Sei sulla pagina 1di 33

Microwaves UCL

GSM System

D. Vanhoenacker-Janvier
Microwave Laboratory, UCL

1
Outline – GSM System Microwaves UCL

 History
 Configuration of the GSM network
 GSM signals
 Performances of the GSM system
 Design of the base station

2
History Microwaves UCL

 First European cellular radio system installed in


Scandinavia in 1981
 Other systems installed but incompatibility between the
standards and impossibility to use the same equipment
across the borders (Analogue FM, SCPC/FDMA, …)
 CEPT (Conférence Européenne des Postes et
Télécommunications) installs the GSM (Groupe Spécial
Mobile) in 1982 in view of specifying a global European
system at 900 MHz. Trade off has to be achieved between
spectral efficiency, voice quality, cost of the receiver,
portability, cost of the base station, etc.

3
History Microwaves UCL

 New system installed in 1992


GSM=Global System for Mobile communications
 A new study group started to work on the next system:
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)
 GSM used in Europe, South Africa, most Asian countries,
Australia

4
Configuration of the GSM network Microwaves UCL

 Frequency allocation:
890 – 915 MHz mobile to base station
935 – 960 MHz base station to mobile
FDD system (frequency division duplex)
 Choice of digital signals
– Integration of voice, data and signalling
– Spectral efficiency
– High quality
– Low cost terminals

5
Configuration of the GSM network Microwaves UCL

 Structure of the GSM network

BTS
Switching To the
BSC MSC center network

BTS HLR VLR

cell
BTS=base station transmitters HLR=home location register
BSC= base station controller VLR=visitor location register
MSC=mobile switching center 6
Configuration of the GSM network Microwaves UCL

 Ground coverage performed by the base station (BTS) supervised by


the controllers (BSC) which ensure a good quality of the link
 The mobile has a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM card) which is an
international mobile subscriber identity + key
 BSC is responsible for power control and hand-over, channel
allocation, signalling transmission and messages
 MSC is responsible for the traffic control
– Start and end of the calls
– Routing
– Cost of the calls
– Statistics
– Hand-over procedures intra-cells and inter-cells
– Connexion to the cable network
– Management of the mobility and authentication

7
Configuration of the GSM network Microwaves UCL

 Mobility management:
– Dynamic data bases
– Each user is registered in the HLR of his network, which knows
the identity of the VLR regularly visited, to speed up routing

8
GSM signals Microwaves UCL

890 MHz uplink 915 935 downlink 960

FDD 45 MHz
25 MHz

Channel 1 Channel 124


(200 kHz) (200 kHz)
 Total band available 25 MHz
 FDMA 124 channels of 200 kHz
 TDMA each 200 kHz channel sends an impulse of 577 µs in a frame of 4.615
ms (8 slots of 577 µs)
 In a BTS: different channel transmitters, in non adjacent bands (combined
FDMA/TDMA)
 GSM channel = 1 burst in a TDMA frame, in a channel
9
GSM signals Microwaves UCL

 A “Traffic channel” contains 26 frames (120 ms=26x4.615ms), 24 for


the voice, 1 for control and 1 unused
 Multiplexing:
– 124 channels (FDMA)
– 8 slots (TDMA)
– Total number of channels: 992
 Sampling and modulation
– Quantization: 13 bits (8192 levels)
– Sampling frequency: 8 kHz
This makes 104 kbits/sec
– Coding + compression (Regular Pulse Excited Linear Predictive Speech
Codec RPE-LPC) reduces to 13 kbits/sec
– Divided in binary blocs of 260 bits (20 ms speech)
– Adding protection and Error Correcting Codes (bloc codes + CC (2,1,5))
makes 271 kbits/sec
– This makes 156,25 bits in 0.577 ms (burst)
– 1 bit=3.69 µs
10
GSM signals Microwaves UCL

260 bits for 20 ms speech

50 bits 132 bits 78 bits

50 3 parity 132 4 initialisation of the decoder

189 bits

378 bits 78 bits


Convolutional code r=1/2, k=5
Total: 456 bits/20 ms
8 blocs of 57 bits
Interburst interleaving
57 57 57 57 57 57
h1 h2 Control messages
11
GSM signals Microwaves UCL

Encryption 3 8,25

156,25 bits
3 58 (encrypt.) 58 (encrypt.)
26 (training)
1 burst of 0.577 µs

 26 training symbols for the evaluation of the channel response


(channel response, phase variation from Doppler, delay correction for
synchronisation)
 GMSK modulation
 Max delay of 85 ms in processing (not detectable by the user wrt 240
ms for geostationary satellite communication)
 Delay equaliser up to 16 µs
 Slow frequency hopping 217/s (frequency diversity)

