Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
olL
WASHING
SYSTEMS
includingamendments adoptedby the MEPCat its
forty-thirdsession(28 Juneto 2 July1999)
and by the Assemblyat its twenty-firstsession
(15 to 26 November1999)
MaritimeOrganization
International
London,2000
Firstpublishedin 198A
by the INIIRNATIONAL MARffiME ORCANIZATION
4 Albert Embankment,London SEI 7SR .
Secondedition 1982
Third edition 1983
Fourthedition 2000
2 4 6 8 1 0 9 7 5 3 1
ISBN92€01-509,M
IMO PUBLICATION
Salesnumber:IMO{17E
Copyright@)IMO 2000
This publicationcontains:
o Revised Specificationsfor the design, operation and control of crude oil washing systems
(resolutionA.446(Xl),as amendedby resolutionsA.497(Xll)and 4.897(21));
REVISEDSPECIFICATIONS
Sincethe 11th sessionof the Assembly,the MEPC has kept the RevisedSpecificationsunder review and
recommendedcertain amendmentsand additionsboth to the RevisedSpecificationsand to the agreed
thesewere adopted by the Assemblyat its 12th session(November1981)by resolution
interpretations;
A.497(Xl1),and at its 21st session(November 1999) by resolutionA.897(21).
The attentionof Covernmentsis drawn to the fact that the Assemblyurgedthem to establish,in time for the
entry into force of MARPOL 73/78, requirementsfor crude oil washing installationsand associated
equipment and arrangements based on the Revised Specifications,and urged further that such
requirements should not impose requirements over and above those laid down in the Revised
Specifications.
* The 1973 Convention,as modifiedby its 1978 Protocol,is referredto throughoutthis publicationas MARPOL73/78.
ill
I
_l
Crude oil washingsystems
AND EQUIPMENTMANUAL
CRUDEOrt WASHING OPERATIONS
As the purposeof the Operationsand EquipmentManualis not only to provideguidanceto the crew of the
shipon the properoperationof the systembut alsoto provideinformationon the systemand its operational
procedures'for goingon boardfor inspectionin ports,the MEPCdecidedto developa standard
inspectors
format for the Manual.fhis wis adoptedby the MEPCat its 12th sessionby resolutionMEPC.3(Xll)' The
MEPCadoptedrevisionsto the stand'ard foimat at its 43rd sessionby resolutionMEPC'81(43). lt is hoped
that the standardformatwill helpshipownersin preparingthe Manualsfor theirshipsand Administrations in
approvingthem.
to be providedunder each
r eighteensections,detailingthe informationor operationalinstructions
sectionas requiredby the*Revised for the design,operationand controlof crude oil
Specifications
washingsystems,includingthe revisedsection9 (resolutionMEPC.81(43)).
GUIDELINESFOR IN.PORTINSPECTION
iv
TheConference recognized the requirements
that in orderto implementeffectively of regulations13 and
13B of AnnexI of MARPOLT3/78, continuingstrongemphasisshouldbe placedon theeffectiveoperation
of crudeoil washingprocedures, for the extentand particulars
and alsothat uniform"guidelines of in-port
inspections for ensuringthatcrudeoil tankersusing
of the resultsof cargotankcleaningare a prerequisite
crudeoil washingsystems complyat all timeswith the provisionsof MARPOL73/78.
TheMEPCat its 12thsession adoptedthe Cuidelines of crudeoil washingprocedures
for in-portinspection
and requested to circulatethemto Covernments.
the Secretariat Governments wereinvited,by an MEPC
circular,to takenoteof the Guidelinesfor implementation.
CONTENTS
ll Standardformat for the Crude Oil Washing Operations and Equipment Manual
ResolutionMEPC.3(Xll)
lntroduction. . . 23
Indexof sections. 24
'18 25
Sections1 to
vil
I
REVISED FORTHE
SPECIFICATIONS
DESICN,OPERATIONAND CONTROTOF
CRUDEOIT WASHINGSYSTEMS
II
Crudeoil washinesysterns
lndex
Page
1 Purpose 3
2 Application 3
3 Ceneralprovisions
3.1 Definitions 3
3.2 Initialsurvey 3
Designcriteria
4.1 Piping 3
4.2 Tank washingmachines 4
4.3 Pumps 7
4.4 Strippingsystem B
4.5 Ballastlines . 9
5 Qualificationof personnel . . . . 9
6 Operation
6.'l Tankageto be crude oil washed 9
6.2 Drainageand dischargeashoreof cargo lines . . 10
6.3 Fillingof departureballasttanks . 10
6.4 Crude oil washingat sea 10
6.5 Dischargeof oily water effluentson ballastvoyage 10
6.6 Use and control of inert gas . . 10
6.7 Precautionsagainstelectrostaticgeneration 10
6.8 Vapouremission ....:. 10
Operationsand EquipmentManual 11
Appendix| - Listof changeswhen applyingthe Specifications
to new crudeoil tankersof
20,000tonsdeadweight and above 13
Appendixll - Trainingof personsintendedto assumeoverallchargeof crudeoil washing. 15
Appendixlll - Agreedinterpretations
of certainof the provisions Specifications
of the Revised 17
2
RevrsedSpecifications
1 Purpose
The purposeof theseSpecifications
is to providespecificdesigncriteria,operationalrequirements
and
controland enforcementproceduresfor the crudeoil washingof cargotanksof crudeoil carriersas
specifiedin section2.
2 Application
2.1 TheseSpecifications
apply to:
(a) existingcrude oil tankersof 40,000 tons deadweightand above in accordancewith regulation
13(B)of Annex I of MARPOL73/78; and
(b) new crude oil tankersof 20,000 tons deadweightand above in accordancewith regulation
13(6)of Annex I of MARPOLT3/78,with the changeslistedin appendixl.
Compliance of these ships with these Specificationsshall be shown on the lnternationalOil Pollution
PreventionCertificateas modified by MARPOL 73/78.
2.2 lf a crude oil that is not suitablefor crude oil washingis intendedto be carriedas cargo in a ship that
is providedwith only a crude oil washingsystem,then that ship must comply with segregatedballasttank
requirements in accordance with regulation 13(7) or dedicated clean ballast tank requirements in
accordancewith regulation13(9)of Annex I of MARPOL73175.
3 General provisions
3.1 Definitions
The initial survey referred to in regulation4 of Annex I of MARPOL 73/78 shall include a complete
inspectionof the crude oil washingequipment and arrangementsand shall include,except for the cases
specifiedin 4.2.11,an examinationof the tanks after they have been crude oil washed and the additional
controls as specifiedin 4.2."10to ensurethat the washing systemefficiencyis in accordancewith these
Specifications.
4 Designcriteria
4.1 Piping
4.1.1 The crude oil washingpipesand all valvesincorporatedin the supplypiping systemshallbe of steel
or other equivalentmaterialand shallbe of adequatestrengthhavingregardto the pressureto which they
may be subjected,and shall be properlyjointed and supported.
(a) the removalof the equipmenf if necessarywhen carryingcargoesother than crude oil, pro-
vided that,when reinstated,
the systemis as originallyfitted and testedfor oil tightness;
(b) the useof flexiblehosepipes to connectthe crudeoil washingsystemto tankwashingmachines
if it is necessary
to locatethesemachinesin a cargotank hatchcover.Suchflexiblehosepipes
must be providedwith flangedconnectionsand be manufacturedand testedin accordance
with standards acceptableto the Administrationand be consistentwith the dutiesthe hosesare
requiredto perform.The lengthof thesehosesshallbe no greaterthan necessary to connect
the tank washingmachinesto an adjacentpoint just outsidethe hatchcoaming.Thesehoses
shallbe removedto suitablypreparedand protectedstowagewhen not in useand be pressure
testedby an authorityacceptableto the Administration at intervalsof not more than two and a
half years.
4.1.4 Where hydrantvalvesare fitted for water washingpurposeson tank washinglines,all suchvalves
shallbe of adequatestrengthand provisionshallbe made for suchconnectionsto be blankedoff by blank
flangeswhen washinglinesmay containcrude oil. Alternatively,hydrantvalvesshallbe isolatedfrom the
crude oil washingsystemby spadeblanks.
4.1.7 Where a combined crude oil-water washing supply piping is provided the piping shall be so
designedthat it can be drainedso far as is practicableof crude oil, beforewater washingis-commenced,
into spacesdesignated in the CrudeOil WashingOperationsand EquipmentManual.Thesespacesmay be
the slop tank or other cargospaces.
4.1.8 The piping systemshallbe of such diameterthat the greatestnumberof tank cleaningmachines
required,as specifiedin the Operationsand EquipmentManual,can be operatedsimultaneously at the
designedpressureand throughput.The arrangement of the pipingshallbe suchthat the requirednumberof
tank cleaningmachinesto eachcargocompartment,as specifiedin the Operationsand EquipmentManual
referredto in theseSpecifications,
can be operatedsimultaneously.
4.1.9 The pipingsystemshallbe testedto one and one half timesthe workingpressureafterit has been
installedon the ship.
4.1.10The crude oil washing supply shall be anchored (firmly attached)to the ship's structureat
appropriatelocations,and means shall be provided to permit freedom of movement elsewhereto
accommodatethermalexpansionand flexingof the ship.The anchoringshallbe such that any hydraulic
shockcan be absorbedwithout undue movementof the supplypiping-The anchorsshouldnormallybe
situatedat the endsfurthestfrom the entryof the crudeoil supplypiping.lf tankwashingmachinesare used
to anchorthe endsof branchpipesthen specialarrangements are necessary to anchorihesesectionswhen
the machinesare removedfor any reason.
4
RevisedSpecifications
1.2.5 Where the drive units for the tank cleaningmachinesare not integralwith the tank cleaning
machine,sufficientdrive unitsshallbe providedto ensurethat no drive unit need be moved more than
f,rjce from its originalpositionduringcargodischargeto accomplishthe washingprogrammeas specifiedin
re Operations and Equipment Manual.
1.2.6 The number and location of the tank washing machinesshall be to the satisfactionof the
\dministration.
detailedin 4.2.2 and upon the
1.2.7 The locationof the machinesis dependentupon the characteristics
configurationof the internalstructureof the tank.
4.2.8 The numberand locationof the machinesin each cargotank shallbe suchthat all horizontaland
r"erticalareasare washedby directimpingementor effectivelyby deflectionor splashingof the impinging
jeL In assessing particularattentionshallbe paid to the
an acceptabledegreeof jet deflectionand splashing,
rvashingof upward-facinghorizontalareasand the followingparametersshallbe used:
(a) For horizontalareasof a tank bottom and the upper surfacesof a tank'sstringersand other
largeprimarystructuralmembers,the total areashieldedfrom directimpingementby deck or
main girders,stringersor similarlargeprimarystructuralmembersshallnot
bottom transverses,
exceed 10"/"of the total horizontal area of tank bottom, the upper surfaceof stringersand
other largeprimarystructuralmembers.
(b) For verticalareasof the sidesof a tank, the total area of the tank's sidesshieldedfrom direct
impingementby deck or bottom transverses, main girders,stringersor similarlarge primary
structuralmembersshall not exceed 15"/"of the total area of the tank's sides.
(c) For existingcrude oil tankers,the Administrationmay permit the percentagesrequiredin (a)
and (b) above to be exceedfor tankshavingcomplicatedinternalstructuralmembersprovided
that the percentagescalculatedoverall the cargotanksdo not exceed1Oo/"forhorizontalareas
and 15% for verticalareas.
In some installations to considerthe fitting of more than one type of tank washing
it may be necessary
machinein order to effect adequatecoverage.
(b) For shipsother than those complyingwith regulation13F(3),where fitted with cargo tanks
intendedto be usedin certaincircumstances apply
as ballasttanks,the followingrequirements
in additionto thosespecifiedin paragraph(a) of this section:
(i) may
free of clingageand deposits,the Administration
To ensurethat the tank is essentially
requirethat the cleanliness of the tank be confirmedby a visual inspectionmade by
enteringthe tanksafter a crude oil washingbut prior to any water rinsewhich may be
specifiedin the Operationsand EquipmentManual.lf the tankscannotbe gas-freed for
safe entry of the surveyor,an internalexaminationshould not be conductedand the
strippingtest specifiedin paragraph4.2.10(bxii)will be acceptable.
