Question3

· If the frame is categorized as sway sensitive then the second order effects are significant and
must be addressed in either the analysis or design stage.
· Second order effect (P-A Effect)
· Lateral loading acts on a building can cause lateral deflection, to column.
· Consequently, gravity load, P in the column with eccentricity, will induce additional moment,
P and increase the column moment.
· This effect is known the second order effect.
· P- moment is the moment caused by the axial force acting through the relative lateral
displacement of the two end member

· In heavily clad low and medium rise structures, the P- effects may be small.
· However for lightly clad taller buildings with greater lateral flexibility, the P- effects may
become significant
· The P- effects may be large enough and require and increase in the column size.