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CRUDE

olL
WASHING
SYSTEMS
includingamendments adoptedby the MEPCat its
forty-thirdsession(28 Juneto 2 July1999)
and by the Assemblyat its twenty-firstsession
(15 to 26 November1999)

MaritimeOrganization
International
London,2000
Firstpublishedin 198A
by the INIIRNATIONAL MARffiME ORCANIZATION
4 Albert Embankment,London SEI 7SR .

Secondedition 1982
Third edition 1983
Fourthedition 2000

Printedin the United Kingdomby AshfordPress

2 4 6 8 1 0 9 7 5 3 1

ISBN92€01-509,M

IMO PUBLICATION
Salesnumber:IMO{17E

Copyright@)IMO 2000

Ail rights reserved.


No part of this publicationmay,for salespurposes,
be reproduced, storedin a retieval systemor transmitted
in any form or by any meang electronic, electrostatic,
magnetictape, mechanical,photocopyingor otherwisq
without prior permissionin writing from the
InternationalMaritime Organization.
FOREWORD

This publicationcontains:

o Revised Specificationsfor the design, operation and control of crude oil washing systems
(resolutionA.446(Xl),as amendedby resolutionsA.497(Xll)and 4.897(21));

o standardformat for the Crude Oil Washing Operationsand EquipmentManuals (resolution


MEPC.3(Xll),
as amendedby resolutionMEPC.81(a3));

o examplesof Crude Oil WashingOperationsand EquipmentManuals;

o Cuidelinesfor in-portinspectionof crude oil washingprocedures.

REVISEDSPECIFICATIONS

The InternationalConferenceon Tanker Safetyand PollutionPrevention(TSPPConference)convened by


'1978
the fnternationalMaritime Organization(lMO) in February adopted, interalia, the Protocol of 1978
'1973,
relatingto the InternationalConventionfor the Preventionof Pollutionfrom Ships, which modified
the 1973 Convention.*MARPOL 73/75 (regulation13 of Annex l) requirescertainshipsto operatewith a
cargo tank cleaning system using crude oil washing. The crude oil washing installation,associated
equipmentand arrangementsmust meet the requirementsestablishedby the Administrationbasedon the
Specificationsfor the design, operation and control of crude oil washing systems adopted by the
Conferencein resolution 15 and as may be revisedby the Organization(regulation138 of Annex I of
MARPOL 73/78).

The Conferencerequestedthe Organizationto review and revisethe Specifications, as necessaryin order


that the RevisedSpecifications would reflectthe latesttechnologyand practiceswhich might be developed
by the time of entry into force of MARPOL 73/78.

The task of reviewingand revisingthe Specificationswas carriedout by the Marine EnvironmentProtection


Committee(MEPC)of the Organizationat its 1Othand 11th sessionsas a matter of urgency.ln the course
of its work, the MEPCfound that therewas a need,not only to revisecertainprovisionsof the Specifications,
but also to agree on interpretationsof some of the provisions.

The fMO Assembly,at its 11th session(November 19791,receivedand examinedthe recommendations


made by the MEPCon this matter and adopted,by resolutionA.446(Xl),the RevisedSpecifications for the
design,operationand control of crude oil washingsystems,togetherwith agreedinterpretationsof certain
of the provisionsof the RevisedSpecifications.As stated in the resolution,the RevisedSpecifications
containedin the annex to resolution15 of the TSPPConference.
supersedethe Specifications

Sincethe 11th sessionof the Assembly,the MEPC has kept the RevisedSpecificationsunder review and
recommendedcertain amendmentsand additionsboth to the RevisedSpecificationsand to the agreed
thesewere adopted by the Assemblyat its 12th session(November1981)by resolution
interpretations;
A.497(Xl1),and at its 21st session(November 1999) by resolutionA.897(21).

The attentionof Covernmentsis drawn to the fact that the Assemblyurgedthem to establish,in time for the
entry into force of MARPOL 73/78, requirementsfor crude oil washing installationsand associated
equipment and arrangements based on the Revised Specifications,and urged further that such
requirements should not impose requirements over and above those laid down in the Revised
Specifications.

* The 1973 Convention,as modifiedby its 1978 Protocol,is referredto throughoutthis publicationas MARPOL73/78.

ill

I
_l
Crude oil washingsystems

AND EQUIPMENTMANUAL
CRUDEOrt WASHING OPERATIONS

Everytankerwhich operateswith crude oil washing,in accordancewith regulation13, must be provided


with an Operationsand EquipmentManualapprovedby the Administration. The Manual must detailthe
systemani equipmentand specifyoperationaiprocedures(regulation138 of Annex I of MARPOLT3/78)'

As the purposeof the Operationsand EquipmentManualis not only to provideguidanceto the crew of the
shipon the properoperationof the systembut alsoto provideinformationon the systemand its operational
procedures'for goingon boardfor inspectionin ports,the MEPCdecidedto developa standard
inspectors
format for the Manual.fhis wis adoptedby the MEPCat its 12th sessionby resolutionMEPC.3(Xll)' The
MEPCadoptedrevisionsto the stand'ard foimat at its 43rd sessionby resolutionMEPC'81(43). lt is hoped
that the standardformatwill helpshipownersin preparingthe Manualsfor theirshipsand Administrations in
approvingthem.

The standardformat contains:

wordingfor the introductionof the Manual;


r standardized

o index of the Manual;

to be providedunder each
r eighteensections,detailingthe informationor operationalinstructions
sectionas requiredby the*Revised for the design,operationand controlof crude oil
Specifications
washingsystems,includingthe revisedsection9 (resolutionMEPC.81(43)).

Administrationsmay require informationand operationalinstructionsto be includedin the Manual in


additionto those specifiedin the standardformat.Such informationshouldbe includedin part 2 of the
are required,the Manualwill consistof one part
Manual.lf no suchinformationor operationalinstructions
only.

Thispublicationalsocontainstwo examplesof the Manual,developedby tankerownersin accordancewith


the standardforma! for two actualtankers,one of which is a conventional pipelinetankerof about315,000
tons deadweightand the other a full free flow tankerof about 27O,OOO tons deadweight.As will be seen
from thesetwo examples,the information and operational under
instructions the correspondingsections
vary considerablyin their wordingand presentation.

It shouldbe noted in this connectionthat:

o what is standardizedis the type of informationto be includedin the Manualundereachsectionand


not its presentation;

o the two examplesshow how the Manualsmay be presented.Althoughsome sectionsmay be


generallyappltable to all ships,theseare merelyexamplesand shouldbe treatedas such.

The attentionof Covernmentsis drawn to the recommendationmade by the MEPC,invitingthem to use


the standardformatwhen approvingthe Manualand to ensuretha! if the languageof the Manualis neither
Englishnor French,the Manualincludesa translationinto one of thoselanguages.

GUIDELINESFOR IN.PORTINSPECTION

By resolution7 the TSPPConferencerecommendedthat the Organizationtake urgentactionto develop


guidelinesfor the performanceof in-portinspectionsof the resulisof cargotank cleaningusingcrude oil
washing,which shouldbe implementedby Covernmentsas soonas they are adoptedby the Organization'

iv
TheConference recognized the requirements
that in orderto implementeffectively of regulations13 and
13B of AnnexI of MARPOLT3/78, continuingstrongemphasisshouldbe placedon theeffectiveoperation
of crudeoil washingprocedures, for the extentand particulars
and alsothat uniform"guidelines of in-port
inspections for ensuringthatcrudeoil tankersusing
of the resultsof cargotankcleaningare a prerequisite
crudeoil washingsystems complyat all timeswith the provisionsof MARPOL73/78.
TheMEPCat its 12thsession adoptedthe Cuidelines of crudeoil washingprocedures
for in-portinspection
and requested to circulatethemto Covernments.
the Secretariat Governments wereinvited,by an MEPC
circular,to takenoteof the Guidelinesfor implementation.
CONTENTS

t RevisedSpecificationsfor the design,operation and control of crude oil washing systems


ResolutionA.446(Xl),as amendedby resolutionsA.497(Xlt)and A.897(21)
Appendix | - Listof changeswhen applyingthe specificationsto new crude
oil tankersof 20,000 tons deadweightand above 13
Appendix tl - Trainingfor personsintendedto assumeoverall chargeof
crude oil washing 15
Appendix lll - Agreed interpretationsof certain of the provisionsof the
RevisedSpecifications.... 17

ll Standardformat for the Crude Oil Washing Operations and Equipment Manual
ResolutionMEPC.3(Xll)
lntroduction. . . 23
Indexof sections. 24
'18 25
Sections1 to

lll Examplesof Crude Oil Washing Operations and Equipment Manuals


note. .
Explanatory 31
Example1 - Conventionalpipelinetanker 33
Example2 - Full free-flowtanker. 57
lV Cuidelinesfor in-portinspectionof crudeoil washingprocedures 85

vil
I
REVISED FORTHE
SPECIFICATIONS
DESICN,OPERATIONAND CONTROTOF
CRUDEOIT WASHINGSYSTEMS

II
Crudeoil washinesysterns

lndex
Page
1 Purpose 3
2 Application 3
3 Ceneralprovisions
3.1 Definitions 3
3.2 Initialsurvey 3
Designcriteria
4.1 Piping 3
4.2 Tank washingmachines 4
4.3 Pumps 7
4.4 Strippingsystem B
4.5 Ballastlines . 9

5 Qualificationof personnel . . . . 9

6 Operation
6.'l Tankageto be crude oil washed 9
6.2 Drainageand dischargeashoreof cargo lines . . 10
6.3 Fillingof departureballasttanks . 10
6.4 Crude oil washingat sea 10
6.5 Dischargeof oily water effluentson ballastvoyage 10
6.6 Use and control of inert gas . . 10
6.7 Precautionsagainstelectrostaticgeneration 10
6.8 Vapouremission ....:. 10
Operationsand EquipmentManual 11
Appendix| - Listof changeswhen applyingthe Specifications
to new crudeoil tankersof
20,000tonsdeadweight and above 13
Appendixll - Trainingof personsintendedto assumeoverallchargeof crudeoil washing. 15
Appendixlll - Agreedinterpretations
of certainof the provisions Specifications
of the Revised 17

Note: The RevisedSpecificationscomprisethe annex to resolutionA.446(Xll,as amendedby resolutionsA.497(Xll)and


A.897(21).