In this case,the bottom of the tank to be inspectedmay be flushedwith water and
strippedin order to removeany wedge of liquid crude oil remainingon the tank bottom
beforegas-freeing for entry.lf the flushingprocedureis adopted,a similarbut unflushed
tank must be usedfor the test specifiedin (ii) below.
(ii) To verify the effectivenessof the strippingand drainagearrangements, a measurement
shouldbe made of the amountof oil floatingon top of the departureballast.The ratioof
the volume of oil on top of the total departureballastwater to the volume of tanksthat
containthiswater shouldnot exceed0.00085.Thistest shouldbe carriedout aftercrude
oil washingand strippingin a tank similarin all relevantrespectsto the tank examinedin
accordancewith (b)(i)above,which has not been subjectedto a water rinseor to the
interveningwater flushingpermissiblein (b)(i)above.
(iii) To verifythe design,installationand operationof the system,the arrivalballast after a
typicalballastvoyagebeforewhich the arrivalballasttankshave been crude oil washed
and duringwhich the tankshavebeenwater rinsedin accordancewith the programmeset
out in the Operationsand EquipmentManual,shouldbe totallydischarged to the loading
port harbourthroughan oil dischargedmonitoringand control(ODM) systemapproved
'15
The oil contentof the effluentin thistestshouldnot exceed ppm.
by the Administration.
the option of takingballastwater samplesto be analysedin a shore-based
Alternatively,
laboratoryis alsoacceptable.
42.12 The designof the deck-mountedtank washingmachinesshallbe such that meansare provided,
:rrernal to the cargotanks,which,when crude oil washingis in progress, would indicatethe rotationand
a'c of the movementof the machine.Where the deck-mountedmachineis of the non-programmable, dual
.,azzle type, alternativemethods to the satisfactionof the Administrationmay be accepted provided an
equivalentdegree of verificationis attained.
4.3 Pumps
4.3.1 The pumps supplyingcrude oil to the tank cleaningmachinesshallbe eitherthe cargo pumps or
providedfor the purpose.
pumpsspecifically
4.3.2 The capacityof the pumps shall be sufficientto provide the necessarythroughput at the required
pressurefor the maximumnumberof tank cleaningmachinesrequiredto be operatedsimultaneously as
specifiedin the Operationsand EquipmentManual.In additionto the aboverequiremen!the pumpsshall,
if an eductor systemis fitted for tank stripping be capableof supplyingthe eductor drivingfluid to meet the
requirements of 4.4.2.
4.3.3 The capacityof the pumps shallbe such that the requirements of 4.3.2 can be met with any one
pump inoperative. The pumping and pipingarrangements shallbe suchthat the crude oil washingsystem
can be effectivelyoperatedwith any one pump out of use.
4.3.4 The carriageof more than one gradeof cargo shallnot preventcrude oil washingof tanks.
4.3.5 To permit crude oil washingto be effectivelycarriedout where the back pressurepresentedby the
shoreterminalis below the pressurerequiredfor crude oil washing,provisionshallbe made that such an
adequatepressureto the washingmachinescan be maintainedin accordancewith 4.3.2.Thisrequirement
shallbe met with any one cargopump out of action.The minimumsupplypressurerequiredfor crude oil
washingshallbe specifiedin the Operationsand EquipmentManual.Shouldthisminimumsupplypressure
not be obtainable,crude oil washingoperationsshallnot be carriedout.
Crude oil washinesystems
4.4 Strippingsystern
4.4.1 The designof the systemfor strippingcrude oil from the bottom of everycargotank shallbe to the
satisfaction
of the Administration.
4.4.2 The designand capacityof the tank strippingsystemshallbe suchthat the bottom of the tank being
of oil and sedimenttowardscompletionof the tankwashingprocess.
cleanedis kept free of accumulations
4.4.5 Meansshallbe providedto drain all cargo pumps and linesat the completionof cargodischarge,
where necessary, by connectionto a strippingdevice.The lineand pump drainingshallbe capableof being
dischargedboth to a cargo tank and ashore.For dischargeashorea specialsmall-diameter line shallbe
providedfor that purposeand connectedoutboardof the ship'smanifoldvalve.For new oil tankersor
area of this line shallnot exceed
existingoil tankersnot alreadyfitted with such a line the cross-sectional
10'/. of that of a maincargodischargeline.Where sucha lineis alreadyfittedon an existingtanker,a cross-
sectionalarea of not more than25o/oof that of a main cargodischargeline may be accepted.
4.4.7 The carriageof more than one gradeof cargoshallnot preventcrude oil washingof tanks.
4.4.8 Equipmentshall be provided for monitoring the efficiencyof the strippingsystem.All such
equipmentshall have remote read-outfacilitiesin the cargo control room or in some other safe and
convenientplaceeasilyaccessible to the officerin chargeof cargoand crudeoil washingoperations.Where
a strippingpump is provided,the monitoringequipmentshallinclude,as appropriate, a flow indicator,or a
strokecounteror a revolutioncounter,and pressuregaugesat the inlet and dischargeconnectionsof the
pump or equivalent. Where eductorsare provided,the monitoringequipmentshallincludepressuregauges
at the drivingfluid intakeand at the dischargeand a pressure/vacuum gaugeat the suctionintake.
4.4.9 The internalstructureof the tank shall be such that drainageof oil to the tank suctionsof the
strippingsystemis adequateto meet the requirementsof 4.4.2 and 4.4.4. Careshallbe taken that both
Iongitudinai and transverse and shallbe verifiedduringthe inspectionrequiredby
drainageare satisfactory
3 . 2a n d4 . 2 . 1 0 .
4.4.10The trim conditionsfor crude oil washinggiven in the Operationsand EquipmentManual shallbe
adheredto. In general,trim by the sternis only importantduringthe finalstagesof tank dischargeand shall
be the maximumpossiblecompatiblewith operationalconstraintsbut in no caselessthan that recorded
duringthe crudeoil washingpriorto the inspection requiredby 3.2 and4.2.1O.
8
RevrsedSpecifications
45 Eallastlines
5 Qualification of personnel
;.1 The trainingrequirements of ships'personnelengagedin the crudeoil washingof tankersshallbe to
:e satisfactionof the Administration.
5l lVhere a person such as the master,the chief officer or the cargo control officer assumesoverall
:'ra'ge of a crude oil wash he shall:
(a) haveat leastone year'sexperienceon oil tankerswhere hisdutieshaveincludedthe discharge
of cargoand associated crudewashing.Where his dutieshavenot includedcrude oil washing
he shallhavecompleteda trainingprogrammein crudeoilwashingin accordance
operations,
with appendixll to theseSpecificationsand satisfactoryto the Administration;
(b) have participatedat leasttwice in crude oil wash programmesone of which shall be on the
particularship for which he is requiredto undertakethe responsibility of cargo discharge.
Alternatively,this latterparticipationmay be acceptableif undertakenon a ship that is similarin
all relevantrespects;and
(c) be fully knowledgeable
of the contentsof the Operationsand EquipmentManual.
5 Operation
In addition to the tanks referredto in (a) above, approximatelyone quarter of all remainingtanks shall be
crude oil washedfor sludgecontrolon a rotational'basis, but theseadditionaltanksmay includethe tanks
referredto in (b) above. Ho*"uer, for sludge control purposes,no tank need be crude oil washed more
than once in everyfour months.Crude oil wlshing shailnot be conductedbetweenthe final dischargeand
loadingports;that is to say,no crude oil washingshallbe undertakenduringthe ballastvoyage.Ballast
waterihall not be put into tanksthat have not been crude oil washed.Water that is put into a tank which
has been crude oil washedbut not water rinsedshallbe regardedas dirty ballast.
Crude oil washing systerns
At the end of cargo dischargeall cargo mainsand strippinglinesshallbe drainedand strippedand the
drainingsand strippingsdischargedashorevia the specialsmall-diameter line requiredby 4.4.5.1naddition
all cargotanksare to be strippedbeforethe ship leavesits final port of discharge.
Careshallbe takenat the completionof crudeoil washingof any departureballasttank to stripthe tank as
completelyas possible.Where departureballastis loadedthroughcargolinesand pumps,thesemust be
drainedand strippedof oil usingthe meansrequiredby 4.4.5 beforeballastis loaded.
6.7 Precautionsagainstelectrostaticgeneration
10
RevisedSp ecifi catio ns
(d) Details of the requirementsof section 6 of these Specificationstogether with advice and
instructions,where appropriate,in meetingtheserequirements suchas:
(2) the method for washingeach tank, that is, single or multi-stage;
(4) the duration of the crude oil wash and water rinsewhere the latter is appropriate;
11
Crudeoil washinesvstems
(i) Thetypicalprocedures
for ballasting.
"t2
AppendixI
RevrsedSpecifications:
AppendixI
to
List of changeswhen applyingthe Specifications
new crude oil tankersof 201000tons deadweight
and above
ea."agraph
:;,rylher Listof changes
6.1.2 Ballastwater shall not be put into cargo tanks that have not been crude oil washed.Water
that is put into a tank which has been crude oil washed but not water rinsedshall be regardedas
dirty ballast.
Care shall be taken at the completion of crude oil washing of any cargo tank that might contain
ballastto strip the tank as completelyas possible.Where this ballastis filled through cargo linesand
pumps,thesemust be drainedand strippedof oil usingthe meansrequiredby 4.4.5.
7(d\ Details of the requirementsof section 6 of these Specificationstogether with advice and
instructions,where appropriate,in meeting these requirementssuch as:
13
Crudeoil washinssysterns
14
RevisedSpecifications:Appendix ll
Appendixll
lffio&rction
q;:'r .equiredtrainingshallbe supervisedinstruction,conductedin a shore-based facilityor aboarda suitably
:o..uipp,edship havingtrainingfacilitiesand instructorsfor this purpose,dealingwith the principlesinvolved
am dre applicationof these principlesto ship operation.
- oran"ingup an Administration-approved syllabusof training,the RevisedSpecificationsfor the design,
:oe"ation and control of crude oil washingsystemsof tankersshallbe taken into account.
15
r
Crude oil washing systems
(d) Associatedprocedure
(i) meansfor minimizingresidueson board
- strippingof cargo tanks;
- drainingand strippingof cargo lines;
- final dischargeof cargo ashore;
(ii) water rinsingof arrivalballasttanks;
(iii) fillingand ultimatedischargeof arrivalballasq
(iv) dischargeof departureballast;
(v) build-upand decantingof residuesin slop tank;
(vi) requirements
of regulation9 of Annex I of MARPOL73/75;
(vii) avoidanceof ventingin port duringballastingoperation.
(e) Safety
(i) inert gasprocedure;
(ii) maintenanceand monitoringof inert gas qualityand pressure;
(iii) stoppingof washing/discharge
under abnormalinert gasconditions;
(iv) electrostaticgenerationand the precautionsrequiredto avoid iq
(v) pipeworkintegrity;
(vi) avoidanceof surge pressures;
(vii) spillage.
(0 Checklists
(i) before enteringport;
(ii) beforecommencingcrude oil washing;
(iii) after crude oil washing;
(iv) after sailing.
(g) Regulatoryenforcementprocedures
(i) Operationsand EquipmentManual;
(ii) Oil RecordBook;
(iii) soundingof tanks;
(iv) measurementof oil on surfaceof departureballast.
(h) Maintenanceof plant and equipment
(i) maintenanceof equipment in accordancewith manufacturers'instructions;
(ii) additionalmaintenanceitems.
16
Revised Specifications:Appendix lll
Appendixlll
{"1.5 On new oil tankersthe steam heater referredto shall be located outsidethe machineryspaces.
However,on an existingoil tankerwith an existingsteamheaterlocatedin the machineryspaces,
no more additionalisolationwill be requiredother than that which isolatesthe crude oil washing
systemfrom the machineryspaces.
