Loans available thru micro finance
institutions; Savings due to reduced fuelwood use, agricultural residue, dung, kerosene, chemical fertiliser,
labour, time and carbon emmissions (potential income of US$ 665,000/yr thru CDM).
GGC 2047 model - uniform dome design. 4 - 20 m3, depending on amount of daily dung. Hydraulic
retention time: 70 days. Power delivery of 1.16 - 2.32 KW.
Importance of working in a positive political framework, understanding the end-user/market

needs/concerns, identifying most appropriate design and key partners, securing commitment and support
of financial institutions, succesful demonstrations
1) Bajgain, S., Shakya, I. & Mendis, S. M. (Ed). The Nepal Biogas Support Program: A successful model of
public private partnership for rural household energy supply. 2) Acharya. J., Bajgain, S. & Subedi, P. S.
2005. Sacling up biomass in Nepal: What else is needed? Boiling Point 50: 1-4. 3) Mendis, M. S. & van
Nes, W. J. 2001. Biogas in rural household energy supply: The Nepal biogas supply program. Regional
seminar on commercialization of biomass technology, Guangzhou, China.
http://www.bspnepal.org.np/introduction.htm http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_library/methane_nepal.html
BSP Nepal; Bakhundole, Lalitpur

PO Box 9751, Kathmandu, Nepal;
Tel: +977-1-5529840 / 5524665 Fax: +977-1-5524755
Email: bsp-nepal@wlink.comp.np
14.02.2007: Sören NEW 31.5.2007: update Yaniv
No
203
Nepal
Ecofarming using products from urine diversion toilets in nine villages
Ecological farming using products from urine diversion toilets in nine villages replaces chemical fertilisers
9 communities: Nagarkot, Tiggni, Siddipur, Khokana, Techho, Pyngaon, Parsa, Sunwal, Dharechowk
2003 - 2009
The concept of ecological sanitation, was formally introduced in Nepal in 2002/3 by the Departement of
Water Supply and Sewerage and WHO.
Pilot project finished, evaluation phase finished.
Nagarkot (16 units), Tiggni (21 units), Siddhipur (100 units) , Khokana (57 units), Techho (215 units),
Pyngaon (50 units), Parsa (81 units), Sunwal (110 units) , Dharechwok (42 units).
A total of 1135 UDTs (dry and wet). Assuming an average household size of 6 (from country list), 6810
users.
Rural area
Currently organizations such as Development Network, Community Development Forum Environment and
Public Health Organization, LUMANTI, Water Aid Nepal, UN-Habitat, Nepal Water for Health, Center for
Integrated Urban Development, Plan Nepal, Rural Village Water Resource Management
(RVWRMP)/FINNIDA, Practical Action, SEAM-N and UNICEF etc.
UD toilets introduced in Siddupur about 1999 by WHO. An NGO gave demonstrations on urine separation
and biogas process. Based on these skills, a farmer Jeevan started eco-farming practices. Jeevan learnt
about urine separation and biogas processes. After this he switched from his chicken farming, which was
running at a loss, to vegetable production with eco-farming. Since then eco-farming has spread to several
villages .
urine; faeces; blackwater
UD toilets; biogas digester
Fertiliser; biogas for lighting and cooking
Jeevan has stopped using any chemical fertiliser, rather substituting urine and cow manure as fertiliser.
Urine drip irrigation used to fertilise an acre of crops. Household biogas plant provides lighting and fuel for
cooking twice a day.
Experience of ecofarming in Siddhipur village by Farmer Jeevan:

- Urine and cow manure used to replace chemical fertiliser effectively, saves 7000 Rs per year spent
previously on chemical fertiliser.
- Farmer earns profit of 10-15000 Rs per month from ecofarming.
- Biogas plant provides lighting and cooking fuel, saves 1000 Rs (per year?) spent previously on firewood.
WHO 2009,
- Farmer has'Ecofarming- a winning complement
created a demonstration to ecological
effect, others sanitation'
are learning from him.Environmental Health Update,
Vol. 4, No. 3, May 2009
The study on all the ecofarming villages reports show that the communities are largely benefited throuh
the sale of ecological sanitation based agricultural products, particulary vegetables. UDT is being adopted
as an appropriate technology not only for the disposal of urine and faeces as well as of agricultural
http://www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/SDE_EH_Update_May_09.pdf
wastes.
Dr Abdul Sattar Yoosuf, Director, Sustainable Development and Healthy Environments.

Email: yoosufa@searo.who.int
Han Heijnen, Environmental Health Advisor, World Health Organisation, UN House, P.O.Box 108 ,
Pulchowk, Kathmandu, Nepal. Tel: +977 1 5523200/ext 1318. Fax : +977 1 5527756. WHO GPN 24418
Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, 3rd floor, Singha Durbar. Tel: +977 1 4211578.
e-mail: hanheijnen@gmail.com, heijnenh@searo.who.int
Nadira 24.08.2009 from website link above.

Update unknown 1.1.10
No
204
Nepal
Urine diversion toilets as a part of the Rural Village Water Resources Management Project
(RVWRMP), Kailali District
Urine diversion toilets as a part of the Rural Village Water Resources Management Project (RVWRMP),
Kailali District. Sulabh toilets also made. Should they be included? - should the 1148 sulabh latrines be
included in the count? (it is not clear if the sulabh toilet 'compost' is also reused.) Then the number of
users should be changed from 210 to 7098? --> We decided not to include the Sulabh toilets!
Kailali District is located in the plain area of Terai Region
2006
Latrines completely built and evaluated
The project is providing 5 numbers of urine-faeces diverting eco-san latrine in pilot scale each in 6 VDC
(Total 35 number) to see the acceptability and use of this latrine.
(The project is also providing 1148 number of sulabh pour-flush latrine.)

Rural
If areaSulabh toilets, with an average household size of 6, have 6888 users of Sulabh toilets.
include
RVWRMP is bilateral development cooperation in water resources sector between the Government of
Nepal and Government of Finland.
There is no scarcity of water as a handpump is installed in each household. The working area of this
project is rural area to reach the poorest of the poor.
Urine and faeces
Urine application and vermicomposted faeces on agricultural fields.
(Sulabh flush compost toilet is eco-friendly, technically appropriate, socio-culturally acceptable and
economically
affordable. It is an indigenous technology and the toilet can easily be constructed by local labour and
materials. It provides health benefits by safe disposal of human excreta on-site. It consists of a pan with a
steep slope and an especially designed trap with waterseal requiring only 1.5 to 2 litres of water for
flushing, thus helping conserve water. It does not need scavengers to clean the pits. There are two pits of
varying size and capacity depending on the number of users ( Sulabh international). In the project, the
The
toiletsettlement
pan used ishas become
water cleaner and people have started to be motivated in hand washing after using
seal type,
the toilet. alternatively to two pits each of height 1.10 m and diameter 1m. The toilet and pit is connected
connected
through 110 mm diameter, 1m long HDPE pipe. The basic principle of on-site sanitation is: liquids infiltrate
In Nepal
into which
the soil andisthe
predominantly male dominated
solids are retained, society
anaerobically and where
digested women
and have have
to be a low status
removed and
(M. Feroze,
position, theseone
2000). When changes in women's
pit is full, rolesexcreta
the incoming and responsibilities through
is diverted into the female
the second LLB
pit. The represent
sludge gets a
digested
dramatic leap dry
and is almost towards the empowerment
and pathogen free, thusof women
safe and towards
for handling equality
as manure. between
Users men and(UCs)
Committees women.
are the
main responsible bodies for implementing and managing the operation and maintenance of schemes.
Capacity building at local level is an inherent component of the project. Local Latrine Builder’s (LLB)
training was given to the people selected by community, encouraging the participation of female and
disadvantaged groups.)
Bimala Prajapati*,Water Resources Engineer, Rural Village Water Resources Management Project
Taranagar-5, Dhangadhi, Nepal, Telephone:977-9841864872, Email: bimala.prajapati@gmail.com.
Sunil Kumar Das*, Project Coordinator, Rural Village Water Resources Management Project, Taranagar-
5, Dhangadhi, Nepal, Telephone:977-9851101644, Email: sunilkumardas1@gmail.com.
Chet Raj Joshi, Accountant, Rural Village Water Resources Management Project, Taranagar-5,
Dhangadhi, Nepal
Telephone: 977-9749006766, Email: joshi.chetraj@gmail.com.
4.1.2010 Laura Margarete Simon: la.simon@gmx.de
No
hardly any info. Find out more info about system, reuse and no. Of users
205
Netherlands
Ecological housing estate, Culemborg
Culemborg
1999 - 2003
The EVA Foundation (Ecological Center for Education, Information and Advice) and the municipality of
Culemborg
The houses are equipped with water saving toilets. The blackwater and greywater are collected
separately.
28.12.04 Sonny --> ask EvM for more info (ecosan online course)
No
hardly any info. Find out more info about system, reuse and no. Of users
206
Netherlands
Greywater treatment of a residential area using a constructed wetland, Groningen
Groningen
1995 - 1997
166 dwellings 110?? Assuming an average household size of 4, 110 dwellings will mean 440 users.
The municipality Groningen and the local housing agency
-
-
110 households are equipped with grey and black wastewater separation and greywater treatment. The
greywater is treated in a free surface constructed wetlands.
Mels. A and Zeeman G, 2003: Practical Example of DESAR concepts in urban areas in the Netherlands, in
Proceeding of the second international symposium on Ecological Sanitation, luebeck, 2003
http://www.drielanden.nl/
28.12.04 Sonny. No of users updated by Paul Okan-Adjetey on 24/09/2010. okanadjetey1@yahoo.com
No
207
Netherlands
Greywater treatment and reuse as a part of the Green Roof Project for ecological housing, Utrecht
Greywater treatment and reuse as a part of the Green Roof Project for ecological housing
Utrecht
Het Groene Dak (HGD); Simon Bolivarstraat 51; 3573 ZJ Utrecht

Telefon HGD: 030-2735979; Email HGD: groenedak@planet.nl
1989 - 1993
10 houses with greywater separation system (out of a residential area with 40 rental and 26 private-owned
houses).
Urban area
A social housing association 'Portaal' and private developer
The Province and City of Utrecht, the water utility company, and the Ministry of the Environment and
Housing
After seven years of operation the experiment of composting toilets was stopped by urgent request of the
inhabitants. The toilets created odour and had flies.
-
Composting toilets (disused); greywater treated in an oxidation bed, followed by a sub-surface reed bed
filter (5 houses); wetland in a greenhouse (5 houses).
Irrigation
11,000 guilders was made available per dwelling for environmental measures
Grey water is treated in a process train consisting of sedimentation and a trickling filter. A part of the
treated grey water is led into a surface-flow constructed wetland from where it is led into a retention pond;
another part is used as irrigation water in a small greenhouse.
The black water was at first composted in Clivus Multrum composting toilet systems but the disused.
Rain water from the roofs is collected and used in a number of collective laundry machines.
- After many problems with smell, flies and a disturbed composting process, these systems were removed
and replaced by (low) flush toilets. The black water is currently discharged into the municipal sewer. Rain
water of the entire neighborhood is infiltrated.
The tenants are responsible for the in-house equipment (toilet, pipes, etc.) and take part in the
1. Bookoff. Maia,
maintenance 2002:
of the pondHET GROENE
system (yearlyDAK,
removal of the plants) and the small greenhouse. The housing
http://www.antenna.nl/atalanta/hetgroenedak/TheGreenRoof.ppt
company is responsible for the treatment and maintenance of the grey and rainwater system. The effluent
quality of the grey water system is not 2. Mels. A andon
monitored Zeeman
a regularG, basis.
2003: The
second international
interviewed symposium
tenants on
appreciated
Ecological
the systemSanitation, luebeck,that
and they indicated 2003it made them feel environmentally concerned. They managed to reduce
3. Switch
their water2009 'Sustainable
consumption Water Management
by approximately in the Citytoofthe
40% compared theaverage
Future' (see
Dutchwebsite below)
water consumption. They
http://www.groenedak.nl/
reported http://www.antenna.nl/atalanta/hetgroenedak/index.html
Switch report:
incidental smellhttp://www.switchurbanwater.eu/outputs/pdfs/W4-
coming from the constructed wetland and the greenhouse. The greenhouse was reported
1_GEN_DEL_4.1.1b_Adoption_and_performance_of_urban_ecosan_systems.pdf
to have occasional flooding problems due to loss of infiltration capacity and the tenants were considering
removing it at the time of the interviews (autumn 2005). There were no noise complaints and no vermin
problems.
-
28.12.04 Sonny
Update Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) from Switch report above
No
208
Niger
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and urinals. For villages of Dan Bidé, Maifarou,Milli, Saja Manja,
Dogoraoua,Tsamiya Bakoye ,Zabon Mousso, and Malloumey Saboua in Aguié
Project on Productive Sanitation in Aguié
Aguié
estimated to have started in 2009 (12 months)
200 toilets (subsidy ~ 45$) and 700 urinals (subsidy ~ 13$) are built to collect fertilizers.The project aims to
involve 700 households (8 villages)
CREPA in collaboration with SEI.
IFAD
This one year pilot project is carried out in the Aguié province in southern Niger. The project aims to
involve 700 households (8 villages) in the recycling of nutrients and organic matter from human excreta
via simple urinals and composting toilets. IFAD is the main donor of the project. CREPA is implementing
the project in collaboration with PPILDA (a local development program financed by IFAD) and SEI’s
EcoSanRes II program.
http://www.ecosanres.org/aguie
Linus Dagerskog, CREPA HQ linusdagerskog@yahoo.fr
Inserted on 05/10/2010 Paul Okan-Adjetey okanadjetey1@yahoo.com
No
No
209
Niger
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and fossa alterna latrines linked with Farmer Field Schools in
rural areas, Aguie
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) and fossa alterna latrines and use of urine as fertiliser tested
with farmers in Farmer Field Schools
2007
700 urinals and 210 toilets. Assuming an average household size of 6 (from country list), 1260 users.
Rural area
CREPA; PPILDA and SEI
IFAD - International Fund for Agricultural Development

Separate streams of urine and faeces respectively in UDDT; excreta in fossa alterna
Double-vault UDDT; fossa alterna latrine
Urine and faeces used in agriculture
The term "productive sanitation" is used instead of ecological sanitation to emphasise the reuse aspect.
The reuse training is made in farmer field schools by comparing urea and urine in tests on different
vegetable and cereal crops.
No
210
Nigeria
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in six riverine communities in Cross River State
Research with pilot
Riverine communities of Nigeria in Cross River State
c/o UNICEF Nigeria
Jan-06
Six communities approximately ### number of persons
rural households
State Rural Water

Supply and Sanitation Agency and UNICEF
State Rural Water

Supply and Sanitation Agency
UNICEF
The project is under GoN and UNICEF Country Program- WASH Program: UNICEF is supporting a
research on appropriateness of ECOSAN for riverine
areas in Nigeria. Riverine communities are those located at the river and have issues of high water
table/water logged land. This is being piloted as other facilities are inappropriate for high water table.
not indicated
Double Vault Urine

Diversion Dehydration Toilet.
Agriculture/ crop production
Based on the preliminary findings of the research, a

National Training of Trainers workshop have been conducted to build the
skills of sector professionals from riverine and other geologically
disadvantaged states on Ecological Sanitation. Apart from riverine areas,
ECOSAN is also being promoted in few communities with very difficult
n/a
geological formation.
The research is also looking at;

Acceptability of ECOSAN in the riverine communities.
Treatment procedures required for sanitization of faeces.
Environmental impact on use of urine and decomposed faeces for farming.
Our involvement in promotion of ECOSAN is still at piloting stage and based

on the outcome of the pilot, scaling up of the model can be considered
especially in riverine and geologically disadvantaged areas where
Bisi Agberemi
conventional pitWES Specialist,
latrines are not Sanitation
feasible.
IGD, Integrated Growth and Development, United Nations Children's Fund
UN House, Plot 617/618
Central Area District, Diplomatic Zone
PMB 2851, Garki, Abuja
FCT, Nigeria
e-mail: bagberemi@unicef.org>
entered by B.Abraham on 1 July 2010 based on information received from Bisi Anberemi via e-mail on the
26 April 2010
no
no
211
North Korea (People’s Democratic Republic of Korea)
Decentralised wastewater treatment system (biogas plants with constructed wetlands) in Yonton
County
Urban sanitation project (Biogas digesters as a sanitation unit followed by constructed wetland as a
second treatment step and use of biogas for cooking)
Yonton-County town/ equivalent to district head quarters serving 10,000 people. Also called Yontan
County?
c/o UNICEF PR Korea
2009
Constructed wetlands not finished ( some of the anaerobic units are already connected to houses, and
producing biogas). In mid of 2009, already 70% constructed.
Benefiting 10,000 people from 2,400 families. (31 biogas digesters and a second treatment step in 5
constructed wetlands.)
peri-urban households in a county
Ministry of City Management at the County level, BORDA and UNICEF
Ministry of City Management at the County level
UNICEF PRK ( Technical), AusAID ( financial) and BOARDA (Bremen Overseas Research
Association –Germany) ( technical and financial).
Area described as plains area, largely a farming community. Initial feasibility and design started in 2007
and constructed kick off only at the 2nd quarter of 2008 and complete in Nov 2009.
Mixed sewage is treated
Mixed sewage (Grey and black water) treatment in the anaerobic digester, baffled reactor and constructed
wetland. Biogas digester; constructed wetland
waste used in greenhouse and wetland; biogas for cooking (It is enough gas for 3-4 hours of cooking)
material contribution from community 40 USD per capita in kind and Cash contribution from UNICEF 50
USD per capita (use exchange rate 1 USD = 0.77 EUR)
A total 31 anaerobic reactors (10 m3 size and 25 m3 size) and same number of baffle filter constructed.
Total 6 facultative pond / constructed wetland constructed and wastewater conveyance pipe laid for a
length of 15 km including the collection pipes and main conveyer. The treated effluent is discharged in to
the river. All together 6 greenhouse are constructed above the anaerobic reactor and baffle filter to assess
the improvement in temperature in severe winter. This was first year and several activities were still going
on during Jan – Feb so actual benefit of having greenhouse on top of the plant could not be ascertained
yet
The initial finding is that the plant is relatively expensive for both community and the UNICEF (material
contribution from community 40 USD per capita in kind and Cash contribution from UNICEF 50 USD per
capita). Evaluation is expected in July – August 2010 and we expect to find the appropriateness of the
component installed and overall operational efficiency of the plant. This pilot DEWATS was expensive,
much beyond the UNICEF’s standard sanitation intervention unless the upcoming evaluation recommends
n/a adaptation and drastic cost cutting aspects. UNICEF will evaluate the pilot DEWATS and
some
disseminate the lessons learned. One of the aspects the evaluators will look into is the prospects of
scaling down the current size and developing a small scale DEWATS for facilities like hospitals and
education institutions. If such recommendation turns out to be a viable option we may still consider
expanding DEWATS in school and hospitals. Nonetheless, we will encourage government and other
agencies to replicate the model wherever possible /feasible. This is an appropriate technology for
environment protection.
Ramesh Bhusal Chief, WASH Programme, UNICEF Country Office P.O. Box 90, Pyongyang, DPR of
Korea
E-mail: rbhusal@unicef.org
Sanitation Consultant , Unicef Pyongyang DPR of Korea , 28 Munsudong,PO BOx 90
Web site:www.unicef.org/dprk, E-Mail: inajurga@hotmail.com
Skype: inajurga
Updated by B. Abraham on 1 July 2010 from information received via e-mail from Mr. Bhusal on 27 April
2010
No
No
212
Palestine
Urine diversion dehydration toilets with households in rural and peri-urban areas of Hebron District
Demonstration of urine diverting dehdration toilets (UDDT) with households
West Bank and Gaza
2000 to date
Follow-up and evaluation for large-scale implementation
28 households with ecotoilets. Assuming average household size of 7 (from country list), 196 users
(According to work plan 50 dry toilets to be built)
Rural and peri-urban areas
Uno Wiblad, Sida and Palestine Hydrology Group (PHG)
Sida
UDDT
Urine and dehydrated faeces as fertiliser for tomatoes and olive trees
For each household unit US $ 700-1000
Squatting pan allowing 4 separate streams: faeces, toilet paper, anal cleaning water and urine. Models
similar to those designed and produced by SanRes in China
http://www.sida.se/Sida/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=2241&a=17352
No
213
Peru
Urine diversion dehydration toilets as a part of a private public partnership project in the Regions
of Lima, Cusco and San Martin
A PPP project for the implementation of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs)
2008
60 UDDTs. Assuming average household size of 5 (from country list), 300 users
Rotária del Perú SAC
Rotária del Perú SAC
PROAGUA (GTZ)
Double-vault UDDTs
The material of the chambers is sometimers used as fertiliser
Projects have to be attended a long time. If the projects are not monitored, they do not work.
In each project there needs to be a person who feels
responsible
http://peru.rotaria.net/
Heike Hoffmann; see also photos in our flickr collection!

Calle Navarra Nª 143 - Urb. Higuereta - Surco, Lima
No
No
214
Peru
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural villages in the rainforest of three districts,
Region Loreto
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural rainforest villages with native households
Region: Loreto; Districts: Andoas, Tigre, and Trompeteros
2005 - 2009
UDDTs constructed: 612. Assuming an average household size of 5 (from country list), 3060 users.
UDDTs in use: 272
Rural zone in the rainforest
Caritas de Peru
Caritas de Peru
JASS, Cenca
Humidity and rainfall in these semitropical areas can be extremely high during certain times of the year. An
adapted construction of the UDDTs is recommended with special focus on best condition for faeces
drying. The cultural circumstances have to be considered in a special way. The introduction of UDDTs has
to be very careful, with a lot of explanations adapted to the mindset of the people.
Double-vault UDDTs
It is necessary to know the social characteristics of the culture in the place.

