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GSM System
D. Vanhoenacker-Janvier
Microwave Laboratory, UCL
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Outline – GSM System Microwaves UCL
History
Configuration of the GSM network
GSM signals
Performances of the GSM system
Design of the base station
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History Microwaves UCL
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History Microwaves UCL
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Configuration of the GSM network Microwaves UCL
Frequency allocation:
890 – 915 MHz mobile to base station
935 – 960 MHz base station to mobile
FDD system (frequency division duplex)
Choice of digital signals
– Integration of voice, data and signalling
– Spectral efficiency
– High quality
– Low cost terminals
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Configuration of the GSM network Microwaves UCL
BTS
Switching To the
BSC MSC center network
cell
BTS=base station transmitters HLR=home location register
BSC= base station controller VLR=visitor location register
MSC=mobile switching center 6
Configuration of the GSM network Microwaves UCL
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Configuration of the GSM network Microwaves UCL
Mobility management:
– Dynamic data bases
– Each user is registered in the HLR of his network, which knows
the identity of the VLR regularly visited, to speed up routing
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GSM signals Microwaves UCL
FDD 45 MHz
25 MHz
189 bits
Encryption 3 8,25
156,25 bits
3 58 (encrypt.) 58 (encrypt.)
26 (training)
1 burst of 0.577 µs
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GSM signals Microwaves UCL
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Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL
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Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL
Co-channel interferences
Frequency reuse increases spectral efficiency but produces
interferences.
R D R
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Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL
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Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL
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8 10
2 11
7 3
1 12
4
5
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Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL
D = 3K R
K= number of different frequencies used by the base station
D=reuse distance (2 cells with the same frequency)
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Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL
K D
4 3.46 R
7 4.6 R
12 6R
19 7.55 R
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Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL
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Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL
C C
=
N 0 + I N 0 + ∑16 I 'i
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Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL
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Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL
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Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL
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Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL
Near-far effect
– 2 mobiles send their signal to the base station, one being very close
to the base station, the second one being very far (limit of the cell).
Interference at the base station is highly probable
– Solutions:
» Separation of the channels (depends on the slope of the input
filter to separate the signals)
» Power reduction from the base station
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Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL
Example
2 mobiles
d1=16 km
d2=0.8 km
Attenuation of 40dB/dec: 40 log
d2/d1= 52 dB
Farthest mobile is 52 dB lower
than the closest
Assume an input filter of
12dB/octave or 40 dB/decade
f2
40 log
f1
f2
= 101.3 = 20 40 log
f2
= 52 ;
f2
= 1052 40 ;
f2
= 101.3 = 20
f1 f1 f1 f1
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Performances of the GSM system Microwaves UCL
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Design of the base station Microwaves UCL
Parameters available:
– Position of the antennas
– Height of the antennas
– Type of antennas + diversity
Position of the antennas
– Irregular illumination zone due to terrain irregularities
– Avoid interferences (take into account other emitters)
It is important to optimise the whole system
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Design of the base station Microwaves UCL
Choice of the power level received at the limit of the cells (receiver
and performances expected), then first choice of the following
parameters:
– Type of the zone (γ attenuation coefficient)
– Power emitted by the base station
– Height of the antenna
– Antenna gain and radiating pattern
– Size of the cell
Choice of the position of the antenna
Evaluation of the power received on the ground with a software (see
channel modelling)
Check the global coverage and the possible interferences
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Design of the base station Microwaves UCL
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Design of the base station Microwaves UCL
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Design of the base station Microwaves UCL
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Design of the base station Microwaves UCL
Boresight
In line
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