12.8 With regardto the applicationof this paragrapha slop tank is consideredas a cargotank.
lnclude Disregard
(i) web frames (i) longitudinals
(ii) girders (ii) brackets
(iii) stringers (iii) stiffeners
(iv) webs (iv) ladders
(v) main bracket (v) pipe work
't7
Crude oil washingsystems
lnclude Disregard
(vi) transverses (vi) corrugations on corrugatedbulkheads
(vii) crosstiesin transverseweb (vii) face plates
frames,unlessit can be ve-
rifiedby tank inspectionthat
their presencedoes not af-
fect the cleanlinessof the
tank. However,for the pur-
pose of makingan initialas-
sessmentwhere there are
no more than two crossties
and eachis lessthan 1/1 5 of
the total depth of the tank
they may be ignored.
(e) Shadowscast upon the undersideof decks,web frames,centre and side girderscan be
ignored.
(f) Calculationsmust be providedeither on the drawingor separatelyto show how the per-
centagesrequiredby 4.2.8havebeen arrivedat. The calculations shouldbe itemizedso that
it is possibleto relateeach item with a particularshadowarea.
( h ) For the purposeof determiningthe bottom areaof wing tanks,the breadthof the tank is to
be taken as the horizontaldistancemeasuredacrossthe top of the bottom longitudinal
framesto the insideof the shellplating,midway betweenthe tank bulkheads.
a.2.10(c)(a) The oll monitoring systemreferred to in this paragraph means any approved system,
includinglaboratorytests,which verifiesthat the oil contentof the effluentdoes not exceed
the statedlevel.lf laboratorytestsare to be conducted,standardscontainedin resolution
A.393(X)shouldbe used as guidance.Oil tankersengagingin a trade where dischargeof
cargotakesplacein one port Stateand cargoloadingin anotherport Statecreatea special
problem with respect to verification.Two alternativesavailableto confirm the tanker's
capabilityare:
18
RevisedSpecifications:Appendix III
4-&3 During bottom washingthe strippingcapacityshallbe at least 1.25 times the total throughputof
ail the machinesthat may be simultaneously in use accordingto paragraph4.4.3.This does not
nreanthat all machinesin a tank haveto be operatedsimultaneously duringbottom washingbut
the boftom washingmay be carriedout in stepsaccordingto detailedprocedureslaid down in the
Operationsand EquipmentManual.The strippingcapabilityshould be at least'1.25times the
drroughputof all machinesthat are in operationsimultaneously duringany stageof the bottom
lvashing.
19
-
Diagramshowingstructuralcomponentsof cargotanks
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tl
STANDARDFORMATFOR
THECRUDEOIt WASHING
AND EQUIPMENT
oPERATTONS MANUAT
Standardformatfor the COW Manual
STANDARDFORMATFORTHE
AND EQUIPMENTMANUAL
CRUDEOIL WASHINGOPERATIONS
(The standard format consists of a standardized text of an introduction
and of an index, and 17 or 18 sectionsdepending on the type of tanker)
INTRODUCTION
of regulation138 of the Protocolof
with the requirements
ThisManualis writtenin accordance
19tE ndatingto the InternationalConventionfor the Preventionof Pollutionfrom Ships,1973 (MARPOL
3 ;8t.
I The purposeof the Manual is to meet the requirementsfor crude oil washingin accordancewith the
ngis€d Specificationsfor the design, operation and control of crude oil washing systems(Assembly
esoft.rtbnA .446(Xl)as amendedby resolutionsA.a97(Xll) andA.897(21)).lt providesstandardoperational
Eilbnce in planningand performinga crudeoilwashingprogrammeand describes a safeprocedureto be
'folonr.red-
I Part 1 of the Manual contains all the information and operationalinstructionsrequired by the
Part 2 of the Manual containsadditionalinformationand operationalinstructions
Specifications.
mer1ised
"e+dred or acceptedby the Administration.*
as amendedby resolutionMEPC.8l(43).
\bre: The standardformatcomprisesthe annexto resolutionMEPC.3(X||),
23
Crude oil washing systerns
Indexof sections
Relevant
paragraph(s)
of the Revised
Page Specifications
Part 1
1 Text of the RevisedSpecifications. . . . 12sl 7(a)
2 Drawingsof the crude oil washingsystem [2s] 7(b)
3 Descriptionof the crude oil washingsystemand operational [2s] 7(c),7(d)(viii)
and equipmentparameters and 7(f)
4 Dangersof and precautionsagainstoil leakage 12sl 7(e)
5 Use and controlof inert gas . . [2s] 6.6
6 Precautionsagainstelectrostatichazards 126l 6.7
7 Personnelrequirements. 126l z(e)
B Methodsof communication 126) 7(h)
9 Determinationof the suitabilityof a crude oil for use
in crude oil washing 126l 7(tl
'10
Crude oil washingchecklists 12el 7a)
11 Approvedmethodsand programmesfor crude oil washing 12el 7(d)(i)
12 Typicalcrude oil washingprogrammes. . . . [30] z(dXv)
13 The method of drainingcargotanks [30] z(d)(iii)
'14
The method and proceduresfor drainingcargo pumps
and lines [30] z(d)(iv)and (vi)
15 Typicalproceduresfor ballasting
and the methodof preventing
hydrocarbonemission [30] 7(dl(ii),7(i)
16 Complianceproceduresfor regulation9 of Annex I of [30] 7(d)(vi),(vii)
MARPOL73/78 and (ix)
17 Inspections
and maintenanceof equipment [30] 7(k)
18 Procedurefor changingfrom crudeoil tradeto producttrade* [30]
Part 2
(Additionalinformationand operationalinstructionsrequiredor acceptedby the Administration,if any)
24
Standardformat for the COW Manual
Contents of sections 1 to 18
1'hk section containsa descriptionof the cargo, ballasgwashing and strippingsystemsand in addition
This section contains information on the dangers of leakage from the crude oil washing system, the
precautionsnecessaryto prevent leakageand the action to be taken in the event of leakage.
25
Crude oil washine systems
SECTION7: PERSONNET
REQUIREMENTS
with the crudeoil washingprocessand their
the numbersof personsto be associated
Thissectionspecifies
necessaryqualifications.
Their namesand ranksmay be provided.onseparatedocuments.
26
Standardformatfor the COW Manual
Grd guirhnce
ffi6igrr is drawn to the difficUltieswhich may be encountered with certain crude oils' During the
*rlrgrge of crude oils that exhibitthe necessarycriteriathat would createeither pumpabilityproblemsor
ry d"p*ition, crude oil washingof each tank scheduledfor such an operationshould be carried out
*,"*tttly with the dischargingof the particulartank in order to minimize the effect on the crude oil
1lp36ipgs forcooling. Coolingwill increaseboth the kinematicand dynamicviscosities*of the tank residues
mi fierefore affect the efficiency of the crude oil washing programme.
As a gEneralguidanceto the suitabilityof an oil for crude oil washingon board this tanker,the following
crffina should be used:
o,r
For paraffiniccrude oils whose pour point temperatureis the controllingcharacteristic,the temp
eratureof the cargo to be usedfor crude oil washingshouldexceedits cloud point temperatureby
"closed cycle"
at least 10'C if excessivesludgingis present and should only be used once in a
washingprogramme.
The approximatecloud point temperature of an oil may be calculatedby use of the following
formula where the pour point temperature(x) of the crude oil is known:
x ' o'11s7714)
Cloud point temperature('C) = 2O.2(160'oozoa +8
Wo*ed example:
Then:
= x l) - o.11s7714)
+I
2O.2 x (lg(o.oozo8
= - o.11s77141+
2O.2x (10o.007o8 B
= 2o.2 x (lgo.toeerto)* B
= (20.2 x 0.7785896)+8
= 15.72+ B
or
Consultthe accompanyinggraph (fig. 1), where if the pour point is known then the cloud point can
be extracted.
or
lf the pour point exceedsapproximately25'C then the Bondi test procedure could be used to
determinethis temperature.
27
i
I
t
Crude oil washinesystems
O+o
(g
o
o. ^-
E J C
o
'F
t 3 0
^
25
-10
(oC)
Pourpointtemperature
Bonditest procedure(seefg. 2)
of highpourpointtypecrudeoils.
Thismethodwill obtainthe cloudpointtemperature
Equipmentand procedure
sampleof the cargo.Do not allowthe cargosampleto cool before
(1) Obtaina representative
commencing the testprocedure.
(2) Obtain a glasscontainer(preferablynearlyspherical)that is made of heat-temperature-resistant
glassand fill the containerwith the sample.
(3) Inserta thermometerinto the centreof the samplevolume and heat the sampleto a temp
eratureof at least30"C above the pour point temperatureof the crude oil in a hot water bath.
Do not tightly stopper the containerduring this process.
(4) Preparean alternativebath with water whose temperatureis at least15"C below the sample's
pour point temperature.Have a clock or watch availablewith a secondhand.
(5) lmmersethe heatedsamplecontainerinto the cold bath and record at very regularintervals(at
leastevery 30 s) the temperatureof the sample.
(6) Craphicallyplot the sampletemperatureagainsttime elapsedfrom the start of the test. De-
terminethe temperaturesat which there was no lossof temperaturewith time elapsed.The first
such instancedetected will be the approximate cloud point temperatureand the second
instance,if testingtime is extendedto the requiredperiod,will be the approximatepour point
temperatureof the crude oil.
28
Standardformat for the COW Manual
!
a
Time(minutes)
Bondi testplot
Figure2: Example
Tns sectioncontainsthose detailswhich form the basisof crude oil washingin the tanker and which are
-€cessaryto formulatea washingprogrammewhich will accordwith all foreseeablecircumstancesof cargo
isdrarge restraints.lt includesinformationon:
(1) the minimumnumberof tanksto bewashed in accordancewithparagraph6.1 of the Revised
Specifications;
29
Crude oil washingsystems
SECTION15: TYPICALPROCEDURES
FOR BALLASTTNG
AND THE METHOD
OF PREVENTING
HYDROCARBONEMISSION
Thissectioncontainsa descriptionof typicalproceduresfor ballastingand includes:
(1) the procedurefor drainingand strippingbeforeloadingballast;
(2) the proceduresfor preventinghydrocarbonemissioninto the atmosphere.
SECTION17: INSPECTIONS
AND MAINTENANCEOF FeUtpMENT
This section containsinformationon proceduresto be followed at recommendedintervalsfor on-board
inpectionsand maintenanceof crude oil washingequipment.
30
ilt
EXAMPTES
OF CRUDEOIt WASHING
OPERATIONS
AND EQUIPMENTMANUALS
Explanatory
note
Ilhc fotwing specimenManualswereoriginallypreparedby tankerownersfor particulartankerswhich
fq33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333uished
to be certified as COW tankersunder MARPOL73/75. The texts of the Manualshave been
iltriared in order to ensureconformitywith the standardformat but editing has been kept to a
r-trnnm to showpossiblevariationsin the languageand in the mannerof presentation of the required
iffinin:ilion.
tu fte flag Administrationof these tankersdoes not requirethe inclusionof any informationor
qcrdional instructionsin additionto thoseprovidedfor by the RevisedSpecifications, the specimen
ilr{flrualsconsistof one part only as explainedin the introductionto the standardformat.*
Example1
pipelinetanker
Conventional
Fdc'b
ffirc numberor letters
hdEgirry
Hnight tonnage
33
Crude oil washins systems
INTRODUCTION
1 This Manual is written in accordancewith the requirementsof regulation138 of the Protocol of
1978 relatingto the lnternationalConventionfor the Preventionof Pollutionfrom Ships,1923 (MARPOL
73/78\.
3 This Manual contains all the information and operational instructionsrequired by the Revised
Specifications.