It is necessary to build a model UDDT, so the people can imagine the project.
The project has to be supervised the whole time (in the construction period and after the
construction). The families have to participate in the project (participate in the costs).
http://www.caritas.org.pe/
Jerado Gutierrez
No
No
215
Peru
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in the squatter settlment Nieveria, Lima
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) in a squatter settlment in a peri-urban area
Lima
Nieveria, Lima
2004
UDDTs constructed: 120. Assuming an average household size of 5 (from country list), 600 users.
UDDTs in use: 43
Peri-urban
Cenca
Cenca
The major part of the inhabitants are farmers. A large number of illiterate people.
Double-vault UDDT; constructed wetland
The reuse of the faeces is not posible because of the exaggerated use of lime

Constructed wetland for greywater treatment
Cenca published a system of implementing alternative sanitation- ECODESS
Ecosan. Eine nachhaltige Lösung für die Sanitärprobleme der Marginalsiedlungen Limas (Peru)?
http://www.cenca.org.pe/
Juan Carlos Calizaya; see also photos in our flickr collection!
No
No
216
Peru
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets as emergency sanitation in rural areas of three
districts in Cañete Province, Region Lima
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural areas of Cañete after as emergency sanitation after an
earthquake
Cañete Province: San Vicente, San Luis, and San Francisco
May 2007 - 2008
UDDTs constructed: 241. Assuming an average household size of 5 (from the country list), 1,205 users.
UDDTs in use: >135
Rural area
Care
Care
IPES (is helping since 2008 with the maintenance)

Double-vault UDDTs
Approximately 1500 Soles (500 US$)
Project without a good preparation of the users. No training courses of "how to use a UDDT" after UDDTs
were build. Two weeks after construction Care got help from IPES. The work of IPES ended 2009. Less
than half of the UDDTs are in use today (January 2010). Some UDDTs were destroyed by the municipality
of Cañete to build a new canal and a new street.
Lesson learned:
(1) UDDTs need training courses how to use them. They need them before, while and after the
construction. Only then they can be sustainable.
(2) Local governments, like the municipality of Cañete, has to be more incorporated in the whole UDDT
project.
(3) People have to participate in the costs of their UDDT. If they don`t get involved they do not appreciate
http://www.care.de/
the UDDT and they don`t take care of them.
Lourdes Elena Mindreau Zegarra [lmindreau@care.org.pe] – it can be that they don’t speak English, it is
CARE-Peru, as I know it is a separate Peruvian national ONGs without relation to CARE (USA).
No
No
217
Peru
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in the squatter settlement Nuevo Pachacutec, Lima
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) as a part of resettlment of people de Via el Salvador
Lima
Nuevo Pachacutec, Lima
2001
UDDTs constructed: 140. Assuming average household size of 5 (from country list), 700 users.
UDDTs in use: <70
Squatter settlement in an urban zone
Alternativa
Alternativa
BMZ, Welthungerhilfe
Population with a very low income. Approximate 650 Soles/month (217 US$/month)
Double-vault UDDT; constructed wetland
Urine as fertiliser. Faeces as soil conditioner, but most of the time not practiced. Faeces as soil conditioner
for a small garden. Garden for rabbit rearing.

People did not use the rabbits for food, they rear them like pets. Most of the gardens were abandoned.
Ecosan. Eine nachhaltige Lösung für die Sanitärprobleme der Marginalsiedlungen Limas (Peru)?
http://www.alter.org.pe/portal/index.php
Oswaldo Caceres Loyola; see also photos in our flickr collection
No
No
218
Peru
Blackwater and greywater reuse system, Chorrillos, Lima
Lima, Peru
Address of School:
Avenida de los Faisanes No. 950,
La Campiña, Chorrillos,
Lima, Peru
2007 - 2008
Start of planning: February 2007

Construction period: July 2007 - October 2008
53 population equivalents (35 handicapped pupils plus personnel)
Urban area: school
Rotária del Perú, Lima, Peru
Centro Educativo Básico Especial (education centre)

“San Christoferus”, Lima, Peru
Private donors (mostly for financing)

Work-camp volunteers (during construction period)
Pro Niño (school board of San Christoferus)
The Peruvian capital Lima (8 million inhabitants) is situated in one of the world’s driest areas (9 mm rainfall
per year). 15% of the total Peruvian area is a desert, but unfortunately 60% of the population of Peru lives
there, 30% thereof in Lima. All of them are affected by water limitation; especially the poorest people live
with an extreme water stress situation: 1.5 million inhabitants are using only 20 litres water per capita per
day.
The education centre “San Christoferus” is located in a desert area in urban Lima. It is a care facility for 35
handicapped children in the age range of 5 to 18 years. The 0.6 ha school area includes an outdoor area
and six separate buildings at two locations, including a bakery, a laundry and a kitchen. The children are
mentally disabled and many of them also have physical disabilities and birth defects of various kinds
(sadly, there are only few institutions and opportunities for disabled children and adults in Peru). Six
teachers supported by international volunteers take care of them from 8.00-14.30 o’clock. They spend
their time playing music, baking, doing handicraft, cooking and since 2007 cultivating the garden, or just
playing indoors and outdoors.
Before the start of the project, wastewater from 12 flush toilets (15 litres per flush), from bathrooms with
showers and 3 kitchens, 1 laundry and 1 bakery was disposed to the public sewer system.
Greywater; separate streams of faeces, urine and greywater respectivley from UDDT; blackwater from
flush toilets mixed with some greywater
Grease trap and constructed wetland for greywater treatment

Compost filter for pre-treatment of blackwater treatment
Constructed wetland for blackwater treatment
Vermicomposting for separated solids from treatment system
Treated greywater
(Composting alreadyis reused
existed for
for irrigation in the
kitchen and school
garden garden.
waste)
Compost, dehydrated faeces and urine as fertiliser.
Material costs for the composter with two double-chamber composting filters for pre-treatment, the
vermicomposter, the constructed wetland and a 6 m³ storage tank were about EUR 3,250.
UDDTs: Material costs for the two toilets with infiltration of the hand washing water were about EUR 910.
Greywater constructed wetland: 1 grease trap of 1 m³ for grease and oil separation. 1 tank with a pump for
the storage of the effluent from grease separation and laundry. 1 Sub-surface, vertical-flow wetland with
papyrus plants: surface area: 16 m² (4 m x 4 m) = 0.7 m² per capita. Total depth: 1.1 m (from bottom to
top: 20 cm gravel with drainage pipe (4”), 60 cm sand, 10 cm gravel with 3 distribution pipes (1”) and 20
cm freeboard). 3 m³ storage tank for the treated greywater with a pump for irrigation.
Blackwater pre-treatment: Compost filter system: 2 compost filter beds, each with 2 chambers with an
active
The
volume implementation
of 1.44 m³ (1.2 of ecosan
m x 1.2 components
m, 1 m deep). always
Each needs
chamberqualified engineeringcover
has a removable staff and
with asufficient
3 m long
experience,
ventilation tube especially
(3”). 4 in countries
filter bags ofwhere
0.7 m³the(1 technology,
m x 1 m x 0.7 here
m) constructed
(custom-made wetlands,
productismade
not well
out known
of a
yet. The system
resistant is relatively
plastic material complex
normally usedwith
to many
shadesub-components,
greenhouses). For whilst
the only
liquidacollection,
populationevery
equivalent of 53
unit has a
people is served.
deeper tank with
The following two points are important to consider:
pump. The liquid phase from the first unit is pumped to the second unit and from there to the constructed
·SuSanA
In case case
wetland. of flowstudy,
stream'Blackwater
separation and greywater/ reuse
(blackwater system,
greywater), theChorrillos, Lima' extremely
load can differ (see website frombelow)
reference
values. This can lead
Vermicomposter: to overloading
2 composting bedsand clogging
of 0.3 m³ (0.5ofmthe
x 1wetland.
m x 0.6 m). The two beds are separated by a
·brick
The wall.
selection of materials
The bottom is made andofthe construction process have to be controlled to avoid irreparable
cement.
mistakes,
Blackwaterlike for example
constructed the perforation
wetland: of thevertical-flow
Sub-surface, plastic linerwetland
(water loss), too fine plants.
with papyrus or too coarse
Surfacesand
area: 45
(clogging
m² (5 m x or badTotal
9 m). efficiency),
depth: unequal distribution
1.3 m (from bottom to of top:
wastewater, no possibility
20 cm gravel to clean
with a single drainthe distribution
pipe and
(4”), 80 cm
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-peru-lima-sanchristoferus-2009.pdf
drainage system, wrong
sand, 10 cm gravel with 6plants, etc. pipes (1.5”) and 20 cm free board). 6 m³ storage tank for the treated
distribution
blackwater with a pump for irrigation.
Further experiences
Double-vault UDDT: given in thefor
The vaults SuSanA
faecescase study.consist of two separate chambers with an active
collection
volume of 0.21 m³ (0.6 x 0.7 m, 0.5 m depth) each. Each vault has a black metal cover at the back of the
building (sunny side). Sawdust is added after use.
Update 19.05.2009: Philipp Feiereisen
Yes
219
Peru
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for the squatter settlement Huascar in San Juan de
Lurigancho District, Province Lima
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for the squatter settlements in an urban area
Province: Lima, District: San Juan de Lurigancho; Squatter Settlement: Huascar
1999
UDDTs constructed: 60
Squatter settlment in an urban zone
Cenca
Cenca
Double-vault UDDTs; constructed wetland

Juan Carlos Calizaya
No
No
220
Peru
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in the peri-urban zones of Ica City, Region Ica
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for peri-urban areas
Ica
Region: Ica; Province: Chincha; Capital: Ica
Peri-urban area
Red Uniendo Manos Perú - CENCA
Red Uniendo Manos Perú - CENCA
The city Ica lies in a coastal desert. The climate is very dry and hot.
Double-vault UDDTs
No
No
221
Peru
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural villages in the rainforests near Pucallpa
Town, Region Ucayali
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural rainforest villages with native households
Region Ucayli; Provincia Ucayali; Town Pucallpa
Rural zone in the rainforest
Fundación contra el hambre
Fundación contra el hambre
Cenca
Humidity and rainfall in these semitropical areas can be extremely high during certain times of the year. An
adapted construction of the UDDTs is recommended with special focus on best condition for faeces
drying. The cultural circumstances have to be considered in a special way. The introduction of UDDTs has
to be very careful, with a lot of explanations adapted to the mindset of the people.
Double-vault UDDTs
Reuse of the products in gardening and agriculture only if the user do not use so much lime.
No
No
222
Peru
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural mountain villages of Huallanca District,
Region Ancash
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural mountain villages
Region: Ancash; District: Huallanca
Assuming average household size of 5 (from country list) 75 users
Rural zone- mountains
SUCO
SUCO
Cenca
Double-vault UDDTs
www.suco.org
No
No
223
Peru
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in Huanta District, Region Ayacucho
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs)
Huanta
Region: Ayacucho; District: Huanta
Assuming average household size of 5 (from country list), 120 users
Salud sin limites-Peru
Salud sin limites-Peru
Cenca
Double-vault UDDTs
Reuse of the products in gardening and agriculture only if the users do not use so much lime.
No
No
224
Peru
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for peri-urban households in Sechura City, Region
Piura
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in peri-urban areas of a coastal town
Sechura
Region: Piura, City: Sechura
Peri-urban area
Local government
Local government
Cenca
Because of the upwelling of cold coastal waters and because of subtropical atmospheric subsidence, the
Peruvian desert is one of the most arid on Earth.
Double-vault UDDTs
Water-saving is something everybody see and accepts like a neccesary work to do in Peru. Everybody
wants to save water, but the people only save water when they have to. (1) If water is very expensive or
(2) they have to carry it over a huge distance.
http://www.munipiura.gob.pe/
No
No
225
Peru
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for rural areas around Pisco Town, Region Ica
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural areas
Region: Ica; Province: Pisco; Town: Pisco
Rural area
Cruz roja españa
Cruz roja españa
Cenca
Pisco was very near the epicenter of the 8.0-magnitude earthquake which struck south central Peru on
Wednesday August 15, 2007.
Double-vault UDDTs
http://www.cruzroja.es/preportada/tv/index.html
No
No
226
Peru
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for rural areas in Lalaquiz District, Region Piura
Region: Piura; Province: Huancabamba; District: Lalaquiz

Rural area
Yachachiq SOLCODE
Yachachiq SOLCODE
Cenca
Double-vault UDDTs
http://solcode.org/
No
No
227
Peru
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for rural areas in Zurite District, Region Cusco
Region: Cusco; District: Zurite
Dec. 2008 - Dec. 2009

Rural area
Municipality Surite with the municipality Cusco
Municipality Surite with the municipality Cusco
Ground-water level very high; 1 meter to 50 centimeter. Construction of latrines is not possible. Very plain
area. Village very loose constellation.
Double-vault UDDTs
http://www.municusco.gob.pe/web/index.php
No
No
228
Peru
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for poor native families in the rainforest near Satipo in
the department of Junín
rural upgrading
Aoti
department Junín
August 2008- March 2009
Project starts march 2009
UDDTs constructed: 44 UDDTs for families: 41 UDDTs for scools: 3 UDDT in use: 41
rural zone
NGO: salud sin limites
NGO: salud sin limites and the municipality Rio Negro
Ground-water level very high. Latrines are complete.

faeces, urine treatment
Double-vault urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) + wetlands
Reuse of the products in gardening and agriculture.
Project very good prepared and executed. Nearly 100% of the UDDTs are in use. Only the UDDTs in the
scools are not working. The construction of the wetlands is not working.
http://saludsinlimitesperu.blogspot.com/
See also photos in our flickr collection!
no
no
229
Philippines
Constructed wetland for a peri-urban housing area, Bayawan City
Constructed wetland for tjhe wastewater of a peri-urban housing area
Bayawan City, Negros Oriental Province
Fishermen’S Gawad Kaling Village, Barangay Villareal, Bayawn City
2005 - 2006

Start of Construction: June 2005
Start Operation September 2006
The constructed wetland was inaguarated in September 2006 and is in operation since then. A number of
measures to improve the facility have been undertaken since the operation started. The header tanks
Relocation
were coveredhousing area for
to minimise the676 houses
odour (average
during household
the filling process.size of 5 people, although some houses
contain more than one family); design figure: 3380 people.
Peri-urban areas
City of Bayawan, Oekotec GmbH, Belzig, Germany

Gerry F. Parco & Marc Mulingbayan; Philippines
City of Bayawan, City Engineering Office
DILG-GTZ Water & Sanitation Program
The project is located in the peri urban part of Bayawan. It is a resettlement area for families that lived
along the coast in informal settlements without safe water supply and sanitation facilities. Records from
the City Health Office showed a high incidence of morbidity and mortality arising from water-borne
diseases
waste water
Household septic tanks; small bore sewer; header tanks; constructed wetland; drying bed for sludge;
effluent storage tank
Concrete production during construction.

Irrigation in organic cut flower and vegetabel farming project.
Firefighting
The total cost for the construction of the constructed wetland are about 200,000 US$ including cost for
consultancy and labour. The cost for operation and maintenance are estimated at 1,600 US$ per year.
This figure does not include the cost for electricity because it has not been recorded yet.
- The total surface area is 2680 m2 and the wetland has a specific surface area of 0.9 m2 per person (a
relatively low design figure and hence “optimistic” design – made possible by the low per capita flowrate,
the sewage pre-settling in the septic tanks and the tropical temperatures).
- The total depth of the filter basins is 2 m (for module 1) and 1.2 m (for module 2) from the concrete
bottom to the top of the wall (including the drainage systems and about 0.60 m of free board). The filter
layer itself is 0.6 m in both cases. The water flows by gravity through the distribution system and a
constant head assures an even distribution of the wastewater over the whole area of the cell.
The vertical
- Both soil filter
the village andinthecombination
constructedwith the horizontal
wetland are closesoil filter
to the achieves
sea shore andgood treatment
during results.
the rainy The
season
effluent quality
groundwater complies
rises with level.
to ground the standards
Both cellsforofirrigation
the wetland water.
were Labour forcebuilt
therefore is comparably
of concretecheap. This
and concrete
option
blocks.saved implementation
A drainage system has cost
been for positioned
a bigger pump at theand reduces
bottom the operating
of each cell whichcosts for electricity.
is covered by a The
inventiveness
separation layer of and
City then
Engineering
the filterstaff and the responsiveness of the consultants made it possible to
layer.
continuously adjust
- The plants used inthe
thedesign
filter areto locally
the local conditions.
available reed called ‘tambok’ (Phragmites karka). It was grown
1.
during the construction phase in a nursery at for
SuSanA case study, 'Constructed wetland thearelocation
peri- urban housing
site. area, Bayawan
The tambok was cut for City'
the(see
first website
time in
below)
2008 and it was decided that it should henceforth be cut annually. The reeds also act as an odour barrier
2. DILG-GTZ Water & Sanitation
during the filling process of cell 1. Program, “1st International Symposium on low cost technology options
for water
- The supply and
wastewater sanitation”
distribution September
system 2004 of 4 concrete header tanks and a system of perforated
is composed
3. Dr. Joachim
HDPE pipes. The Niklas,
systemOekotec GmbH,manually,
is operated 1st expert i.e.report “Implementation
switching on and off ofofthe
a soil
pumpfilter treatment
and emptying plant
the for
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-philippines-bayawan-constr-wetlands-2009.pdf
water
headerreuse
tanksininto
Bayawan, Negros Oriental”,
the distribution system. The March
header 2005 tanks are filled 2 to 3 times a day.
4. Dr. Joachim Niklas, Oekotec GmbH, 2nd expert report “Implementation of a soil filter treatment plant for
water reuse in Bayawan, Oriental Negros, Status report of the site supervision in November 2005”,
December 2005 Dr. Joachim Niklas, Oekotec GmbH,
5. ”Proposal for an Operation and Maintence Manual”, December 2005 Dr. Joachim Niklas, Oekotec
1. Office“Mission
GmbH, of the City Mayor,
Report City Hall, Bayawan
III “Implementation of aPhilippines, www.bayawancity.gov.ph
soil filter treatment plant for water reuse in Bayawan,
2. DILG-GTZ
Negros Water
Oriental”, & Sanitation
July 2006 Program, 5th Fl. DILG-WSSPMO, Francisco Gold Condominium II, EDSA
corner Mapagmahal Street, PO Box 1176 QCPO, Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila Philippines,
gtzwater@info.com.ph, www.watsansolid.com.ph
3. Dr. Joachim Niklas, Oekotec GmbH, Rosa - Luxemburg - Str. 89D - 14806 Belzig, info@oekotec-
gmbh.com, www.oekotec-gmbh.com
Yes
230
Philippines
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural areas, Bayawan City
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for households and institutions in a rural area
Bayawan City, Negros Oriental Province
Private Households and public instititutions of rural areas of Bayawan
2005 - ongoing
Start of planning: June 2005

Start of construction: Nov 2005
Start of operation: Jan. 2006
Phase 1 started June 2005 and is still on-going
Phase 2 started in April 2008 and is on-going
Phase 1: 40 UDD toilets planned in 28 barangays/ villages (approx. 220 people or 5.5 people per
toilet) End of 2008: UDD toilets at 22 households (household size: 5-6), 1 rural health centre, 6 barangay
agricultural development centres in operation
Phase 2: UDD toilets for schools (planned number not yet known); End of 2008: 8 UDD toilets completed
Rural area No. of Users (assumed for summary list) ??:

Estimated
22 household toilets completed with approx 5 users per UDT, 110 users
8 school UDDTs with assumed 50 users per UDDT, 400 users
City of Bayawan
City of Bayawan
DILG- GTZ and Water & Sanitation Program
Bayawan City is located in the south-western area of Negros Island in the Central Visayas region, about
700 km southeast of Manila. It has a population of about 105,000. The city has 7 barangays1 that are
classified as urban and sub-urban areas, and 21 barangays that are classified as rural. 80% of the
population of Bayawan lives in these rural areas which cover 83% of the land area.
In the project area only 10% of the population are served with safe drinking water. The majority relies on
dug wells and springs. Only 1% of the rural population has a household connection. 63% of the
households have a toilet. These are mainly pour-flush or pit/VIP latrines.
Separate streams of urine and faeces respectively. Beige water collected separately.
Single- and double-vault UDDTs
Urine as fertiliser, faeces as soil conditioner
Double-vault UDDTs: 300 - 340 US$. incl. material and labour cost.
Single-vault UDDT: 220 and 250 US$.
Costs for operation and maintenance have not been monitored but are estimated at 30 US$ per year.
Double-vault UDDTs: designed for households with 5 to 6 members and a 12-month storage time for the
faeces. The required faeces storage vault volume per person was estimated at 110 liters. Based on these
design parameters, each faeces collection vault has a storage capacity of 0.7 m3.
Single-vault UDDTs: have mobile collection containers in a faeces vault volume of about 1 m3. The
collection containers consist of used plastic or steel drums equipped with bin liners. When the bags are full
they are stored in the vault next to the container or in another safe place if the vault is full.
The planning and implementation process took much longer than originally planned because the project
area covered
The size of theallurine
ruralcontainer
barangays is of Bayawan
limited by theCity.
spaceSomethatofisthese UDDTs
available hadthe
below nottoilet
been usedThe
stairs. at allurine
because
containers the households
vary didn’t
in size: Most feel confident
UDDTs to handle
have a 20-liter them. Refresher
container which wastrainings
shown toresolved the problem
last a family of 5 for
and
aboutallone
facilities
week.are used
If the andofwell
urine maintained.
2 adults Monitoring
and 3 children wasvisits ensure
collected forthat
onethe users
week can discuss
at 1.25 L per adultissues
per
and ideas with the members of the ecosan TWG.
day, and half the amount for a child, this would result in 30 L of urine per week. But in farmer families
1. SuSanA
people case study,
are often 'Urine
out in the diversion
fields, dehydration
and urinate toiletsand
in the open in rural
hence,areas,
less Bayawan City' (seeMoving
urine is collected. website the
below)
20-L container is not too difficult, especially not for people who are used to physical work such as farmers.
2. DILG-GTZ Water & Sanitation Program, "1st International Symposium on low cost technology options
for water supply and sanitation" September 2004 Anne Kleyboecker, DILG-GTZ Water & Sanitation
Program, "ecosan potential for Bayawan", January 2005
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-philippines-bayawan-uddt-rural.pdfwww.bayawancity.gov.ph;
3. City of Bayawan, Office of the City Mayor, Executive Order No 2005-20 "Creating the ecological gtzwater@info.com
sanitation technical working group for the implementation of the ecosan project of Bayawan in cooperation
with the German Technical Cooperation Agency", June 2005
DILG-GTZ Water & Sanitation Program, "1st ecosan training for rural areas in the Philippines", September
2005
1.
4. Office
Mayor of the CityP.Sarana,
Herman Mayor, City Hall, Bayawan,
"Bayawan Philippines,
City adopts ecosan as www.bayawancity.gov.ph
a tool for health and environmental
2. DILG-GTZ Water
management", & Sanitation
presented at DongProgram,5th Fl. DILG-WSSPMO,
Sheng, August 2007 Francisco Gold Condominium II, EDSA
corner Mapagmahal Street, POBox 1176 QCPO, Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila Philippines,
5. Provincial Engineering
gtzwater@info.com.ph, www.watsansolid.com.ph
Office Negros Oriental, Technical Drawings for double and single vault UDDT, February 2006
6. Imelda Balbuena, DILG-GTZ Water & Sanitation Program, "Project Report on Monitoring of ECOSAN
Urine Diversion - Dehydration Toilets (UDDT) in Bayawan City, Negros Oriental, Philippines", February
2008
Yes
231
Philippines
Urine diversion dehydration toilets with reuse in allotment gardens, Cagayan de Oro
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for households in peri-urban areas and use of treated
products in allotment gardens
Cagayan de Oro City
Barangays Balubal, Balulang, Carmen, FS Catanico, Gusa, Kauswagan, Lapasan and Macasandig 9000
Cagayan de Oro City Philippines
2005 - 2009
Start of planning: May 2005