2
RevrsedSpecifications

1 Purpose
The purposeof theseSpecifications
is to providespecificdesigncriteria,operationalrequirements
and
controland enforcementproceduresfor the crudeoil washingof cargotanksof crudeoil carriersas
specifiedin section2.

2 Application

2.1 TheseSpecifications
apply to:
(a) existingcrude oil tankersof 40,000 tons deadweightand above in accordancewith regulation
13(B)of Annex I of MARPOL73/78; and
(b) new crude oil tankersof 20,000 tons deadweightand above in accordancewith regulation
13(6)of Annex I of MARPOLT3/78,with the changeslistedin appendixl.

Compliance of these ships with these Specificationsshall be shown on the lnternationalOil Pollution
PreventionCertificateas modified by MARPOL 73/78.

2.2 lf a crude oil that is not suitablefor crude oil washingis intendedto be carriedas cargo in a ship that
is providedwith only a crude oil washingsystem,then that ship must comply with segregatedballasttank
requirements in accordance with regulation 13(7) or dedicated clean ballast tank requirements in
accordancewith regulation13(9)of Annex I of MARPOL73175.

3 General provisions

3.1 Definitions

For the purposeof these Specifications:

3.1.1 Arrival ballastmeansclean ballastas defined in regulation1(16) of Annex I of MARPOL 73/78.

3.1.2 Departureballastmeansballastother than arrivalballast.

3.2 lnitial survey

The initial survey referred to in regulation4 of Annex I of MARPOL 73/78 shall include a complete
inspectionof the crude oil washingequipment and arrangementsand shall include,except for the cases
specifiedin 4.2.11,an examinationof the tanks after they have been crude oil washed and the additional
controls as specifiedin 4.2."10to ensurethat the washing systemefficiencyis in accordancewith these
Specifications.

4 Designcriteria

4.1 Piping
4.1.1 The crude oil washingpipesand all valvesincorporatedin the supplypiping systemshallbe of steel
or other equivalentmaterialand shallbe of adequatestrengthhavingregardto the pressureto which they
may be subjected,and shall be properlyjointed and supported.

4.1.2 The crudeoil washingsystemshallconsistof permanentpipeworkand shallbe independentof the


fire mainsand of any systemother than for tank washingexceptthat sectionsof the ship'scargo systemmay
be incorporatedin the crude oil washingsystemprovided that they meet the requirementsapplicableto
crude oil pipework. Notwithstandingthe above requirements,in combination carriersthe arrangements
may allow:
Crudeoil washinesystems

(a) the removalof the equipmenf if necessarywhen carryingcargoesother than crude oil, pro-
vided that,when reinstated,
the systemis as originallyfitted and testedfor oil tightness;
(b) the useof flexiblehosepipes to connectthe crudeoil washingsystemto tankwashingmachines
if it is necessary
to locatethesemachinesin a cargotank hatchcover.Suchflexiblehosepipes
must be providedwith flangedconnectionsand be manufacturedand testedin accordance
with standards acceptableto the Administrationand be consistentwith the dutiesthe hosesare
requiredto perform.The lengthof thesehosesshallbe no greaterthan necessary to connect
the tank washingmachinesto an adjacentpoint just outsidethe hatchcoaming.Thesehoses
shallbe removedto suitablypreparedand protectedstowagewhen not in useand be pressure
testedby an authorityacceptableto the Administration at intervalsof not more than two and a
half years.

4.1.3 Provisionshallbe madeto preventoverpressure in the tankwashingsupplypiping.Any reliefdevice


fittedto preventoverpressureshalldischargeinto the suctionsideof the supplypump.Alternativemethods
to the satisfaction
of the Administrationmay be acceptedprovidedan equivalentdegreeof safetyand
environmental protectionis provided.

4.1.4 Where hydrantvalvesare fitted for water washingpurposeson tank washinglines,all suchvalves
shallbe of adequatestrengthand provisionshallbe made for suchconnectionsto be blankedoff by blank
flangeswhen washinglinesmay containcrude oil. Alternatively,hydrantvalvesshallbe isolatedfrom the
crude oil washingsystemby spadeblanks.

4.1.5 All connectionsfor pressuregaugesor other instrumentsshall be providedwith isolatingvalves


adjacentto the linesunlessthe fittingis of the sealedtype.

4.1.6 No part of the crudeoil washingsystemshallenterthe machineryspaces.Where the tank washing


systemis fitted with a steam heaterfor use when water washing,the heater must be effectivelyisolated
duringcrude oil washingby doubleshut-offvalvesor by clearlyidentifiableblanks.

4.1.7 Where a combined crude oil-water washing supply piping is provided the piping shall be so
designedthat it can be drainedso far as is practicableof crude oil, beforewater washingis-commenced,
into spacesdesignated in the CrudeOil WashingOperationsand EquipmentManual.Thesespacesmay be
the slop tank or other cargospaces.

4.1.8 The piping systemshallbe of such diameterthat the greatestnumberof tank cleaningmachines
required,as specifiedin the Operationsand EquipmentManual,can be operatedsimultaneously at the
designedpressureand throughput.The arrangement of the pipingshallbe suchthat the requirednumberof
tank cleaningmachinesto eachcargocompartment,as specifiedin the Operationsand EquipmentManual
referredto in theseSpecifications,
can be operatedsimultaneously.
4.1.9 The pipingsystemshallbe testedto one and one half timesthe workingpressureafterit has been
installedon the ship.

4.1.10The crude oil washing supply shall be anchored (firmly attached)to the ship's structureat
appropriatelocations,and means shall be provided to permit freedom of movement elsewhereto
accommodatethermalexpansionand flexingof the ship.The anchoringshallbe such that any hydraulic
shockcan be absorbedwithout undue movementof the supplypiping-The anchorsshouldnormallybe
situatedat the endsfurthestfrom the entryof the crudeoil supplypiping.lf tankwashingmachinesare used
to anchorthe endsof branchpipesthen specialarrangements are necessary to anchorihesesectionswhen
the machinesare removedfor any reason.

4.2 Tankwashing machines

4.2.1 The tank washingmachinesfor crude oil washingshallbe permanentlymountedand shallbe of a


designacceptableto the Administration.

4
RevisedSpecifications

4"2.2 The performance of a tank washingmachineis governedby nozzlediameter,working


characteristic
:":ssure and the movementpatternand timing.Eachtank cleaningmachinefittedshallhavea characteristic
cleaningwithinthe time
=-c- that the sectionsof the cargotank coveredby that machinewill be effectively
;:,ecmedin the Operationsand EquipmentManual.

4.2"3 Tankwashingmachinesshallbe mountedin eachcargotank and the methodof supportshallbe to


--'resatisfaction Where the tankwashingmachinesare positionedwell belowthe deck
of the Administration.
e',el to caterfor protuberances may need to be givento additionalsupportfor
in the tank,consideration
::e rnachinesand their supplypiping.

1.2.4 Eachmachineshallbe capableof beingisolatedby meansof stopvalvesin the supplyline.lf a deck-


-rounted tank washingmachineis removedfor any reason,provisionshallbe made to blank off the oil
provisionshallbe madeto close
'iroply lineto the machinefor the periodthe machineis removed.Similarly,
:re tank openingwith a plateor equivalentmeans.

1.2.5 Where the drive units for the tank cleaningmachinesare not integralwith the tank cleaning
machine,sufficientdrive unitsshallbe providedto ensurethat no drive unit need be moved more than
f,rjce from its originalpositionduringcargodischargeto accomplishthe washingprogrammeas specifiedin
re Operations and Equipment Manual.

1.2.6 The number and location of the tank washing machinesshall be to the satisfactionof the
\dministration.
detailedin 4.2.2 and upon the
1.2.7 The locationof the machinesis dependentupon the characteristics
configurationof the internalstructureof the tank.

4.2.8 The numberand locationof the machinesin each cargotank shallbe suchthat all horizontaland
r"erticalareasare washedby directimpingementor effectivelyby deflectionor splashingof the impinging
jeL In assessing particularattentionshallbe paid to the
an acceptabledegreeof jet deflectionand splashing,
rvashingof upward-facinghorizontalareasand the followingparametersshallbe used:
(a) For horizontalareasof a tank bottom and the upper surfacesof a tank'sstringersand other
largeprimarystructuralmembers,the total areashieldedfrom directimpingementby deck or
main girders,stringersor similarlargeprimarystructuralmembersshallnot
bottom transverses,
exceed 10"/"of the total horizontal area of tank bottom, the upper surfaceof stringersand
other largeprimarystructuralmembers.
(b) For verticalareasof the sidesof a tank, the total area of the tank's sidesshieldedfrom direct
impingementby deck or bottom transverses, main girders,stringersor similarlarge primary
structuralmembersshall not exceed 15"/"of the total area of the tank's sides.
(c) For existingcrude oil tankers,the Administrationmay permit the percentagesrequiredin (a)
and (b) above to be exceedfor tankshavingcomplicatedinternalstructuralmembersprovided
that the percentagescalculatedoverall the cargotanksdo not exceed1Oo/"forhorizontalareas
and 15% for verticalareas.

