WHY IMAGE COMPRESSION IS

REQUIRED?
CONSIDER A STANDARD DEFINITION(SD) MOVIE USING
720×480×24 BIT PIXEL ARRAYS WITH 30 FPS.

 A DIGITAL MOVIE IS A SEQUENCE OF VIDEO FRAMES OF

WHICH EACH FRAME IS A STILL IMAGE.

 FOR 30 FRAMES
30 FRAMES/SEC×(720×480) PIXELS/FRAME×3 BYTES/PIXEL=31104000
BYTES/SEC.
 FOR A 2 HR MOVIE
31104000 BYTES/SEC×(60)^2 SEC/HR×2 HRS=2.24×10^11 BYTES
  WHAT ARE IMAGE FORMATS,IMAGE
CONTAINERS &IMAGE COMPRESSION
STANDARDS?
 The JPEG Standard
JPEG is an image compression standard which
was accepted as an international standard in 1992.
Developed by the Joint Photographic Expert
Group of the ISO/IEC
For coding and compression of color/gray scale
images
Yields acceptable compression in the 10:1 range
 The JPEG Standard
JPEG is a lossy compression technique
Based on the DCT
JPEG is a general image compression technique
independent of
Image resolution
Image and pixel aspect ratio
Color system
Image complexity
A scheme for video compression based on JPEG
called Motion JPEG (MJPEG) exists
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF JPEG
CONSTRUCTING N×N SUB IMAGES
WITH DCT
FORWARD &INVERSE
TRANSFORMS

FOURIER TRANSFORM
WALSH HADAMARD TRANSFORM
DISCRETE COSINE TRANSFORM
 The image is divided up into 8x8 blocks
2D DCT is performed on each block
The DCT is performed independently for each block
This is why, when a high degree of compression is
requested, JPEG gives a “blocky” image result

1  (2 x  1)u   (2 y  1)v 
Cu C v  x  0  y 0 pxy cos 2 N  cos 2 N 
N 1 N 1
DCTuv 
2N
THE SIGNIFICANT FACTOR THAT EFFECTS
TRANSFORM CODING ERROR AND
COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY IS SUB IMAGE
SIZE WHICH ARE USUALLY 8×8 AND 16×16.

RECONSTRUCTION ERROR VERSUS SUB IMAGE

SELECTION
 BIT ALLOCATION
THE RECONSTRUCTION ERROR ASSOCIATED WITH THE
TRUNCATED SERIES EXPANSION IS A FUNCTION OF
NUMBER AND RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF TRANSFORM
COEFFICIENTS THAT ARE DISCARDED,AS WELL AS THE
PRECISION THAT IS USED TO REPRESENT THE RETAINED
COEFFICIENTS.
RETAINED COEFFICIENTS ARE SELECTED BASED ON TWO
TYPES NAMELY
 ZONAL CODING
 THRESHOLD CODING
BIT ALLOCATION CODINGS
ZONAL CODING IS DONE BASED ON THE
MAXIMUM VARIANCE.
THRESHOLD CODING IS DONE BASED ON THE
MAXIMUM MAGNITUDE.
CONSIDER A 8×8 SUB IMAGE
LEVEL SHIFTING THE PIXELS
BY FORWARD DCT
NORMALIZATION OR QUANTIZATION MATRIX
TRANSFORMED ARRAY AFTER QUANTIZATION
ZIG-ZAG ORDERING OF JPEG IMAGE
DCT COEFFICIENT MATRIX
AFTER DENORMALIZATION
INVERSE DCT TRANSFORM
ADDING 128 TO THE ENTRY
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORIGINAL
&RECONSTRUCTED SUB IMAGE
Examples of varying JPEG
compression ratios
CONCLUSION
 BASED ON THE COMPRESSION RATIO IMAGES
WITH LESS MEMORY ARE OBTAINED.
 THERE ARE JPEG COMPRESSIONS WHICH ARE
LOSSLESS USED IN MEDICAL IMAGING , SPACE
&RESEARCH FIELDS.
MEDIA COMPRESSION IS INDISPENSABLE EVEN
AS STORAGE AND STREAMING CAPACITIES
INCREASE