Start of construction: October 2005
Start of operation: November 2005
Ongoing monitoring: planned until 2009
100 urban poor families in 10 self-sustaining allotment gardens (3 within premises of public elementary
schools) in 8 city districts (barangays). Nine allotment garden have one UDD toilet each. --> approx.: 400
person
Urban and peri-urban
Peri-urban Vegetable Project (PUVeP) of Xavier University College of Agriculture (XUCA)
Peri-urban Vegetable Project (PUVeP) of Xavier University College of Agriculture (XUCA)
Local government units of Lapasan, Macasandig, Kauswagan, Carmen and Gusa; City Government of
Cagayan de Oro (Philippines), German Embassy Manila, Philippines; Center for International Migration
Allotment gardens for urban poor families had already been set up in the city districts (barangays). The
land being used for the gardens is owned by private individuals. With the city government as a project
partner, the use of the land was negotiated with the private owners and fixed with a written memorandum
of agreement. Vegetable production is the main purpose of the gardens wherein the families cultivate
vegetable crops with technical support from PUVeP. The families consume and sell some of their
products. The member families of the different barangays had earlier expressed their need to install toilets
in their gardens.
Separate streams of urine and faeces respectively.
Double-vault UDDT; waterless urinal
Urine, after 6 months of storage, is added to compost heaps. It adds nitrogen to the compost thus
accelerating the decomposition process. It is also used as a side-dress fertilizer (second fertilizer
application) after diluting it with water before soil application. Faeces as soil conditioner.
The total estimated cost in the construction of one UDD toilet is PhP 27,365.60 (€ 437). Labour cost in this
case was not included because the work force was provided by the gardeners.
Double-vault UDDT:
Floor area: 2.00 m X 1.50 m ; Floor Elevation: 0.9 m; Ventilation pipe: 2” in diameter PVC; plastic
container for collection and storage of urine; Nipa for the roofing Plain G.I. Ridge roll; For the chamber
door plain G.I is used painted with black to increase the absorption of heat from the sunlight. 4x4 coconut
wood for the post in 4 corners of the toilets. For the urinal pipe 1” diameter also for the urinal drain
difference.
A study on the socio-economic benefits was conducted on the ecosan projetcs. All of them consider the
use of the UDDT as far better than open urination and defecation. Besides the missing privacy and
washing facilities there is a high risk of snake bites and harmful insects. Few gardeners, however, are not
using the toilets because they prefer to go to their own toilets in their houses which are located nearby.
Other gardeners feel not yet comfortable using it because they are to shy to use it. This results from the
1. SuSanA
fact that thecase study,
toilets 'Urinebeautiful
are more diversion dehydration
than the toiletstoilets withhave
that they reuseatinhome.
allotment
Theregardens,
is a needCagayan de
to improve
Oro' (see website
the design below)
of the urinal for men because sometimes urine remains in the urinal and produces odour
2. Robert J.Odour
problems. Holmer, Analizaalso
problems U. Miso,
occur2006. A City-Wide
from the Ecosanwhen
faecal chamber Concept for are
faeces Cagayan de Oro, Philippines.
not well-covered with ash
Proceedings of the GTZ/BMZ/DWA
or lime after defecation. Conference
The odour problems could"NewalsoSanitation
be caused Concepts - International
by malfunctioning Project
of the ventilation
Experiences
pipes. There and Dissemination
is a commonly Strategies,
agreed Eschborn
on that the , Germany
anal cleaning area, October 25-26, 2006to use since there
is very inconvenient
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-philippines-cagayan-de-oro.pdfhttp://puvep.xu.edu.ph/
3. Robert
is few J. Holmer
space & Axel
available, W. Drescher,
it is very shallow and2006.it isEmpowering UrbantoPoor
located too close Communities through Integrated
the wall.
Vegetable Production in Allotment Gardens: The Case of Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines. Proceedings
of the FFTC-PCARRD International Workshop on Urban/Peri-Urban Agriculture in the Asian and Pacific
Region, Tagaytay City, Philippines, May 22-26, 2006, p. 20-40.
4. Robert J. Holmer & Axel W. Drescher, 2005. Allotment gardens of Cagayan de Oro: Their contribution
1.
to Dr.
foodRobert
securityJ. Holmer;
and urban Director-Periurban Vegetable Project
environmental management. Xavier
In: Urban andUniversity
Peri-Urban College of Agriculture
Development: A
Cagayan
Comparison de Oro City, Philippines
of Conflict Structures Email:rjholmer@yahoo.de;Tel
and Solutions. Southeast Asian # 088 8588026
– German Summer School 2005,
2.Stephen
October 16-29,Lee;2005,Agronomist-Ecosan
Cologne, Germany: in-charge
149-155.Periurban Vegetable Project. Xavier University College
(ISBN 3-00-018291-8).
of Agriculture Cagayan de Oro City,
4. 5. Philippines
Yvette B. Guanzon,Tel # 088 8588026
Analiza U. Miso & Robert J. Holmer, 2005. Use of
Urine3.asJocelyn Salcedo;Fertilizer
Supplemental Community Organizer
for Sweet corn -(ZeaCity mays
Local var.
Environment and Natural
rugosa) Production in Resources
a PhilippineOffice
Urban
(CLENRO)
Setting duringCagayan de OroPaper
Dry Season. City, Philippines;
presented atTel the# 17th
09193207015
NOMCARRD Regional Symposium on Research
& Development Highlights, MOSCAT, Claveria, Misamis Oriental Philippines, August 4-5, 2005
6. Robert J. Holmer, Clavejo, M.T., Dongus, S., Drescher, A., 2003. Allotment Gardens for Philippine
Cities. Urban Agriculture Magazine, 11, 29-31, RUAF, Leusden, Netherlands
SuSanA Case Study
Ahabwe Gerald, 03.11.2008 email: gz.ahabwe@gmail.com; Update 19.05.2009: Philipp Feiereisen
Yes
232
Philippines
Rural community and school urine diversion dehydration toilets in Misamis Oriental, Libertad,
Initao and Manticao (province of Misamis Oriental)
Urine diverting dehydration toilets (UDDTs) as community and school toilets in rural areas
Municipalities of Initao, Manticao and Libertad, in Misamis Oriental Province
2006 - 2007

Start of construction: March 2007
Start of operation: August 2007
Monitoring and support period: March 2007 to present (and ongoing)
23 community ecosan UDD toilets at “barrio centres” and at primary schools (at 14 different locations),
frequented by an estimated total of 1,000 people
Rural area
Water, Agroforestry, Nutrition and Development Foundation, Inc. (WAND)
Water, Agroforestry, Nutrition and Development Foundation, Inc. (WAND)
German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) through the German Doctors
for Developing Countries
Most families have poor sanitary conditions because they lack proper toilet facilities. 42% of the residents
have no toilets and they just defecate in open fields or in creeks and rivers. This results to prevalence of
parasites, worms, and transmission of communicable diseases within the local residents.
Double-vault UDDT
Urine is used as fertiliser in household vegetable gardens, fruit orchard, and seedlings in the nursery.
Faeces not used.
1 UDDT is 300€.
The UDDT design with 2 chambers was adopted from ecosan projects of the allotment gardens in
Cagayan de Oro City.
Some people did not participate, distrusted or even opposed the ecosan project because it aimed at
changing existing sanitation norms and practices. It became clear that social acceptance cannot be
reached by a one-time activity, since it may be very difficult to change long-held religious beliefs and
cultural practices. It shows that it is important to involve the community from the very planning phase to the
full implementation and to provide for a proactive, consistent, clear and reliable communication with all
SuSanA
concerned case study, 'Rural
stakeholders community
in order to gainand school
trust. The urine
lack ofdiversion
political dehydration toilets
will and budgets in Misamis
among Oriental,
the local
Libertad,
government Initao and
units forManticao'
pursuing (see website
a waste below) constituted a major obstacle to meet with.
management
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-philippines-community-udd-toilets-misamis-oriental.pdf
1. Cora Z. Sayre (Executive Director), Local Empowerment Foundation (LEF), Libertad, Misamis
Oriental, 9021, Philippines.
2. Enerito Acain (Municipality), Municipal Mayor, Initao Municipality, Misamis Oriental, 9022, Philippines
3. Peter Wychodil (Program Officer), Aerzte fuer die Dritte Welt Offenbacher Landstr. 224, 60599
Frankfurt, Germany
NEW: 16.05.2008 Analiza

Update 18.05.2009 Philipp Feiereisen
Yes
233
Philippines
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural areas, San Fernando City
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for households and schools in a rural area
San Fernando City
Barangay San Agustin (coastal) and Barangay Nagyubuyuban (upland) in San Fernando City, La Union,
Philippines
2004 - 2010
2003 - search for solution sanitation problem. In August 2004, the city government, CAPS, and 3 other
local nongovernment organizations had formed a partnership to mainstream ecological sanitation in the
city. The project in the pilot sites began with the selection of a volunteer household that will use the dry
toilet for 3 months. After the 3-month trial period, applications for ecosan toilets began pouring in from the
residents of the pilot barangays, Barangay San Agustin (coastal) and Barangay Nagyubuyuban (upland).
358 UDDTs
By close of 2007, the project has expanded. Within San Fernando City, 358 units of ecosan toilets are now
Estimated users
giving comfort to (assumed for summary
the residents. list)250
Beyond the ?? households in the pilot barangays, the city constructed dry
250 households,
toilets assuming
in 3 elementary average
schools. household
A plan size1,000
to construct of 5 (from country
ecosan toiletslist), 1250
by 2010.
and 100 students for each of 3 elementary schools, 300 users.
Rural area
City of San Fernando and Center for Advanced Philippine Studies (CAPS)
WASTE of the Netherlands through CAPS and the Philippine-German Cooperation, Water Program
towards an Integrated Water Resources Managment
WASTE of the Netherlands and Philippine German Cooperation
The residents of coastal and upland villages in San Fernando City polluted their drinking water with their
own excreta. There are around 426 households competing for the use of the village’s 3 communal toilets.
More than 500 people line up to use each of these toilets everyday. Water is scarce and few users care to
keep the toilet clean. They cook only easily digestible food to avoid indigestion; they rarely entertain for
fear that visitors may need to use a toilet during the visit; they delay urinating and bowel movement; and
they contend with diarrhea and gastroenteritis on a daily basis.
UDDT
PhP 1 million (US$20,000) for constructing the toilet facilities
Skepticism about the approach is ever-present so the need to build awareness is constant. Likewise, an
appropriate UDDT design for the handicapped still has to be made; a sustainable source of ash has to be
developed; and the design of toilet sub-structures in flood-prone areas has to be improved to ensure that
the system is not compromised by floods.
http://www.ecosan.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=32 http://www.caps.ph/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&
http://www.adb.org/water/actions/PHI/San-Fernando.asp

Ahabwe Gerald, 03.11.2008 email: gz.ahabwe@gmail.com
No
234
Philippines
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and constructed wetland at the Lumad Infirmary Hospital, Balit,
Agusan Del Sur Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) and constructed wetland for a hospital
Balit, San Luis Municipality, Agusan del Sur Province
2003 - 2006
Planning: 2003
Implementation/construction: 2004 - 2006
Start of operation: 2006
Assume 100 users a day (assumption made for summary list) ??
Hospital
Lumad Infirmary Hospital Balit
Dreikönigsaktion der Katholischen Jungschar (DKA Austria)

UDDTs and waterless urinals; constructed wetland; composting
(for waste management -waste separation, low cost medical incenerator, sanitary landfill and composting;
rainwater harvesting and local infiltration of storm water)
Faecal compost for hospital staff garden; urine as fertiliser
http://www.ecosan.at/esc%5Fconsulting/
elke.muellegger@ecosan.at and markus.lechner@ecosan.at
Analiza from Newsletter 18 dated May 2006: 20.08. 2008
No
235
Romania
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and constructed wetland at a rural school, Garla Mare,
Mehedinti District
Urine diverting dehydration toilets (UDDTs) and constructed wetland for a school in a rural area
Garla Mare, Mehedinti District, Romania
2002 - 2003
Start of planning: November 2002

Start of construction: August 2003
Start of operation: October 2003
4 urine diversion toilets and 3 waterless urinals at a rural school with 200 pupils
Rural area
University of Technology Hamburg, Institute for industrial and municipal wastewater management (TUHH)
WECF (Women in Europe for a Common Future, Netherlands)

M&S (Medium & Sanitas, Romania)
MATRA, Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs
80% of the Romanian population are not connected to a central drinking water supply. Groundwater is
however often polluted (contamination caused by pesticides and some of the nitrates are a result of
agricultural practices, the faecal bacteria and the rest of the nitrates are a result of the traditional and
widespread use of pit-latrines, which infiltrate their liquid contents into the sub-soil, have a bad smell and
are often built very close to household wells), rural population having health problems as a result of using
polluted drinking water
Double-vault UDDT; waterless urinals; small constructed wetland
Compost will be used by local farmers for fruit trees or crops and urine as fertiliser for agriculture. The
water of the washbasins infiltrates the underground after passing through a gravel-sand bed.
6,341 Euros
For each toilet there are two easily accessible composting-chambers (vaults) with a sealed floor made
from concrete. The vaults are used alternating in a 1 year rhythm. The volume of each chamber is 1.2 m²
with a useful volume of 1 m². The floor of the compost vaults has a slope of 1 % to drain any leachate. The
middle of the floor has one big hole to the collection chambers covered by the squatting pan. When one
chamber is full the pan has to be turned round 180° in order to situate the faeces whole above the empty
chamber.
Ventilation pipes with fly nets were installed from the composting-chambers to above the roof to avoid
It is important
odour to By
and flies. keep
theurine anddesign
special faecesofseparate as most
the compost- of the pathogens areonly
chamber-dividing-walls contained in the faeces.
one ventilation pipe
Double vault urine
was installed diverting
for both toilets
chambers is a low cost,
(compared very fast
to former and easy
designs wheretoevery
realise methodhad
chamber to protect
one pipe).
groundwater. With proper education even 6 year old children understand the principle of urine diverting
toilets
The urineas afrom
partthe
of ecological sanitation.
diverting-toilets The
and the new toilet
waterless system
urinals was accepted
is collected very tank
in a urine well by the of
made teachers
glass-fibre
and the pupils.
reinforced plastic (GRP), bought in Romania. This urine tank is divided into two chambers of 3 m3 each.
Documents
important areare to understanding,
real
The two compartments, down similar
load from website
urine
to the andwww.wecf.eu/publication
faeceschambers,
composting separation, aretwiceor available
a year
necessary the the
for condition must
6 months orbe checked
longer
by contacting
resting WECF.
time, during which most of the pathogens are killed or at least reduced.
See PDS 011 (website below)
http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-011-romania-garla-mare-2005.pdfhttp://www.wecf.eu/english/projects/47-ro
Project responsibility: S. Gabizon, WECF. Email: Sascha.gabizon@wecf.eu

Project Coordinator: M. Samwel, WECF, St. Jacobs-Platz 10 , 80331 Munich Germany.
Email: margriet.samwel@wecf.eu
Information inserted from GTZ datasheet
No
236
Romania
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for institutions and households in Garla Mare and Vrata,
Mehedinty, Beiu-teleorman, Pietrele-Giurgiu County
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) for three schools (other than the one in Garla Mare) and
households with reuse of nutrients. Public toilet and town hall toilets also mentioned below.
Garla Mare (public toilet, town hall) and Vrata, Mehedinty, Beiu-teleorman, Pietrele-Giurgiu County
Since 2006
2 schools, 1 kindergarten, (these schools are other than the Garla Mare school). 20 households.
Also public toilet and toilets in townhall (??)
Assuming average household size of 3 (from country list), 60 users.

Assuming 200 students per school and 50 for kindergarten (assuming for summary list), 450 users
Rural
i.e. area
total 510 users
FVC Garla Mare, EuroTeleorman, Local administration, WECF
FVC Garla Mare, EuroTeleorman
Foundation Ensemble France, TUHH, WECF
None or partly central water supply, no sewage system, extremely bad sanitary status, nitrate and
microorganism polluted groundwater.
Sanitation as a part of the "Sustainable Development for All" and "Safe Sanitation, Health and Dignity"
projects
Double-vault UDDT; sandfilter
Reuse of urine and faeces
Double-vault UDDT: for school UD slab from China, for household and townhall home-made urine
diverting seat riser. For male user extra urinals. Outdoor and indoor toilet.
No
N. Khawaja wrote for further info but no answer. Follow-up. Type of biotoilet,
number of users, reuse?
237
Russia
Biotoilet installations at the Kizhi Reserve Museum, Kizhi Island, Republic of Karelia
Biotoilets (??) in a touristic area
Kizhi Island (situated in Lake Onego), Republic of Karelia
2008 - 2010
First stage was preliminary analysis of hte area to determine ist unique characteristics, number of tourists,
and to choose the place for locating the biotoilets to meet aesthetic requirements and natural settings of
the museum. Then toilets were installed and toilets trained for maintenance.
2 biotoilets
Reserve museum, natural landscape
Kizhi Pogost ensemble is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Tourist traffic in 2008 was over 195,000
people. Water supply issues are closely related to environmental pollutions, specifically pollution of the
groundwater in the catchment area.
Biotoilets
- Local people who had the chance to get familiar with the 'dry biotoilet' method in the museum territory
have requested toilets in their settlements.
T. Regerand, Ph: + 7 814 2 576401; email: regerand@nwpi.krc.karelia.ru

Yu. Protasov, email: protasov@kishi.karelia.ru
J. Laurila, ph: (06) 325 4255; email: juhani.laurila@vaasa.fi
Nadira on 17.09.09
No
No
238
Rwanda
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in two rural schools, Huye and Ngororero Districts
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) in two rural schools with reuse of faeces and some reuse of
urine
District of Ngororero and Huye
2006 - 2007
Start of Planning: Nov. 2006

Start of construction: Jan. 2007
End of construction: March 2007
Project end: April 2007 (end of GTZ-Rwanda project, but toilets are still in use)
24 UDDTs built in two primary schools: in Kiruhura (Huye District) and Kiziguroro (Ngororero District).
2,800 students served.
Rural area: school
Fachliche und Finanzielle Unterstützung: Sektorvorhaben “Krankheitsbekämpfung und

Gesundheitsförderung” (GTZ)
Cooperation Allemande en Santé au Rwanda: Gesundheitsprogramm der GTZ & und des DED
GTZ-Rwanda (Program “Health Cooperation”) and DED (German Development Services)
GTZ-Rwanda and GTZ program “Disease Control and Health Promotion” on behalf of German Federal
Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)
Generally, the sanitation infrastructure in rural districts, including school sanitation, is under the
supervision of the districts due to Rwanda’s decentralisation policy. The district has personnel in charge of
health, education and social affairs. This unit is coordinated by the social development coordinator. At the
national level, there are three ministries which are concerned with public health, child-friendly school
environment and adequate sanitation infrastructure. Those ministries are the ministry of health, ministry of
education and the ministry of infrastructure, respectively. Rwandan education policy is emphasising
primary school education for all, where all Rwandans will have free access to 9 years universal primary
education starting from February 2010. But inadequate sanitation and poor hygienic conditions at schools
result in high drop-out rates due to illness.
Single-vault UDDT
Reuse of dried faeces in school garden; urine is used to fertilise coffee plantation in one school and
drained into the soil in the second school.
EUR 500 for one UDDT
- The single vault UDDTs were designed based on an average of 700 pupils per primary school (the
current number of pupils is higher however). The toilet cubicles are 1 m x 1 m (length by width), and the
faeces vaults are the same plan area as the cubicles and are 1 m high (therefore total volume of the
faeces vaults: 1 m3).
- The ventilation of the faeces vaults is provided with PVC pipes installed at the back of the UDDTs. The
pipes start in the vault and reach up to approximately 75 cm above the roof and have a diameter of 110
mm. The openings are covered with fly screens to prevent flies from entering.
-- At
At Kiruhura,
Kiruhura, separate
there are cubicles
waterlessofurinals
the UDDTs were
for boys assigned
made forplastered
of walls each class in addition
with a mixturetoofproviding
sand and
separate
cement (they toilets
areforlocated
boys and girls.
on the This
side of measure
the UDDTs).proved to be very effective in enhancing the students’
ownership
- The shed for for the respective
drying of faecestoilet cubicles,
(after drying especially
in the faeceswhen it is reflected
vaults) is fencedinwith
thechicken
maintenance rules
wire and its roof is
whereby
made outeach class cleans
of corrugated irontheir ownIttoilet
sheets. cubicle(s).
is directly behind the UDDTs and its length is the same as that of
-the
Maintenance
UDDT block. has become an issue because the UDDTs have been constructed by FEA without
SuSanA
involvementcaseofstudy, 'Urine diversion
local people (due to timedehydration
constraintstoilets in time
at the rural when
schools,
the Huye and
project Ngororero
was Districts'
implemented). This
(see
is thewebsite
case ofbelow)
Kiruhura primary school where two compartments of UDDTs are not functioning anymore
because the urine pipes became clogged after only a short time. There is nobody in that place who can
repair such UDDTs, the headmaster said.
- The problem of repairing UDDTs can be solved by training of local technicians and other interested
SuSanA
people oncase the study: http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-rwanda-
maintenance of UDDTs and sanitisation of urine and faeces before reuse as fertiliser. In
uddt-rural-school-2009x.pdf
turn, trained technicians can help UDDT owners in repairing them when necessary.
- It is advisable to have bins in the girls’ UDDTs (and the related user training) where the adolescent girls
can dispose of sanitary pads separately from faeces – this would make reuse of dried faeces easier.
- The UDDTs are preferred by the pupils compared to the formerly used traditional pit latrines. In addition
Friederike
to acceptance Amani Paul F.A.Paul@lse.ac.uk
of UDDT by pupils and teachers the surrounding households would like to have them. But
Karolin
they thinkHadja
that Herzog
the costKarolin.Herzog@gtz.de
of UDDTs is too high – so no spontaneous copying has taken place so far.

Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com), information from SuSanA case study
Yes
239
Rwanda
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in a rural primary school, Huye District
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) at a rural primary school
PO-Box 30 Huye Rwanda
2006 - 2008
Construction till 2008 January

Start of toilet use about 1 July 2008; ongoing work
Primary school of 350 students
Rural area: primary school
Rwanda Village Concept Project (Student-run Organisation)
Villagers and RVCP
Private funds, donations from perspektive eine Welt e.V., UNESCO-IHE Knowledge transfere, FEA Fond
de l'Eau et del'Assaissenent for technical design
Toilet construction for the Muyongoro Primary School and hygiene education programme. School is on a
hill.
UDDT
Compost as fertiliser for school gardens/fields (future plans); urine currently infiltrated (groundwater
contamination apparently unlikely)
Total 700,- € for one toilet block with 4 toilet cubicles
FEA Construction plans
Need of construction plans for toilets for bigger communities, like schools, markets, etc.
youtube, online publication http://www.youtube.de/d0rn30
http://www.rwanda-vcp.org and http://perspektiveev.de/projekte/ruanda/
Alexandra Höhne asb.hoehne@gmail.com

Hovaire Nsabimana hova0020@gmail.com
24.07.2008 Höhne, Rinnhofer

Ahabwe Gerald 27.10.2008 email: gz.ahabwe@gmail.com
No
240
Rwanda
Biogas sanitation plants in prisons, Cyangugu City
Biogas digesters used for sanitation in prisons of a city
Cyangugu
2001 - ongoing
2001: operation in 1st prison;

2001- Nov 2005: plants running in 5 more prisons;
2006 onwards: 3 more prisons to be added per year
6 different prisons; ~5000 people per prison; ~30,000 people in total
Prison
Kigali Institute of Science, Technology and Management (KIST), Rwanda
Kigali Institute of Science, Technology and Management (KIST), Rwanda
Rwanda's Ministry of Internal Security; The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC); Government
of Holland
Huge prison population of 120,000 (result of the 1994 genocide); overflowing septic tanks and strong
odour; great demand for fuelwood for cooking (10 tons/day).
Blackwater
Biogas digester, stabilisation tank, composting, laboratory checks of sludge
Composted sludge used in prison gardens for above-ground crops (papya, maize, bananas etc.)
~£50,000 for 500 m3 plant; phased payments possible - final 5% paid only after 6 months of satisfactory
operation; £25,000/yr cut in firewood expenditure achieved
Several underground beehive-shaped digesters of 50 or 100m3; concrete base; 0.5 m diameter man-hole
at top; wastewater flushed in closed channels
no odours, effluent used for crops; 50% reduction (27,000 m3/yr) in fuelwood consumption; reduced
emmissions (10,000 tons/yr CO2 equivalent); 30 civilians & 250 inmates received technical & business
training; 3 biogas businesses created; project won Ashden Award
BBC News. 30/6/05. Rwanda award for 'sewage' cooking; Ashden Awards for Sustainable Energy
http://www.ashdenawards.org/winners/kist05 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4639363.stm
NEW 1.6.2007 Yaniv

Ahabwe Gerald, 28.10.2008 email: gz.ahabwe@gmail.com
No
241
Rwanda
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in a rural secondary school, Nyamagabe District
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) in a rural secondary school
Nyamagabe, South Province
2006 (signing of protocol)
Assume 100 users (assumption made for summary list)??
Rural area
Ministry of Lands, Environmentment, Forest, Water, and Mines (MINTERE)
Financed by: Water and Sanitation Fund (FEA)
Rwanda lacks sanitation- very far from reaching the MDGs. In the context of acheiving MGD and Vision
2020, the Ministry of Lands, Environmentment, Forest, Water, and Mines (MINTERE) has signed a
protocol of agreement with the Common Development fund for execution and works for 100 blocks of
UDDT toilets. Out of 100 toilets, 10 public toilets are already built and are in use while 16 are in
construction phase. In Nyamagable the UDDTs are provided because of lack of adequate sanitation
facilities and water scarcity in the region and the school is not connected to a water supply system.
UDDT
Dried faeces use as fertiliser in the school garden
http://www2.gtz.de/publikationen/isissearch/environment/details.aspx?RecID=ECO-GTZ001878
Noella Joyeuse Urwibutso: email urwijoy2002@yahoo.fr
Analiza: 02.09.2008
No
242
Rwanda
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Kigeme Hospital
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) at a hospital
2006 (signing of protocol)
Assume 100 users (assumption made for summary list)??
Ministry of Lands, Environmentment, Forest, Water, and Mines (MINTERE)
Financed by: Water and Sanitation Fund (FEA)
A bad experience is seen at Kigeme where there is nobody in charge of maintenance of UDDTs. It smelt
bad and flies were everywhere and later FEA (wate and Sanitation Fund) put a responsible person who is
in-charge in explaining the Do's and Don'ts of using the toilet and incharge of the management and
maintenance of the toilet.
UDDT
Dried faeces
Noella Joyeuse Urwibutso: email urwijoy2002@yahoo.fr
Analiza: 02.09.2008
No
How many acutal UDDTs made and users??
243
Rwanda
Urine diversion dehydration toilet for rural households in Bulera District
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) for implementation with rural households at a large scale
E.g. Gahunga Village, Bulera District
Target: around 800,000 households of the district
Rural area
UNICEF
UNICEF; local government
UNICEF project funded by the government of Netherlans
In the past in Bulera district 80% of the population used to defecate in the bushes and 20% used pit
latrines. Pit latrines are not suitable in this area because it is vulcanic and therefore difficult to dig.To
address the hygiene and sanitation standard local governemnt with UNICEF promoted the UDDT. And
materials are locally available.
UDDT
Sanitised excreta for the garden
Noella JoyeuseUrwibutso: email urwijoy2002@yahoo.fr
Analiza: 02.09.2008
No
follow up How many users?
244
Rwanda
Public urine diversion dehydration toilets in a business centre, Bulera District
Public urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) tested in Rugarama business centre
Bulera
Rugarama, Bulera
UNICEF and Bulera District
UNICEF
There is a person in charge of maintenance and cleaning. The UDDT is located in Rugarama business
center. Unfortunately it is not clean. Urinals are not yet constructed. But generally people in Bulera district
are already aware of improved sanitation. UNICEF constructed a UDDT model located at the strategic
point (market, office) and households are encouraged to construct their own latrines.
UDDT
The public toilet has four cubicles for each block
Noella Joyeuse Urwibutso:email urwijoy2002@yahoo.fr
Analiza: 02.09.08
No
interesting project! Needs follow up!
245
Rwanda
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural communities and schools of Burera, Musanze,
Nyabihu, Rubavu and Rusizi Districts
rural communities and schools
Districts of Burera, Musanze, Nyabihu, Rubavu, Rusizi
c/o UNICEF Rwanda
Jan 2000
10,000 households in districts of Burera, Musanze, Nyabihu, Rubavu,

Rusizi, etc....will have eco-san latrines. By end of 2012, it is projected that:-
at least 120 schools (110,000 - 120,000 pupils) have ecosan
latrines (UDDTs);
at least 20,000 households (100,000 - 120,000 people) have
rural households
ecosans. and schools
Mainly work with Ministries of Infrastructure & Local Government; and local government authorities at
district and decentralized levels
Mainly work with Ministries of Infrastructure & Local Government; and local government authorities at
district and decentralized levels; with local NGOs/Faith-based organizations/Associations (Dusukure,
Virunga ECOSAN); and the private sector. Those in private sector include, manufacturers of ecosan
slabs/plates (e.g. AquaSan & Roto); local artisans/masons (trained through UNICEF support); and other
community groups
UNICEF, Governments of the Netherlands and Japan
Started as pilot, with direct support to districts and local associations (2000-2006) - but currently being
scaled-up , thanks to Government of Netherlands funding, and considering increased interest among the
users/beneficiaries and local leaders who are actively supporting its
adoption in their respective areas. Project period is 5 years from 2009 to 2013.
- as pilot project in Rusizi and Nyamasheke (2009-2010)Ecosan latrines are promoted at national level
and currently implanted in
different districts around the country. Promotion is supported by
GoR and other development partners including UNICEF. They can be
found mainly in Northern, Western & Southern Regions. Eco-san
latrines have been installed -
as public latrines along main highways in Northern & Southern
Regions;
in some schools mainly in Musanze, Rusizi & Burera Districts;
in households mainly in Burera (currently over 1000 households)
and Rusizi & Nyamasheke Districts (currently about 500 households)
have installed. There is growing interest in ecological
sanitation by rural communities in these 3 districts, as well as
neighboring ones.
Biogas linked to the latrines installed piloted in some schools
and demonstration centres. Target areas mainly
hilly - volcanic region with underlying thick volcanic rock (Burera,
Musanze, Nyabihu & Rubavu Districts); and collapsible soils in Rusizi
and Nyamasheke. Normally very difficult terrain to dig pit or VIP
latrines. Thus, ecosan was a highly suitable option.
urine & faeces separated.
Urine Diversion & biogas. The common latrine model promoted is urine diversion (UD) - Faeces are
sanitized (left to decompose in safe place for 6 - 12 months depending on quantities, sunshine or
temperatures) before they can be utilized as fertilizer.
Agriculture
Faeces are sanitized (left to decompose in safe place for 6 - 12

months depending on quantities, sunshine or temperatures) before
they can be utilized as fertilizer. Urine can be utilized on
farms to fertilize crops immediately after collection, but
normally stored for 12 - 30 days to ensure it is properly hygienized.
High crop yields from farms fertilized with urine and/or decomposed manure have been achieved. In
some cases, yields have more than doubled compared to unfertilized plots. Highest yields have been
obtained with addition of urine and manure. Compared to
chemical fertilizer (NPK), higher yields have been obtained using ecosan products.
More than ever before, men are now keen to build and/or to participate in cleaning eco-san family
n/a
latrines. They are mostly
motivated by increased crop yields associated with this technology.
Urine and decomposed manure are becoming more and more
commercialized because of their fertilizer value.
Based on our experience, eco-san latrines are generally less
expensive to build in terms of time and materials consumed - with
exception of slab which has to be bought, most other materials
needed can be obtained locally.
When properly used, ecosan latrines fulfill conditions of
safe/hygienic latrines; are flexible in terms of where they can be
Guy Mbayo Kakumbi
located; [gmbayokakumbi@unicef.org]
better economy of land needed to buildUNICEF
latrinesRwanda
(through
recycling of the wastes; and less pollution of soil and ground
water.
Biogas digesters, especially those directly linked to use of
faecal manure are known to generate more gas/energy to cook and
light.
Intensive hygiene education sessions need to be availed to
targeted communities to minimize health risks deriving form use of
un-hygienized products. Some other agencies building
EnteredECOSAN latrines in
by B. Abraham Rwanda
based are Water for
on information People,
received Rwanda
from Environment
Guy Mbayo Kakumbi
Care (REC)...
[gmbayokakumbi@unicef.org] on 5 May 2010
no
no
246
Senegal
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in villages of Dakar and Thiès Regions
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for rural areas
The sites are the villages of:

Dakar Region: Mbéye; Wayembame; Déni sud; Bonoba ; Kanyak, Nguindouf, Pikine Niayes valley
Thies Region: Keur Saib Ndoye, Keur Daouda Cissé, Keur Matar Arame, Keur Demba, Keur Karamokho,
Keur Mor, Keur Saara, Mbayéne, Ndiréne, Hanéne, Keur ibra Niane; Mbodjiéne, Keur Madaro, Nbob
gadiaga, Darou Diop, Ngatty yaram Tabi.
2002 - 2010
2002-2006: research phase

2006-2010: dissemination period
Dissemination phase recently started, with the introduction of ecosan in urban areas and some schools.
232 toilets and 12 urinals, reaching an estimated 15,227 people
(Additionally, people reached indirectly through 7 press articles, seminars, radio -broadcast, replicated
training sessions by teachers, students or hygienist trained by the project, advocacy, sensitising
Rural area: villages
campaigns, and schools
items (flyers, T-shirt, cap) is estimated at 135,000 persons. The overall population reached by
the project directly and indirectly so far is 150,227 persons.)
CREPA (Regional Centre for low cost Water Supply and Sanitation) network in collaboration with the
National Representative of Senegal
UDDTs; urinals
Faeces as fertiliser for agriculture
Two types of urine diversion latrine have been used: The Vietnamese and the Tecpan model. In all 232
toilets have been constructed so far. In addition, twelve urinals have been constructed: two in schools and
ten to introduce Ecosan in urban areas
Fodé Abou CAMARA

Address: CREPA-Sénégal, Routes des Pères Mariste
B.P: 2041 à Hann, Dakar Senegal (West Africa)
Tel: +221 33 832 29 97/ +221 76 699 86 76
Fax: +221 33 832 67 29
Email: fodeabou@yahoo.fr
www: www.reseaurcrepa.org
05.01.2010, Laura Margarete Simon, la.simon@gmx.de
No
247
Sierra Leone
Urine diversion composting toilets as community sanitation in Chiefdom Pejeh, Pujehun District
Urine diversion composting toilets as community sanitation in rural villages
All 19 villages of Chiefdom Pejeh, Pujehun District
2006 - 2010
The 19 villages of Chiefdom Pejeh, comprising 10,000 people.

To date (Sept 09): 25 toilets built in 3 villages, with approximately 75 people per unit, i.e. about 1900 total
beneficiaries.
By end of 2010: will be total 136 toilet units in all 19 villages, for 10,000 people.
Rural area
Wherever the Need (WTN) and community
WTN and community
WTN
Urine diversion composting toilets.
Fertiliser
Estimated $1000 per ecosan toilet
Eco-sanitation or compost toilets are comprised of a raised platform above two chambers, one full and
composting, alternating with the other. Organic material is regularly added to the chambers to introduce
carbon for composting, to oxygenate the composting process and neutralise odours. It takes roughly five
months for pathogen free compost to be produced. To help prevent the toilet from smelling, faeces and
urine are not allowed to mix, as a chemical reaction between the two creates odour. Therefore, a pipe
takes
urine to a separate chamber. This may be used to nourish soils for crop growth.
- Toilets in Gbongay village had been completed and used. Each toilet unit was maintained and cleaned
by the people who lived in the area.
Pdf document and travel diary available on WTN website

telephone: (44) 01225 723673
fax: (44) 01225 723105
Nadira on 25.08.09 from WTN website

Nadira on 02.09.09 update from D. Crosweller by email (02.09.09)
No
248
Sierra Leone
Ecosan toilets at the Holy Rosary Secondary School for girls, Pujehan City
what type of toilets?
Pujehan City
Pujehan City
Planned
450 girls.
Urban area: school
WTN
WTN
WTN
What type of toilet?- write in title also

telephone: (44) 01225 723673
fax: (44) 01225 723105
No
No
249
Sierra Leone
Ecosan public toilets for a market site at Waterloo
what type of toilets?
Waterloo
Waterloo
planned
750 people
WTN
WTN
WTN
What type of toilets?- write in title also

telephone: (44) 01225 723673
fax: (44) 01225 723105
No
No
250
South Africa
Provision of sustainable sanitation services with urine diversion dehydration toilets to peri-urban
and rural communities in the eThekwini (Durban) Municipality
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) to improve sanitation conditions, however without reuse
because of safety concerns
Durban
Ethekwini Municipality, 3 Prior road, Durban, 4001
2005 - 2010
Provide adequate sanitation for 200,000 families, the eThekwini project has approximately 30,000 UDDTs
after 2 years work.
Periurban and rural areas
eThekwini Municipality
eThekwini Municipality
Central government of South Africa in the form of municipality infrastructure or housing grant
With funding from the central governement in the form of municipal infrastructure or housing grants, the
municipality assists low-income households to improve their latrines. To empty a VIP latrine $150 is
needed, which is very high, due to the high costs for sanitation in these areas, the municipality promotes
UDDTs as an alternative to pit latrines to avoid the pit emptying costs. 90,000 households using
conventional on-site facilities, 30,000 households connected to septic tanks and conservancy tanks
60,000 uses VIP. Majority of the households (425,000) are connected to the sewerage network.
eThekwini's UDDT project has already funded the construction of 74,000 UDDTs. Athough, these
households are given information about how to dispose of the waste hygienially, the programme is not an
ecosan programme, because the municipality does not promote excreta reuse due to health concerns.
UDDT
Not reused at this stage. This project is nevertheless regarded as an important ecosan project as the
setup would allow an easy and safe reuse of urine and faeces in the future (if there are drivers for reuse).
Making the assumption that the agricultural conditions are 'average' and assuming that the households
receive a financial benefit for the sale of the crop, reuse enables a financial saving by reducing the amount
of expenditure on food. UDDT become attractive when excreta are reused.
Report from WSP: "Study for financial and economic analysis of ecological sanitation in sub-saharan
Africa"
Dr. Doulaye Koné (Eawag/Sandec), Doulaye.Kone@eawag.ch, Überlandstrasse 133, P.O.Box 611, 8600
Dübendorf, Switzerland, +41-44-8235553; M. Baba Coulibaly, ONAS, baba.coulibaly@onas.sn, Cité TP
Som No. 4 Hann, BP 13428 Dakar, Senegal, +221-832-1386
New: Sören, 14.11.06. Updated by Alemayehu, 28.09.2009
No
How many UDDTs and How many users?
251
South Africa
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in Genadendal in the Western Cape
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for an urban area
Genadendal
Genadendal, Western Cape
2003
Urban area
NORAD (Norwegian Government Agency)
The urine is diverted from the faeces but not yet collected, the urine storages are not yet available. The
urine is seeping into the ground
VIP toilet; Double-vault UDDT
Urine as fertiliser; feaces as soil conditioner but most of the time not practices
7 million euro over 5 Years (R70 millions)
Wilson, Z., Politcs of sanitation, Kuala Lumpur, 2006-http://www.ikmas.ukm.my/v1/files/Zoe

%20Wilson.pdf; Macleod, N., provision of sustainable sanitation,Third international
conference on Ecological sanitation, Durban, 23/25 may 2005-
http://conference2005.ecosan.org/presentations/macleod.pdf,
http://www.ethekwini.gov.za/durban/services/services/water_and_sanitation/toplevelmanagement/toplevelmanagementpag
Neil Macleod nam@dmws.durban.gov.za +27(0)31.302.46.00 mobil 083.274.69.90
Walter, 2007-12-10
No
how many toilets, how many users?
252
South Africa
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in Kaheylitsha in the Western Cape
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for an urban area
Kaheylitsha
Western Cape
2003
Urban area
Mvula Trust and Cemforce Company and the Cape Town Metropolitan Council
Mvula Trust and Cemforce Company
Poor operation and maintenance condition, until Dec 2003 the concept of reuse and diposal has not been
taken care of in this project
UDDT
21.12.2004 Sonny
No
how many toilets, how many users?
253
South Africa
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Emzamweni High School, Msunduzi in KwaZulu-Natal

Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in a rural school
Emzamweni High School, Msunduzi, KwaZulu-Natal Province
Rural area: school
CSIR
CSIR
Municipality and school
Sanitation facilities, mostly with old and unimproved pit latrines, were dilapitated, smelly and unhygienic
UDDT
21.12.2004 Sonny
No
254
South Africa
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural villages in Eastern Cape Province
Umtata
Eastern Cape Province
1997
Rural areas
CSIR and ECATU
Mvula Trust; P.O. Box 416; KIMBERLY; 8300
CSIR, Eastern Cape Government

UDDT
http://www.csir.co.za/plsql/ptl0002/ptl0002_pge001_home
Aussie Austin, Programme for Sustainable Human Settlements, CSIR Building & Construction
Technology, PO Box 395, Pretoria 0001 South Africa
Tel: +27-12-8412568, Fax:+27-12-8413400, Mobile: +27-82-4429888, E-mail: Laustin@csir.co.za
No
how many toilets and users, reuse?
255
Sri Lanka
Toilet Rehabilitation Project for disaster areas using urine diversion dehydration toilets
Urine diversion dehydration toilet (UDDT) as emergency sanitation
2005
Lein Foundation in Singapore; WTO based in Singapore; Habitat
Many NGOs working in the country lack sanitation experts. As a result many implemented sanitation
systems are a danger to environment and humans; in other cases, the construction of toilets is neglected
altogether. Financed through the Lien Foundation in Singapore, WTO assisted Habitat for Humanity to
incorporate sustainable sanitation concepts into their projects. The WTO Sri Lanka Team is also
developing a composite sanitation document for in-field selection of appropriate sanitation solutions for
World Vision Sri Lanka.
UDDT (no greywater recycling)
http://www.mvula.co.za/Inveloper.asp?iP=479&iS={B3812286-ABDB-402F-BD3F-2AB051916025}&iSQ=1 and http://www.csir.co.za/plsql/ptl0002/ptl0002
Richard Holden, National Sanitation Operations Manager, Tel. 011 403 3425, Fax. 011 403 1260, Cell 082 451 4796, E-mail: holdenr@mweb.co.zaThe M
No
Worldwide list of all documented ecosan projects by various organisations
Page to calculate number of users and to check for German TC projects
# Country Project title
1 Afghanistan Bathroom construction with urine diversion dehydration toilets for