In some installations to considerthe fitting of more than one type of tank washing
it may be necessary
machinein order to effect adequatecoverage.

4.2.9 At the designstagethe followingminimumproceduresshallbe usedto determinethe areaof the


tank surfacecoveredby directimpingement:
(.) Usingsuitablestructuralplans,linesare set out from the tips of eachmachineto thosepartsof
the tank within the rangeof the jets.
(b) Where the configuration to be complicated,a
of the tanksis consideredby the Administration
pinpointof light simulatingthe tip of the tank washingmachinein a scalemodel of the tank
shallbe used.
Crude oil washins systerns

of the crude oil washingsystemand strippingsystem,the crude oil


4.2.10 To confirmthe effectiveness
washingoperationshouldbe witnessedto the satisfaction
of the Administration.

(a) Forshipsthat complywith regulation13F(3),the crudeoil washingoperationsare to be carried


out usingthe approvedcrude oil washingequipmentand as specifiedin the approvedOpe-
rationsand EquipmentManual.Forat leastone tankof a groupof tanksof similarconfiguration,
the Administration
should:
(i) confirmthe operationof the strippingsystemby observingthe monitoringdevicesand
monitoringthe oil level (by dippingor other means)duringbottom washing;
(ii) monitorthe properoperationof the washingmachineswith particularreferenceto supply
pressure,
cycletimesand machinefunction.

On completionof washingand final draining,the tanks are to be hand dipped,as close as


practicalto the forwardend, centreand aft end in eachtank and a recordof thesedipsshould
be made in the Operationsand EquipmentManual.An Administration may requirean internal
examinationas describedin subparagraph (b)(i)of this section,or by an alternativemethod
acceptableto the Administration,if deemed necessary.

(b) For shipsother than those complyingwith regulation13F(3),where fitted with cargo tanks
intendedto be usedin certaincircumstances apply
as ballasttanks,the followingrequirements
in additionto thosespecifiedin paragraph(a) of this section:
(i) may
free of clingageand deposits,the Administration
To ensurethat the tank is essentially
requirethat the cleanliness of the tank be confirmedby a visual inspectionmade by
enteringthe tanksafter a crude oil washingbut prior to any water rinsewhich may be
specifiedin the Operationsand EquipmentManual.lf the tankscannotbe gas-freed for
safe entry of the surveyor,an internalexaminationshould not be conductedand the
strippingtest specifiedin paragraph4.2.10(bxii)will be acceptable.
In this case,the bottom of the tank to be inspectedmay be flushedwith water and
strippedin order to removeany wedge of liquid crude oil remainingon the tank bottom
beforegas-freeing for entry.lf the flushingprocedureis adopted,a similarbut unflushed
tank must be usedfor the test specifiedin (ii) below.
(ii) To verify the effectivenessof the strippingand drainagearrangements, a measurement
shouldbe made of the amountof oil floatingon top of the departureballast.The ratioof
the volume of oil on top of the total departureballastwater to the volume of tanksthat
containthiswater shouldnot exceed0.00085.Thistest shouldbe carriedout aftercrude
oil washingand strippingin a tank similarin all relevantrespectsto the tank examinedin
accordancewith (b)(i)above,which has not been subjectedto a water rinseor to the
interveningwater flushingpermissiblein (b)(i)above.
(iii) To verifythe design,installationand operationof the system,the arrivalballast after a
typicalballastvoyagebeforewhich the arrivalballasttankshave been crude oil washed
and duringwhich the tankshavebeenwater rinsedin accordancewith the programmeset
out in the Operationsand EquipmentManual,shouldbe totallydischarged to the loading
port harbourthroughan oil dischargedmonitoringand control(ODM) systemapproved
'15
The oil contentof the effluentin thistestshouldnot exceed ppm.
by the Administration.
the option of takingballastwater samplesto be analysedin a shore-based
Alternatively,
laboratoryis alsoacceptable.

(c) During all crude oil washingsystemsurveys,internalvisualinspectionsof the tanks by in-


spectorsshouldnot be considereda mandatoryrequirement.When an Administration consi-
dersthat thereis a possiblefailureof the crude oil washingsystemindicatedby othercrude oil
RevisedSpecifi cations

washingsurveyrequirements, the Administrationmay requirean internalexaminationof the


tanksinvolved.lnternalexaminationsmay be completedusingalternativemethods,e.g.,video
surveyor other new technology,as acceptedby the Administration.
rll.'11 \Vherean Administration that shipsare similarin all relevantrespects,
is satisfied of
the requirements
-! : I t need only be appliedto one such ship. Furthermore, where a ship has a seriesof tanksthat are
;r-lilar in all relevantrespectsthen, for that seriesof tanks,the requirementsof a.2.10(a)need only be
esoliedto one tank of that series.

42.12 The designof the deck-mountedtank washingmachinesshallbe such that meansare provided,
:rrernal to the cargotanks,which,when crude oil washingis in progress, would indicatethe rotationand
a'c of the movementof the machine.Where the deck-mountedmachineis of the non-programmable, dual
.,azzle type, alternativemethods to the satisfactionof the Administrationmay be accepted provided an
equivalentdegree of verificationis attained.

1.2.13Where submergedmachinesare required,they should be non-programmable and, in order to


of 4.2.8,it must be possibleto verifytheir rotationby one of the following
connplywith the requirements
rrethods:
(a) by indicatorsexternalto the tank;
soundpatternof the machine,in which casethe operationof the
(b) by checkingthe characteristic
machineshallbe verifiedtowardsthe end of each wash cycle.Where two or more submerged
machinesare installedon the samesupplyline,valvesshallbe providedand arrangedso that
operationof each machinecan be verifiedindependently of the other machineson the same
supplyline;
(c) by gas-freeing the tank and checkingthe operationof the machinewith water during ballast
voyages.In this casethe check shalltake place after a maximum of six usagesof the machine
but the intervalbetweenchecksshallnot exceed12 months.Eachverificationshallbe recorded
in Supplement2 to the Oil RecordBook.

The method of verificationshallbe statedin the Operationsand EquipmentManual.

4.3 Pumps

4.3.1 The pumps supplyingcrude oil to the tank cleaningmachinesshallbe eitherthe cargo pumps or
providedfor the purpose.
pumpsspecifically

4.3.2 The capacityof the pumps shall be sufficientto provide the necessarythroughput at the required
pressurefor the maximumnumberof tank cleaningmachinesrequiredto be operatedsimultaneously as
specifiedin the Operationsand EquipmentManual.In additionto the aboverequiremen!the pumpsshall,
if an eductor systemis fitted for tank stripping be capableof supplyingthe eductor drivingfluid to meet the
requirements of 4.4.2.

4.3.3 The capacityof the pumps shallbe such that the requirements of 4.3.2 can be met with any one
pump inoperative. The pumping and pipingarrangements shallbe suchthat the crude oil washingsystem
can be effectivelyoperatedwith any one pump out of use.

4.3.4 The carriageof more than one gradeof cargo shallnot preventcrude oil washingof tanks.

4.3.5 To permit crude oil washingto be effectivelycarriedout where the back pressurepresentedby the
shoreterminalis below the pressurerequiredfor crude oil washing,provisionshallbe made that such an
adequatepressureto the washingmachinescan be maintainedin accordancewith 4.3.2.Thisrequirement
shallbe met with any one cargopump out of action.The minimumsupplypressurerequiredfor crude oil
washingshallbe specifiedin the Operationsand EquipmentManual.Shouldthisminimumsupplypressure
not be obtainable,crude oil washingoperationsshallnot be carriedout.
Crude oil washinesystems

4.4 Strippingsystern

4.4.1 The designof the systemfor strippingcrude oil from the bottom of everycargotank shallbe to the
satisfaction
of the Administration.

4.4.2 The designand capacityof the tank strippingsystemshallbe suchthat the bottom of the tank being
of oil and sedimenttowardscompletionof the tankwashingprocess.
cleanedis kept free of accumulations

4.4.3 The strippingsystemshallbe capableof removingoil at a rateof 1.25timesthe total throughputof


when washingthe bottom of the cargotanks
all the tank cleaningmachinesto be operatedsimultaneously
as describedin the ship'sOperationsand EquipmentManual.

4.4.4 Meanssuchaslevelgauges,handdippingand strippingsystemperformancegaugesas referredto in


4.4.8 shallbe providedfor checkingthat the bottom of every cargo tank is dry after crude oil washing.
Suitablearrangements for hand dippingmust be providedat the aftermostportionof a cargotank and in
three other suitablelocationsunlessother approvedmeansare fitted for efficientlyascertaining that the
bottom of every cargo tank is dry. For the purposeof this paragraph,the cargo tank bottom shall be
considered"dry" if there is no more than a small quantity of oil near the strippingsuctionwith no
accumulationof oil elsewherein the tank.

4.4.5 Meansshallbe providedto drain all cargo pumps and linesat the completionof cargodischarge,
where necessary, by connectionto a strippingdevice.The lineand pump drainingshallbe capableof being
dischargedboth to a cargo tank and ashore.For dischargeashorea specialsmall-diameter line shallbe
providedfor that purposeand connectedoutboardof the ship'smanifoldvalve.For new oil tankersor
area of this line shallnot exceed
existingoil tankersnot alreadyfitted with such a line the cross-sectional
10'/. of that of a maincargodischargeline.Where sucha lineis alreadyfittedon an existingtanker,a cross-
sectionalarea of not more than25o/oof that of a main cargodischargeline may be accepted.

4.4.6 The meansof strippingoil from the cargotanksshallbe by positivedisplacementpump,self-priming


centrifugalpump or eductoror other methodsto the satisfaction Where a stripping
of the Administration.
line is connectedto a numberof tanks,meansshallbe providedfor isolatingeachtank not beingstrippedat
that particulartime.

