Formation Evaluation

PETE 663
Formation
o at o Evaluation
a uat o

Summer Semester 2010

How to Read a Log

Dr. David S. Schechter

1
Formation Evaluation

Example Log
001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
10700

10800

10900

2
Formation Evaluation

Properties Logs Actually Measure

• Natural radioactivity

• Electron density

• Acoustic travel time

• Hydrocarbon index

• Photoelectric absorption

3
Formation Evaluation

Gamma Ray Log

• Measures natural radioactivity of
formation
– Potassium (K)
– Uranium (U)
– Thorium (Th)
• Indicates shale present
p

4
Formation Evaluation

Example GR Log
001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
GRC ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
0 150
10700

10800

GR
Log

10900

5
Formation Evaluation

Fluorescent Intervals in 1U Sand

• Sharp transition
between oil
saturated pay and
non pay observed
non-pay
by fluorescence in
core samples

6
Formation Evaluation

Caliper Log
001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
10700
ACAL
6 16

10800

Caliper
Log
10900

7
Formation Evaluation

Spontaneous Potential (SP)

• Measures the electrical potential in
the formation caused by the salinity
difference between the drilling mud
and the formation water

• SP is generally an indicator of
permeability

8
Formation Evaluation

SP Log
001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
SPC
10700
-160 MV 40

10800

SP
Log

10900

9
Formation Evaluation

Example Log With Resistivity

001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15 ILDC
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200 0.2 200
10700

SNC
0.2 200

MLLCF
0.2 200
10800

10900
Resistivity
Log

10
Formation Evaluation

Porosity Logs
• 3 main types

– Bulk density

– Compensated neutron

– Sonic (acoustic)

11
Formation Evaluation

Bulk Density Log

001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
RHOC
10700
1.95 2.95

10800

Bulk Density
10900
Log

12
Formation Evaluation

Bulk Density Log Example

001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
10700

Bulk Density
Log

10800

10900

13
Formation Evaluation

Example Solution Density Log

001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC DPHI
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
10700

DPHI

10800

10900

14
Formation Evaluation

Neutron Log

• Logging tool emits high energy

neutrons into formation
• Neutrons collide with nuclei of
formation’s atom
• Neutrons lose energy (velocity) with
each collision

15
Formation Evaluation

Porosity From Neutron Log

001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
CNLLC
10700
0.45 -0.15

10800

Neutron
N t
10900
Log

16
Formation Evaluation

Example Compensated Neutron Log

001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
10700

Neutron
Log

10800

10900

17
Formation Evaluation

Example Problem Neutron Log

001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
10700

CNLLC

10800

10900

18
Formation Evaluation

Example Solution Neutron Log

001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
10700

CNLLC

10800

10900

19
Formation Evaluation

Sonic Log
001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
DT
10700
150 us/f 50

10800

Sonic
Log

10900

20
Formation Evaluation

Example Sonic Log

001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
10700

Sonic
Log

10800

10900

21
Formation Evaluation

Example Solution Sonic Log

001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC SPHI
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15 45 ss -15
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
10700

10800

SPHI

10900

22
Formation Evaluation

Example Gas Effect

001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
10700

10800

10900

23
Formation Evaluation

Fluid Distribution
VCL ILDC RHOCN GAS
0 dec 1 0.2 ohmm 200 1.65 us/f 2.65 1 us/f 0
CNLLSS BVW
0 VCL 0.6 0 1 dec 0
DTC OIL
VCL 1 135 us/f 55 1 0
BVWG
RHOCN CNLLSS 1 0
SW
1 dec -1

10750

10800

24