34
Example1: Conventionalpipelinetanker
lndex of sections
Page Relevant
paragraph(s)
of the revised
Specifications
I
Td of the RevisedSpecifications. . . . 136l 7(a)
Or:alirgs of the crude oil washing system 137l 7(b)
Ilescription of the crude oil washingsystemand operational 140l 7(c), 7(d) (viii)
and equipment parameters and 7(f)
Dilgers of and precautionsagainstoil leakage 143l 7(e)
*ll-s specimenManualas originallypreparedby the tankerowner for a particulartankerdid not includea sedion 18 as the
poadlres for changingfrom-cruile oii trade io product trade were not applicable.This section has been added as an
4 of how the informationmight be presentedif requiredin a particularcase.
35
Crude oil washing systems
Thissectioncontainsline drawingsshowing:
(1) crude oil washinglinesand valves;
(2) cargo pumps,linesand valves;
(3) ballastsystems(where fitted);
(4) strippingsystems;
(5) positionof tank washingmachines;
(6) positionof holesfor hand dippingand tank gauges;
(7) inert gasdeck distributionsystem.
36
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Example1: Conventionalpipelinetanker
. l r Q
CL
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39
Crude oil washins systerns
SECTION
3: DESCRIPTION
OF THECRUDEOIL WASHINGSYSTEM
AND OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS
AND EQUIPMENT
Cargo system
The tank systemof this vesselconsistsof eight centre tanksand eight pairsof wings,but with No. 3 wings
reservedfor permanentballastand not connectedinto the cargo piping.The aftermostset of tanks,No. 8
across,forms a triple slop tank arrangement.No. B port is the dirty slop tank with first separationacrossto
No. 8 starboardand thencea secondseparationinto No. 8 centre.The total capacityof the three slop tanks
is 20,000 m3.
Cargo is handled by four main cargo pumps each of rated capacity of 4,500 m3/h. Each pump has a
700 mm suctionline runningthe full length up to No. 1 across.No. 1 and No. 4 pumps are used to
dischargethe wing tanksand No. 2 and No. 3 pumps to dischargethe centretanks.Thereare crossover
lines between the pump suctionswhich permits a variationon the normal practice.
Stripping system
The pumpsare of the VAC-STRIP type which enablesthem to drain tanksright out. Thusthere is no stripping
line but in eachtank a smallstrippingsuctionbell-mouth,separatelyvalved,is takenoff the appropriatemain
line.Forwaterwashingand occasionaluseduringthe closingstagesof crudeoil washingtwo eductorsare
fitted, each of rated capacity900 m3/h, which are normallypowered by either No. 2 or No. 3 cargo pump.
Theseeductorscan be put on to any of the four main suctionlines,and thus drain any tank.They discharge
directly into the dirty slop tank, No. 8 port.
One Duplex steamreciprocatingpump of 350 m3/h is fitted for the purposeof line draining.lt has suction
connectionsto the four main suctionlines,the four cargo pumps,the dischargelines,the sealine and the
crude oil washingline. lt can dischargeto the slop tank, the oilwater separator,the main dischargelines,
overboardor througha special250 mm line which runs alongthe deck and terminatesoutboardof the
manifold gate valves.This latter 250 mm line should alwaysbe used for final line drainingashore.
Ballast system
Permanentbaflastis carriedin No. 3 wingsand is handledby a separatepump of capacity4,250 m3/h.The
pump and tanksare not connectedinto the cargo pumps or linesand have their own separatesea suction
and discharge.The permanentballastpump also has the capabilityof ballastingNo. 1, No.4 and No.6
centresover the top. Once the cargo is dischargedfrom No. 1, No. 4 and No. 6 centres,thesetanksshould
be ballastedover the top concurrentlywith dischargeof cargo from other tanks.They then form the
departureballast.On the subsequent ballastpassage, No. 2, No. 5 and No. 7 centresshouldbe washedand
4A
Examplel: Conventionalpipeline tanker
-s.3r as the clean arrivalballast.Cargo tank ballastis dischargedby No. 2 and No. 3 cargo pumps
tfirier"
'frlnn:,-!-
Tre pumproom highoverboarddischarge. Variationson the ballastarrangement are permissible
to
:0tsrqrrr:;sectionand maintenanceexceptthat ballastshouldnot normallybe carried in wing tanks.
tnghiilsc srdern
-lrnst=-r.,*ashingline, eithercrude oil or water, is fed from either No.2 or No.3 cargo pump or
from the midshipsmanifold.In the lattercase,any
the line may be fed from a cross-connection
flffer.-E:,*e,r
131"s;;,r'"r3 or pumpscould feed the washingline.
arern'ashing,No. 2 or No. 3 pump shouldbe used drawingfrom the clean slop tank, No. 8 centre,
{ilr
ilxrsrilner
ffrr t',. : .rfrrvashingsfrom the tank beingwasheddrainedback with an eductorwhich dischargesinto the
ilhryi,:,r rank,No. 8 port.One cargopump operatingin thisclosedcyclemethodis capableof drivingboth
y-n-r:::,*! itted and operates10 tanl washingmachineswhile maintaining a backpressureof 10 kg/cm2.For
::rir:E:, ,.rashing,it is preferableto feed the washinglinefrom the manifoldas long as possibleas it is not
-'.lr:ssary
lfTmer- to take one cargo pump completelyout of the dischargeprogramme,and recirculationof
' dqr*, :r rs avoided.
v* U, ta vx
Total Total
41
Crude oil washing sysferns
.2 determinethe volume of the ballastwater and oil layer in each tank from the ullage(U)";
.3 determinethe volume of ballastwater in each tank from the ullageplus the thicknessof the oil
layer (U, + t").
3. Subtractthe value obtainedin 2.3 from that obtainedin 2.2 for each tank and add the resultantvalues
together to obtain the total volume of oil (v).
4. The ratio of the volume of oil on top of the total departureballastwater to the total volume of tanks
containingdepartureballastwater = fi.
Washing machines
Decktnounted machines
LavomaticS.A.single'nozzle.
Thosefitted in the centre tanks have a standpipelength of 4.8 m with a naturalfrequencyof 6.19 Hz and
those fitted in the wings have a standpipe length of 4.O m and a natural frequency of 7.166 Hz. The
propeller-inducedfrequencyfor this vesselat full speed is 5.666 Hz.
The operation of these machinescan be verified by observing the gearbox where both rotation and
elevationare mechanicallydisplayed.
Thirteenof thesemachinesare fitted; one at the forward end of No. 2, No. 4, No. 5, No. 6 and No. 7 wings
and, additionally,one at the after end of No. Z wings and No. 7 centre. They are positioned on the
centrelineof the tank on levelwith the third stringerdown. They are piped and valved separatelyfrom the
deck-mountedmachines.Their programme is fixed and covers an arc of 240" which at an operating
pressureof '10 kglcm2 takes t h to complete.The output at this pressureis 100 m3/h.
To verifythe operationof thesemachines,all other machinesin the tank and in any adjacenttank shouldbe
shut off, and the movement of the machineidentifiedby its sound pattern.
One of theseis fitted underneaththe bottom stringerat the aft end of each of No. 7 wings and one "Super
K" is fitted at the bottom of the dirty slop tank No. B port. They are valved and lined separatelyfrom any
other machines.Their capacityis 30 m3/h (60 m3/h for the "super K") and the time for one full cycle is 40
min. A full cycle consistsof one full revolution(360') of the machine.
42
Example1: Conventionalpipeline tanker
of not
l, rromnrr3':s;gl,e ro l erifytheir operationby sound patternand thereforeaftersix usagesor at intervals
- water.
rmrm tr"a- I nronthsthese machinesmust be sightedand seen to be working, using
l1ns ls::,tn containsinformationon the dangersof leakagefrom the crude oil washingsystem,the
necessaryto prevent leakageand the action to be taken in the event of leakage.
Jil11r.-1n3!-r,:i1-s I
at the
rffil."ig* :n :rrudeoil from the systemcan be a potential fire and pollution hazard-Before arrival
examined for Any
leaks' leaks found
dm,cnar*:!,:,ni the tank washingsystemshould be pressure'tested and
:e .rade
,lfiirrmmruil: good and the resultantoil cleanedup.
ane ;;*n: ;rould arriveat the dischargeport with all cargo tankspressurized with good qualityinert gas'
lr*nss--: mar. be releasedfor ullaging,samplingand water dips before dischargeand at this stagethe
gas
Dymm,MEe3-esel in tanks should be checkld to ensurethat it is below S% by volume.The supply of inert
:€ commencedimmediatelybefore the commencement of cargo discharge to avoid a vacuum in
rmLx-5;
.m,r*:jr drismeansa safeconditionwill be maintainedthroughoutdischarge. Apartfrom thisinitialrelease
no
nr :il.-:si!.e the pressurein the cargo tanks should always be above atmosphericpressure'Under
:rr':*n-rancesshould air be allowed to enter any tank which is to be crude oil washed.
ilnen:,-=:ach tank is washed,the oxygen content should be checkedwith the portable oxygen analyserto
*rTF-r::rat it doesnot exceedB%bi volume.The sampleshouldbe takenat a point'l m below the deck
this
tr'T.::":e middle regionof the ullagespacewell cleai of the inert gas inlet point' (Seesection2 of
;or the position of the samplingpoints.)
r4irlifr-La
*"e
:;de oil washingmustbe stoppedif thereis a failureof the inertgasplantor if the_oxygencontentof
falls
ltri: :e r ered inert gasexceedsA%'Uvvolumeor if the pressureof the atmospherein the cargotanks
:urL:"*, affnospheric pressure.
HAZARDS
$frCTlON6: PRECAUTIONSACAINST ELECTROSTATIC
generation.
sectioncontainsdetailsof the proceduresfor minimizingelectrostatic
of oil and water can producean electricallychargedmist during tank washing.The use.of dry
,!*frri:-"es
mist,
:--,r€ s thereforeimportant.To overcome the possibiityof developingsuch an electricallycharged
43
Crude oil washing systems
beforecrudeoil washingis commencedany tank containingcrude oil which is to be usedas the crude oil
washingfluid is to be partiallydischargedto removeany water which hassettledout during the voyage.To
ensureadequatesafetya minimum of 'l m depth of cargo is to be dischargedin this way.
For the samereason,as the slop tank will invariablycontaina mixtureof retainedoil residuesand cargo,the
whole contentof the sloptank shouldbe discharged ashorebeforecrudeoil washingcommencesand then
be refilledwith fresh crude from the cargo dischargedeck line, if the slop tank is to be used as a sourceof
washingfluid. lt must be rememberedthat this refillingwill take placeafter the dischargeof the bottom 1 m
depth of cargo from other tanks,referredto above, has been completed.
SECTION
7: PERSONNET
REQUIREMENTS
The following personnelare requiredto be on board to carry out the dual operationof dischargingcargo
and crude oil washing:
1. The masteror chief officer who will have overall responsibilityfor the operation.He must meet the
requirementsof paragraph5.2 of the RevisedSpecifications. (Seesection 1 of this Manual.)
2. The officerwho will undertakethe actualoperation.He must meet the requirementsof paragraph5.3
(Seesection 1 of this Manual.)
of the RevisedSpecifications.
3. A minimum of one petty officer or rating who is to be on deck at all times during washingto keep
watch for leaksand malfunctionof equipmen! to test the oxygencontent of tanksbeforewashing,to
check tank atmospherepressure,to sound tank bottoms when requiredand to lift ullagefloats.
SECTION
8: METHODS
OF COMMUNICATION
This section gives the detailsof communicationbetween the watchkeeperon deck and the cargo
control positionso that, in the event of a leak or malfunctioningof the crude oil washingsystem,the
washingmay be stopped as soon as possible.
While crude oil washingis being carriedou! the man patrollingthe deck for the purposeof monitoring
machinesand checking againstany oil leakagefrom the systemmust carry one of these walkietalkies.
Additionally,in or in the immediatevicinityof the cargo control room, there must be a secondman similarly
equippedwith a walkie-talkie. The provisionof two setsfor crude oil washingpurposeshaspriorityover any
other requirementsfor walkietalkie.No valvesshouldbe opened or closedon the crude oil washingsystem
without the one party informingthe other as to the action he is taking.
This vesselis not fitted with heating coils in the cargo tanks and it should not carry cargoeswhich will
require to be heatedfor pumpability.