4.4.7 The carriageof more than one gradeof cargoshallnot preventcrude oil washingof tanks.

4.4.8 Equipmentshall be provided for monitoring the efficiencyof the strippingsystem.All such
equipmentshall have remote read-outfacilitiesin the cargo control room or in some other safe and
convenientplaceeasilyaccessible to the officerin chargeof cargoand crudeoil washingoperations.Where
a strippingpump is provided,the monitoringequipmentshallinclude,as appropriate, a flow indicator,or a
strokecounteror a revolutioncounter,and pressuregaugesat the inlet and dischargeconnectionsof the
pump or equivalent. Where eductorsare provided,the monitoringequipmentshallincludepressuregauges
at the drivingfluid intakeand at the dischargeand a pressure/vacuum gaugeat the suctionintake.

4.4.9 The internalstructureof the tank shall be such that drainageof oil to the tank suctionsof the
strippingsystemis adequateto meet the requirementsof 4.4.2 and 4.4.4. Careshallbe taken that both
Iongitudinai and transverse and shallbe verifiedduringthe inspectionrequiredby
drainageare satisfactory
3 . 2a n d4 . 2 . 1 0 .

4.4.10The trim conditionsfor crude oil washinggiven in the Operationsand EquipmentManual shallbe
adheredto. In general,trim by the sternis only importantduringthe finalstagesof tank dischargeand shall
be the maximumpossiblecompatiblewith operationalconstraintsbut in no caselessthan that recorded
duringthe crudeoil washingpriorto the inspection requiredby 3.2 and4.2.1O.

8
RevrsedSpecifications

45 Eallastlines

45.'l \\'here a separateballastwater systemfor ballastingcargo tanks is not provided,the arrangement


;-a ce such that the cargo pump, manifoldsand pipes used for ballastingcan be safelyand effectively
:ran'ed of oil before ballasting.

5 Qualification of personnel
;.1 The trainingrequirements of ships'personnelengagedin the crudeoil washingof tankersshallbe to
:e satisfactionof the Administration.

5l lVhere a person such as the master,the chief officer or the cargo control officer assumesoverall
:'ra'ge of a crude oil wash he shall:
(a) haveat leastone year'sexperienceon oil tankerswhere hisdutieshaveincludedthe discharge
of cargoand associated crudewashing.Where his dutieshavenot includedcrude oil washing
he shallhavecompleteda trainingprogrammein crudeoilwashingin accordance
operations,
with appendixll to theseSpecificationsand satisfactoryto the Administration;
(b) have participatedat leasttwice in crude oil wash programmesone of which shall be on the
particularship for which he is requiredto undertakethe responsibility of cargo discharge.
Alternatively,this latterparticipationmay be acceptableif undertakenon a ship that is similarin
all relevantrespects;and
(c) be fully knowledgeable
of the contentsof the Operationsand EquipmentManual.

5.3 Where other nominatedpersonsare intendedto have particularresponsibilities as definedin the


Operationsand EquipmentManual,they shallhaveat leastsix months'experienceon oil tankerswhere,in
the courseof theirduties,they shouldhavebeeninvolvedin the cargodischargeoperation.In addition,they
shouldhave been instructedin the crude oil washingoperationin the particularship for which they are
requiredto undertakethis responsibility and be fully knowledgeableof the contentsof the Operationsand
Equipment Manual. Appendix ll to these Specifications
should be used as guidancein establishing the
content of such instruction.

5 Operation

5.1 Tankageto be crude oilwashed

Beforedepartureon a ballastvoyage,afterthe completedischargeof cargo,sufficienttanksshallhave been


crudeoilwashedin accordancewith the proceduresspecifiedin the Operationsand EquipmentManualto
ensurethat:
(a) as a minimum,sufficienttankshave been washedto permit compliancewith the draughtand
trim requirementsof regulation13(2)(a),(b) and (c) of Annex I of MARPOL73/75 duringall
phasesof the ballastvoyage;and
(b) account is taken of the ship's trading pattern and the expected weather conditions so that
additionalballastwater is not put into tankswhich have not been crude oil washed.

In addition to the tanks referredto in (a) above, approximatelyone quarter of all remainingtanks shall be
crude oil washedfor sludgecontrolon a rotational'basis, but theseadditionaltanksmay includethe tanks
referredto in (b) above. Ho*"uer, for sludge control purposes,no tank need be crude oil washed more
than once in everyfour months.Crude oil wlshing shailnot be conductedbetweenthe final dischargeand
loadingports;that is to say,no crude oil washingshallbe undertakenduringthe ballastvoyage.Ballast
waterihall not be put into tanksthat have not been crude oil washed.Water that is put into a tank which
has been crude oil washedbut not water rinsedshallbe regardedas dirty ballast.
Crude oil washing systerns

6.2 Drainageand dischargeashoreof cargo lines

At the end of cargo dischargeall cargo mainsand strippinglinesshallbe drainedand strippedand the
drainingsand strippingsdischargedashorevia the specialsmall-diameter line requiredby 4.4.5.1naddition
all cargotanksare to be strippedbeforethe ship leavesits final port of discharge.

6.3 Fillingof departure ballasttanks

Careshallbe takenat the completionof crudeoil washingof any departureballasttank to stripthe tank as
completelyas possible.Where departureballastis loadedthroughcargolinesand pumps,thesemust be
drainedand strippedof oil usingthe meansrequiredby 4.4.5 beforeballastis loaded.

6.4 Crude oil washingat sea

AII crudeoil washingmustbe completedbeforethe shipleavesitsfinalport of discharge. Where any tank is


crudeoil washedwhile the shipis at seabetweenmultipledischargeports,the tank shallbe left emptyand
availablefor inspectionat the next dischargeport before commencingthe next ballastvoyage.This
inspectionmay consistof multiplesounding/dipping of the bottom of the tank when the tank is empty.
Departureballasttanksshallbe ballastedprior to departurefrom port so that examinationof the surfaceof
the ballastwatercan be made.In the lattercasethe guidancegivenin 4.2.10(b)is relevantto the inspection.

6.5 Dischargeof oily water effluentson ballastvoyage

The dischargeof departureballastand any other water effluentdischargedduringthe ballastvoyageshall


comply with the requirements
of regulation9 of Annex I of MARPOL73178.

6.6 Use and control of inert gas

On shipsto which theseSpecificationsapply,no tank shallbe crudeoil washedunlessthe inertgassystem


requiredby regulation13B(3)of Annex I of MARPOLT3ITS is in proper operation.Beforeeach tank is
crude oil washed,the oxygenlevel shallbe determinedat a point 1 m from the deck and at the rniddle
regionof the ullagespaceand neitherof thesedeterminations shallexceedS% by volume.Where tanks
have completeor partialwash bulkheads,the determinations shouldbe takenfrom similarlevelsin each
sectionof the tank.The oxygenlevelof the inert gas beingdeliveredduringthe washingprocessshallbe
continuously monitored.lf duringcrudeoil washing:
(a) the oxygenlevelof the inert gas being deliveredexceeds8% by volume;or
(b) the pressureof the atmosphereat the tanksis no longerpositive

then the washingmust be stoppeduntil satisfactory


conditionsare restored.

6.7 Precautionsagainstelectrostaticgeneration

generationin the washingprocessdue to the presenceof water in the


To avoid excessiveelectrostatic
crudeoil washingfluid,the contentsof any tank to be usedas a sourceof crudeoil washingfluid mustfirst
be dischargedby at least1 m beforebeing so used.Any tank usedas a slop tank on the previousballast
voyageshallbe completelydischarged and refilledwith dry crudeoil if that tank is to be usedas a sourceof
washingfluid.

5.8 Vapour emission

applythereshallbe meansto avoidvapouremissionduringthe filling


On shipsto which theseSpecifications
of departureballastwherever local conditionsrequire it. The method of preventingthe emissionof
hydrocarbonvapourinto the atmosphereshallbe:

10
RevisedSp ecifi catio ns

{a) by the use of permanentballasttankswherevertheseare sufficientto providethe minimum


departuredraught;or

{b) by containmentof vapour in empty cargo tanks by simultaneousballastingand cargo dis


charge.

4,rer'nativemethods to the satisfactionof the Administrationsmay be accepted provided an equivalent


legree of environmentalprotectionis provided.

i Operations and Equipment Manual

irre Operationsand EquipmentManual must be to the satisfactionof the Administrationand shallcontain


me rollowinginformationand operationalinstructions:

for the design,operationand control of crude


(a) The completetext of the RevisedSpecifications
oil washingsystems.

(b) A line drawingof the crude oil washingsystemshowingthe respectivepositionof pumps,lines


and washingmachineswhich relateto the crude oil washingsystem.

(c) A descriptionof the systemand a listingof proceduresfor checkingthat equipmentis working


properlyduring crude oil washingoperations.This shall includea listingof the systemand
equipmentparametersto be monitored,such as line pressure,oxygenlevel,machinerevolu-
tions,durationof cycles,etc. The establishedvaluesfor theseparametersshallbe included.The
resultsof the tests carried out in accordancewith 4.2.10 and the values of all parameters
monitoredduringsuchtestsshallalso be included.