households in Katachel and Nasseri Villages, Kunduz Province
2 Afghanistan Urine diversion dehydration toilets for a school in Kunduz Province
3 Afghanistan Urine diversion dehydration toilets for women at the Pedagogical
4 Afghanistan Academy, Kunduz
Urine diversion dehydration toilets tested with households in rural areas of
Herat Province
5 Afghanistan Public urine diversion dehydration toilets in villages in Dehrawud District,
Uruzgan Province
6 Afghanistan Urine diversion dehydration toilets in two villages as a part of the Clean
Village Project, in Injeel District, Herat Province and Chaghcaharan City,
7 Afghanistan Ghor
PublicProvince
toilet and bath complexes with biogas digesters in five localities of
8 Algeria Kabul City water and sewage management with effluent reuse in the Béni
Integrated
Abbès Oasis
9 Armenia Urine diversion dehydration toilets in a rural school, Hayanist
10 Armenia Urine diversion dehydration toilets in households and five schools in rural
areas of Hayanist, Fantan, Khachpar, Dzorghbyyur, Urud, Sverdlov,
Saghmosavan
11 Australia Yervan
Urine in the Lore
separating region. facilities at Maryborough Educational Centre
sanitation
(high school), Victoria
12 Australia Currumbin Eco-village with urine diversion flush toilets, Queensland
13 Australia The reuse oriented Water Reclamation and Management Scheme at
Sydney Olympic Park, Sydney
14 Australia Urine diverting flush toilets and grey water recycling system with rural
communities at Kinglake, Victoria
15 Austria Urban urine diversion and greywater treatment system, Linz (solarcity)
16 Austria Urine diversion dehydration toilets at a mountain inn, Pretulgraben
17 Austria Urine diversion dehydration toilets and on-site greywater treatment at the
mountain hut 'Bettelwurf Hütte', Karwendel Alpine Park
18 Austria On-site treatment of blackwater with reuse for five mountain huts
19 Azerbaijan Urine diversion dehydration toilets tested with rural households
20 Bangladesh Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in rural areas, Comilla
21 Bangladesh Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Shabuzpur Tea Estate for the
households of the estate workers, Mowlobibazar District
22 Bangladesh Urine diversion dehydration toilets tested as sustainable emergency
sanitation in cyclone affected areas
23 Bangladesh Action research and construction of urine diversion dehydration toilets
(UDDTs) in seven hilly districts of Rangpur, Moulovibazar, Narsigdi,
Sunamgonj, Bandarban, Cngonj, Gaibandh (overarching project)
24 Bangladesh Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) construction in 60 rural
households in Wrisipara, Gazipur Municipality
25 Bangladesh Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in five schools in Gazipur
26 Bangladesh Municipality
Action research on ecological alternatives and construction of 100 UDDTs
in difficult areas of Gaibandha, Rangpur, Cngonj, Narsindhi, Moulovibazar,
Sunamgonj, Bandarban
27 Bangladesh Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) with 19 households in Pazulia
and Fawcal villages, Gazipur district under Gazipur Municipality
28 Bangladesh Sanitation block with biogas plant at G.K. Model High School in
Dhirassharm under Gazipur Municipality
29 Bangladesh Construction and promotion of concrete urine diversion pans through
piloting community-based urine diversion toilet (UDT) in Wrishipara Polli of
Gazipur Municipality
30 Bangladesh Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) constructed in eight schools in
Gazipur City
31 Bangladesh Pilot demonstration of 10 urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for
rural households at Sitakunda Upazila in Chittagong and Noakhali districts
32 Bangladesh Construction of 200 urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural
communities of Gazipur, Tangail, Mymensingh Municipalities
33 Bangladesh Construction of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for the poor
and excluded of indigenous community in Durgapur, Netrokona
34 Bangladesh Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) to improve sanitation at
Bashaivog and Bejgoan villages, Munshigonj in Bangladesh through
information dissemination and awareness raising
35 Bangladesh Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets in rural households in
16 villages in Naogoan, Jessore, Satkhira, Gazipur districts
36 Bangladesh Double vault composting toilets and urine diversion toilets in 4 rural villages
in Manikgonj and Gazipur Districts
37 Bangladesh Double vault composting and urine diversion in urban community of
Rangamati
38 Bangladesh Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets in rural households in
Bogra, Gaibandha, Joypurhat, linked to micro-financing
39 Bangladesh Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets in rural communities in
Bandarban, and Cox’s Bazar
40 Bangladesh Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets and action research in
difficult rural areas in Bandarban, Gaibandha, Chapainawabgonj Districts
41 Bangladesh Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets in rural communities of
Meherpur, and Naogoan Districts
42 Bangladesh Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) in 20 flood prone villages in
three districts of Sirajgonj, Gaibandha and Kurigram (large scale project)
43 Belarus Urine diversion dehydration toilets at dachas in Smilovichy Village
44 Bhutan Urine diversion dehydration toilet project at Goenpasingma Lower
Secondary School and village, Zobel Geog Pemagatshel
45 Bhutan Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in 18 households and one
school in Euyamo Village, Teop Geog Punakha
46 Bolivia Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in San Pedro town,
Department (State) Santa Cruz
47 Bolivia Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in Departments (States)
Oruro and Beni
48 Bolivia Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in the peri-urban areas
of El Alto, Desaguadero, Puerto Acosta and Warisata cities in Department
(State) La Paz and private sector development for the collection, treatment
and reuse of excreta in El Alto City
49 Bolivia Urine diversion dehydration toilets for a school in Department (State)
50 Bolivia Chuquisaca
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households, with private sector
development for the collection, treatment and reuse of excreta, in a peri-
urban area in Department (State) Cochabamba
51 Bolivia Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in rural areas of
Saavedra, Oquinawa and Mineros, Department (State) Santa Cruz
52 Bolivia Rural household and school urine diversion dehydration toilets in the sub-
regional Andean programme for basic services against poverty
(PROANDES) in the Departments (States) of Potosí, Cochabamba,
53 Bolivia Chuquisaca anddehydration
Urine diversion Oruro toilets as emergency sanitation, Trinidad City,
Department (State) Beni
54 Bolivia Urine diversion dehydration toilets in the departments of Cochabamba,
Chuquisaca, Pando, Beni and Potosi
55 Botswana Rural urine diversion dehydration toilets (after 6 years), Hanahai and Paje
Villages
56 Bulgaria Household, school and public urine diversion dehydration toilets and
greywater treatment systems in villages of Stara Zagora, Pleven and Sofia
57 Burkina Faso Provinces
Urban urine diversion dehydration toilets and reuse, Ouagadougou
58 Burkina Faso Launch of ecosan during Film Festival with mobile urine diversion toilets
and waterless urinals and use of the mobile units in subsequent events,
59 Burkina Faso Ouagadougou
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and urinals to obtain fertiliser for
conservation agriculture.Ouagadougou
60 Burkina Faso Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in the rural communities and
schools of Nasséré, Rollo, Rouko and Zimtenga in the Province of Bam
61 Cambodia Community-led Total Sanitation with urine diversion dehydration toilets in

Kampong Cham
62 Chad Urine diversion dehydration toilets in refugee camps of Farchana,
Kounoungo and Mile
63 China Urine-diverting vacuum sanitation system at Tsinghua University, Beijing

64 China Community-led water and ecosan programme, Shaanxi Province
65 China Urine diversion sanitation in Olympic Forest Park, Beijing
66 China Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in Zhonghe Village,
Kunming, Yunnan Province
67 China Ecosan pilot projects with reuse of wastewater and compost in the ecocity
programmes in Yangzhou and Changzhou, Jiangsu Province
68 China Ecosan project in Xianrendong Village with urine diversion dehydration
toilets and biogas units for households and schools, Yunnan Province
69 China Erdos Ecotown Project, Dongsheng District, Inner Mongolia Autonomous
70 China Region
Rural sanitation with urine diversion deydration toilets in Guanxi Province
71 China Ecosan toilets to improve sanitation in a middle school in Zhao Jiagou
Village, Shanxi Province
72 Congo Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in Ganga Edouard Primary
Brazzaville School
73 Cote d'Ivoire Urine diversion dehydration toilets for the workers' villages of SAPH agro
industries in the rubber tree industry
74 Denmark Composting toilets in the House Ramshusene, Bornholm
75 Denmark Urine separation toilets at Munkesogaard Ecovillage, Roskilde
76 Ecuador Urine diversion dehydration toilets at households in Chordeleg, Azuay
77 Ecuador Province
Composting toilets at the Ecological Hotel Alándaluz, Manabí Province
78 Ecuador Constructed wetlands with reuse for a new urban settlement in Sabiango
Town, Loja Province
79 Ecuador Urine diversion dehydration toilets in the building complex of Pestalozzi
Foundation, Pichincha Province
80 Ecuador Urine diversion dehydration toilets for the Achuar-Indios in the Province of
Pastaza (pilot project AMAZONICA)
81 Egypt Decentralised wastewater management in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate
82 Egypt (with reuse?) of the effluent quality of aerated lagoons (ponds) by
Improvement
membrane filtration and reuse of treated wastewater in a village near Cairo
83 Egypt Subterra constructed wetlands for treatment of wastewater from cruise
liners on the Nile with reuse in agriculture, Luxor
84 El Salvador Urine diversion dehydration toilets and solar toilets tested with households
in rural areas
85 Ethiopia Urine diversion dehydration toilets on the campus of Adama University,
86 Ethiopia Adama
Resource-Oriented Sanitation concepts for peri-urban areas in Africa
(ROSA) using multiple technologies, Arba Minch
87 Ethiopia Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households, Addis Ababa
88 Ethiopia Large-scale rural sanitation with arborloos and fossa alterna toilets for
households
89 Ethiopia Biogas sanitation plants in seven schools in Addis Ababa, Jimma and
90 Fiji Bahir Dar toilets and greywater reuse in a wastewater garden at a
Composting
tropical resort, Beqa Island
91 Finland Ecological sanitation with different types of toilets at Kangasalan Yhteiskylä
communal village, Kangasala town
92 Georgia Urine diversion dehydration toilets and constructed wetland for two
schools, households and a training centre in Mtskheta, Zugdidi, Khashuri,
Dusheti and Gori Districts.
93 Germany Development and combination of innovative system components from
process engineering, information technology and ceramics to create a
sustainable technology for water and nutrient cycles, Kaiserslautern.
94 Germany Sustainable water management and wastewater purification in tourism
facilities project (SWAMP) using urine separation toilets at Stranddorf
95 Germany Augustenhof
Source separation, treatment and reuse sanitation system at the Huber SE
office building, Berching.
96 Germany Source separation, treatment and reuse sanitation system in buildings of
the Berliner Wasserbetriebe in the Sanitation Concept for Separate
Treatment (SCST) project, Berlin
97 Germany Restaurant and farm with biogas plant, Waldmichelbacher Hof,
98 Germany Bessenbach
Composting toilets and constructed wetlands for multi-story buildings at the
ecological settlement of Bielefeld Waldquelle, Bielefeld
99 Germany Source separation, treatment and reuse sanitation system at
Lambertsmuehle museum, Burscheid
100 Germany Decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse systems within the project
'Alternatives for urban water supply and wastewater infrastructure systems'
(AKWA 2100), Northrhine-Westfalia
101 Germany Urine and brownwater separation (and partial treatment) at the GTZ main
office building, Eschborn
102 Germany Vacuum toilets with on-site wastewater treatment and reuse system for a
residential and office building at Vauban, Freiburg
103 Germany Vacuum sewerage and greywater recycling at the Ostarkade office building
of the KfW Bankengruppe, Frankfurt
104 Germany Ecological settlement in Allermöhe, Hamburg
105 Germany Composting toilets and constructed wetland for a residential area at
Braamwisch, Hamburg
106 Germany Multiple sanitation technologies for decentralised treatment and reuse at
Oeko-Technik Park, Hannover
107 Germany The Emscher River Head Centre - decentralised wastewater treatment with
separation of brown, grey and yellowwater
facilities project (SWAMP) using reedbed treatment at the Elbterassen
Wussegel tourism facility, Hitzacker
109 Germany Composting toilets and constructed wetland with reuse for a residential
area at Hassee, Kiel
110 Germany Decentralised water and wastewater treatment and reuse for a housing
development area through the Decentralised Urban Infrastructure Systems
(DEUS 21) project, Knittlingen
facilities project (SWAMP) using vacuum toilets and waterless urinals at
the Burg Lenzen tourism facility, Lenzen
112 Germany Ecological housing estate at Flintenbreite (vacuum toilets and constructed
wetlands), Lübeck
113 Germany Rural farm and ecological conference centre with biogas plant and
constructed wetland at Wacholderhof, Murrhardt
114 Germany Greywater recycling in Hotel Arabella Sheraton Am Büsing Palais,
115 Germany Offenbach
Vacuum toilets with on-site wastewater treatment and reuse system for the
visitor centre of the national park Jasmund, Rügen
facilities project (SWAMP) using urine diversion toilets at the Park Moräna
See tourism facility, Soltau
117 Germany Vacuum toilets and biogas plant as a part of the Hamburg Water Cycle
concept implementation in a new residential area in Jenfeld, Hamburg
118 Ghana Ecological development of Valley View University, Accra
119 Ghana Pilot scale co-composting of faecal sludge and organic solid waste, Kumasi
(currently not in operation)
120 Guinea Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural school in Ansoumaniya
(Conakry)
121 Guinea Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in schools Bamban High
(Conakry) School and Séguéyah Primary School (Kindia)
122 Guinea Urine diversion dehydration toilets in schools of Salloube, and Tialére and
(Conakry) the community of Dalaba
123 Guinea Urine diversion dehydration toilets in the Community of Damakhanyah in

(Conakry) Kindia, Guinea
124 Guinea Public urinals in 'Place de l’indépendance Palais de Justice', Kindia

(Conakry)
125 Guinea Household urinals in the community of Molota Préfecture, Kindia

(Conakry)
126 Haiti Dry composting toilet at a public market place, Cap Haitien
127 Haiti Treatment of waste from public latrines in a biogas plant, Cap Haitien
128 India Urine diversion dehydration toilet centres at Navsarjan Boarding Schools,
129 India Gujarat
Demonstration of an eco-friendly, reuse-oriented public toilet centre in
Rajendra Nagar Slum, Bangalore, Karnataka (no longer in use)
130 India Household urine diversion dehydration toilets (locally known as compost
toilets) in four villages (including tsunami hit villages) of Trichy and Nagai
131 India Districts, Tamil Nadu
Total Sanitation Campaign Project using urine diversion dehydration toilets
(locally known as composting toilet), Mysore, Karnataka
132 India Sustainable sanitation infrastructure project at the pilgrimage town of
Pandharpur, Maharashtra
133 India Pour-flush toilets with biogas plant at DSK (Dalit Shakti Kendra) Training
Institute, Gujarat
134 India Community-based, public toilet centre with a decentralised wastewater
treatment and reuse system (pilot project) at Ullalu Upanagara, Bangalore
135 India Urine diversion dehydration toilets (locally known as composting toilets) for
ten schools in rural areas (including tsunami hit villages), Tamil Nadu
136 India Three public urine diversion dehydration toilet complexes (locally known as
Ecosan Community Compost Toilets) in Musiri Town linked to agricultural
research trials at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
137 India Decentralised wastewater management at Adarsh College, Badlapur,
138 India Maharashtra
Zero-discharge, recycling toilet being tested for Indian trains and
communal toilet blocks, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
139 India Decentralised wastewater treatment in Shree Baleshwar Anudanit Primary
and Secondary Ashram School, Sarole Pathar, Maharashtra
140 India Urban decentralised wastewater management, Badlapur, Maharashtra
141 India Improved traditional composting toilets with urine diversion, Leh, Jammu
and Kashmir
142 India Demonstration of household urine diversion dehydration toilets in
Nagasandra Village, Karnataka
143 India Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households, Ranchi, Jharkhand
144 India Urine diversion dehydration toilets for the rural poor, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
145 India Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households at a coastal area in
Bhuvneshwar, Orissa
146 India Urine diversion dehydration toilets at households in the drought-prone,
water-scarce area of Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu
147 India Urine diversion dehydration toilets at rural households as a demonstration
of an effective sanitation option for the state of Nagaland
148 India Urine diversion dehydration toilets at households in Kolkata, West Bengal
149 India Urine diversion dehydration toilets at households in a village near New
150 India Delhi
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in Thergaon Village, Maharashtra
151 India Decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse system at Oasis Resort,
152 India Pune City
Decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse system at Kamilini Kuteer
Resort, Khariv, Pune
153 India Decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse system at residential
complexes at Khidkali and Desai, Thane, Mumbai
154 India Household urine diversion dehydration toilets at Poonjeri Habitation,
Mahabalipurum Town, Tamil Nadu
155 India Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for rural farming households in
hilly village of Talavadi village, Tamil Nadu
156 India Promotion of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural
households in Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu
157 Indonesia Decentralised wastewater treatment systems with reuse for urban low-
income settlements, Tangerand and Surabaya
158 Indonesia Pilot testing of ecological sanitation technologies at the Center for Urban
Community Empowerment (Pusdakota), Kali Rungkut, Surabaya
159 Israel Landscape-integrated constructed wetland system for the treatment and
reuse of greywater of a residential block at Ganei Tikva (not authorised for
operation yet)
160 Japan Automated composting toilet system at Asahiyama Zoo, Asahikawa City
161 Jordan Use of treated wastewater in agriculture, Jordan Valley
162 Jordan Demonstration of decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse for

households
163 Kazakhstan Urine diversion dehydration toilets in and around Aksu-Jabagly and
Naurzum Game Reserves
164 Kenya Resource-Oriented Sanitation concepts for peri-urban areas in Africa
(ROSA), using urine diversion dehydration toilets and a wetland, Nakuru
165 Kenya Developing service providers of compost and biogas plants for small scale
farmers in western Nyanza rift valley, central and eastern provinces of
166 Kenya Kenya
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at a clinic in Shela, Lamu Island
167 Kenya Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Khaimba Primary School, Butere
168 Kenya Implementation of recycling-oriented sanitation services: urine diversion
169 Kenya Public toilet with biogas plant and water kiosk at a bus park in Naivasha,
Kenya, Rift Valley Province (one sub-project of larger ecosan project)
170 Kenya Urine diversion dehydration toilets at St. Francis Nyangajo Girls Boarding
High School in Kendu Bay
171 Kenya Implementation of urine diversion dehydration toilets by Community Based
Organisations, Ugunja District, Western Kenya (one sub-project of larger
ecosan project)
172 Kosovo Urine diversion dehydration toilets in a rural school, Blace Village
173 Kosovo Piloting urine diversion dehydration toilets in Vranic and Blace Villages,
Suva Reka Municipality
174 Kyrgyzstan Piloting of urine diversion toilets with households
175 Kyrgyzstan Urine diversion dehydration toilets with urban and rural households
176 Kyrgyzstan Urine diversion dehydration toilets for six schools and one madrasah in
177 Lebanon rural areas treatment and reuse for households in Tanoura Village, Rasha
Greywater
178 Lesotho Caza
Decentralised wastewater treatment systems and reuse for the domestic
wastewater of single households in Maseru and Mapoteng
179 Lesotho Decentralised wastewater treatment systems and reuse for the domestic
wastewater of three institutions in Maseru, Thaba Bosiu and Rothe
180 Lesotho Decentralised wastewater treatment systems and reuse for the wastewater
of three tourism facilities in Butha Buthe and Thaba Bosiu
181 Malawi Urine diversion dehydration toilets for poor households in the cities of
Lilongwe, Blantyre and Mzuzu
182 Malawi Low cost sanitation with arboloo, fossa alterna and skyloo latrines in rural
areas of Embangweni, Thylo and Phalombe
183 Malawi Double vault composting toilets in schools in Chinteche
184 Mali Peri-urban urine diversion dehydration toilets (abandoned), Koulikoro

185 Mali Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households and women's centres in
Commune VI, Bamako
186 Mexico Urban ecosan pilot program with multiple technologies at Tepoztlán
187 Mexico Urine diversion dehydration toilets and greywater treatment contributing to
the protection of El Tule Lagoon
188 Moldova Urine diversion dehydration toilets for a kindergarten, a school and
households in Criscauti, Bolduresti and Bacseni Villages, Drochia and
189 Mongolia Causeni Towns dehydration toilets in an urban area, Ulaanbaatar
Urine diversion
190 Mongolia Urine diversion dehydration toilets at tourist camp Khovsgol Inn, Khatgal
191 Morocco Urine diversion dehydration toilets in Souss Massa Park
192 Mozambique Fossa alterna latrines in peri-urban areas of Lichinga City, Niassa Province
193 Mozambique Fossa alterna and arborloo latrines in rural and peri-urban areas, Niassa
194 Mozambique Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in a rural resettlement area, Sofala
195 Namibia Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets with peri-urban households in Mariental
196 Namibia Town
Urine diversion dehydration toilets with rural households, Gibeon Village
197 Namibia Sanitation centres with vacuum toilets and biogas plants for an informal
urban settlement in northern Namibia
198 Nepal Urine bank in Siddhipur
199 Nepal Urine diversion dehydration toilets in Darechowk VDC (Open Defecation
Free Declaration Programme) Chitwan District
200 Nepal Urine diversion toilets for a school in Darechowk Village, Chitwan District
201 Nepal Household urine diversion toilets in peri-urban areas in Kathmandu Valley
202 Nepal Biogas digesters for household sanitation in the Nepal Biogas Support
Program
203 Nepal Ecofarming using products from urine diversion toilets in nine villages
204 Nepal Urine diversion toilets as a part of the Rural Village Water Resources
Management Project (RVWRMP), Kailali District
205 Netherlands Ecological housing estate, Culemborg
206 Netherlands Greywater treatment of a residential area using a constructed wetland,
Groningen
207 Netherlands Greywater treatment and reuse as a part of the Green Roof Project for
ecological housing, Utrecht
208 Niger Urine diversion dehydration toilets and urinals. For villages of Dan Bidé,
Maifarou,Milli, Saja Manja, Dogoraoua,Tsamiya Bakoye ,Zabon Mousso,
and Malloumey Saboua in Aguié
209 Niger Urine diversion dehydration toilets and fossa alterna latrines linked with
Farmer Field Schools in rural areas, Aguie
210 Nigeria Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in six riverine communities in
Cross River State
211 North Korea Decentralised wastewater treatment system (biogas plants with
(People’s constructed wetlands) in Yonton County
Democratic
Republic of
Korea)
212 Palestine Urine diversion dehydration toilets with households in rural and peri-urban
areas of Hebron District
213 Peru Urine diversion dehydration toilets as a part of a private public partnership
project in the Regions of Lima, Cusco and San Martin
214 Peru Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural villages in the
rainforest of three districts, Region Loreto
215 Peru Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in the squatter settlement
Nieveria, Lima
216 Peru Household urine diversion dehydration toilets as emergency sanitation in
rural areas of three districts in Cañete Province, Region Lima
217 Peru Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in the squatter settlement
Nuevo Pachacutec, Lima
218 Peru Blackwater and greywater reuse system, Chorrillos, Lima
219 Peru Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for the squatter settlement
Huascar in San Juan de Lurigancho District, Province Lima
220 Peru Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in the peri-urban zones of
Ica City, Region Ica
221 Peru Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural villages in the
rainforests near Pucallpa Town, Region Ucayali
222 Peru Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural mountain villages of
Huallanca District, Region Ancash
223 Peru Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in Huanta District, Region
224 Peru Ayacucho
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for peri-urban households in
Sechura City, Region Piura
225 Peru Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for rural areas around Pisco
Town, Region Ica
226 Peru Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for rural areas in Lalaquiz
District, Region Piura
227 Peru Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for rural areas in Zurite
District, Region Cusco
228 Peru Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for poor native families in the
rainforest near Satipo in the department of Junín
229 Philippines Constructed wetland for a peri-urban housing area, Bayawan City
230 Philippines Urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural areas, Bayawan City
231 Philippines Urine diversion dehydration toilets with reuse in allotment gardens,
232 Philippines Cagayan
Rural de Oro and school urine diversion dehydration toilets in Misamis
community
Oriental, Libertad, Initao and Manticao (province of Misamis Oriental)
233 Philippines Urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural areas, San Fernando City
234 Philippines Urine diversion dehydration toilets and constructed wetland at the Lumad
Infirmary Hospital, Balit, Agusan Del Sur Province
235 Romania Urine diversion dehydration toilets and constructed wetland at a rural
school, Garla Mare, Mehedinti District
236 Romania Urine diversion dehydration toilets for institutions and households in Garla
Mare and Vrata, Mehedinty, Beiu-teleorman, Pietrele-Giurgiu County
237 Russia Biotoilet installations at the Kizhi Reserve Museum, Kizhi Island, Republic
238 Rwanda of Karelia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in two rural schools, Huye and
239 Rwanda Ngororero Districts
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in a rural primary school, Huye District
240 Rwanda Biogas sanitation plants in prisons, Cyangugu City
241 Rwanda Urine diversion dehydration toilets in a rural secondary school, Nyamagabe
242 Rwanda District
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Kigeme Hospital
243 Rwanda Urine diversion dehydration toilet for rural households in Bulera District
244 Rwanda Public urine diversion dehydration toilets in a business centre, Bulera
245 Rwanda District
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural communities and
schools of Burera, Musanze, Nyabihu, Rubavu and Rusizi Districts
246 Senegal Urine diversion dehydration toilets in villages of Dakar and Thiès Regions
247 Sierra Leone Urine diversion composting toilets as community sanitation in Chiefdom
Pejeh, Pujehun District
248 Sierra Leone Ecosan toilets at the Holy Rosary Secondary School for girls, Pujehan City
249 Sierra Leone Ecosan public toilets for a market site at Waterloo
250 South Africa Provision of sustainable sanitation services with urine diversion
dehydration toilets to peri-urban and rural communities in the eThekwini
251 South Africa (Durban) Municipality
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in Genadendal in the Western Cape
252 South Africa Urine diversion dehydration toilets in Kaheylitsha in the Western Cape
253 South Africa Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Emzamweni High School, Msunduzi
in KwaZulu-Natal Province
254 South Africa Urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural villages in Eastern Cape
255 Sri Lanka Province
Toilet Rehabilitation Project for disaster areas using urine diversion
dehydration toilets
256 Swaziland Urine diversion composting toilets and enviroloos as a part of the Dry
Sanitation project, Msunduza Township
257 Sweden Ecological Village Björnsbyn
258 Sweden Urine diversion dry toilets in the Gebers collective housing project,
259 Sweden Stockholm
Urine diversion toilets in the Palsternackan housing project, Enskede
260 Sweden Urine diversion flush toilets at Understenshöjden ecovillage in the suburb
of Björkhagen, Stockholm
261 Sweden Urine diversion flush toilets at the neighbourhood of Skogaberg,
262 Sweden Gothenburg
Water management in Universeum, Gothenburg
263 Sweden Eco-house, Noorköping
264 Sweden Integrated Water Management with urine diversion flush toilets at
Elkanlandstad School, Mölndals
265 Switzerland Testing of NoMix toilets and waterless urinals in Eawag's (Swiss Federal
Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology) new main building 'the Forum
Chriesbach', Dübendorf
266 Switzerland "UrinPur" pilot project with NoMix toilets, Liestal (these toilets were
removed in April 2009!)
267 Switzerland Urine diversion toilets and decentralised domestic wastewater treatment
with a membrane bioreactor
268 Syria Effluent reuse from constructed wetland system, Haran Al-Awamied
269 Tajikistan Urine diversion dehydration toilets at six schools in Sogd Province
270 Tajikistan #REF!
271 Tanzania Constructed wetland and effluent reuse in a pilot area Majumbasita, Dar Es
272 Tanzania Salaam
Resource-Oriented Sanitation concepts for peri-urban areas in Africa
(ROSA), using urine diversion dehydration toilets, Arusha
273 Tanzania Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households and a school in Hai
District, Kilimanjaro region
274 Tanzania Testing acceptability of dry toilets in a nomadic community in Malinyi
275 Togo Urine diversion dehydration toilets for Datcha and surrounding villages (in
planning phase)
276 Togo #REF!
277 Togo #REF!
278 Togo Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural and urban communities
in the Savannes Region
279 Togo #REF!
280 Turkey #REF!

