International academy for engineering and media

science

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Communication major.

Report
Sorting algorithms.
Data structures & Algorithms.

Supervisor:
D. Mostafa El sayed

Prepared by:
NADA TAWFICK
Table of Contents

Abstract..........................................................................................................................2
Classification of sorting algorithms...............................................................................3
Popular sorting algorithms.............................................................................................4
1.Bubble sort..................................................................................................................4
2. Selection sort..............................................................................................................4
3.Insertion sort……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………5

4.Shell sort…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….6

5.Quick sort…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..7

comparison between sorting algorithms………………………………………………………………………………8

LIST OF TABLES

Table ( 1):Comparison of sorting algorithms.................................................................8

Table (2): Sorting timing................................................................................................8

LIST OF FIGURES

YFigure (1.1): Insertion sort............................................................................................5

Figure (2.1): Shell sort...................................................................................................6
Figure (3.1): Quick sort..................................................................................................7
Abstract
In computer science, a sorting algorithm is an algorithm that puts
elements of a list in a certain order. The most-used orders are numerical
order . Efficient sorting is important for optimizing the use of other
algorithms (such as search and merge algorithms) that require sorted
lists to work correctly; it is also often useful for canonicalizing data and
for producing human-readable output. More formally, the output must
,satisfy two conditions

The output is in nondecreasing order (each element is no smaller than -1

.the previous element according to the desired total order

.The output is a permutation, or reordering, of the input -2

Since the dawn of computing, the sorting problem has attracted a great
deal of research, perhaps due to the complexity of solving it efficiently
despite its simple, familiar statement. For example, bubble sort was
analyzed as early as 1956.Although many consider it a solved problem,
useful new sorting algorithms are still being invented (for example,
library sort was first published in 2004). Sorting algorithms are prevalent
in introductory computer science classes, where the abundance of
algorithms for the problem provides a gentle introduction to a variety of
core algorithm concepts, such as big O notation, divide and conquer
algorithms, data structures, randomized algorithms, best, worst and
.average case analysis, time-space tradeoffs, and lower bounds

2
Sorting algorithms: The methods followed in arranging a set of data
.items into a sequence according to precise rules

:Classification
:Sorting algorithms used in computer science are often classified by

o Computational complexity (worst, average and best behaviour) of element

comparisons in terms of the size of the list (n). For typical sorting algorithms
good behavior is O(n log n) and bad behavior is Ω(n²). (See Big O notation) Ideal
behavior for a sort is O(n). Sort algorithms which only use an abstract key
comparison operation always need Ω(n log n) comparisons in the worst case.

o Computational complexity of swaps (for "in place" algorithms).

o Memory usage (and use of other computer resources). In particular, some

sorting algorithms are "in place", such that only O(1) or O(log n) memory is
needed beyond the items being sorted, while others need to create auxiliary
locations for data to be temporarily stored.

o Recursion. Some algorithms are either recursive or non recursive, while others
may be both (e.g., merge sort).

o Stability: stable sorting algorithms maintain the relative order of records with
equal keys(i.e., values).

o Whether or not they are a comparison sort. A comparison sort examines the data
only by comparing two elements with a comparison operator.

o General method: insertion, exchange, selection, merging, etc. Exchange sorts

include bubble sort and quicksort. Selection sorts include shaker sort and
heapsort.

3
.Popular sorting algorithms

Bubble sort-1
Bubble sort is a straightforward and simplistic method of sorting data
that is used in computer science education. The algorithm starts at the
beginning of the data set. It compares the first two elements, and if the
first is greater than the second, it swaps them. It continues doing this for
each pair of adjacent elements to the end of the data set. It then starts
again with the first two elements, repeating until no swaps have
occurred on the last pass. While simple, this algorithm is highly
inefficient and is rarely used except in education. A slightly better
variant, cocktail sort, works by inverting the ordering criteria and the
pass direction on alternating passes. Its average case and worst case are
.both O(n²)