44
Example1: Conventionalpipeline tanker
SfnruON10:CRUDEOIL WASHINCCHECKTISTS
1rs oectioncontainsoperationalchecklistsfor the use of the crew at each dischargewhich shall
rn;-Joednecheckingand calibrationof all instruments.
CHECKSAT DISCHARCEPORT
PRE-ARRIVAL
ITEM
iHasterminalbeen notified?
ilsoxygenanalysingequipmenttestedand working satisfactorily?
ls tank washingpipelinesystemisolatedfrom water heaterand engineroom?
\ne all hydrantvalveson tank washingline blanked?
\re all valvesto fixed tank washingmachinesshut?
l'-ial'etank cleaninglinesbeen pressurized and leakagesmade good?
ll-laveportabledrive units for fixed tank-washingmachinesbeen tested?
1-1ave pressuregaugeson top dischargeline,manifoldand tank cleaningmain been
chrecked?
Has the strippingsystemmonitoringequipmentbeen checked?
!-lasthe communicationssystembeen checkedand tested?
Has the organizationplan been drawn up and postedwith dutiesand responsibilities
defined?
Have the discharge/crude oil wash operationplansbeen drawn up and posted?
ln caseswhere the terminalhasa standardradio checklisghasthisbeen completedand
transmitted?
ITEM
45
Crude oil washinesystems
No. ITEM
This sectioncontainsthose detailswhich form the basisof crude oil washingin the tanker and which
are necessaryto formulate a washing programme which will accord with all foreseeable
circumstances lt includesinformationon:
of cargo dischargerestraints.
(1) the minimumnumberof tanksto be washedin accordancewith paragraph6.1 of the Revised
Specifications;
(2) the methodof washingeach tank,i.e.,single or multi-stage;
(3) the numberof tank washingmachinesto be usedsimultaneously;
(4) the crude oil washingpressureand meansto maintainthe requiredpressure;
(5) the durationof the crude oil wash;
(6) the preferredorder in which tanks are to be washed;
(7) the minimumtrim duringcompletionof washingand drainingtanks;
(8) when drainingand strippingof tanksis to commence.
46
Example1: Conventionalpipeline tanker
fir ::rr!!',rng with the above policy and reconcilingthe objectivesof ship safety,cargo out-turn,and
fmnur'nn_-T s;ripdelay,the followingprinciplesshouldbe applied.
ftfuse washing
tar:: :ark sl-rouldbe washedin two stages/the side wash and the bottom wash,in order to minimize ship
bottom washingthe oil depth shouldnot be allowedto increaseover 1 m and towardsthe
me,a,*Ji..liring
*:rfr :: ne rvashing,the bottom shouldbe kept well drainedto achievethe best results.
,Effin!ilo{ washing
fi s =: iis point that the drainingof the tank shouldbe consideredto be startedand the trim of the ship
srr:r-. De not lessthan 4 m by the stern.
stuflman& washing
-: - -,irnize providedthat:
ship delayit is desirableto crude oil wash severaltankssimultaneously,
'
:.le maximumnumberof gunson any one centretank,or pair of wing tanks,are in use at one time;
- :,.essureon the deck wash line does not fall below B kg/cm2; and
: rre normal maximumnumber of guns that can be operatedat one time is'l 2 due to a maximum
flow rate throughthe line of 5.5 m3/s;
rer-nrissible
47
Supply of wash oil
The traditionalmethodof tank washingusingclosedcycle recirculation via the slop tanksand eductorsis
not suitedto routingcrude oil washingas it causesunnecessary delay.lt also increasesrisk of passing
sedimentthrough the machinesand of usingoil which has lost much of its solventeffect.The wash oil
thereforeshould be bled off from a cargo pump dischargeor from the manifold crossover.To retain the
requiredpressureusingthe bleedoff method,it may be necessary to reducethe numberof machinesbeing
used,to askthe shoreto increasebackpressureor to fullycloseone of the ship'smanifoldvalves.Underno
circumstancesshould butterflymanifoldvalvesbe throttled in order to control the tank wash line pressure,
but it is possibleto control the pressureby throttling in the dischargevalve of the cargo pump used to
supplythe wash oil.
Alternatively,it may be necessaryto dedicateone main cargo pump to supplyingthe wash oil and accept
the reductionin the rate of discharge.
48
Example1: Conventionalpipeline tanker
caiGo xaNofli6
'LAX
6ld!6brscxrncnc
f f i i l l r o ^ { f ! l , o n r l o u e x r t r v
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rclvccoRLrtra
rc?vcroaLrra
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toauctoaLrnl
t.n.r rtr lr
10r rrti i..4. lr
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o€tYr.
tq(Etrtc rtstAUcrrons
cxraf orarclr
49
ple 1: Conve ntion al-PtW! t ngtanker
Exam
caico xaiDll1.6
'LAX
6 . tt'l.r'Gi
LD !'.a llrr{
ro r ! c. o. !r*l
ro !ect ortrta
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ot t ltr{c-D Hctlc{gl
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3B Sv6trCcf T0 <xlr6t
fiit tiL!isT,{e v{At
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O(n'it{a ?arF A.' aGGt
aG(ratlo lNstiucYloil
.. c$:t lrcaclr
Srgito
qt .t$ lfT
f..4
td orllql
cxretotarclr
lxtaa
49
€iaoa to{t'3 | 'o'r ----;a---v
Jr.r.rAJ rastr
___err__N
a!!.- if,]]
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srMcr0itrr€
S, . M C, OF I'r€
cruoc il^$rN6
trr€trE ri3rrrto{s
ctst!a l&Aaa F
l@ oso,/trut ,,n.,
50
Crude oil washingsystems
GN^OE rONN€I
J r - - - r a l g - . J - -
n0rMcPoBrrNE
rc.aMcr oalrNt
L.'r.xt[T lH
lsxEtts tilsltudroNs
cxllt atcti[lF
fffisrr{\r r.. vrt orajt i)r or( rn^e3ttR rq,l.aouqts ABJva rPotB rFr "
g!l1j!! our Y tr. rc!p r() ,€oorlt 1s rxt oorH^ lo!5 outLrlEo
ot tHt cattr otfrcfE
ll^MtNlr'Mtrrrrri\,r.tPitIr^rrJ/wtat:1il(,Ma\)HrNrisailr".riN(1,riASA' '
m osur,4tur .rr",
50
pipelinetanker
1: Conventional
Example
13:THEMETHODOF DRAININGCARGOTANKS
SECTION
This sectioncontainsa descriptionof the method of drainingcargo tanks and should includethe
parameterswhich indicatewhen the tank is dry and which will be at least all of those required by
The minimumtrim conditionsmust be stated.
paragraph4.4.8 of the RevisedSpecifications.
3. separatorvirtuallyempty;
4. dischargevalve closed;
5. pump nozzlesteampressurefalling;
7, pump casingtemperaturerising;
B. dips showingempty.
Thereafterthe processshould again be repeatedfor each tank back along the deck.
On occasions,for exampleat sea between dischargeports, it may prove necessaryto employ the closed-
cycle systemalreadydeicribed in this Manual. However,where a differentgrade may be containedin the
centreslop tank it is possibleto use No. 2 main cargo pump drawingfrom the port slop tank via No. 1
bottom line acrossthe bottom pump-roomcrossover,and thence to the tank cleaningline and eductors.
When drainingtanksusingeductors,a good indicationthat a tank is empty is when the vacuum showingon
the remote eJuctor suctiongauge in the cargo control room drops completelyaway.Again hand dipping
must be carriedout as describedwhen usingthe Vac-Stripsystem.Shouldfor any reasonthe eductor drive
pressurefall away below 6 kg/cm2 then it is imperativethat the eductor suction valves should be shut
immediatelyto prevent the contentsof the slop tank running back through the eductorsto the washing
tank.
When bottom crude oil washingof any tank nearscompletion,using either method of draining,the tank
washingmachinesin that tank shouldbe shut off one at a time and when all washingis complete sufficient
time shouldbe givento completethe draining.
It is important that when draining tanks, also using either system,the vessel is trimmed by the stern
sufficientlyto enablethe cargo to iun aft to the tank suction.The trim should be as much as possiblewith
due regard to berth securityand tank stressesbut should not be lessthan 4 m.
5'|
Crude oil washing systerns
SECTION
14:THEMETHODAND PROCEDURES
FORDRAINING
CARGO PUMPSAND LINES
This sectioncontainsa descriptionof the method and proceduresfor drainingcargo pumps, cargo
lines,crude oil washinglinesand strippinglinesand includesinformationon the use of the small-
diameterline.
On completionof discharge, all top and bottom linesshouldbe droppedbackto eitherwing slop tank via
the direct loadingdrops and bottom pump-roomcrossovers. The port deck line can be dropped via the port
drip and No. 1 line to the port sloptan( and the starboarddeck linevia the starboarddrop, No. 4 line,and
to the starboardslop tank via the strippingsuction.The shore staff should be askedto vent their loading
armsto permitthe oil to drop back.At the sametime the smallbypassline on eachcargopump shouldbe
openedand the strippingpump set to drain the remainsof each line individuallyto the port slop tank.
The tank wash line shouldbe drainedby the strippingpump. lf the eductorsuctionvalvesE2 and D2 are
opened togetherwith valvesE3 and H3 then it will be possiblefor the strippingpump to drain the entire
tankwashlineto the port sloptank.A tankcleaningmachineshouldbe openedin one of the forwardtanks
to facilitatethe line droppingback.
SECTION15: TYPICALPROCEDURES
FOR BAILASTINGAND THE METHOD
OF PREVENTINC
HYDROCARBONEMISSION
The departureballasttanks for this vesselare No. 1 centre, No. 3 wings, No. 4 centre,and No. 6 centre
tanks.No. 3 wing tanks are for permanentballastonly and are suppliedby a dedicatedballastpump of
4,250 m3/h capacitywith its own pipeline.No. 1 centre,No. 4 centreand No. 6 centreare cargo tanksbut
can be suppliedwith ballastusingthe dedicatedballastpump via a separateddischargeline over the upper
deck and by direct drops to thesetanks.
The typicalmethod of ballastingNo. 1 centre,No. 4 centreand No. 6 centreis to plan the dischargeso that
they are dischargedas earlyas possible.They must be crude oil washedand good care must be takenwhile
bottom washing,with frequentmonitoringof soundingsto ensurethe tank bottoms are well cleared.Once
the tanksare empty to the satisfactionof the chief officer,with the main suctionand strippingvalvecontrols
lashedin the closed position together with all Lavomaticstop valveson those tanks checked shut, then
ballastingto No. 1 centre,No. 4 centreand No. 6 centrecan be commencedas soon as required.
52
pipelinetanker
1: Conventional
Example
15: COMPUANCE
SECTION PROCEDURES 9
FORRECULATION
oF ANNEXI OF MARPOL73/78
This section contains informationand proceduresfor water washing tanks and lines, discharge
departureballastand the decantingof slopsat seato ensurecompliancewith regulation9.
Departureballastis taken in No. 1, No.4 and No.6 centresusingthe permanentballastpump and the
"over the top" line.
On the ballastvoyage,it will be necessaryto wash the arrivalballasttanks,No. 2, No. 5 and No. 7 centres,
'1,
frllthem with cleanballastand then dischargeNo. No.4 and No.6 centres.
In order to wash the arrivalballasttanks,it is first necessaryto chargethe slop tankswith sea water. The
opportunityshouldbe takenat this time to give an initialwash of top and bottom linesto the dirty slop tank.
The arrival ballasttanks should be washed with cold water on the closed-cyclesystem.Eachtank must
receivenot lessthan the following wash:
One full cycleand one hour on bottom cycle0" to 30". All gunsmust be usedincludingthe bottom-
mountedmachinein No. 7 centre.
On commencementof slop tank discharge,both No. 2 and No. 3 main cargo pumps shouldbe cleared,
pumping from No. B centre through the eductorsto the dirty slop tan( and thereafterto sea via the high
overboard discharge.Pumpingfrom No. 8 centre should then be continuedwith the balancevalvesand
linesopen until sufficientullageis obtained.