(d) Details of the requirementsof section 6 of these Specificationstogether with advice and
instructions,where appropriate,in meetingtheserequirements suchas:

(i) recommendedmethodsand programmesof crudeoil washingin order to accordwith all


foreseeablecircumstancesof cargo dischargerestraintsand to obtain maximum trim
duringthe completionof washingand drainingof each tank;

(ii) the procedureon shipsto avoid vapour emissionin accordancewith 6.8;

(iii) the methodof drainingtankswhich shallincludeinformationon optimumtrim conditions


as requiredby 4.4.'lO;

(iv) the method of drainingcargo pumps,cargo lines,crude oil washinglinesand stripping


lines, the identificationof spacesinto which they may be drained and proceduresfor
dischargeashore of drainingsand strippingsvia the smalldiameterdischargeline on
completion of cargo discharge;

(v) typicalwashingprogrammesunder variousconditionsof loadingspecifying:

(1) the tanksto be washedin accordancewith 6'1;

(2) the method for washingeach tank, that is, single or multi-stage;

(3) the numberof tank washingmachinesto be usedsimultaneously;

(4) the duration of the crude oil wash and water rinsewhere the latter is appropriate;

11
Crudeoil washinesvstems

(5) thevolumeof waterusedfor waterrinsgwhichshallbe at leastequalto thatusedin


requiredby 3.2 and4.2.10;and
thewaterrinsepriorto the inspection
(6) the preferredorderin whichthe tanksare to be washed;
(vi) theprocedurefor drainingandstripping, cargolinesandpumpsbefore
whereappropriate,
beingusedfor the loadingof departureballasq
(vii) the procedurefor water washinglinesbeforedischargeof departureballastand the
loadingand finaldischarge
of arrivalballast;
(viii)the procedurefor verifyingby soundpatternsthat bottom-mounted machinesare ope-
ratingshallbe carriedout towardsthe endof thewashcyclefor eachtank.Whencarrying
out suchverificationall othermachines shallbe shutdown if necessary
(ix) precisedetailsof procedureto ensurecompliancewith regulation9 of Annex I of
MARPOL73/78 in the discharge of departureballas!the waterflushingof linesand the
decantingof the sloptanksat sea.
(e) The dangersof leakagefrom the crudeoil washingsystemand the precautions to
necessary
preventleakageandthe actionto be takenin the eventof a leakage. Cuidanceshallbe given
on how the crudeoil washingsystemis to be operationally testedfor leakagebeforeeach
discharge.

(0 The methodof preventingthe entry of oil to the engineroom throughsteamheatersas


required
by 4.1.6.
(s) The personnelrequiredat all timesto conductthe dual operationof dischargingcargoand
crudeoil washing. of suchpersonnel
Thenumbers shallinclude:
of 5.2who will haveoverallcontrolof the crudeoil
(i) the personmeetingthe requirements
washingprocess;
of 5.3 who will be expectedto undertakethe
(ii) thosepersonsmeetingthe requirements
and
operation;
actual
(iii) at leastone personon deck at all timesduringwashingto keepwatch for leaksand
malfunctioningof equipmen!to testtheoxygencontentof tanksbeforewashing, to check
tank atmosphere pressure,
to soundtank bottomsif required,to lift ullagefloatsif nec-
essaryand to changedriveunitswhen thisis necessary
Thedutiesof suchpersonsare not necessarily
mutuallyexclusive.

(h) An effectivemeansof communication betweenthe watchkeeperon deck and the cargo


controlposition
so that in the eventof a of, the crudeoil washing
leakin, or malfunctioning
systemthe washing may be stopped as soonas possible.

(i) Thetypicalprocedures
for ballasting.

(t) A precrudeoil washoperationalchecklist whichshall


for the useof the crewat eachdischarge
includethe checkingand calibration
of all instruments.

(k) The recommended of crudeoil washing


intervalsfor on-boardinspectionand maintenance
equipment-in additionto statutorysurveys.Referenceshouldbe madeto technicalmanuals
suppliedby the manufacturers of the equipment.

for the crudeoil washingprocessand theirorigin.


(l) A listof crudeoilsunsuitable

"t2
AppendixI
RevrsedSpecifications:

AppendixI

to
List of changeswhen applyingthe Specifications
new crude oil tankersof 201000tons deadweight
and above
ea."agraph
:;,rylher Listof changes

(c) is not applicable.


4J-10 Subparagraph

5"1 Replaceby the following:

5.1 Tankageto be crude oilwashed

5.1.1 Beforedepartureon a ballastvoyage:


(a) approximatelyone quarter of the cargo tanks shall be crude oil washed for sludge
control purposeson a rotationalbasisin accordancewith the proceduresspecifiedin
the Operationsand EquipmentManual. However,for thesepurposes/no tank need be
crude oil washed more than once in every four months;and
(b) if it is consideredthat additionalballastin a cargo tank or tanks may be requiredduring
the ballastvoyageunder the conditionsand provisionsspecifiedin regulation13(3)of
AnnexI of MARPOLT3/78,the tank or tankswhich may be usedfor thisballastshallbe
crude oil washed in accordancewith the proceduresspecifiedin the Operationsand
EquipmentManual.

6.1.2 Ballastwater shall not be put into cargo tanks that have not been crude oil washed.Water
that is put into a tank which has been crude oil washed but not water rinsedshall be regardedas
dirty ballast.

5.1.3 Crude oil washingshallnot be conductedbetweenthe final dischargeand loadingports;that


is to say, no crude oil washingshall be undertakenduring the ballastvoyage.

5.3 Replaceby the following:

6.3 Ballastingof cargo tanks

Care shall be taken at the completion of crude oil washing of any cargo tank that might contain
ballastto strip the tank as completelyas possible.Where this ballastis filled through cargo linesand
pumps,thesemust be drainedand strippedof oil usingthe meansrequiredby 4.4.5.

6.4 The last two sentencesare not applicable.

5.5 Replaceby the following:

5.5 Dischargeof oil water effluentson ballastvoyage


The dischargeof additionalballastfrom cargo tanksand any other water effluentdischargedduring
the ballastvoyageshallcomply with the requirementsof regulation9 of Annex I of MARPOLT3/78.

6.8 This paragraphis not applicable.

7(dl Replaceby the following:

7(d\ Details of the requirementsof section 6 of these Specificationstogether with advice and
instructions,where appropriate,in meeting these requirementssuch as:

13
Crudeoil washinssysterns

(i) recommendedmethodsand programmesof crude oil washingin order to accord with


all foreseeablecircumstancesof cargo dischargerestraintsand to obtain maximumtrim
duringthe completionof washingand drainingof each tank;
(ii) the method of drainingtankswhich shallincludeinformationon optimum trim condi-
tionsas requiredby 4.4.1O;
(iii) the methodof drainingcargopumps,cargolines,crude oil washinglinesand stripping
lines, and spacesinto which they may be drained, together with the final discharge
ashorevia the smalldischargeline on completionof discharge;
(vi) typical washingprogrammesunder variousconditionsof loading specifying:
(1) the tanksto be washedin accordancewith 6.1;
(2) the method for washingeach tank, that is, single or multi-stage;
(3) the numberof tank washingmachinesto be usedsimultaneously;
(4) the duration of the crude oil wash and water rinsewhere the latter is appropriate;
(v) The procedure for verifying by sound patterns that bottom-mounted machines are
operatingshall be carriedout towards the end of the wash cycle for each tank. When
carryingout such verificationall other machinesshall be shut down if necessary.

14
RevisedSpecifications:Appendix ll

Appendixll

Trainingfor personsintended to assume


overall chargeof crude oil washing

lffio&rction
q;:'r .equiredtrainingshallbe supervisedinstruction,conductedin a shore-based facilityor aboarda suitably
:o..uipp,edship havingtrainingfacilitiesand instructorsfor this purpose,dealingwith the principlesinvolved
am dre applicationof these principlesto ship operation.
- oran"ingup an Administration-approved syllabusof training,the RevisedSpecificationsfor the design,
:oe"ation and control of crude oil washingsystemsof tankersshallbe taken into account.

lrdn trainingshallincludebut not necessarily


be limitedto:

tr! An introductionto the principlesof crude oil washingwhich shallinclude:


- of crude oil as a washingfluid and its contrastwith water washing;
the characteristics
- top washing;
- bottom washing;
- trim requirements;
- methodsof bleedingoff from the cargo discharge;
- maintenanceof requiredwashingfluid pressure;
- washingat sea between dischargeports;
- recirculatorywashing;
- relativeprioritiesand requirementsfor the departureballasttanks,arrivalballasttanksand
cargo-onlytanks.
(b) Equipment
and design
(i) locationof washingmachines;
(ii) washingmachines,deck-mountedand submerged:
- types;
- characteristics;
- featuresof construction;
- operatingparameters;
(iii) drive units;
(iv) washingfluid supplyand distributionsystems;
(v) strippingsysterns;
(vi) meansof soundingtanks;
(vii) inert gas requirements.

(c) Ceneralizedcrude oil washingprocedures


(i) traditionalpipelineshipfreeflow ship/partialfree-flowship;
(ii) single/multi-parcel
cargoes;
(iii) optimizationof washingprocedurein order to minimizeextraberth time;

15
r
Crude oil washing systems

(iv) ballastingfor departurewith variousship and pipelineconfigurations;


(v) procedurefor washingat sea between dischargeports.

(d) Associatedprocedure
(i) meansfor minimizingresidueson board
- strippingof cargo tanks;
- drainingand strippingof cargo lines;
- final dischargeof cargo ashore;
(ii) water rinsingof arrivalballasttanks;
(iii) fillingand ultimatedischargeof arrivalballasq
(iv) dischargeof departureballast;
(v) build-upand decantingof residuesin slop tank;
(vi) requirements
of regulation9 of Annex I of MARPOL73/75;
(vii) avoidanceof ventingin port duringballastingoperation.
(e) Safety
(i) inert gasprocedure;
(ii) maintenanceand monitoringof inert gas qualityand pressure;
(iii) stoppingof washing/discharge
under abnormalinert gasconditions;
(iv) electrostaticgenerationand the precautionsrequiredto avoid iq
(v) pipeworkintegrity;
(vi) avoidanceof surge pressures;
(vii) spillage.
(0 Checklists
(i) before enteringport;
(ii) beforecommencingcrude oil washing;
(iii) after crude oil washing;
(iv) after sailing.