281 Uganda #REF!
282 Uganda South Western Towns Water and Sanitation Project (SWTWS)
283 Uganda Kitgum Town Water Supply Expansion and Basic Sanitation Programme
284 Uganda Resource-Orientated Sanitation Concepts for Peri-urban Areas in Eastern
Africa (ROSA), Kitgum Town Council
285 Uganda Water supply and ecological sanitation infrastructure rehabilitation projects
(Kalungu, Kanawat and several other towns)
286 Uganda Urine diversion dehydration toilets and constructed wetland with reuse in
the Pdimu landing site ecosan project
287 Uganda Urine diversion dehydration and composting toilets as a part of the Lake
Victoria Environmental Management Project (LVEMP), Ddimo
288 Uganda Multi-story urine diversion dehydration toilets in Rubaga Girls Secondary
289 Uganda School
Rural sanitation programme with urine diversion dehydration toilets
290 Uganda Self-uptake of urine diversion dehydration toilets by households in Kabale
Municipality, Kabale District
291 Uganda Social marketing approach in scaling-up sanitation and hygiene with urine
diversion dehydration toilets in urban slums of Kawempe Division,
292 Uganda Kampala
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Biina primary school in Luzira,
293 Uganda Kampala City Council (KCC) Ecological Sanitation Project testing urine
diversion dehydration toilets in slums, Kampala (regarded as not very
294 Uganda successful)
DED EcoSan Promotion in Adjumani Town Council, Arua Municipal
Council and Luwero Town Council
295 Ukraine #REF!
296 Ukraine #REF!
297 United Arab Three examples of wastewater reuse after reed bed treatment, Dubai,
Emirates Industrial Zone
298 United States Ecosanitation at the office of an engineering company in Bellingham
of America (further information pending)
(USA)
299 United Geo-textile based dry toilet tested in the Cairngorms National Park,
Kingdom (UK) Scotland
300 Uzbekistan Composting toilets to improve sanitation in the Fergana Valley
301 Uzbekistan Urine diversion dehydration toilets for schools and households in urban
and rural areas
302 Vietnam Urine diversion dehydration toilets for urban and peri-urban areas, Hanoi
303 Vietnam City
Support Project to the Biogas Programme for the Agricultural Sector in
some provinces in Vietnam
304 Yemen #REF!
305 Yemen #REF!
306 Yemen Treatment and reuse of greywater from a mosque
307 Zambia #REF!
308 Zambia #REF!
309 Zambia Urine diversion composting toilets as a part of the Madimba Integrated
Ecological Sanitation Project, Lusaka
310 Zambia Urine diversion toilets for household applied in the North-western and
Southern Provinces
311 Zambia Urine diversion composting toilets as a part of the Dry Sanitation
Improvement Programme for Zambia (ZASP), Kaloko Region
312 Zimbabwe Urine diversion toilets for peri-urban and rural areas in Harare and Guruve
313 Zimbabwe Promotion of "fossa alterna" toilets under emergency situations in
settlements in Hopley, Hatcliffe and Victoria Falls
Regional
projects
1 Europe Short-rotation willow biomass plantations irrigated and fertilised with
wastewaters (FAIR5-CT97-3947): 1998 - 2002
2 Europe European Sanitary Waste Treatment Project, Sanbox (for remotely located
tourist facilities)
3 West Africa EU-Sanitation project network for Africa: NETSSAF (Network for the
development of sustainable approaches for large scale implementation of
sanitation in Africa), 2005 - 2008
ous organisations
Same as * Nos. given in bold are assumptions of people per household f

column J
Start of use Estimated German TC Case Study? No. of people No. of Total no. of
number of participation per sanitary people
users household or units or of served
per school households
2009 2,000 20 100 2000
2003 3,600 36 3600

2007 150 6 150
2000 102 6 17 102
2008 12,500 40 12,500
2009 810 6 135 810
2005 5,000 99 5,000

planned X bio treat. plant
2006 376 X 10 376

2006 1,140 1140
2007 1,500 1500
2008 16 7 16
2000 20,000 20,000
2010 40 1.33 30 40
2004 460 X 147 460

2002 - ?
2002 150 150
1993 690 690

2008 10 5 2 10
2004 1,350 114 1350
2007 1,000 15 1,000
2008 500 5 100 500
2009 not
applicable
(overarching
2008 project) 300 5 60 300
2009 5,000 1000 5 5,000

2009 500 5 100 500
2007 95 5 19 95
2009 1,000 1000 1 1,000

2008 unknown
2009 3,675 0
2009 75 5 15 75
2010 600 30 20 600
planned 0
2005 177 7.08 25 177
2007 1,280 6.50 197 1,280
2008 744 6.20 120 744
2008 42 7.00 6 42
2008 57 6.33 9 57
2009 300 15.00 20 300
2009 251 6.61 38 251
2009 137 5.07 27 137
2009 15,500 15,500
2008 33 3 11 33
2009 440 5 18 440
2009 440 5 18 440
2005 2,000 500 2,000
140 29 140
1,845 369 1845
750 22 750
120 30 120
1997 9,000 1,800 9,000
2006 41,510 5899 41510
2007 5,000 100 5000
2010 200,000 5000 40 200000
2002 252 X X 42 252

2005 866 866
2007 6,000 X X 933 6000
2007 2,000 2,000
2009 8,400 8 1050 8,400
2008 83,242
2006 8,000 4 2000 8,000
2009 440 88 440
2004 175 X 42 175

2005 196,000 X 20000 196000
2007 18,800 X 42 18,800
2003 426 3 142 426
1,100
2005 910 910
2003 2,900
1998 2,055,000 3 685,000 2055000
2006 370 X 370
2007 832
2007 30,000 30000
16 2 8 16
1995 40 2 20 40
2000 46 12 46
1996 42 7
2001 850 850
1998 40 9 40
2003 70 7 10 70
2007 2,750 1 2,750

500 500
2004 1,200 400
2000 624 4 156 624
2010 400 X 16.67 24 400

2006 78,000 78000
1996 500 5 100 500

2004 269,200 5 53,840 269200
2000 5,500 5500
1999
1997 36 4 9 36
2006 560 560
2007 200 200
14 2 7 14
2002 200 200
2003 35 35
1994 274 274

1994 400 400
2000 8 8
2000 15,800 15800
2005 400 X X 400
2000 50 50
2002 350 350
1985 140 X 140

80 2 80
1995 800 800
2006 40 40
2003 40 40
1990 90 90
2004 200
2007 120 120
1999 380 380
1996
1995 380 380

2004
500 500
planned 2 720
2003 2,500 X 2500

2002 X
2010 5,000 156 32 5000
2008 2,000 1000 9 2000
2008 2,250 1000 11 2250
2008 14 250
2006 5 250
2006 150 5 3 150
2007 300 300

planned
2005 660 X X 24 660
2000 X 1000
2006 3,450 1,020 3,450
2006 90,000
2010 planned X
2005 800 X X 800
2006 750 Dewats 750
2007 4,707 168 4,707
2005 690 34 690
2006 2,600 X X 2,600

2007 100 4 100
2008 520 Greywater 520

treatment
2010 planned X Dewats 2,000
2005 100 X 1 100
2008 45 5 9 45
2008 175 5 35 175

2008 250 5 50 250
2008 500 5 100 500
2008 500 5 100 500
2008 100 5 20 100
2008 60 5 12 60
2008 175 5 35 175
2007 40 15 + ? 3
2009 800 Dewats 800

2009 25 Dewats 25
2009 1,276 Dewats 1,276
15 5 3 15
2003 200 440
2008 865 5.0 173 865
15 15
- 2,200 4 2200
1997 4,000 31 4000

2003 4,000 X X 4000
2002 225 5 225
2008 400 22 400
2006 230 230
2005 22 X 22
2010 planned 40
2006 1,000 X 1000
2008 45,200 X 20 1000+18 45200
2008 1,800 X X 1800
2010 40
2008 3,000 X X 20 150 3000
2000 500 500

2000 35 7 5 35
2007 60 X 5 12 60
2006 1,500 5 300 1500
2008 2,000 2000
2006 120 4 30 120
2007 184 184
2007 285 285
2007 250 250
2005 2,500 5 500 2500
2002 63,555 5 12711 63555
2002 11,000 1000 11 11000
2000 X X
2005 350 350
2003 35,000 35000

2006 150 5 30 150
2008 310 310
2007 75 X 5 75
2007 30 2 30
2006 180 X 180
2000 304 4 76 304

2001 120
2001 5,200 X 5200
250 1,030 X 5 206 1030
2004 60 X 5 12 60
planned X
2010 600 600
2008 4,302 6 717 4302
2007 500 500

2003 1,200 1200
1992 686,000 X 686,000
2003 6,810 6 1135 6810

2006 210 6 35 210
1999
1995 440 440
1989 20 2 10 20
2009 1,200 200 1200
2007 1,260 6 210 1260
2006 600 600
2009 10,000 4.17 2400 10000
2000 196 7 28 196
2008 300 X 5 60 300
2005 3,060 5 612 3060
2004 600 5 120 600
2007 1,205 5 241 1205
2001 700 5 140 700
2007 53 X 53
1999 300 5 60 300
2007 460 5 92 460
2002 200 5 40 200
2004 75 5 15 75
2008 120 5 24 120

2005 410 5 82 410
2007 350 5 70 350
2008 1,200 5 240 1200
2008 1,005 5 201 1005
2009 205 5 41 205
2005 3,380 X X 3380

2005 510 X X 510
2005 400 X X 400
2007 1,000 X X 1000
2004 1,550 X 1550

2003 100 100
2002 200 200
2006 510 510
2008 2
2007 2,800 X X 24 2800
2006 350 350
2001 30,000 30000
2006 100 100
2006 100 100
800,000
2000
2002 15,227 244 15,227

2006 1,875 75 25 1875
2010 planned
2010 planned
2005 200,000 30,000 200,000
2003
2003
1997 120 4 30 120

2005
2007
1994
1998 80 80
1996 160 160
1995 160 160
2005 254 2 254
50
1999 600 600
2004 400 44 400
2003 0
2004 4 4
2000 14,000 X X
2008 2,500 2500
2008 309 44 309
2000 7,000 7000
2006 37,000 37000
2002 225 225
planned 600 600

2009 750 12.5 20 750
2006 42,900 35.75 1200 42900
2007 32,555 32555
2009 49,500 49500
X
2000 1,235 5 247 1235
1996
2006 40,000 80000??
2003 400 X 45 400
2002 2,000
1997
2005 650 650

2,500 5 500 2500
1999 750 5 150 750
2008
100 100
2002 700 5 140 700
2007 1,000
2004 2,175 2175

2006 270 3 90 270
2005 270
planned
2008 1
2003 2,000 >300 2000

2007 675 675
2004
2003 108,000 4 27,000 108000
2002 X
2008 planned planned
2009 900
2009 270 6 45 270
2003 500 500
2004 X
2006 2,000 2000

1997
2006 23,000
1998
2010 planned 60 users
2005
ons of people per household from the country list Technologies used
Comments UDDTs Biogas Constructed

wetlands
hh size assumption from country list
Planned beneficiaries: 12,000
assumptions made, see entry
but also includes flush toilets in school
more toilets are planned
30 household systems
user per day
Pupils in school estimated - still to check

Pupils in school estimated - still to check

Total number of people served given in

report as 600 direct beneficiaries (this
means 30 people per household!?)
hh size chosen to match the statement: 25

UDDTs and 177 beneficiaries!
hh size chosen to match the stated figures

on number of UDDTs and number of
beneficiaries
beneficiaries
beneficiaries
beneficiaries
beneficiaries
beneficiaries
beneficiaries
hh size assumption from country list (+350

students)
18 households and 1 school (hh assumed
from country list; school size assumed to
be 350 like in the other Bhutan project)
Assumption: 5000 people per municipality.

The 6000 users are only for the hh

UDDTs. Users unknown for the public
toilets
Have converted number of users to a daily
average based on first event
Average hh size from country list
I would like to know how many toilets

were constructed. Large project!? Is it
counting indirect beneficiaries, too?
Assumption for number of users per
UDDT; sent e-mail to get actual number
Assuming an average of 5 people per
household, 1:5(facility to persons) total no.
of users will be 440. Given 88 facilities,
No. Of users per day

Assume hh size from country list

Assuming an average of 6 people per

household, 1:6 (facility to persons) total
no. of users will be 42. Given 7 facilities,
Assuming an average of 150 litres per

day/person for Egypt, 60m3/day (60,000
litres) of wastewater means 1200 people
are served.

Recent info from CRS Ethiopia. Average
hh size from country list.
Family houses
Assume 2 people per holiday home
10 users assumed for office
average hh size from country list
rough guess - it is a building for seminars

and workshops
WW treatment for p.e.
5000 based on the number of pupils.that
have access to the facility from 2 schools.
x
Needs checking! 156 pupils per toilet??
2000 is based on the average number of
pupils in each school.Needs checking!!!
x
11 facilities built in two schools and a

community.Total no.of people served is
x
based on the average no. Of school
pupils and a community average of (250)
Total number of people served is based
on the average number of people per
x
community according to UNICEF
standards(250).(yet to clarify from contact
persons)
Total no. Of people served is based on urinals
average number of people per community
Needs checking!!
total number of people served is given in urinals
report as 150 direct beneficiaries (this
means 30 people per household(5)).
no longer in use
90,000 families? How many actual no. Of

users? Users of UDDTs?
Future expansion to 9,000 trains
Project not constructed yet.


Estimated no of users entered. Change
after info from P. Thakur

beneficiaries
550 residences with estimated 2,200

inhabitants (assuming 4 people/household
from country list)
Reuse from 100 m³ wastewater/day
4000 farms use the wastewater (these are

counted as beneficiaries, not the people
who produce the sewage!)
Assumed currently from country list.
Change no. of people per hh after
checking
assumptions made,see entry.
1000 household UDDTs and 18 UDDTs at

institutions. Assume 20 users per
household UDDT. (I subtracted the
amounts for the two sub-projects)
Assumption: each day of a week we have
250 new users (travellers etc.) and 50
permanent users. We then calculated per
week: 250*7 + 50 (difficult to decide how
users of public toilets should be counted
here!)
estimated to have started in 2010. Yet to
clarify by sending mail.
Guess: 150 UDDTs built
household size assumed from country list

Number of pupils per school assumed to

be 1000
abandoned
5 UDDTs. Assuming 1 UDDT is to 15

persons ,the estimated number of people
will
2 be 75.Assuming the average person/
UDDTs.
UDDT is 15 persons ,the estimated
number of people will be 30.
Assuming an average of 1:15 (1 UDDT to
15 users) 4 squatting pans (UDDTs) will
mean 60 users. 2 waterless urinals for
boys based on UNESCO Kenya
standards will be 1:60 for
boys=120.Hence total number of users
will be 180.

No.of users is assaumed to be 250.based
on information given on the project range
50 - 250 people for an informal
settlement.needs checking!
35,000ltrs p.a divided meaning 9.589
litres/day equivalent to 6.3person/day
since average litres per person/day is 1.5
litres.so given 100 UDDTs it will make 600
persons served.
Average household size for rural areas in
Nepal is 6 persons(Central Bureau of
Statistics,Nepal.),totalling 4302 users
Project estimated to have started in
2008.yet to clarify by sending out e -
mails.
70% of 980000 beneficiaries are
connected to toilets
hh size assumption from country list;
Sulabh toilets are NOT included in this
count
Assuming an average household size of 4
for Netherland,110 dwellings will mean
440 users.
with an average of 6 people per

household total no. of users is estimated
to be approx. 1200. yet to confirm year of
project
Six communities approximately ### number of

persons - assumed 100 people per community
HH size calculated

hh size assumption from country list; not

counting the 3 schools UDDTs as school
size is not known.
based on assumptions, see entry


in one village??- check how many actual
users
???? Needs checking as it is a large
program!
By end of 2010: will be total 136 toilet

units in all 19 villages, for 10,000 people.
450 users
750 users

HH size calculated plus 500 pupils
assumed
HH size calculated - seems very high!
60 school facilities and 364 household
facilities: assume hh size based on
country list and school size of 500 pupils
Catchment area: 50,000 people; 14
school blocks in Lome area, 8 blocks in
Kara and 44 blocks in Dapaong area ( to
date) - assume 750 pupils per school to
match the total given
check technology used and no. Of users?
Assumes inhabitants, not actual no. of

users. No info on no. of toilets
??? From where is this number?