Once the water hasbeen dischargedfrom the slop tanks,the suctioncan be changedto No. 1 centre,No. 4
centreand No. 6 centre,the pumps againclearedto the port slop tank via the eductordischargesand
thereafterto sea via the high overboard discharge.Close visual attention must be paid to the overboard
dischargethroughou!but particularly when the levelsin eachtank approachdraininglevel.However,when
2.5 m soundingin the firsttank is reached,both main cargo pumpsshouldbe slowedto 800 rpm, and at
1.5 m one cargopump shouldbe stopped.At 1 m soundingor at the firstsightof any oil in the outgoing
stream,dischargeshould be stopped and the systemset up for eductingthe remainderof the dirty ballast
back to the slop tanks.On completionthe linesshouldagainbe washedto the slop tanks.
Once all tank washingand the ballastoperationsare completethe slop tank contentscan be discharged.
Preferably24 h should be given for oil/water separation;this may have to be reduced,however,on short
voyages,and then interfacereadingstaken of each slop tank to establishthe oil quantitiesin each tank.The
free water can then be discharged,the centre and starboardtanks to 1 m from the oil layer,the port slop
tank to 2 m from the oil layer. Again, very close attention must be paid to the overboard discharge.
Thereafterthe quantitiesremainingin the centre and starboardslop tanksshouldbe transferredto the port
slop tank using the strippingpump. Again, preferably24 h should be allowed for separationand after an
interfaceestablishingthe oil layer has been taken, the free water can be dischargedoversidewith the
strippingpump to 1 m from the oil level and thereafterto the oil/water separatoron deck at a slow rate
(maximum100 m3/h) until no furtherwater can be discharged.
ery{e oil washingsysterns
SECTION17: INSPECTIONS
AND MAINTENANCEOF EQUTPMENT
Deck-mounted machines
It is not intendedthat these machinesbe removed from the tanksunlessthere has been an actual
mechanicalfailure. However, in the event of such a failure,a liftingtripod,chainblock and tools are
providedand must be kept in good order.
Normalmaintenance will thereforeconsistof ensuringthat the gearboxis toppedup with lubricatingoil, the
filter is clear,the stop valveis tight and the machineis carryingout its programme.
During periodicdry dock, the opportunityshallbe taken to confirm that the nozzlesare clear.This may be
done by observingthe water jet.
Bottor*mounted machines
Maintenanceof thesemachinesshallconsistof ensuringthat the filter is clearand the stop valve is tight.
The correct operation of the machine, lube oil level and nozzle jet can be confirmed by observation
whenevera tank is in a gas-freecondition,but inspectionsshouldbe made after not more than six usagesor
at intervalsof 12 months,whicheveris the more frequent.
Note: This sectionwas not includedin the Manual as originallypreparedby the tankerowner as it was not
applicableto the particulartanker concerned.lt has been added to this specimenManual as an
exampleof how the informationrelatingto section 18 might be presentedif requiredin a particular
case.
This oil tanker is equippedwith a COW systemfor the crude oil trade and also has a CBT systemfor the
product trade with separateindependentpumpingand piping arrangements for ballastingthe dedicated
clean ballast tanks; it may therefore change from the crude oil trade to the product trade without
undergoinga survey.When makingthis changefrom the crude oil trade operatingwith a COW systemto
the product trade operatingwith dedicatedclean ballasttanks,the following proceduresshallbe followed:
1. During the dischargeof the crude oil cargo,the tanks that are to be used as dedicatedclean ballast
tankswhen the vesselis in the product trade should be crude oil washed in accordancewith the
approvedmethodsand programmescontainedin section11 of this Manual.Thesetanksare to be
crude oil washedin additionto thosethat are requiredto be crude oil washedby section11.
54
Example1: Conventionalpipelinetanker
5. to the slop
Aftercompletionof waterwashingof thesetanks,all washwatershouldbe discharged
tank.
G- At theloadingpor! productcargocanbe loadedon thevessel,but it maynot be loadedintothetanks
that aredesignated clean
as dedicated tanks
ballast whilethe vesselis in the producttrade.
7. The vesselshouldnow operateas a productcarrierwith a CBTsystemand the DedicatedClean
BallastTankOperationManualshouldbe usedwhilethe vesselis in thistrade.
55
Example2: Ful fre+flow tanker
,Example
2
Full free-flowtanker
MANUAT
AND EQUIPMCNT
CRUDEOtt WASHINGOPERATIONS
Nameof ship
Port of registry
Distinctivenurnberor lefters ; . . . . .
tonnage
Deadweight
57
Crude oil w4shrng systems
INTRODUCTION
1 This Manual is written in accordancewith the requirementsof regulation138 of the Protocolof
1978 relatingto the InternationalConventionfor the Preventionof Pollutionfrom Ships,1973 (MARPOL
73/78).
2 The purposeof the Manualis to meetthe requirementsfor crudeoil washingin accordancewith the
RevisedSpecificationsfor the design, operation and control of crude oil washing systems(Assembly
resolutionA.446(Xl)as amendedby resolutions A.a97(Xll)andA.897(21)). lt providesstandardoperational
guidancein planningand performinga crudeoilwashingprogrammeand describes a safeprocedureto be
followed.
58
2: Fullfree-flowtanker
Example
lndex of sections
Page Relevant
paragraph(s)
of the revised
Specifications
Part 1
1 Text of the RevisedSpecifications. . . . 160l 7(a)
i
A
Dangersof and precautionsagainstoil leakage [711 7(e)
59
Crude oil washing systems
SECTION
1: TEXTOF THEREVTSED
SPECIFICATIONS
This sectioncontainsthe complete text of the RevisedSpecifications for the design,operation and
control of crude oil washingsystemsand the agreedinterpretationsof certainof the provisionsof the
RevisedSpecifications (AssemblyresolutionA.446 (Xl) as amendedby resolutionsA.497(Xll)and
4.8e7(21).
Thissectioncontainsline drawingsshowing:
(1) crude oil washinglinesand valves;
(2) cargo pumps,linesand valves;
(3) ballastsystems(where fitted);
(4) strippingsystems;
(5) positionof tank washingmachines;
(6) positionof holesfor hand dippingand tank gauges;
(7) inert gasdeck distributionsystem.
60
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3
Example2: Fullfreeflow tanker
OF THECRUDEOIL WASHINGSYSTEM
SECTION3: DESCRIPTION
AND OPERATIONAT PARAMETERS
AND EQUIPMENT
forepeakand No' 6
In additionto ballastcarriedin cargo tanks,permanentballasttanksare located in the
2. Thesetanks have their own independentloading
wings. Detailsare shown diagramiraticallyin section
and dischargingsystems.
concurrently
The normal cargo loading procedureis for arrivalballastto be dischargedfrom centre tanks
of wing tanks,the centre
deballasted
with the loadinf of ."rgo'ln wing tanks.On completionof the loading
tanks are then loaded.
then ballastedwith
The normal cargo dischargeprocedureis for the wing tanks to be dischargedfirst and
During the ballast
the departure Sallastlolicunently with the cargo d-ischargefrom the centre tanks.
passage,necessarywater washing is carried orit and the arrival ballast loaded into centre tanks and
departureballastdischargedfrom wing tanks.
slop tank and
The slop tank arrangementprovidesa three-stageseparationsystemconsistingof a centre
by levellinglinesand valves.All three tanksare
port and starboard*inJ rfop trnks which are interconnected
prior to commencingwater washing using arecirculatory
filledwith cleanseawier to predeterminedlevels
into the starboard
system.The tank *"rning, Je dischargedinto the centre slop tank "nd thun decanted
port wing slop tank. This provides efficient separation
wing slop tank and, frorn'there,decanied into the
at low velocity in an upward direction into the oil
since,at each stageof decanting,the slopsare discharged
slop tank may be used on its own as a single
scum near the surfaceof the liiuid in the tanks.The lentre
as double-stage separationunits'
separator,or the wing slop tanks may be used in tandem
4 centretank' No' 1 and
Fourcargopumpsare provided.Allfour pumpsmay take directsuctionfrom No.
No. 4 pumps may take suction
f..fo.z pJmps may take suctionfrom No. 4 port wing tank, and No. 3 and
through two deck lines;the
from No. 4 starboardwing tank. The cargo pumps Jischargeto the manifold
67
Crude oil washing systems
inner pumps,No. 2 and No. 3, dischargethroughthe port line and the outer pumps,No. 1 and No. 4,
dischargethroughthe starboardline.Cross-overlinesat the pump suctionsand dischargepermit flexibilityin
the selectionof cargo pumps.
One general-purpose pump is providedand this is primarilyused for crude oil washing,eductingand
strippingduties.lt is alsousedto dischargethe slop tank on completionof the main cargodischarge.The
pump is self-priming throughconnectionwith an automaticstrippingsystem.
Two eductorsare provided.The motive power for the eductorsis normallytakenfrom the dischargeof the
general-purpose pump. No. 1 and No. 2 cargo pumps may also be used to supply motive power to the
eductors.Both eductorsdischargeinto the centreor starboardslop tanksor in the caseof cleanballastmay
dischargeoverboard.The eductorsmay take direct suctionfrom No. 4 centretank or from the strippingring
main. The stripping ring main is connected to all cargo tanks,with the exceptionof No. 4 centre tank.
Eductorscan be connectedto the bilge systemvia interconnectionswith the strippingpump line.
A reciprocatingstripping pump is provided. This takes direct suction from the centre slop tank or the
strippingsuctioncross-overline or the outboard side of the manifoldvalves,port and starboard.The pump
dischargesdirectlyto the oil/water separatorof the cargo pump cross.overline or the outboard side of the
manifoldvalves,port and starboard.The strippingpump is usedfor the strippingof pipelinesand cargo
pumps to the centre slop tank and then the final strippingof that tank ashore.
Two seainletsare provided.Theseenableany of the four cargopumps,the general-purpose pump and the
strippingpump to draw from the sea.The inletscan alsobe usedfor shippingballastinto the wing tanksby
gravity.Thereare wvo high overboarddischargesprovided,port and starboard,for the dischargeof ballast
overboard.Theseare taken from the cargo pump dischargecrossover.
The cargo control room provides the focal point for all cargo handling, ballastingand tank cleaning
operations.Facilitiesare providedwithin the control room for remote control of the pumping equipment
and remote operationof the hydraulicallyoperatedvalvessituatedin the pump-room.The inert gassystem
performanceis monitored and the operationof the deck main isolatingvalve is controlledfrom the cargo
control room. The bulkheadvalvesin the tank spaceand hydraulicallyoperatedvalveson the upper deck
are operated from five local control stationson the upper deck. The inert gas systemmast riser vent is
operatedfrom the forward local control station.
Draught gauge indicatorsare fitted in the cargo control room. The indicator systemindicatesthe ship's
draught at four positions;forward, aft, and midshipsport and starboard.
A water heater is fitted in the cargo pump-roomfor use when hot water tank washingis required.During
crude oil washingthe heater is isolatedfrom the tank cleaningsystemby meansof the spectacleblanks
provided.
A Loadmastercomputer is provided and is fitted in the cargo office adjacentto the cargo control room.
In additionto the standardullagefittings,each cargotank and each slop tank is fitted with a Whessoegauge
givingvisualullagereadingsat the upper deck level.Additionalgaugesare fitted in the after ends of No. 4
centreand No. 4 wing tanks,the forward fuel oil tank and No. 7 fuel oil bunkertanks.A remotereadingtank
level gaugefor the centre slop tank is installedin the cargo control room.
68
2: Fullfre*flow tanker
Example
PUMPPARTICUHRS
EDUCTORPARTICULARS
3.1 The cargo tanks and slop tanks are fitted with VP-Matic and VP-Monomaticfixed tank washing
and 4re
machines.Theseare manufacturedby Victor PyrateLimited.The machineshave 2.6 m standpipes
vibrationfrequency of the machines is 10.83 Hz
fitted with either 32 mm or 38 mm singlenozzLs. Natural
(650 cycles/min)which is well in excessof the maximum frequency that the propeller can induce' The
Lyort and distributionof the machinesare shown in diagrammaticform in section2.