12
GSM signals Microwaves UCL

 Problem of propagation delay


– Max radius of the cell: 35 km, this makes a max delay of 233.3 µs
for 70 km
– No overlap between signals arriving at the base station, so we need
a guard period of 252 µs: 68,25 bits in the burst for the first
access!!!
– First synchronisation sequence sent=41 bits + long guard period.
The base station calculates the propagation delay and a timing
advance is sent to the mobile (64 bits, precision of 3.69 µs).
– The guard period is reduced to about 30 µs, which makes 8.25 bits

13
Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL

 Degradation of the signal to noise ratio (SNR) due to noise


and interferences
 Noise: AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise
 Interferences:
– Co-channel interferences
– Adjacent channel interferences
– Near-end far-end effect

14
Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL

 Co-channel interferences
Frequency reuse increases spectral efficiency but produces
interferences.

R D R

2 cells with the same frequency f1 at a distance D.


Key parameter: a=D/R

15
Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL

7 cells reuse pattern

4 cells reuse pattern


1
1
4
1
3 1
1
2 4
1
1 3 1
4 2 7 1
3 1 1
2

16
Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL

12 cells reuse pattern 19 cells reuse pattern

9
8 10
2 11
7 3
1 12
4
5

17
Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL

 The minimum distance depends


on
– The number of cells at the
same frequency f1, surrounding
the cell
– The shape of the cell (relief)
– The height of the emitting
antenna
 For ideal hexagonal cells

D = 3K R
K= number of different frequencies used by the base station
D=reuse distance (2 cells with the same frequency)

18
Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL

K D

4 3.46 R

7 4.6 R

12 6R

19 7.55 R

When K increases, D increases also and the interferences are reduced.


The total number of channels being fixed, if K increases, there are
less channels for one carrier and the efficiency decreases.

19
Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL

20
Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL

C C
=
N 0 + I N 0 + ∑16 I 'i

21
Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL

 Co-channel interference is function of the parameter


a=D/R
 D can be calculated for a given frequency reuse scheme and a
given C/N, as
C R −γ
= K −γ
I ∑1 i Dk

Γis the slope coefficient of the propagation model


Ki is the number of interfering cells at the 1st tier

 C/I is often of the order of magnitude of 18 dB (USA).

22
Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL

23
Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL

 Adjacent channel interference


– Due to the adjacent channel
– Due to another channel farther
– Due to another system (another country)
– Caused by another cell or control signals
– May be caused by non-linearities in the system if all channels are
used.

24
Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL

 Near-far effect
– 2 mobiles send their signal to the base station, one being very close
to the base station, the second one being very far (limit of the cell).
Interference at the base station is highly probable
– Solutions:
» Separation of the channels (depends on the slope of the input
filter to separate the signals)
» Power reduction from the base station

25
Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL

 Example
2 mobiles
d1=16 km
d2=0.8 km
Attenuation of 40dB/dec: 40 log
d2/d1= 52 dB
Farthest mobile is 52 dB lower
than the closest
Assume an input filter of
12dB/octave or 40 dB/decade
f2
40 log
f1
f2
= 101.3 = 20 40 log
f2
= 52 ;
f2
= 1052 40 ;
f2
= 101.3 = 20
f1 f1 f1 f1

26
Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL

 How to reduce interferences?


– Good frequency repartition scheme (! Non linearities)
– Choice of the channel given to the mobile vs its quality
– Choice of the radiating pattern of the antennas
– Choice of the height of the antenna
– Power levelling
 How to increase traffic capacity of the system
– Reduce the size of the cells
– Increase the number of channels in each cell
– Dynamic assignment of the channels
– Hand over

27
Design of the base station Microwaves UCL

 Parameters available:
– Position of the antennas
– Height of the antennas
– Type of antennas + diversity
 Position of the antennas
– Irregular illumination zone due to terrain irregularities
– Avoid interferences (take into account other emitters)
It is important to optimise the whole system

28
Design of the base station Microwaves UCL

 Choice of the power level received at the limit of the cells (receiver
and performances expected), then first choice of the following
parameters:
– Type of the zone (γ attenuation coefficient)
– Power emitted by the base station
– Height of the antenna
– Antenna gain and radiating pattern
– Size of the cell
 Choice of the position of the antenna
 Evaluation of the power received on the ground with a software (see
channel modelling)
 Check the global coverage and the possible interferences

29
Design of the base station Microwaves UCL

30
Design of the base station Microwaves UCL

31
Design of the base station Microwaves UCL

32
Design of the base station Microwaves UCL

Space diversity at the base station for increasing the


performances:

Boresight
In line

Better performances for boresight situation, so better 3 antennas:

33

Potrebbero piacerti anche