(g) Regulatoryenforcementprocedures
(i) Operationsand EquipmentManual;
(ii) Oil RecordBook;
(iii) soundingof tanks;
(iv) measurementof oil on surfaceof departureballast.
(h) Maintenanceof plant and equipment
(i) maintenanceof equipment in accordancewith manufacturers'instructions;
(ii) additionalmaintenanceitems.

Administrationsshall ensurethat the trainingfacility issuesan appropriatedocument to those qualifiedin


accordancewith this appendixto serveas officersprimarilyresponsiblefor crude oilwashing.

16
Revised Specifications:Appendix lll

Appendixlll

Agreed interpretationsof certain of the provisionsof


the RevisedSpecifications
4r.1l.l This paragraph requires pipes and valves to be of steel or other equivalent material. As
societiespermitgreycastiron for cargopipingwith a maximumpermissible
classification working
oil pressureof 16 kglcm2, grey cast iron may be permittedin the supplysystemfor crude oil
w,ashing systemswhen complyingwith nationallyapprovedstandards.

4"13 The requirementsof this paragraphallow alternativearrangements.One such alternativeis that


where the system is served only by centrifugalpumps so designedthat the pressurederived
cannotexceedthat for which the pipingis designed,a temperaturesensingdevicelocatedin the
pump casingis requiredto stop the pump in the caseof overheating.

{"1.5 On new oil tankersthe steam heater referredto shall be located outsidethe machineryspaces.
However,on an existingoil tankerwith an existingsteamheaterlocatedin the machineryspaces,
no more additionalisolationwill be requiredother than that which isolatesthe crude oil washing
systemfrom the machineryspaces.

Thisparagraphrequireseach machineto be capableof beingisolatedby meansof stop valvesin


the supplyline.Where more than one submergedmachineis connectedto the samesupplylinea
singleisolatingstop valve in the supply line may be acceptableprovidedthe rotationof the
submergedmachinescan be verifiedin accordancewith paragrapha.2.13(a)or (c) of the Revised
for the design,operation and control of crude oil washingsystems.
Specifications

12.8 With regardto the applicationof this paragrapha slop tank is consideredas a cargotank.

1.2.9 of shadow diagrams


Cuidelines for the assessrnent
(a) Shadowdiagrams(to be preparedin accordancewith 4.2.9)must be on drawingsthe scale
of which must be at least:
'l:100
(i) for tankersof lessthan 100,000tons deadweigh[
'l
(ii) :200 for tankersof 100,000tons deadweightand above.
(b) The drawingsmust provide at leasta plan view, a profileview and an end elevationfor each
tank,or for tanksconsideredto be similar.
(c) Sufficientdetailed drawingsof the vesselmust be provided to check that all large primary
structuralmembershave been included.
(d) The term largeprimary structuralmembersis to be construedas thosecomponentsof a tank
structurewhich contributesignificantstrengthto the ship,suchas web framesand girders.lt is
intendedthat smallercomponentssuchas thosethat contributeto platestiffeningbe excluded.
ln generalthe followinglists,in conjunctionwith the diagramshowingstructuralcomponentsof
cargo tanks,may be used to amplifythis interpretation.(Seediagramon page 20'\

lnclude Disregard
(i) web frames (i) longitudinals
(ii) girders (ii) brackets
(iii) stringers (iii) stiffeners
(iv) webs (iv) ladders
(v) main bracket (v) pipe work

't7
Crude oil washingsystems

lnclude Disregard
(vi) transverses (vi) corrugations on corrugatedbulkheads
(vii) crosstiesin transverseweb (vii) face plates
frames,unlessit can be ve-
rifiedby tank inspectionthat
their presencedoes not af-
fect the cleanlinessof the
tank. However,for the pur-
pose of makingan initialas-
sessmentwhere there are
no more than two crossties
and eachis lessthan 1/1 5 of
the total depth of the tank
they may be ignored.

(e) Shadowscast upon the undersideof decks,web frames,centre and side girderscan be
ignored.

(f) Calculationsmust be providedeither on the drawingor separatelyto show how the per-
centagesrequiredby 4.2.8havebeen arrivedat. The calculations shouldbe itemizedso that
it is possibleto relateeach item with a particularshadowarea.

(s) Where a curvedsurfaceis presentedto jets it is not necessaryto provideexactgeometric


projectionsto determinethe resultantshadow.A reasonable
estimateis acceptable.

( h ) For the purposeof determiningthe bottom areaof wing tanks,the breadthof the tank is to
be taken as the horizontaldistancemeasuredacrossthe top of the bottom longitudinal
framesto the insideof the shellplating,midway betweenthe tank bulkheads.

( i ) A swashbulkheadmay be takenas a tank boundary.However,in this eventthe bulkhead


must be assumedto have no openingsin it.

4.2.10 Water rinsemeansthe water washingprocesscarriedout in connectionwith tank cleaningafter


crude oil washingand is not intendedto be construedas limitingthe amountof water neededin
the process.

a.2.10(c)(a) The oll monitoring systemreferred to in this paragraph means any approved system,
includinglaboratorytests,which verifiesthat the oil contentof the effluentdoes not exceed
the statedlevel.lf laboratorytestsare to be conducted,standardscontainedin resolution
A.393(X)shouldbe used as guidance.Oil tankersengagingin a trade where dischargeof
cargotakesplacein one port Stateand cargoloadingin anotherport Statecreatea special
problem with respect to verification.Two alternativesavailableto confirm the tanker's
capabilityare:

(i) the tankercould be requiredto conductthe entirecrudeoil washingoperationsat the


dischargeport/takinginspectorsto seaif necessaryto observewaterwashing,handling
of departureballastand dischargeof arrivalballast;

(ii) co-ordinationbetweenthe flag StateAdministration


and port Statesto obtain the re.
quireddocumentation.

However the test is performed,it should be decidedon a caseby-casebasistaking into


accountthe serviceof the tankerand the availability
of surveyors.

18
RevisedSpecifications:Appendix III

(b) The expressiontotallydischargedto the loadingport harbourwhich is used in this paragraph


shall be so construedas to mean the total quantity of arrival ballastexcept that quantity
'15
whlch is to be retainedon board as specifiedin section of the Operationsand Equipment
Manual.

4-&3 During bottom washingthe strippingcapacityshallbe at least 1.25 times the total throughputof
ail the machinesthat may be simultaneously in use accordingto paragraph4.4.3.This does not
nreanthat all machinesin a tank haveto be operatedsimultaneously duringbottom washingbut
the boftom washingmay be carriedout in stepsaccordingto detailedprocedureslaid down in the
Operationsand EquipmentManual.The strippingcapabilityshould be at least'1.25times the
drroughputof all machinesthat are in operationsimultaneously duringany stageof the bottom
lvashing.

{f.15 In crude oil tankershavingindividualcargopumpsin eachtanlt eachpump havingan individual


piping system,dispensationfrom the requiredspecialsmalldiameterline may be given in cases
where the combinedamount of oil left in the tank after strippingand the volume of oil in the
piping systemfrom the manifoldto the tank is lessthan 0.00085 times the volume of the cargo
tank. lf a deepwellcargo pump systemis providedwith an evacuatingsystemfor retainedoil, the
above considerationshould also apply.

;J{b) Thisparagraphrequiresthat officerswho assumeoverallchargeof a crudeoil washingoperation


must have participatedin a crude oil washingoperationon the shipfor which they are requiredto
undertakethe responsibilityfor cargo discharge,or on a similarship.However, for new ships,for
shipschangingfor the first time to the carriageof crude oil, for shipsnew to a particularowner, or
for shipswhich are changingregistryin which it may not be possibleto acquirethe particular
experience,the Administrationmay accept as an alternative:
(i) a person such as a shore-basedsenior officer appointed by the company (additionalto the
ship'scomplement)who is experiencedin the operationof crude oil washingand is present
to advisethe ship'spersonnel;or
(ii) a seniormember of the crew such as the master,chief officer or cargo control officer who
has participatedin at leastfour crude oil washingoperationsand is on board the ship;
providedthat an Operationsand EquipmentManual,in a languagereadilyunderstoodby the
ship'sofficers,is availableon the ship.

19
-

Crude oil washine systerns

Diagramshowingstructuralcomponentsof cargotanks

E Ig s = E I
E
o E
E # eE E , E
E g ## g s E
o) q)
l< o
o C)
a o J
o o
o
(d

l<
o
o
o

o
tr o
(U
E
CD
lC o
(E
= E
o o
E
J o
dl
-o
E
E 6
E '€'
C')
c .=
o
J o,
o
J

(d

E
=g)
J
o E
J
o o
g e S
(E
o
-c
a
P
)
I
Y
;
o
o- g g E *
!
f
.=
a
lz
=
-o '6
) 6 @ . c o
o ( 6 u, c
o 9
o .cl
o
(U 3
F

20
tl
STANDARDFORMATFOR
THECRUDEOIt WASHING
AND EQUIPMENT
oPERATTONS MANUAT
Standardformatfor the COW Manual

STANDARDFORMATFORTHE
AND EQUIPMENTMANUAL
CRUDEOIL WASHINGOPERATIONS
(The standard format consists of a standardized text of an introduction
and of an index, and 17 or 18 sectionsdepending on the type of tanker)

INTRODUCTION
of regulation138 of the Protocolof
with the requirements
ThisManualis writtenin accordance
19tE ndatingto the InternationalConventionfor the Preventionof Pollutionfrom Ships,1973 (MARPOL
3 ;8t.