3.2 The machinenozzlesrotate through 360" in the horizontalplane and through 140' in the vertical
plane. Eachcomplete horizontalrevolutionmoves the nozzle through 2.3" vertically.The combinationof
irorizontaland verticalmovement producesa close spiralcleaningpath within the tank.
VP-Matic
3.3 A total o{ 24 controlboxes are provided for mounting onto the turbine housingof the
fitied at the same time. The control
machines.This is a sufficientnumber for all wing tank VP-MatiLsto be
tank cleaning cycle' When they
boxesprovidethe meansfor actuatingthe positiin of the nozzlesduringthe
oil supply valve is opened. VP-
are fitied, the machineswill autorn'aticailyoperate when the crude
are fitted with upper and
Monomatic machinesare fitted with permanentintegralcontrol units.The controls
mechanism
lower stopswhich can be adjustedto give a wash over.a selectedarc. On reachinga stop the
movements are visible
trips and the nozzle then pioceeds o-nthe return arc. The controls,settingsand
externallyand can be visuallychecked at any stage.
Crude oil washins systerns
3.4 The minimumline pressurefor crude oil washingis B bars.Normalworking pressureis 10 bars.
3.5 Crudeoil washingmustonly be carriedout when the oxygenlevelin the tank is lessthan 8%. Thisis
the maximum permitted level.
3.5 The duration of the tank washingcyclesat 10 bars line pressurefor variousarcs is as follows:
A cycfe consistsof two complete passesof the nozzle through the designatedverticalarc.
A maximumof 1B tank washingmachinescan be operatedsimultaneously.
3.7 During tests,the amount of oil floating on the departureballastdid not exceedthe permitted ratio
given in paragraph4.2.10(b)of the RevisedSpecifications.
3.8 The procedure for computing the ratio of the volume of oil on top of the total departure ballast
water to the volume of tanksthat contain this water is describedbelow:
Total v Total
70
2: Fullfre*flow tanker
Example
4: DANGERS
SECTION AGAINSTOIL LEAKACE
OF AND PRECAUTIONS
Leakageof crude oil from the systemcan be a potential fire and pollution hazard. Before arrival at the
dischargeport, the tank washingsystemshould be pressuretestedand examinedfor leaks.Any leaksfound
should be made good and the resultantoil cleanedup.
During the pressuretest, specialattentionshould be given to the inspectionand tighteningof valve glands
and of flangesand couplingson linesto prevent any leakage.
During the courseof oil washingthe systemmust be kept under continuousobservationand on completion
of waihing it must be completelydrainedof oil. lf it is necessaryfor the systemto be cleanedout, it should
be flushedthrough with water into appropriatetanks;if the systemis requiredto be gas-freeit should be
ventilatedin the sameway as cargo lines.
The crude oil washing must be stopped when any sign of leakageor fault in the tank wash system is
discovered,either on deck or in the pumproom.
This sectioncontainsinformationon the inert gas requirementsand the instructionsto cover those
periodswhen the inert gas pressureis releasedfor reasonsof cargo operation.ln addition it indicates
the method and proceduresto be used for taking samplesof the tank atmosphere.
The ship should arrive at the dischargeport with all cargo tanks pressurizedwith goodquality inert gas'
Pressuremay be releasedfor ullaging,samplingand water dips before dischargeand at this stage the
oxygen level in tanks should be checkedto ensurethat it is below B% by volume.The supplyof inert gas
must be commencedimmediatelybefore the commencementof cargo dischargeso as to avoid a vacuum
in the tanks.By this meansa safeconditionwill be maintainedthroughoutdischarge.Apart from this initial
releaseof pressurethe pressurein the cargo tanksshouldalwaysbe above atmosphericpressure.Under no
circumstancesshould air be allowed to enter any tank which is to be crude oil washed.
Beforeeach tank is washed,the orygen content should be checkedwith the portable oxygen analyserto
ensurethat it does not exceedS%by volume.Samplesshouldbe taken at a point 1 m below the deck and
at the middle regionof the ullagespacewell clear of the inert gas inlet point. (Seesection2 of this Manual
for the positionof the samplingpoints.)
The crude oil washingmust be stoppedif there is a failureof the inert gasplant or if the oxygencontent of
the deliveredinert gai exceedsS%by volume or if the pressureof the tank atmospherein the cargo tanks
falls below atmosphericpressure.
HAZARDS
AGAINSTELECTROSTATIC
SECTION6: PRECAUTIONS
Mixtures of oil and water can produce an electricallycharged mist during tank washing.The use of dry
crude is therefore important.To prevent the possibilityof developingsuch an electricallychargedmist,
before crude oil washingis commencedany tank containingcrude oil which is to be used as the crude oil
washingfluid is to be partiallydischargedto removeany water which hassetdedout duringthe voyage.To
ensure"adequate safeiy,a minimum of t rn depth of cargo is to be dischargedin this way.
7'|
Crudeoil washinesystems
For the samereason,as the slop tank will invariablycontaina mixtureof retainedoil residuesand cargo,the
whole content of the slop tank shouldbe dischargedashorebefore crude oil washingcommencesand then
be refilledwith freshcrude from the cargo dischargedeck line, if the slop tank is to be usedas a sourceof
washingfluid. lt must be rememberedthat this refillingwill take place after the dischargeof the bottom 1 m
depth of cargo from other tanks,referredto above, has been completed.
SECTION7: PERSONNEL
REQUIREMENTS
The following personnelare requiredto be on board to carry out the dual operationof dischargingcargo
and crude oil washing:
1. the masteror chief officer who will have overall responsibilityfor the operation.He must meet the
'l
requirementsof paragraph5.2 of the RevisedSpecifications; (seesection of this Manual)
2. the orficerwho will undertakethe actual operation.He must meet the requirementsof paragraph
5.3 of the RevisedSpecifications;
(see section 1 of this Manual)
This section gives the detailsof communicationbetween the watchkeeperon deck and the cargo
control positionso that, in the event of a leak or malfunctioningof the crude oil washingsystem,the
washingmay be stoppedas soon as possible.
SECTION
9: LISTOF CRUDEOILSUNSUITABLE
FORCRUDEOIL WASHING
Thissectioncontains
a listof crudeoilsunsuitable
for crudeoil washing.
This vesselis not fitted with heating coils in the cargo tanks and it should not carry cargoeswhich will
require to be heatedfor pumpability.
This section containsoperationalchecklistsfor the use of the crew at each dischargewhich shall
includethe checkingand calibrationof all instruments.
72
2: Fullfree-flowtanker
Example
CHECKSAT DISCHARGEPORT
PRE.ARRIVAL
No. ITEM
4. andprocedures
ffii.,: ffi"JTtJ'r"rT:lt.onoi,ion been bvboth
andasreed
discussed
ship and shore staff?
5. Have fixed and portable oxygen analysersbeen checked and are they working properly?
6. ls inert gassystemworking properly and is the oxygencontent of the inert gasbeing delivered
below 8"/" by volume?
7. fs oxygen content of tank(s)to be crude oil washed below B% by volume?
B. Have all cargo tanks positiveinert gas pressure?
9. Has a responsibleperson been assignedto check all deck linesfor leaksas soon as washing
starts?
if
10. Are the fixed machinesset for the requiredwashingmethod and are portable drive units,
fitted, mounted and set?
11. Have valvesand lines both in pump-room and on deck been checked?
73
Crudeoil washinesystems
No. ITEM
B - During crude oil wash operation
't2. ls qualityof inert gas beingdeliveredfrequentlycheckedand recorded?
13. Are all deck lines and machinesbeing frequentlycheckedfor leaks?
14. ls crude oil washingin progressin designatedcargo tanksonly?
15. ls the pressurein the tank wash line 8 barsor above?
16. Are cycletimesof tank washingmachinesas specifiedin this Manual?
't7.
Are the washingmachinesin operation,togetherwith their drive units if applicable,frequently
checkedand working pr:operly?
'18.
ls a responsiblepersonstationedcontinuouslyon deck?
't9.
Will trim be satisfactorywhen bottom washingis in progressas specifiedin this Manual?
20. Will recommendedtank drainingmethod be followed?
2'1. Have ullagegaugefloatsbeen raisedand housedin tanksbeingcrude oil washed?
22. ls level in holding tank for tank washingsfrequentlycheckedto preventany possibilityof an
overflow?
C - After crude oil wash operation
23. Are all valvesbetween dischargeline and tank wash line closed?
24. Has tank wash line been drainedof crude oil?
25. Are all valvesto washingmachinesclosed?
26. Are cargopumps,tanksand pipelinesproperlydrainedas specifiedin this Manual?
SECTION
11:APPROVED
METHODS AND PROGRAMMES
FORCRUDEOIt WASHING
This sectioncontainsthose detailswhich form the basisof crude oil washingin the tankerand which
are necessaryto formulate a washing programme which will accord with all foreseeable
circumstances of cargodischargerestraints.lt includesinformationon:
(1) the minimumnumberof tanksto be washedin accordancewith paragraph6.'l of the Revised
Specifications;
(21 the methodof washingeach tank, i.e.,single.ormulti-stage;
(3) the numberof tank washingmachinesto be usedsimultaneously;
(4) the crude oil washingpressureand meansto maintainthe requiredpressure;
(5) the durationof the crude oil wash;
(6) the preferredorder in which tanks are to be washed;
(7) the minimumtrim duringcompletionof washingand drainingtanks;
(8) when drainingand strippingof tanksis to commence.
The cargo systemcomprisesfour centre tanks,four pairs of wing tanks,a centre slop tank within No. 4
centreand a pair of wing slop tanksabaft No. 4 wing tanks.The systemis servedby four cargo pumps,one
general-purpose(GP)pump, two eductorsand one strippingpump.The slop tanksform part of the main
cargo system,with cargo being loaded on top of oily residueswhich remainfrom previouscargoes.
74
2: Fullfree-flowtanker
Example
75
Crude oil washinssystems
begin with the first stage(top wash) in No. 1 and No. 2 wing tanks and follow this with the first stage(top
wash) in No. 3 and No. 4 wings.The sequenceis then for the secondstage(middlewash)and third stage
(bottom wash) in those tanks in the same alternatingorders.The bottom stagemust not be commenced
until the depth of oil is about 1 m. On completionof the bottom washingof wing tanks,control boxesare
moved to the centre tanks and a washingsequencesimilarto that of the wing tanks carried out.
11.7 Duringthe bottom washingand drainingof tanks,the trim must be not lessthan 4 m.
11.8 As the shipis freeflow, the drainingof No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3 wingsand centresis concurrentwith
cargo discharge.The drainingof No. 4 wings and centreis to commenceduringthe secondpassof the tank
cleaningmachine nozzle during the bottom washingstage.
This section contains details of some typical washing programmes under various conditions of
dischargesuch as single-or multi-portdischargeand single and multi-gradecargoes.
5 Refillcentresloptankwith dry
crude
6 WashNos.3&4
'l]
wings cycles
120'-70'
7 17 m ullage
W a s h N o 1s &
. 2
wings1] cycles
70"-40"
8 WashNos.3&4
wings 1] cycles
70"-40"
9 26 m ullage
W a s h N o s1. & 2
wings 1] cycles
400-00
76
2: Fullfre*flow knker
Example
11 StripNo. 4 wingsusingeductors. C P
Discharge Nos.1, 2,3 & 4 centre Nos.1, 2,
tanks 3&4
't2 Check dips in wing
tanks lessthan
25 mm
18 WashNo. 4 centre
tank 1] cycles
'100"-70"
19 17 m ullage
W a s hN o s 1
. ,2,3
centretanks1|
cvcfes7Oo-4O"
20 StopNos.1 & 4 PumPs.Drain
pumpsand linesto centresloP
tank
21 CommencePumPingballastto Nos.1 &
wins tanks 4
22 WashNo. 4 centre
tank 1| cycles
70"-400
23 24 m ullage
Wash Nos.1, 2 & 3
centretanks
1| cycles
400-00
WashNo. 4 centre CP on centre
24
tank 1] cycles slop tank
400-00
77
Crude oil washins systerns
This sectioncontainsa descriptionof the method of drainingcargo tanks and should includethe
parameterswhich indicatewhen the tank is dry and which will be at least all of those required by
paragraph4.4.8 of the RevisedSpecifications.