office building, number of users not known

(is it built yet?)
number of users not known
Planned are 150,000 units serving

800,000 people by 2011
up to 60 people per module
53
Worldwide list of documented ecosan projects by various organisations
Notes:
- A more detailed list (with type of technology, reuse system, experiences etc.) is available on request (e-mail: ecosan@gtz.de).
- The list includes: sustainable sanitation / ecosan projects with reuse of some or all treated waste streams in principle being aimed for
(even if reuse is not fully achieved, e.g. UDDTs where urine is infiltrated are included in the list); only domestic sanitation projects.
- Projects not included in the list: small research projects; industrial wastewater reuse; non-reuse projects
- Number of users is only a rough estimate and may include one-time users (mobile urinals) or school pupils etc.
- Over 30 projects also have SuSanA case studies (see: http://www.susana.org/lang-en/case-studies)
- Several smaller projects are often grouped together (thus the total project number is larger than the count of 307 in this table)
- If you spot any errors or omissions, please contact us (ecosan@gtz.de).
- This list was compiled by GTZ team "sustainable sanitation - ecosan" with input from many people.
Estimated
Start of use of
# Country Project name number of
installation
users
1 Afghanistan Bathroom construction with urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in 2009 2,000
Katachel and Nasseri Villages, Kunduz Province
2 Afghanistan Urine diversion dehydration toilets for a school in Kunduz Province 2003 3,600
3 Afghanistan Urine diversion dehydration toilets for women at the Pedagogical Academy, 2007 150
4 Afghanistan Kunduz
Urine diversion dehydration toilets tested with households in rural areas of 2000 102
5 Afghanistan Herat Province
Public urine diversion dehydration toilets in villages in Dehrawud District, 2008 12,500
Uruzgan Province
6 Afghanistan Urine diversion dehydration toilets in two villages as a part of the Clean Village 2009 810
Project, in Injeel District, Herat Province and Chaghcaharan City, Ghor Province
7 Afghanistan Public toilet and bath complexes with biogas digesters in five localities of Kabul 2005 5,000
8 Algeria City
Integrated water and sewage management with effluent reuse in the Béni planned -
9 Armenia Abbèsdiversion
Urine Oasis dehydration toilets in a rural school, Hayanist 2006 376
10 Armenia Urine diversion dehydration toilets in households and five schools in rural areas 2006 1,140
of Hayanist, Fantan, Khachpar, Dzorghbyyur, Urud, Sverdlov, Saghmosavan
Yervan in the Lore region.
11 Australia Urine separating sanitation facilities at Maryborough Educational Centre (high 2007 1,500
school), Victoria
12 Australia Currumbin Eco-village with urine diversion flush toilets, Queensland 2008 16
13 Australia The reuse oriented Water Reclamation and Management Scheme at Sydney 2000 20,000
Olympic Park, Sydney
14 Australia Urine diverting flush toilets and grey water recycling system with rural 2010 40
communities at Kinglake, Victoria
15 Austria Urban urine diversion and greywater treatment system, Linz (solarcity) 2004 460
16 Austria Urine diversion dehydration toilets at a mountain inn, Pretulgraben 2002
17 Austria Urine diversion dehydration toilets and on-site greywater treatment at the 2002 150
mountain hut 'Bettelwurf Hütte', Karwendel Alpine Park
18 Austria On-site treatment of blackwater with reuse for five mountain huts 1993 690
19 Azerbaijan Urine diversion dehydration toilets tested with rural households 2008 10
20 Bangladesh Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in rural areas, Comilla 2004 1,350
21 Bangladesh Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Shabuzpur Tea Estate for the households 2007 1,000
of the estate workers, Mowlobibazar District
22 Bangladesh Urine diversion dehydration toilets tested as sustainable emergency sanitation 2008 500
in cyclone affected areas
23 Bangladesh Action research and construction of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) 2009 not applicable
in seven hilly districts of Rangpur, Moulovibazar, Narsigdi, Sunamgonj, (overarching
Bandarban, Cngonj, Gaibandh (overarching project) project)
24 Bangladesh Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) construction in 60 rural households 2008 300
in Wrisipara, Gazipur Municipality
25 Bangladesh Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in five schools in Gazipur 2009 5,000
Action research on ecological alternatives and construction of 100 UDDTs in 2009 500
difficult areas of Gaibandha, Rangpur, Cngonj, Narsindhi, Moulovibazar,
27 Bangladesh Sunamgonj,
Urine diversion Bandarban
dehydration toilets (UDDTs) with 19 households in Pazulia and 2007 95
Fawcal villages, Gazipur district under Gazipur Municipality
28 Bangladesh Sanitation block with biogas plant at G.K. Model High School in Dhirassharm 2009 1,000
under Gazipur Municipality
29 Bangladesh Construction and promotion of concrete urine diversion pans through piloting 2008 -
community-based urine diversion toilet (UDT) in Wrishipara Polli of Gazipur
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) constructed in eight schools in 2009 3,675
31 Bangladesh Gazipur City
Pilot demonstration of 10 urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for rural 2009 75
households at Sitakunda Upazila in Chittagong and Noakhali districts
32 Bangladesh Construction of 200 urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural 2010 600
communities of Gazipur, Tangail, Mymensingh Municipalities
33 Bangladesh Construction of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for the poor and planned -
excluded of indigenous community in Durgapur, Netrokona
34 Bangladesh Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) to improve sanitation at Bashaivog 2005 177
and Bejgoan villages, Munshigonj in Bangladesh through information
dissemination and awareness raising
35 Bangladesh Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets in rural households in 16 2007 1,280
villages in Naogoan, Jessore, Satkhira, Gazipur districts
36 Bangladesh Double vault composting toilets and urine diversion toilets in 4 rural villages in 2008 744
Manikgonj and Gazipur Districts
37 Bangladesh Double vault composting and urine diversion in urban community of Rangamati 2008 42
Last updated: 24 Sept. 2010 Page 1111 of 1129

Estimated
Start of use of
installation
users
38 Bangladesh Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets in rural households in 2008 57
Bogra, Gaibandha, Joypurhat, linked to micro-financing
39 Bangladesh Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets in rural communities in 2009 300
Bandarban, and Cox’s Bazar
40 Bangladesh Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets and action research in 2009 251
difficult rural areas in Bandarban, Gaibandha, Chapainawabgonj Districts
41 Bangladesh Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets in rural communities of 2009 137
Meherpur, and Naogoan Districts
42 Bangladesh Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) in 20 flood prone villages in three 2009 15,500
districts of Sirajgonj, Gaibandha and Kurigram (large scale project)
43 Belarus Urine diversion dehydration toilets at dachas in Smilovichy Village 2008 33
44 Bhutan Urine diversion dehydration toilet project at Goenpasingma Lower Secondary 2009 440
School and village, Zobel Geog Pemagatshel
45 Bhutan Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in 18 households and one school in 2009 440
Euyamo Village, Teop Geog Punakha
46 Bolivia Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in San Pedro town, 2005 2,000
Department (State) Santa Cruz
47 Bolivia Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in Departments (States) 140
48 Bolivia Oruro diversion
Urine and Beni dehydration toilets for households in the peri-urban areas of El 1,845
Alto, Desaguadero, Puerto Acosta and Warisata cities in Department (State) La
Paz and private sector development for the collection, treatment and reuse of
49 Bolivia excreta
Urine in El Alto
diversion City
dehydration toilets for a school in Department (State) 750
50 Bolivia Chuquisaca
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households, with private sector 120
development for the collection, treatment and reuse of excreta, in a peri-urban
area in Department (State) Cochabamba
51 Bolivia Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in rural areas of Saavedra, 1997 9,000
Oquinawa and Mineros, Department (State) Santa Cruz
52 Bolivia Rural household and school urine diversion dehydration toilets in the sub- 2006 41,510
regional Andean programme for basic services against poverty (PROANDES) in
the Departments (States) of Potosí, Cochabamba, Chuquisaca and Oruro
53 Bolivia Urine diversion dehydration toilets as emergency sanitation, Trinidad City, 2007 5,000
Department (State) Beni
54 Bolivia Urine diversion dehydration toilets in the departments of Cochabamba, 2010 200,000
Chuquisaca, Pando, Beni and Potosi
55 Botswana Rural urine diversion dehydration toilets (after 6 years), Hanahai and Paje 2002 252
56 Bulgaria Villages
Household, school and public urine diversion dehydration toilets and greywater 2005 866
treatment systems in villages of Stara Zagora, Pleven and Sofia Provinces
57 Burkina Faso Urban urine diversion dehydration toilets and reuse, Ouagadougou 2007 6,000
58 Burkina Faso Launch of ecosan during Film Festival with mobile urine diversion toilets and 2007 2,000
waterless urinals and use of the mobile units in subsequent events,
59 Burkina Faso Ouagadougou
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and urinals to obtain fertiliser for 2009 8,400
conservation agriculture.Ouagadougou
60 Burkina Faso Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in the rural communities and 2008 83,242
schools of Nasséré, Rollo, Rouko and Zimtenga in the Province of Bam
61 Cambodia Community-led Total Sanitation with urine diversion dehydration toilets in 2006 8,000
62 Chad Kampong
Urine Chamdehydration toilets in refugee camps of Farchana, Kounoungo
diversion 2009 440
63 China and Mile
Urine-diverting vacuum sanitation system at Tsinghua University, Beijing 2004 175
64 China Community-led water and ecosan programme, Shaanxi Province 2005 196,000
65 China Urine diversion sanitation in Olympic Forest Park, Beijing 2007 18,800
66 China Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in Zhonghe Village, Kunming, 2003 426
Yunnan Province
67 China Ecosan pilot projects with reuse of wastewater and compost in the ecocity 1,100
programmes in Yangzhou and Changzhou, Jiangsu Province
68 China Ecosan project in Xianrendong Village with urine diversion dehydration toilets 2005 910
and biogas units for households and schools, Yunnan Province
69 China Erdos Ecotown Project, Dongsheng District, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 2003 2,900
70 China Rural sanitation with urine diversion deydration toilets in Guanxi Province 1998 2,055,000
71 China Ecosan toilets to improve sanitation in a middle school in Zhao Jiagou Village, 2006 370
Shanxi Province
72 Congo Brazzaville Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in Ganga Edouard Primary School 2007 832
73 Cote d'Ivoire Urine diversion dehydration toilets for the workers' villages of SAPH agro 2007 30,000
industries in the rubber tree industry
74 Denmark Composting toilets in the House Ramshusene, Bornholm 16
75 Denmark Urine separation toilets at Munkesogaard Ecovillage, Roskilde 1995 40
76 Ecuador Urine diversion dehydration toilets at households in Chordeleg, Azuay Province 2000 46
77 Ecuador Composting toilets at the Ecological Hotel Alándaluz, Manabí Province 1996 42
78 Ecuador Constructed wetlands with reuse for a new urban settlement in Sabiango Town, 2001 850
Loja Province
79 Ecuador Urine diversion dehydration toilets in the building complex of Pestalozzi 1998 40
Foundation, Pichincha Province
80 Ecuador Urine diversion dehydration toilets for the Achuar-Indios in the Province of 2003 70
Pastaza (pilot project AMAZONICA)
81 Egypt Decentralised wastewater management in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate (with 2007 2,750
82 Egypt reuse?)
Improvement of the effluent quality of aerated lagoons (ponds) by membrane 500
filtration and reuse of treated wastewater in a village near Cairo
83 Egypt Subterra constructed wetlands for treatment of wastewater from cruise liners on 2004 400
the Nile with reuse in agriculture, Luxor

Estimated
Start of use of
installation
users
84 El Salvador Urine diversion dehydration toilets and solar toilets tested with households in 2000 624
85 Ethiopia rural areas
Urine diversion dehydration toilets on the campus of Adama University, Adama 2010 400
86 Ethiopia Resource-Oriented Sanitation concepts for peri-urban areas in Africa (ROSA) 2006 78,000
using multiple technologies, Arba Minch
87 Ethiopia Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households, Addis Ababa 1996 500
88 Ethiopia Large-scale rural sanitation with arborloos and fossa alterna toilets for 2004 269,200
89 Ethiopia households
Biogas sanitation plants in seven schools in Addis Ababa, Jimma and Bahir Dar 2000 5,500
90 Fiji Composting toilets and greywater reuse in a wastewater garden at a tropical 1999
resort, Beqa Island
91 Finland Ecological sanitation with different types of toilets at Kangasalan Yhteiskylä 1997 36
communal village, Kangasala town
92 Georgia Urine diversion dehydration toilets and constructed wetland for two schools, 2006 560
households and a training centre in Mtskheta, Zugdidi, Khashuri, Dusheti and
93 Germany Gori Districts. and combination of innovative system components from process
Development 2007 200
engineering, information technology and ceramics to create a sustainable
technology for water and nutrient cycles, Kaiserslautern.
94 Germany Sustainable water management and wastewater purification in tourism facilities 14
project (SWAMP) using urine separation toilets at Stranddorf Augustenhof
95 Germany Source separation, treatment and reuse sanitation system at the Huber SE 2002 200
office building, Berching.
96 Germany Source separation, treatment and reuse sanitation system in buildings of the 2003 35
Berliner Wasserbetriebe in the Sanitation Concept for Separate Treatment
97 Germany (SCST) project,
Restaurant Berlinwith biogas plant, Waldmichelbacher Hof, Bessenbach
and farm 1994 274
98 Germany Composting toilets and constructed wetlands for multi-story buildings at the 1994 400
ecological settlement of Bielefeld Waldquelle, Bielefeld
99 Germany Source separation, treatment and reuse sanitation system at Lambertsmuehle 2000 8
museum, Burscheid
100 Germany Decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse systems within the project 2000 15,800
'Alternatives for urban water supply and wastewater infrastructure systems'
(AKWA 2100), Northrhine-Westfalia
101 Germany Urine and brownwater separation (and partial treatment) at the GTZ main office 2005 400
building, Eschborn
102 Germany Vacuum toilets with on-site wastewater treatment and reuse system for a 2000 50
residential and office building at Vauban, Freiburg
103 Germany Vacuum sewerage and greywater recycling at the Ostarkade office building of 2002 350
the KfW Bankengruppe, Frankfurt
104 Germany Ecological settlement in Allermöhe, Hamburg 1985 140
105 Germany Composting toilets and constructed wetland for a residential area at 80
Braamwisch, Hamburg
106 Germany Multiple sanitation technologies for decentralised treatment and reuse at Oeko- 1995 800
Technik Park, Hannover
107 Germany The Emscher River Head Centre - decentralised wastewater treatment with 2006 40
separation of brown, grey and yellowwater
108 Germany Sustainable water management and wastewater purification in tourism facilities 2003 40
project (SWAMP) using reedbed treatment at the Elbterassen Wussegel tourism
109 Germany facility,
CompostingHitzacker
toilets and constructed wetland with reuse for a residential area at 1990 90
Hassee, Kiel
110 Germany Decentralised water and wastewater treatment and reuse for a housing 2004 200
development area through the Decentralised Urban Infrastructure Systems
111 Germany (DEUS 21) project,
Sustainable Knittlingen and wastewater purification in tourism facilities
water management 2007 120
project (SWAMP) using vacuum toilets and waterless urinals at the Burg
Lenzen tourism facility, Lenzen
112 Germany Ecological housing estate at Flintenbreite (vacuum toilets and constructed 1999 380
wetlands), Lübeck
113 Germany Rural farm and ecological conference centre with biogas plant and constructed 1996
wetland at Wacholderhof, Murrhardt
114 Germany Greywater recycling in Hotel Arabella Sheraton Am Büsing Palais, Offenbach 1995 380
115 Germany Vacuum toilets with on-site wastewater treatment and reuse system for the 2004
visitor centre of the national park Jasmund, Rügen
116 Germany Sustainable water management and wastewater purification in tourism facilities 500
project (SWAMP) using urine diversion toilets at the Park Moräna See tourism
117 Germany facility, Soltau
Vacuum toilets and biogas plant as a part of the Hamburg Water Cycle concept planned -
implementation in a new residential area in Jenfeld, Hamburg
118 Ghana Ecological development of Valley View University, Accra 2003 2,500
119 Ghana Pilot scale co-composting of faecal sludge and organic solid waste, Kumasi 2002 -
(currently not in operation)
120 Guinea (Conakry) Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural school in Ansoumaniya 2010 5,000
121 Guinea (Conakry) Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in schools Bamban High School 2008 2,000
and Séguéyah Primary School (Kindia)
122 Guinea (Conakry) Urine diversion dehydration toilets in schools of Salloube, and Tialére and the 2008 2,250
community of Dalaba
123 Guinea (Conakry) Urine diversion dehydration toilets in the Community of Damakhanyah in Kindia, 2008 250
124 Guinea (Conakry) Guineaurinals in 'Place de l’indépendance Palais de Justice', Kindia
Public 2006 250
125 Guinea (Conakry) Household urinals in the community of Molota Préfecture, Kindia 2006 150

Estimated
Start of use of
installation
users
126 Haiti Dry composting toilet at a public market place, Cap Haitien 2007 300
127 Haiti Treatment of waste from public latrines in a biogas plant, Cap Haitien planned
128 India Urine diversion dehydration toilet centres at Navsarjan Boarding Schools, 2005 660
129 India Gujarat
Demonstration of an eco-friendly, reuse-oriented public toilet centre in Rajendra 2000 -
Nagar Slum, Bangalore, Karnataka (no longer in use)
130 India Household urine diversion dehydration toilets (locally known as compost toilets) 2006 3,450
in four villages (including tsunami hit villages) of Trichy and Nagai Districts,
131 India Tamil Nadu
Total Sanitation Campaign Project using urine diversion dehydration toilets 2006 90,000
(locally known as composting toilet), Mysore, Karnataka
132 India Sustainable sanitation infrastructure project at the pilgrimage town of 2010
Pandharpur, Maharashtra
133 India Pour-flush toilets with biogas plant at DSK (Dalit Shakti Kendra) Training 2005 800
134 India Institute, Gujarat public toilet centre with a decentralised wastewater
Community-based, 2006 750
treatment and reuse system (pilot project) at Ullalu Upanagara, Bangalore
135 India Urine diversion dehydration toilets (locally known as composting toilets) for ten 2007 4,707
schools in rural areas (including tsunami hit villages), Tamil Nadu
136 India Three public urine diversion dehydration toilet complexes (locally known as 2005 690
Ecosan Community Compost Toilets) in Musiri Town linked to agricultural
research trials at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
137 India Decentralised wastewater management at Adarsh College, Badlapur, 2006 2,600
138 India Maharashtra
Zero-discharge, recycling toilet being tested for Indian trains and communal 2007 100
toilet blocks, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
139 India Decentralised wastewater treatment in Shree Baleshwar Anudanit Primary and 2008 520
Secondary Ashram School, Sarole Pathar, Maharashtra
140 India Urban decentralised wastewater management, Badlapur, Maharashtra 2010 2,000
141 India Improved traditional composting toilets with urine diversion, Leh, Jammu and 2005 100
142 India Kashmir
Demonstration of household urine diversion dehydration toilets in Nagasandra 2008 45
Village, Karnataka
143 India Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households, Ranchi, Jharkhand 2008 175
144 India Urine diversion dehydration toilets for the rural poor, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 2008 250
145 India Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households at a coastal area in 2008 500
Bhuvneshwar, Orissa
146 India Urine diversion dehydration toilets at households in the drought-prone, water- 2008 500
scarce area of Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu
147 India Urine diversion dehydration toilets at rural households as a demonstration of an 2008 100
effective sanitation option for the state of Nagaland
148 India Urine diversion dehydration toilets at households in Kolkata, West Bengal 2008 60
149 India Urine diversion dehydration toilets at households in a village near New Delhi 2008 175
150 India Urine diversion dehydration toilets in Thergaon Village, Maharashtra 2007 40
151 India Decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse system at Oasis Resort, Pune 2009 800
152 India City
Decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse system at Kamilini Kuteer 2009 25
Resort, Khariv, Pune
153 India Decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse system at residential complexes 2009 1,276
at Khidkali and Desai, Thane, Mumbai
154 India Household urine diversion dehydration toilets at Poonjeri Habitation, 0 15
Mahabalipurum Town, Tamil Nadu
155 India Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for rural farming households in hilly 2003 200
village of Talavadi village, Tamil Nadu
156 India Promotion of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural households in 2008 865
157 Indonesia Decentralised wastewater treatment systems with reuse for urban low-income
settlements, Tangerand and Surabaya
158 Indonesia Pilot testing of ecological sanitation technologies at the Center for Urban 15
Community Empowerment (Pusdakota), Kali Rungkut, Surabaya
159 Israel Landscape-integrated constructed wetland system for the treatment and reuse not yet started 2,200
of greywater of a residential block at Ganei Tikva (not authorised for operation
160 Japan yet)
Automated composting toilet system at Asahiyama Zoo, Asahikawa City 1997 4,000
161 Jordan Use of treated wastewater in agriculture, Jordan Valley 2003 4,000
162 Jordan Demonstration of decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse for households 2002 225
163 Kazakhstan Urine diversion dehydration toilets in and around Aksu-Jabagly and Naurzum 2008 400
Game Reserves
164 Kenya Resource-Oriented Sanitation concepts for peri-urban areas in Africa (ROSA), 2006 230
using urine diversion dehydration toilets and a wetland, Nakuru
165 Kenya Developing service providers of compost and biogas plants for small scale 2005 22
farmers in western Nyanza rift valley, central and eastern provinces of Kenya
166 Kenya Urine diversion dehydration toilets at a clinic in Shela, Lamu Island 2010
167 Kenya Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Khaimba Primary School, Butere 2006 1,000
168 Kenya Implementation of recycling-oriented sanitation services: urine diversion 2008 45,200
169 Kenya Public toilet with biogas plant and water kiosk at a bus park in Naivasha, Kenya, 2008 1,800
Rift Valley Province (one sub-project of larger ecosan project)
170 Kenya Urine diversion dehydration toilets at St. Francis Nyangajo Girls Boarding High 2010 40
School in Kendu Bay
171 Kenya Implementation of urine diversion dehydration toilets by Community Based 2008 3,000
Organisations, Ugunja District, Western Kenya (one sub-project of larger
172 Kosovo ecosan
Urine project) dehydration toilets in a rural school, Blace Village
diversion 2000 500

Estimated
Start of use of
installation
users
173 Kosovo Piloting urine diversion dehydration toilets in Vranic and Blace Villages, Suva 2000 35
Reka Municipality
174 Kyrgyzstan Piloting of urine diversion toilets with households 2007 60
175 Kyrgyzstan Urine diversion dehydration toilets with urban and rural households 2006 1,500
176 Kyrgyzstan Urine diversion dehydration toilets for six schools and one madrasah in rural 2008 2,000
177 Lebanon areas
Greywater treatment and reuse for households in Tanoura Village, Rasha Caza 2006 120
178 Lesotho Decentralised wastewater treatment systems and reuse for the domestic 2007 184
wastewater of single households in Maseru and Mapoteng
179 Lesotho Decentralised wastewater treatment systems and reuse for the domestic 2007 285
wastewater of three institutions in Maseru, Thaba Bosiu and Rothe
180 Lesotho Decentralised wastewater treatment systems and reuse for the wastewater of 2007 250
three tourism facilities in Butha Buthe and Thaba Bosiu
181 Malawi Urine diversion dehydration toilets for poor households in the cities of Lilongwe, 2005 2,500
Blantyre and Mzuzu
182 Malawi Low cost sanitation with arboloo, fossa alterna and skyloo latrines in rural areas 2002 63,555
of Embangweni, Thylo and Phalombe
183 Malawi Double vault composting toilets in schools in Chinteche 2002 11,000
184 Mali Peri-urban urine diversion dehydration toilets (abandoned), Koulikoro 2000 -
185 Mali Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households and women's centres in 2005 350
Commune VI, Bamako
186 Mexico Urban ecosan pilot program with multiple technologies at Tepoztlán 2003 35,000
187 Mexico Urine diversion dehydration toilets and greywater treatment contributing to the 2006 150
protection of El Tule Lagoon
188 Moldova Urine diversion dehydration toilets for a kindergarten, a school and households 2008 310
in Criscauti, Bolduresti and Bacseni Villages, Drochia and Causeni Towns
189 Mongolia Urine diversion dehydration toilets in an urban area, Ulaanbaatar 2007 75
190 Mongolia Urine diversion dehydration toilets at tourist camp Khovsgol Inn, Khatgal 2007 30
191 Morocco Urine diversion dehydration toilets in Souss Massa Park 2006 180
192 Mozambique Fossa alterna latrines in peri-urban areas of Lichinga City, Niassa Province 2000 304
193 Mozambique Fossa alterna and arborloo latrines in rural and peri-urban areas, Niassa 2001 120
194 Mozambique Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in a rural resettlement area, Sofala Province 2001 5,200
195 Namibia Urine diversion dehydration toilets with peri-urban households in Mariental 1,030
196 Namibia Town diversion dehydration toilets with rural households, Gibeon Village
Urine 2004 60
197 Namibia Sanitation centres with vacuum toilets and biogas plants for an informal urban planned -
settlement in northern Namibia
198 Nepal Urine bank in Siddhipur 2010 600
199 Nepal Urine diversion dehydration toilets in Darechowk VDC (Open Defecation Free 2008 4,302
Declaration Programme) Chitwan District
200 Nepal Urine diversion toilets for a school in Darechowk Village, Chitwan District 2007 500
201 Nepal Household urine diversion toilets in peri-urban areas in Kathmandu Valley 2003 1,200
202 Nepal Biogas digesters for household sanitation in the Nepal Biogas Support Program 1992 686,000
203 Nepal Ecofarming using products from urine diversion toilets in nine villages 2003 6,810
204 Nepal Urine diversion toilets as a part of the Rural Village Water Resources 2006 210
Management Project (RVWRMP), Kailali District
205 Netherlands Ecological housing estate, Culemborg 1999
206 Netherlands Greywater treatment of a residential area using a constructed wetland, 1995 440
207 Netherlands Groningen
Greywater treatment and reuse as a part of the Green Roof Project for 1989 20
ecological housing, Utrecht
208 Niger Urine diversion dehydration toilets and urinals. For villages of Dan Bidé, 2009 1,200
Maifarou,Milli, Saja Manja, Dogoraoua,Tsamiya Bakoye ,Zabon Mousso, and
209 Niger Malloumey
Urine Saboua
diversion in Aguiétoilets and fossa alterna latrines linked with Farmer
dehydration 2007 1,260
Field Schools in rural areas, Aguie
210 Nigeria Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in six riverine communities in Cross 2006 600
River State
211 North Korea Decentralised wastewater treatment system (biogas plants with constructed 2009 10,000
(People’s Democratic wetlands) in Yonton County
Republic of Korea)
212 Palestine Urine diversion dehydration toilets with households in rural and peri-urban areas 2000 196
of Hebron District
213 Peru Urine diversion dehydration toilets as a part of a private public partnership 2008 300
project in the Regions of Lima, Cusco and San Martin
214 Peru Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural villages in the rainforest of 2005 3,060
three districts, Region Loreto
215 Peru Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in the squatter settlement 2004 600
216 Peru Nieveria,
Household Lima
urine diversion dehydration toilets as emergency sanitation in rural 2007 1,205
areas of three districts in Cañete Province, Region Lima
217 Peru Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in the squatter settlement Nuevo 2001 700
Pachacutec, Lima
218 Peru Blackwater and greywater reuse system, Chorrillos, Lima 2007 53
219 Peru Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for the squatter settlement 1999 300
Huascar in San Juan de Lurigancho District, Province Lima
220 Peru Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in the peri-urban zones of Ica 2007 460
City, Region Ica
221 Peru Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural villages in the rainforests 2002 200
near Pucallpa Town, Region Ucayali