I The purposeof the Manual is to meet the requirementsfor crude oil washingin accordancewith the
ngis€d Specificationsfor the design, operation and control of crude oil washing systems(Assembly
esoft.rtbnA .446(Xl)as amendedby resolutionsA.a97(Xll) andA.897(21)).lt providesstandardoperational
Eilbnce in planningand performinga crudeoilwashingprogrammeand describes a safeprocedureto be
'folonr.red-

I Part 1 of the Manual contains all the information and operationalinstructionsrequired by the
Part 2 of the Manual containsadditionalinformationand operationalinstructions
Specifications.
mer1ised
"e+dred or acceptedby the Administration.*

rl ThisManual hasbeen approvedby the Administrationand no alterationor revisionshallbe made to


anv part of it without the prior approvalof the Administration.

as amendedby resolutionMEPC.8l(43).
\bre: The standardformatcomprisesthe annexto resolutionMEPC.3(X||),

' tf the Administrationrequiresor acceptsinformationand operationalinstructionsin additionto those providedfor by the


they shouldbe includedin part 2 of the Manual.lf no suchadditionalinformationor operatinginstructions€re
Specifications, "This
requiredor accepiedby the Administration,the Manual will consistof one part only, ln^d palagraph3 should read:
Uanuatcontains'allthe'information and operationalinstructions requiredby the revisedSpecifications."

23
Crude oil washing systerns

Indexof sections

Relevant
paragraph(s)
of the Revised
Page Specifications
Part 1
1 Text of the RevisedSpecifications. . . . 12sl 7(a)
2 Drawingsof the crude oil washingsystem [2s] 7(b)
3 Descriptionof the crude oil washingsystemand operational [2s] 7(c),7(d)(viii)
and equipmentparameters and 7(f)
4 Dangersof and precautionsagainstoil leakage 12sl 7(e)
5 Use and controlof inert gas . . [2s] 6.6
6 Precautionsagainstelectrostatichazards 126l 6.7
7 Personnelrequirements. 126l z(e)
B Methodsof communication 126) 7(h)
9 Determinationof the suitabilityof a crude oil for use
in crude oil washing 126l 7(tl
'10
Crude oil washingchecklists 12el 7a)
11 Approvedmethodsand programmesfor crude oil washing 12el 7(d)(i)
12 Typicalcrude oil washingprogrammes. . . . [30] z(dXv)
13 The method of drainingcargotanks [30] z(d)(iii)
'14
The method and proceduresfor drainingcargo pumps
and lines [30] z(d)(iv)and (vi)
15 Typicalproceduresfor ballasting
and the methodof preventing
hydrocarbonemission [30] 7(dl(ii),7(i)
16 Complianceproceduresfor regulation9 of Annex I of [30] 7(d)(vi),(vii)
MARPOL73/78 and (ix)
17 Inspections
and maintenanceof equipment [30] 7(k)
18 Procedurefor changingfrom crudeoil tradeto producttrade* [30]

Part 2
(Additionalinformationand operationalinstructionsrequiredor acceptedby the Administration,if any)

* Section18 is includedin the Manualfor a particulartankeroirly if applicable.

24
Standardformat for the COW Manual

Contents of sections 1 to 18

SCIIrorN 1: THT OF THE REVISEDSPECIFICATIONS


for the design,operationand control of
1lrnrseoio,ncontainsthe completetext of the RevisedSpecifications
m1m errln washing systemsand the agreed interpretationsof certain of the provisionsof the Revised
Sm.cimcations (AssemblyresolutionA.447(Xl)as amended by resolutionsA.497(Xll)and A.897(21)).

SEICTPN2: DRAWINGSOF THE CRUDE OIt WASHING SYSTEM


*rs
sectioncontainsline drawingsshowing:
(1) crude oil washinglinesand valves;
(2) cargo pumps, lines and valves;
(3) ballastsystems(where fitted);
(4) strippingsystems;
(5) positionof tank washingmachines;
(6) positionof holesfor hand dippingand tank Sauges;
(7) inert gas deck distributionsystem.

SECilON 3: DESCRIPTIONOF THE CRUDE Olt WASHINC SYSTEM


AND OPERATIONAND EQUIPMENTPARAMETERS

1'hk section containsa descriptionof the cargo, ballasgwashing and strippingsystemsand in addition

( 1 ) types of tank washingmachinesand their standpipelength insidethe tanks;


(2) revolutionsof the machines;
(3) methodsof checkingthe operation of tank washingmachines;
(4) minimumoperationpressurefor crude oil washing;
(s) maximum permittedoxygen level in cargo tanks;
(6) duration of tank washingmachinecycles;
(7) resultsof the testsperformed in accordancewith paragraph4.2.10(b)of the RevisedSpecifi-
cationsand the method of computation;
(8) method of preventingentry of oil into the engine room.

4: DANGERSOF AND PRECAUTIONSAGAINSTOIL TEAKAGE


SE{CTION

This section contains information on the dangers of leakage from the crude oil washing system, the
precautionsnecessaryto prevent leakageand the action to be taken in the event of leakage.

SECTION5: USEAND CONTROL OF INERTGAS


This sectioncontainsinformationon the inert gas requirementsand the instructionsto cover those periods
when the inert gas pressureis releasedfor reasonsof cargo operation.ln addition it indicatesthe method
and proceduresto be used for taking samplesof the tank atmosphere.

25
Crude oil washine systems

SECTION5: PRECAUTIONSAGAINST ELECTROSTATIC


HAZARDS
generation.
Thissectioncontainsdetailsof the proceduresfor minimizingelectrostatic

SECTION7: PERSONNET
REQUIREMENTS
with the crudeoil washingprocessand their
the numbersof personsto be associated
Thissectionspecifies
necessaryqualifications.
Their namesand ranksmay be provided.onseparatedocuments.

SECIION 8: METHODSOF COMMUNICATION


This sectiongivesthe detailsof communicationbetween the watchkeeperon deck and the cargo control
of the crudeoil washingsystem,the washingmay
positionso tha! in the eventof a leakor malfunctioning
be stoppedas soon as possible.

SECTION9: DETERMINATION OF A CRUDEOIL


OF THE SUITABILITY
FOR USEIN CRUDEOIL WASHING
Thissectioncontainsguidancein determiningthe suitabilityof a crude oil for use in crude oil washing.
In lieu of a list of crudeoils unsuitablefor carriageand crude oil washingto be insertedin the Operations
and EquipmentManualthe followingstandardtext maybe used:

(1) For a tankernot fitted with heatingcoils


Thistankeris not fittedwith heatingcoilsin the cargotanksand shouldnot carrycargoeswhich
will requireto be heatedeitherto obtainpumpabilitycriteriaor to avoid excessivesludgingof
both the designatedcleanballasttanksand the vessel'stanksto be washed for sludgecontrol.
Notes and definitions:
- Pumpability criterion is determined by the oil's kinematic viscosity at the observed
temperatureof the cargo prior to its discharge.In order to attain optimum efficienq for
discharge this viscosity should not exceed 250 centistokes and never in excess of
600 centistokes.
- fxcessivesludging criterionis determinedprimarily by the crude oil's temperaturethroughout
is transportationand storage.lf the cargo's temperatureis likely to drop below the crude oil
cargo's cloud point temperaturethen sludging of cargo tanks ls to be expected.The cloud
point temperatureis the temperatureat which the crude oil's wax and associatedoil phase
separatesfrom the bulk liquid phaseof the cargo.

(2) For a tanker fitted with heating coils in slop tank(s)


This tankeris fitted with heatingcoils only in her slop tank(s)and should not carry cargoes
which will requireto be heatedfor pumpability.
Notes;
lf sludgedepositionis suspectedor determinedin the maincargo tanksthenan alternativecrude
oil washingprogramme should be utilized. Recommendationsregarding this programme and
procedure are to be found in section 11 of this Manual.

(3) For a tanker fitted with heating coils


Thistankeris fitted with heatingcoils in all the cargo tanksand, subjectto the limitationsof the
cargoheatingsystem,can carrycargoeswhich requireheatingfor eitherpumpabilityor sludge
deposition/control.

26
Standardformatfor the COW Manual

Grd guirhnce

ffi6igrr is drawn to the difficUltieswhich may be encountered with certain crude oils' During the
*rlrgrge of crude oils that exhibitthe necessarycriteriathat would createeither pumpabilityproblemsor
ry d"p*ition, crude oil washingof each tank scheduledfor such an operationshould be carried out
*,"*tttly with the dischargingof the particulartank in order to minimize the effect on the crude oil
1lp36ipgs forcooling. Coolingwill increaseboth the kinematicand dynamicviscosities*of the tank residues
mi fierefore affect the efficiency of the crude oil washing programme.

As a gEneralguidanceto the suitabilityof an oil for crude oil washingon board this tanker,the following
crffina should be used:

For aromaticcrude oils whose kinematicviscosityis the temperaturecontrollingcharacteristic,the


hnematic viscosityof the oil usedfor crude oil washingshould not exceed60 centistokesat the oil
wash medium temperature;

o,r

For paraffiniccrude oils whose pour point temperatureis the controllingcharacteristic,the temp
eratureof the cargo to be usedfor crude oil washingshouldexceedits cloud point temperatureby
"closed cycle"
at least 10'C if excessivesludgingis present and should only be used once in a
washingprogramme.

The approximatecloud point temperature of an oil may be calculatedby use of the following
formula where the pour point temperature(x) of the crude oil is known:

x ' o'11s7714)
Cloud point temperature('C) = 2O.2(160'oozoa +8

Wo*ed example:

Assumethe pour point temperatureis + 1oC.

Then:
= x l) - o.11s7714)
+I
2O.2 x (lg(o.oozo8
= - o.11s77141+
2O.2x (10o.007o8 B
= 2o.2 x (lgo.toeerto)* B
= (20.2 x 0.7785896)+8
= 15.72+ B

Answer:approx.cloud point = 24"C

or

Consultthe accompanyinggraph (fig. 1), where if the pour point is known then the cloud point can
be extracted.

or

lf the pour point exceedsapproximately25'C then the Bondi test procedure could be used to
determinethis temperature.