The minimum trim conditionsmust be stated.
Drainingof No. 1 , No. 2 and No. 3 centreand wing tanksis by free flow into No. 4 centreand wings.No. 4
centre and wings are drainedby eductorswhich are powered by the GP pump, althoughNo. 1 or No. 2
main cargo pump can be used if the need arises.The wing slop tanksare alsodrainedby the eductors.Final
drainingof the centreslop tank is by a steamreciprocatingpump which dischargesdirectlyashorethrough
the specialstrippingline.
This sectioncontainsa descriptionof the method and proceduresfor drainingcargo pumps, cargo
lines,crude oil washinglinesand strippinglinesand includesinformationon the use of the small-
diameterline.
78
2: Fullfreeflow tanker
Example
and bypasslines
14.2 Strippingline crossover
the strippingpumpsuctionto eachof the cargopumpsand
connecting
Thereis a strippinglinecrossover
Cp pumpstraineri.Thereare bypasslineswith manualvllvesfittedaroundthe non-return valvesin each
cargopumpandCP pumpdischarge line.
to pumpingballast,
14.2.1Prior the bypasslinesaroundNo. 1 and No. 4 pump non-return valvesare
pump
pipelinesdrainedvia the stripping
openedand the prrpr-plur associated to the centresloptank.
14.3 Specialsttippingline
Thislinehasthe dualpurposeof drainingthe outboardmanifoldlinesto the centresloptankandthe final
drainingof the centresloptankto shore.ln thislatteroperation,the strippinglineis setso thatthe stripping
pumpiakessuctionfromthe centresloptankand discharges to shorevia the connection to the outboard
sideof one of the manifold valves.
When the tank is the
drained, pump is left for
running approximately
10 minutesto allowair to be pumpedup the line'
15: TYPICALPROCEDURES
SEC-TION AND THEMETHOD
FORBATTASTING
OF HYDROCARBON
PREVENTING EMISSION
of typicalprocedures
Thissectioncontainsa description and includes:
for ballasting
(1) the procedurefor drainingand strippingbeforeloadingballast;
for preventing
(21 the procedures emissioninto the atmosphere.
hydrocarbon
15.1 At the completion of dischargeof wing cargo tanks, No. 4 wings are drained using the eductors.
Dips are taken in all wing cargo tanks to ensurethat they are dry.
Ballastis loaded by gravityfor the firsttwo hoursand then it is pumped usingNo' 1 and No. 4 cargo pumps'
Beforethe gravityio-adinjcommences, the starboarddeck line must be drainedand the tanksgiventhe final
strippingin accordancewith section14.1.
prior to pumping ballast,No. 1 and No. 4 pumps must be stoppedand the pumps plus associatedpipelines
drained in accordancewith section 14'2'
79
Crude oil washine systems
SECTION
16: COMPUANCE PROCEDURESFORREGULATION
9
oF ANNEXI OF MARPOL73/78
The strippingpump and specialstrippingline are washedby takingsuctionfrom No. 3 cargowing tanks
(usingthe strippingring main)and dischargingback to the sametanksvia the manifolddrain lines.
No. 1 and No. 4 pumps and lineswill have been washedduringthe loadingof ballastduringthe cargo
dischargeoperation.
No. 2 and No. 3 pumpsand linesare washedduringthe loadingof additionalballastin cargowing tanks.
Suctionis takenfrom the seaand ballastdischargedto wing tanksvia the port and starboarddeck linesand
direct loading lines.The direct loading lines to cargo centre tanks are also to be washed at this time.
Water washingis carried out by the recirculatorysystemusing all three slop tanks.Therefore,before the
loading of the additionalballastis completed,each slop tank is to be partiallyfilled through its respective
directload lines.
The CP pump takessuctionfrom the port slop tank and supplieswater to the tank washingline and to the
eductors.Tank washing machinesare set to wash one full cycle followed by a bottom wash. That is,
0o-100o-0o-40o-0'.Tanksare to be washedsequentially and the eductorsusedto stripthe washings.The
eductorsdischargeto the centre slop tank. Levellingvalvesbetween the centre and starboardslop tanks
and the starboardand port slop tanks are to be open during this operation.
80
2: Fullfree-flowtanker
Example
On cornpletionof the dischargeof departureballast,all wing cargo tanksare to be purgedwith inert gasto
remove hydrocarbongas.Any necessarywater washingcan then be done'
After completingthe ballasttransferand tank washingprogrammes,the oil/water interfacesin the three slop
tanks are to be measured.The water contents of these tanks are to be dischargedoverboard using the
strippingpump.The oil and oil/watermixturein the wing slop tanksis to be transferred to the centreslop
tanl'uiiti,e deck oil/water separator. the
Finally, cargo pumps and CP pump are to be flushed through to
ensurethat they are clean.
81
;
,rl
IV
FORIN.PORTINSPECTION
CUIDETINES
OF CRUDEOIT WASHINGPROCEDURES
Cuidelinesfor in-port inspection
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Cuidelines for the in-portinspection ascalledfor by resolution7 of
of crudeoil washingprocedures
Conference
the lnternational on TankerSafetyand Pollution 1978,
Prevention, are requiredto providea
uniformand effectivecontrolof crudeoil washingto ensure compliance of ships at all timeswith the
provisions Convention
of the Protocolof 1978relatingto the International for the Prevention of Pollution
fromShips,1973(MARPOL73/78).
1.2 Thedesignof thecrudeoil washinginstallation is subjectto theapprovalof theAdministration of the
flagState.However,althoughthe operati-ndaspectof crudeoil washingis also subjectto the approval of
thJ sameAdministration for the authorityof a
it mightbe necessary port Stateto seeto it that continuing
compliance with agreedprocedures and parametersis ensured.
1.3 The Operationsand EquipmentManualcontainsall the necessary informationrelatingto the
operationof crudeoil washingon a particulartanker.The objectivesof the inspectionare thereforeto
of the Manualdealingwith safetyproceuresand with pollutionpreventionare
ensurethat the provisions
beingstrictlyadheredto.
1.4 The methodof the inspectionis at the discretionof the authorityof the port Stateand the actual
inspectionmay coverthe entirecrudeoil washingoperationor only thosepartsof the operationwhich
occurwhenthe inspectoris on board.
1.5 will be governedby articles5 and 6 of MARPOL73/78.
lnspection
2 INSPECTIONS
2.1 A port State should make the appropriatearrangements so as to ensurecompliancewith
requirementsgoverningthe crudeoil washing oi fhis
tankers. is not, however, to be construed as relieving
terminalop"r"torr and shipowners of their obligationsto --^
ensure rL-e
that aL^
the operation
^^^-^+i^^
is
;-
undertaken
,,^J^,+-L^^
in
i^
2.2 The inspectionmay cover the entire operationof crude oil washingor only certainaspectsof it. lt is
thus in the interestof all concernedthat the ship'srecordswith regardto the crude oil washingoperations
are maintainedat all times so that an inspector may verify those operations undertaken prior to his
inspection.
3 SHIP'SPERSONNEL
3.1 The person in chargeand the other nominatedpersonswho have responsibilities in respectof the
crude oil washing op"r"tLn should be identified.They musg if required, be to show that their
.able
quaiincationsmee-tthe requirementsas appropriate of paragraphs5.2 and 5.3 of the Revised Specifications
for the design,operationand control of crude oil washing systems as adopted by IMO'
4 DOCUMENTATION
of
whetherthe crude oil washingsystemis accordingto and complyingwith the requirements
regulation13(B)of Annex t of MARPOL73%78;
.3 the identification
of the Operationsand EquipmentManual;
INERTCAS SYSTEM
ELECTROSTATIC
G ENERATION
6.1 lt should be confirmed,either from the cargo log or by questioningthe person in charge, that
presenceof water in the crude oil is being minimized as required by paragraph6.7 of the Revised
Specifications.
COMMUNICATION
LEAKACEON DECK
B6
Cuidelines for in-port inspection
9 OF OIt FROMENGINEROOM
EXCTUSION
g.1 lt shouldbe ascertained thatthe methodof excludingcargooil from the machinery spaceis being
maintainedby the
inspecting arrangements
isolating of the tankwashing heater(if fitted)or of anypartof
the tankwashing systemwhich entersthe machineryspace.
1O OF THECRUDEOIt
SUITABITITY
10.1 The typesof crudeoil beingcarriedshouldnot be on the list providedin the Operationsand
Manualas beingunsuitable.
Equipment
11 CHECKLIST
11.1 lt shouldbe determined from the ship'srecordsthat the checksin the precrudewashoperational
functionedcorrectly.Spotcheckson certainitemsmay
checklistwerecarriedout and thatall instruments
be instituted.
12 WASHPROGRAMMES
13 OF TANKS
STRIPPING
areto be asstatedin
of the strippingoperations
13.1 Theminimumtrim conditionsand the parameters
Manual.
and Equipment
the Operations
13.2 All tankswhichhavebeencrudeoil washedareto be stripped. Theadequacy of thestrippingisto be
checkedby handdippingat leastin the aftermosthanddippinglocationin.eachtank or by suchother
meansasareprovid".i"nOdescribed thattheadequacy
in the Manual.lt shouldbe ascertained of stripping
hasbeencheckedor will be checkedbeforethe shipleavesits finalport of discharge.
87
Crudeoil washinesysterns
BATLASTING
14.1 Tanksthatwerecrudeoil washedat seawill be recordedin the Oil RecordBook.Thesetanksmust
be left emptybetweendischarge portsfor inspection
at the nextdischarge port.Wherethesetanksarethe
designateddepartureballasttanksthey may be requiredto be ballastedat a very earlystageof the
discharge.Thisisfor operationalreasons andalsobecause theymustbe ballasted duringcargodischarge if
hydrocarbon emissionis to be containedon the ship.lf thesetanksareto be inspected when empty,this
mustbe doneshortlyafterthe tankerberths.lf an inspectorarrivesafterthe tankshavebegunaccepting
ballast,the soundingof the tank bottomwill not be availableto him. However,an examination of the
surfaceof the ballastwateris then possible.The thickness of the oil film shouldnot be greaterthanthat
specifiedin paragraph 4.2.10(b)of the RevisedSpecifications.
14.2 The tanksthat are designated ballasttankswill be listedin the Manual.lt is, however,Ieftto the
discretionof the masteror responsible officerto decidewhich tanksmay be usedfor ballaston the
forthcomingvoyage.tt shouldbe determinedfrom the Oil RecordBook that all suchtankshavebeen
washedbeforethe tankerleavesitslastdischarge port.lt shouldbe notedthatwherea tankerbackJoads a
port intotanksdesignated
cargoof crudeoil at an intermediate for ballastthenit shouldnot be requiredto
washthosetanksat that particularport but at a subsequent port.
ballastwaterhasnot beenput into
fromtheOil RecordBookthatadditional
14.3 lt shouldbe determined
tankswhichhad not beencrudeoil washedduringpreviousvoyages.
14.4 lt shouldbe seenthat the departureballasttanksare strippedas completelyas possible. Where
departureballastis filledthroughcargolinesand pumps,these must be either
stripped into cargo
another
tankor ashoreby the specialsmalldiameter line providedfor this purpose.
14.5 Themethodsof avoidingvapouremission in the Manualand
wherelocallyrequiredwill be specified
they mustbe adheredto. The inspectorshouldensurethat thisis beingcomplied with.
14.6 The typicalproceduresfor ballastinglistedin the Operationsand EquipmentManualmust be
The inspectorshouldensurethisis beingcompliedwith.
observed.
14.7 When departureballastis to be shifted,the dischargeinto the seamustbe in compliancewith
regulation9 of Annext of MARPOT73/78.The Oil RecordBookshouldbe inspected to ensurethat the
vesselis complyingwith this.
88