Selection sort-2
Selection sort is a simple sorting algorithm that improves on the
performance of bubble sort. It works by first finding the smallest
element using a linear scan and swapping it into the first position in the
list, then finding the second smallest element by scanning the remaining
elements, and so on. Selection sort is unique compared to almost any
other algorithm in that its running time is not affected by the prior
ordering of the list: it performs the same number of operations because
of its simple structure. Selection sort requires (n - 1) swaps and hence
Θ(n) memory writes. However, Selection sort requires (n - 1) + (n - 2) + ...
+ 2 + 1 = n(n - 1) / 2 = Θ(n2) comparisons. Thus it can be very attractive if
writes are the most expensive operation, but otherwise selection sort
will usually be outperformed by insertion sort or the more complicated
.algorithms
4
Insertion sort-3
Insertion sort is a simple sorting algorithm that is relatively efficient for
small lists and mostly-sorted lists, and often is used as part of more
sophisticated algorithms. It works by taking elements from the list one
by one and inserting them in their correct position into a new sorted list.
In arrays, the new list and the remaining elements can share the array's
space, but insertion is expensive, requiring shifting all following
elements over by one. The insertion sort works just like its name
suggests - it inserts each item into its proper place in the final list. The
simplest implementation of this requires two list structures - the source
list and the list into which sorted items are inserted. To save memory,
most implementations use an in-place sort that works by moving the
current item past the already sorted items and repeatedly swapping it
with the preceding item until it is in place. Shell sort (see below) is a
variant of insertion sort that is more efficient for larger lists. This method
is much more efficient than the bubble sort, though it has more
.constraints
.

Figure 1-1: insertion sort

5
Shell sort-4

Shell sort was invented by Donald Shell in 1959. It improves upon bubble
sort and insertion sort by moving out of order elements more than one
position at a time. One implementation can be described as arranging
the data sequence in a two-dimensional array and then sorting the
columns of the array using insertion sort. Although this method is
inefficient for large data sets, it is one of the fastest algorithms for
sorting small numbers of elements (sets with less than 1000 or so
elements). Another advantage of this algorithm is that it requires
.relatively small amounts of memory

.figure 2-1:shell sort

6
Quicksort-5
Quicksort is a divide and conquer algorithm which relies on a partition
operation: to partition an array, we choose an element, called a pivot,
move all smaller elements before the pivot, and move all greater
elements after it. This can be done efficiently in linear time and in-place.
We then recursively sort the lesser and greater sublists. Efficient
implementations of quicksort (with in-place partitioning) are typically
unstable sorts and somewhat complex, but are among the fastest
sorting algorithms in practice. Together with its modest O(log n) space
usage, this makes quicksort one of the most popular sorting algorithms,
available in many standard libraries. The most complex issue in quicksort
is choosing a good pivot element; consistently poor choices of pivots can
result in drastically slower (O(n²)) performance, but if at each step we
choose the median as the pivot then it works in O(n log n)

Figure
3-1:
Quick
. sort

Comparison
In this section we will compare the sorting algorithms covered: insertion sort, shell sort, and
quicksort. There are several factors that influence the choice of a sorting algorithm:
 • Stable sort. Recall that a stable sort will leave identical keys in the same relative
position in the sorted output. Insertion sort is the only algorithm covered that is stable.

• Space. An in-place sort does not require any extra space to accomplish its task. Both
insertion sort and shell sort are in- place sorts. Quicksort requires stack space for
recursion, and therefore is not an in-place sort. Tinkering with the algorithm
considerably reduced the amount of time required.

• Time. The time required to sort a dataset can easily become astronomical Table 1-
2shows the relative timings for each method. The time required to sort a randomly ordered
dataset is shown in Table 1-2

•Simplicity. The number of statements required for each algorithm may be found in Table 1-
1Simpler algorithms result in fewer programming errors.

.Table( 1) comparison of sorting methods

.Table (2) sort timings