Estimated
Start of use of
installation
users
222 Peru Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural mountain villages of 2004 75
Huallanca District, Region Ancash
223 Peru Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in Huanta District, Region 2008 120
224 Peru Ayacucho
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for peri-urban households in 2005 410
Sechura City, Region Piura
225 Peru Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for rural areas around Pisco 2007 350
Town, Region Ica
226 Peru Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for rural areas in Lalaquiz District, 2008 1,200
Region Piura
227 Peru Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for rural areas in Zurite District, 2008 1,005
Region Cusco
228 Peru Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for poor native families in the 2009 205
rainforest near Satipo in the department of Junín
229 Philippines Constructed wetland for a peri-urban housing area, Bayawan City 2005 3,380
230 Philippines Urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural areas, Bayawan City 2005 510
231 Philippines Urine diversion dehydration toilets with reuse in allotment gardens, Cagayan de 2005 400
232 Philippines Oro
Rural community and school urine diversion dehydration toilets in Misamis 2007 1,000
Oriental, Libertad, Initao and Manticao (province of Misamis Oriental)
233 Philippines Urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural areas, San Fernando City 2004 1,550
234 Philippines Urine diversion dehydration toilets and constructed wetland at the Lumad 2003 100
Infirmary Hospital, Balit, Agusan Del Sur Province
235 Romania Urine diversion dehydration toilets and constructed wetland at a rural school, 2002 200
Garla Mare, Mehedinti District
236 Romania Urine diversion dehydration toilets for institutions and households in Garla Mare 2006 510
and Vrata, Mehedinty, Beiu-teleorman, Pietrele-Giurgiu County
237 Russia Biotoilet installations at the Kizhi Reserve Museum, Kizhi Island, Republic of 2008 -
238 Rwanda Karelia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in two rural schools, Huye and Ngororero 2007 2,800
239 Rwanda Districts
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in a rural primary school, Huye District 2006 350
240 Rwanda Biogas sanitation plants in prisons, Cyangugu City 2001 30,000
241 Rwanda Urine diversion dehydration toilets in a rural secondary school, Nyamagabe 2006 100
242 Rwanda Districtdiversion dehydration toilets at Kigeme Hospital
Urine 2006 100
243 Rwanda Urine diversion dehydration toilet for rural households in Bulera District
244 Rwanda Public urine diversion dehydration toilets in a business centre, Bulera District
245 Rwanda Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural communities and schools of 2000
Burera, Musanze, Nyabihu, Rubavu and Rusizi Districts
246 Senegal Urine diversion dehydration toilets in villages of Dakar and Thiès Regions 2002 15,227
247 Sierra Leone Urine diversion composting toilets as community sanitation in Chiefdom Pejeh, 2006 1,875
Pujehun District
248 Sierra Leone Ecosan toilets at the Holy Rosary Secondary School for girls, Pujehan City 2010
249 Sierra Leone Ecosan public toilets for a market site at Waterloo 2010
250 South Africa Provision of sustainable sanitation services with urine diversion dehydration 2005 200,000
toilets to peri-urban and rural communities in the eThekwini (Durban)
251 South Africa Municipality
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in Genadendal in the Western Cape 2003
252 South Africa Urine diversion dehydration toilets in Kaheylitsha in the Western Cape 2003
253 South Africa Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Emzamweni High School, Msunduzi in
KwaZulu-Natal Province
254 South Africa Urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural villages in Eastern Cape Province 1997 120
255 Sri Lanka Toilet Rehabilitation Project for disaster areas using urine diversion dehydration 2005
256 Swaziland toilets
Urine diversion composting toilets and enviroloos as a part of the Dry Sanitation 2007
project, Msunduza Township
257 Sweden Ecological Village Björnsbyn 1994
258 Sweden Urine diversion dry toilets in the Gebers collective housing project, Stockholm 1998 80
259 Sweden Urine diversion toilets in the Palsternackan housing project, Enskede 1996 160
260 Sweden Urine diversion flush toilets at Understenshöjden ecovillage in the suburb of 1995 160
Björkhagen, Stockholm
261 Sweden Urine diversion flush toilets at the neighbourhood of Skogaberg, Gothenburg 2005 254
262 Sweden Water management in Universeum, Gothenburg
263 Sweden Eco-house, Noorköping 50
264 Sweden Integrated Water Management with urine diversion flush toilets at Elkanlandstad 1999 600
School, Mölndals
265 Switzerland Testing of NoMix toilets and waterless urinals in Eawag's (Swiss Federal 2004 400
Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology) new main building 'the Forum
266 Switzerland Chriesbach',
"UrinPur" pilotDübendorf
project with NoMix toilets, Liestal (these toilets were removed in 2003
267 Switzerland April 2009!)
Urine diversion toilets and decentralised domestic wastewater treatment with a 2004 4
membrane bioreactor
268 Syria Effluent reuse from constructed wetland system, Haran Al-Awamied 2000 14,000
269 Tajikistan Urine diversion dehydration toilets at six schools in Sogd Province 2008 2,500
270 Tajikistan #REF! 2008 309
271 Tanzania Constructed wetland and effluent reuse in a pilot area Majumbasita, Dar Es 2000 7,000
272 Tanzania Salaam
Resource-Oriented Sanitation concepts for peri-urban areas in Africa (ROSA), 2006 37,000
using urine diversion dehydration toilets, Arusha
273 Tanzania Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households and a school in Hai District, 2002 225
Kilimanjaro region
274 Tanzania Testing acceptability of dry toilets in a nomadic community in Malinyi
275 Togo Urine diversion dehydration toilets for Datcha and surrounding villages (in planned 600
planning phase)

Estimated
Start of use of
installation
users
276 Togo #REF! 2009 750
277 Togo #REF! 2006 42,900
278 Togo Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural and urban communities in 2007 32,555
the Savannes Region
279 Togo #REF! 2009 49,500
280 Turkey #REF!
281 Uganda #REF! 2000 1,235
282 Uganda South Western Towns Water and Sanitation Project (SWTWS) 1996
283 Uganda Kitgum Town Water Supply Expansion and Basic Sanitation Programme
284 Uganda Resource-Orientated Sanitation Concepts for Peri-urban Areas in Eastern Africa 2006 40,000
(ROSA), Kitgum Town Council
285 Uganda Water supply and ecological sanitation infrastructure rehabilitation projects 2003 400
(Kalungu, Kanawat and several other towns)
286 Uganda Urine diversion dehydration toilets and constructed wetland with reuse in the 2002 2,000
Pdimu landing site ecosan project
287 Uganda Urine diversion dehydration and composting toilets as a part of the Lake Victoria 1997
Environmental Management Project (LVEMP), Ddimo
288 Uganda Multi-story urine diversion dehydration toilets in Rubaga Girls Secondary School 2005 650
289 Uganda Rural sanitation programme with urine diversion dehydration toilets 2,500
290 Uganda Self-uptake of urine diversion dehydration toilets by households in Kabale 1999 750
Municipality, Kabale District
291 Uganda Social marketing approach in scaling-up sanitation and hygiene with urine 2008
diversion dehydration toilets in urban slums of Kawempe Division, Kampala
292 Uganda Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Biina primary school in Luzira, Kampala 100
293 Uganda Kampala City Council (KCC) Ecological Sanitation Project testing urine 2002 700
diversion dehydration toilets in slums, Kampala (regarded as not very
294 Uganda successful)
DED EcoSan Promotion in Adjumani Town Council, Arua Municipal Council and 2007 1,000
Luwero Town Council
295 Ukraine #REF! 2004 2,175
296 Ukraine #REF! 2006 270
297 United Arab Emirates Three examples of wastewater reuse after reed bed treatment, Dubai, Industrial 2005 270
298 United States of Zone
Ecosanitation at the office of an engineering company in Bellingham (further planned
America (USA) information pending)
299 United Kingdom (UK) Geo-textile based dry toilet tested in the Cairngorms National Park, Scotland 2008
300 Uzbekistan Composting toilets to improve sanitation in the Fergana Valley 2003 2,000
301 Uzbekistan Urine diversion dehydration toilets for schools and households in urban and 2007 675
302 Vietnam rural areas
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for urban and peri-urban areas, Hanoi City 2004
303 Vietnam Support Project to the Biogas Programme for the Agricultural Sector in some 2003 108,000
provinces in Vietnam
304 Yemen #REF! 2002
305 Yemen #REF! 2008 planned
306 Yemen Treatment and reuse of greywater from a mosque
307 Zambia #REF! 2009 900
308 Zambia #REF! 2009 270
309 Zambia Urine diversion composting toilets as a part of the Madimba Integrated 2003 500
Ecological Sanitation Project, Lusaka
310 Zambia Urine diversion toilets for household applied in the North-western and Southern 2004
311 Zambia Provinces
Urine diversion composting toilets as a part of the Dry Sanitation Improvement 2006 2,000
Programme for Zambia (ZASP), Kaloko Region
312 Zimbabwe Urine diversion toilets for peri-urban and rural areas in Harare and Guruve 1997
313 Zimbabwe Promotion of "fossa alterna" toilets under emergency situations in settlements in 2006 23,000
Hopley, Hatcliffe and Victoria Falls
Regional projects
1 Europe Short-rotation willow biomass plantations irrigated and fertilised with 1998
wastewaters (FAIR5-CT97-3947): 1998 - 2002
2 Europe European Sanitary Waste Treatment Project, Sanbox (for remotely located 2010
3 West Africa tourist facilities)project network for Africa: NETSSAF (Network for the
EU-Sanitation 2005
development of sustainable approaches for large scale implementation of
sanitation in Africa), 2005 -Sum2008of users (rough approximation only, includes sporadic users): 4,809,471

Projects with the highest number of users (later: check these projects again!)
Rural sanitation with urine diversion

China deydration toilets in Guanxi Province 1998 2,055,000
sanitation in the Nepal Biogas Support
Nepal Program 1992 686,000
arborloos and fossa alterna toilets for
Ethiopia households 2004 269,200
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in
the departments of Cochabamba,
Bolivia Chuquisaca,
Provision Pando, Benisanitation
of sustainable and Potosi 2010 200,000
services with urine diversion
dehydration toilets to peri-urban and
rural communities in the eThekwini
South Africa (Durban) Municipality 2005 200,000
Community-led water and ecosan
China programme, Shaanxi Province 2005 196,000
Support Project to the Biogas
Programme for the Agricultural Sector
Vietnam in some provinces in Vietnam 2003 108,000
Total Sanitation Campaign Project
using urine diversion dehydration toilets
(locally known as composting toilet),
India Mysore, Karnataka 2006 90,000
Urine diversion dehydration toilets
(UDDTs) in the rural communities and
schools of Nasséré, Rollo, Rouko and
Burkina Faso Zimtenga in the Province of Bam 2008 83,242
Resource-Oriented Sanitation concepts
for peri-urban areas in Africa (ROSA)
Ethiopia using multiple
Low cost technologies,
sanitation Arba fossa
with arboloo, Minch 2006 78,000
alterna and skyloo latrines in rural
areas of Embangweni, Thylo and
Malawi Phalombe 2002 63,555
Promotion of urine diversion
dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in schools
and communities of Maritime (Lome),
Togo Kara and Savanna Regions 2009 49,500
dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in the
Togo Plateau Region 2006 42,900
Rural household and school urine
diversion dehydration toilets in the sub-
regional Andean programme for basic
services against poverty (PROANDES)
in the Departments (States) of Potosí,
Bolivia Cochabamba, Chuquisaca
Resource-Orientated and Oruro
Sanitation 2006 41,510
Concepts for Peri-urban Areas in
Eastern Africa (ROSA), Kitgum Town
Uganda Council
Resource-Oriented Sanitation concepts 2006 40,000
for peri-urban areas in Africa (ROSA),
using urine diversion dehydration
Tanzania toilets, Arusha 2006 37,000
Urban ecosan pilot program with
Mexico multiple technologies at Tepoztlán 2003 35,000
Promotion of urine diversion
dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural and
urban communities in the Savannes
Togo Region 2007 32,555
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for
the workers' villages of SAPH agro
Cote d'Ivoire industries in the rubber tree industry 2007 30,000
Biogas sanitation plants in prisons,
Rwanda Cyangugu City 2001 30,000
Ranking of Countries with the highest number of projects
Country Ranking No. of projects Country No. of Projects
India 1 29 Algeria 1
Germany 2 25 Armenia 2
Bangladesh 3 23 Australia 4
Peru 4 16 Austria 4
Uganda 5 13 Azerbajian 1
Bolivia 6 9 Bangladesh 23
China 7 9 Belarus 1
Rwanda 8 8 Bhutan 2
Sweden 9 8 Bolivia 9
Afghanistan 10 7 Botswana 1
Kenya 11 7 Bulgaria 1
Guinea(Conakry) 12 6 Burkina Faso 4
Philipines 13 6 Cambodia 1
Ethiopia 14 6 Chad 1
Nepal 15 5 China 9
South Africa 16 5 Congo-Brazaville 1
Togo 17 5 Côte d´Ivoire 1

Denmark 1
Ecuador 5
Egypt 4
El Salvador 1
Ethiopia 6
Fiji 1
Finland 1
Georgia 1
Germany 25
Ghana 2
Guinea-Conakry 6
Haiti 2
India 29
Indonesia 2
Israel 1
Japan 1
Jordan 2
Kazahkstan 1
Kenya 7
Kosovo 2
Kyrgystan 3
Lebanon 1
Lesotho 3
Malawi 3
Mali 2
México 2
Moldova 1
Mongolia 2
Marocco 1
Mozambique 3
Namibia 3
Nepal 5
Netherlands 3
Niger 1
North Korea 1
Palestine 1
Peru 16
Philippines 6
Romania 2
Russia 1
Rwanda 8
Senegal 1
Sierra Leone 3
South Africa 5
Sri Lanka 1
Swaziland 1
Sweden 8
Switzerland 3
Syria 1
Tajikistan 2
Tanzania 4
Togo 5
Turkey 1
Uganda 13
Ukraine 2
United Arab Emirates 1
USA 1
UK 1
Uzbekistan 2
Vietnam 2
Yemen 2
Zambia 3
Zimbabwe 2
. of Projects
Sub-saharan Africa
Population number
Comments Asia, Pacific andPopulation
Middle East
number
Comments
1 Angola 13,300,000 No infomation about
Azerbaijan
ecosan 28,500,000
2 Benin 7,300,000 www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/ECOSAN%20fertilisers.pdf
Bahrain 700,000
3 Burundi 6,200,000 there is a local Cyprus
ecosan project 793,100
4 Cameroon 16,100,000 conference2005.ecosan.org/abstracts/r1.pdf
Georgia 4,500,000
5 Cape verde 500,000 No infomation about
Iran ecosan 67,400,000
6 Central African Republic
3,700,000 No infomation about
Iraq ecosan 25,900,000
7 Comoros 727,000 Kuwait 2,500,000
8 Congo 3,800,000 Lao PDR 5,800,000
9 Djibouti 700,000 Malaysia 25,600,000
10 DR Congo 58,300,000 Maldives 300,000
11 Equatorial Guinea 500,000 Myanmar (Burma)50,100,000
12 Eritrea 4,400,000 North Korea 22,800,000
13 Gabon 1,400,000 Oman 2,700,000
14 Gambia 1,500,000 Qatar 700,000
15 Guinea-Bissau 1,500,000 Saudi Arabia 25,100,000
16 Liberia 3,500,000 Singapore 4,200,000
17 Libya 5,600,000 South Korea 47,925,000
18 Mauritania 3,000,000 Taiwan 22,600,000
19 Mauritius 1,200,000 Timor-Leste 800,000
20 Sao Tome and Principe200,000 Turkmenistan 5,700,000
21 Seychelles 100,000
22 Somalia 8,300,000
23 Sudan 39,100,000
24 Tunisia 10,000,000
24
Numer of
countries
without
ecosan
projects: 91
21
Europe and Caucasus
Population number
Comments Latin AmericaPopulation number
Comments North America
Albania 3,200,000 Argentina 37,900,000 Canada
Andorra 100,000 Brazil 179,100,000
Belarus 9,800,000 Chile 16,000,000
Belgium 10,400,000 Colombia 45,300,000
Bosnia and Herzegovina
3,900,000 Costa Rica 4,200,000
Czech Republic 10,200,000 Guatemala 12,700,000
Estonia 1,300,000 Guyana 860,000
France 60,000,000 Honduras 7,000,000
Greece 11,000,000 Nicaragua 5,600,000
Hungary 10,100,000 Panama 3,200,000
Iceland 300,000 Paraguay 6,000,000
Ireland 4,100,000 Uruguay 3,400,000
Italy 57,800,000 Venezuela 26,200,000
Lativia 2,300,000
Liechtenstein 33,000
Lithuania 3,400,000
Luxembourg 500,000
Macedonia 2,000,000
Malta 400,000
Monaco 34,000
Montenegro 650,000
N.Ireland 1,690,000
Norway 4,600,000
Poland 38,200,000
Portugal 10,500,000
San Marino 30,000
Scotland 5,200,000
Serbia 10,000,000
Slovakia 5,400,000
Spain 42,500,000
Wales 2,750,000
32 14 1
Populationn number
Comments Caribbean/Oceania
Population number
Comments
31,900,000 Cuba 11,300,000
Jamaica 2,600,000
New Zealand 4,100,000

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Introduction / disclaimer

Guidelines for Editors

Country Average no.of litres/person

to the case studies with a

list in the other sheet).

13 July 09 René Schweizer Conversion of the former Michael Mcnair Barracks to a

Finished 2001. No new

Isabelle Kunze, email:

Need to be asked for

Need to fill in info for new

Find out actual user numbers

check if same as subreiongal

Further info requested from

More information needed

type of project Private household urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs)

address Katachel and Nasseri Villages, Kunduz Province

proj. period May to September 2009

type of settlement Rural area

planning Katachel e.V.

executing Katachel e.V.

supporting The Netherlands Government

technologies Single-vault, urine diversion dehydration toilets

costs 1000 Euro per bathroom.

Urine diversion dehydration toilets for a school in Kunduz Province

Schools constructed with urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs)

6 schools, each with 6 UDDTs, serving approximately 3600 students in total.

BMZ, The Netherlands Government, a private organisation and WECF

Single-vault, urine diversion dehydration toilets

5000 Euro per set of 6 toilets.

Nadira on 03.09.09 from telephone conversation with Sybille Schnehage (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com)

Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) at an institution

6 UDDTs for about 150 women

The Netherlands Government

Nadira on 03.09.09 from telephone conversation with Sybille Schnehage (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com)

NGO Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan Refugees (DACAAR),

Partial subsidy by DACAAR

Public urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in villages

Dehrawud District, Uruzgan Province

2008 - 2009. And onwards, depending on availability of financial resources.

40 public UDDTs made, serving 12,500 people.

Afghan Development Association (ADA)

Afghan Development Association (ADA)

Norwegian Church Aid (NCA)

Mr. Said Salam Agha, Director Uruzgan

Khowaja Surmaq Village, Injeel District, Herat Province and

2nd April, 2009 - 1st February, 2010

Voice of Women Organisation (VWO)

Voice of Women Organisation (VWO)

UNICEF (The United Nations Children's Fund)

Sinlge- and double- vault UDDTs

The five localities in Kabul city are as follows:

Kabul Municipality and Sulabh International Social Service Organisation (SISSO)

Kabul Municipality and Sulabh International Social Service Organisation (SISSO)

Pour-flush squatting toilets attached to biogas digesters.

32,700,000 Indian Rupees (approx. US$ 743,200)

Biogas complex design:

GTZ Wasserprogramm Algerien, 23 Chemin Rachid Lafkir, El Mouradia, 16508 Algier

8 years, 10/2003 - 12/2011

Previous phase: 10/2003 - 12/2006

Planned: 12,000 (population of Béni Abbès)

Biological sewage treatment plants

GTZ Wissensspeicher ( Project number: 2006.2069.0 and 2001.2522.9)

Gabriele Kessel, GTZ

Urine diversion dehydration toilets in a rural school, Hayanist