. Definitions:kinematjcviscosityis the measureof resistanceto flow with gravitation


-of underits own massforce.Thisis normally
r"p;Jil;"ntittok"r (cSt)or mm2/s. Dynamicv,:costtyis the measure resistanceto flow with an inducedshearstressor
j! f""r^ rate of sheai.Thisis deteiminedfrom the equationof shearstress(in pascals(Pa))divided.by rate of shear(inverse
ai tStll. The unit of dynamicviscosityis eitherthe centipose(cps)or the millipascal second(mPa's).

27

i
I
t
Crude oil washinesystems

O+o

(g
o
o. ^-
E J C
o
'F

t 3 0
^

25

-10
(oC)
Pourpointtemperature

Figure 1: Craph to determine pour point temperature

Bonditest procedure(seefg. 2)

of highpourpointtypecrudeoils.
Thismethodwill obtainthe cloudpointtemperature

Equipmentand procedure
sampleof the cargo.Do not allowthe cargosampleto cool before
(1) Obtaina representative
commencing the testprocedure.
(2) Obtain a glasscontainer(preferablynearlyspherical)that is made of heat-temperature-resistant
glassand fill the containerwith the sample.
(3) Inserta thermometerinto the centreof the samplevolume and heat the sampleto a temp
eratureof at least30"C above the pour point temperatureof the crude oil in a hot water bath.
Do not tightly stopper the containerduring this process.
(4) Preparean alternativebath with water whose temperatureis at least15"C below the sample's
pour point temperature.Have a clock or watch availablewith a secondhand.
(5) lmmersethe heatedsamplecontainerinto the cold bath and record at very regularintervals(at
leastevery 30 s) the temperatureof the sample.
(6) Craphicallyplot the sampletemperatureagainsttime elapsedfrom the start of the test. De-
terminethe temperaturesat which there was no lossof temperaturewith time elapsed.The first
such instancedetected will be the approximate cloud point temperatureand the second
instance,if testingtime is extendedto the requiredperiod,will be the approximatepour point
temperatureof the crude oil.

28
Standardformat for the COW Manual

!
a

Time(minutes)

Bondi testplot
Figure2: Example

SFCflON 10: CRUDEOIL WASHINC CHECKTISTS


-rs
sectioncontainsoperationalchecklistsfor the use of the crew at eachdischargewhich shallincludethe
necking and calibrationof all instruments.

SFCTION11: APPROVEDMETHODSAND PROGRAMMES


FOR CRUDEOIL WASHING

Tns sectioncontainsthose detailswhich form the basisof crude oil washingin the tanker and which are
-€cessaryto formulatea washingprogrammewhich will accordwith all foreseeablecircumstancesof cargo
isdrarge restraints.lt includesinformationon:
(1) the minimumnumberof tanksto bewashed in accordancewithparagraph6.1 of the Revised
Specifications;

(2) the methodof washingeach tank, i.e.,single or multi-stage;

(3) the numberof tank washingmachinesto be usedsimultaneously;

(4) the crude oil washingpressureand meansto maintainthe requiredpressure;

(5) the durationof the crude oil wash;

(6) the preferredorder in which tanks are to be washed;

(7) the minimumtrim duringcompletionof washingand drainingtanks;

(8) when drainingand strippingof tanksis to commence.

29
Crude oil washingsystems

SECTION12: TYPICAICRUDEOlt WASHING PROCRAMMES


This sectioncontainsdetailsof some typicalwashingprogrammesunder variousconditionsof discharge
such as single-or multi-portdischargeand single-and multi-gradecargoes.

SECTION13: THE METHOD OF DRAINING CARGO TANKS

Thissectioncontainsa descriptionof the methodof drainingcargotanksand shouldincludethe parameters


which indicatewhen the tank is dry and which will be at leastall of thoserequiredby paragraph4.4.8of the
RevisedSpecifications.
The minimumtrim conditionsmust be stated.

SECTION14: THE METHOD AND PROCEDURES


FOR DRA|N|NC
CARGO PUMPSAND TINES
This sectioncontainsa descriptionof the method and proceduresfor drainingcargo pumps,cargo lines,
crude oil washinglinesand strippinglinesand includesinformationon the use of the small-diameter
line.

SECTION15: TYPICALPROCEDURES
FOR BALLASTTNG
AND THE METHOD
OF PREVENTING
HYDROCARBONEMISSION
Thissectioncontainsa descriptionof typicalproceduresfor ballastingand includes:
(1) the procedurefor drainingand strippingbeforeloadingballast;
(2) the proceduresfor preventinghydrocarbonemissioninto the atmosphere.

SECTION16: COMPLIANCEPROCEDURES FOR REcUtATtON 9


oF ANNEX I OF MARPOL 73/75
Thissectioncontainsinformationand proceduresfor waterwashingtanksand lines,dischargeof departure
ballastand the decantingof slopsat seato ensurecompliancewith regulation9.

SECTION17: INSPECTIONS
AND MAINTENANCEOF FeUtpMENT
This section containsinformationon proceduresto be followed at recommendedintervalsfor on-board
inpectionsand maintenanceof crude oil washingequipment.

SECTION18: PROCEDURESFOR CHANGINC FROM CRUDEOtL TRADE


TO PRODUCTTRADE*
Thissectioncontainsoperationalproceduresfor changingfrom crude oil trade to product tradefor a tanker
which is fittedwith separateindependentpumpingand pipingarrangements for ballastingdedicatedclean
ballasttanks and which has been issuedwith two IOPP Certificatesrunning concurrentlywith one
Certificatecertifoingthe tanker to be a crude oil tanker and the other certifyingit to be a product carrier.

* Section18 is includedin the Manualfor a particulartanker


only if applicable.

30
ilt
EXAMPTES
OF CRUDEOIt WASHING
OPERATIONS
AND EQUIPMENTMANUALS

Explanatory
note
Ilhc fotwing specimenManualswereoriginallypreparedby tankerownersfor particulartankerswhich
fq33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333uished
to be certified as COW tankersunder MARPOL73/75. The texts of the Manualshave been
iltriared in order to ensureconformitywith the standardformat but editing has been kept to a
r-trnnm to showpossiblevariationsin the languageand in the mannerof presentation of the required
iffinin:ilion.
tu fte flag Administrationof these tankersdoes not requirethe inclusionof any informationor
qcrdional instructionsin additionto thoseprovidedfor by the RevisedSpecifications, the specimen
ilr{flrualsconsistof one part only as explainedin the introductionto the standardformat.*

' fue page23 of this publication.


Example1: Conventionalpipelinetanker

Example1

pipelinetanker
Conventional

; CRUDEOIL WASHTNG MANUAT


AND EQUIPMENT
OPERATTONS

Fdc'b
ffirc numberor letters
hdEgirry
Hnight tonnage

33
Crude oil washins systems

INTRODUCTION
1 This Manual is written in accordancewith the requirementsof regulation138 of the Protocol of
1978 relatingto the lnternationalConventionfor the Preventionof Pollutionfrom Ships,1923 (MARPOL
73/78\.

Thepurposeof theManualisto meetthe requirements with the


for crudeoil washingin accordance
RevisedSpecificationsfor the design, operation and control of crude oil washing systems(Assembly
resolutionA.446(Xl)as amendedby resolutions A.497(Xll)and A.897(21)).lt provides'standard
operational
guidancein planningand performinga crudeoilwashingprogrammeand describesa safeprocedureto be
followed.

3 This Manual contains all the information and operational instructionsrequired by the Revised
Specifications.

4 ThisManual has been approvedby the Administrationand no alterationor revisionshallbe made to


any part of it without the prior approvalof the Administration.

34
Example1: Conventionalpipelinetanker

lndex of sections

Page Relevant
paragraph(s)
of the revised
Specifications
I
Td of the RevisedSpecifications. . . . 136l 7(a)
Or:alirgs of the crude oil washing system 137l 7(b)
Ilescription of the crude oil washingsystemand operational 140l 7(c), 7(d) (viii)
and equipment parameters and 7(f)
Dilgers of and precautionsagainstoil leakage 143l 7(e)

h f|re and control of inert gas . . 143l 6.6


,r h,ecautions againstelectrostatichazards 143l 6.7

il ksonnel requirements . . . . 144l 7(el


: lileftods of communication 144l 7(h)
t Urt of crude oils unsuitablefor crude oil washing 144l 7(t)
il ftrde oil washingchecklists 14sl 7a)
tl Aeprord methodsand programmesfor crude oil washing 146l 7(d)(i)
tr Ty;lird crude oil washingprogrammes. . . . 14Bl z(dXv)
tx The method of drainingcargo tanks [511 z(d)(iii)
il{ fhe method and proceduresfor draining
cugo pumps and lines ls2l 7(dXiv)and (vi)
Ty1rirdproceduresfor ballastingand the method of preventing
lqflrocarbon emission ls2l 7(d)(iil,7(il
t5 proceduresfor regulation9 of Annex I
C-ornpliance [53] 7(d)(vi),(vii)
of MARPOL 73/78 and (ix)
IT lrqections and maintenanceof equipment Is4l 7(k)
It for changingfrom crude oil trade to product trade*
Prrocedures Is4l

*ll-s specimenManualas originallypreparedby the tankerowner for a particulartankerdid not includea sedion 18 as the
poadlres for changingfrom-cruile oii trade io product trade were not applicable.This section has been added as an
4 of how the informationmight be presentedif requiredin a particularcase.

35
Crude oil washing systems

SECTION1: TEXTOF THE REVISED


SPECIFICATIONS

This sectioncontainsthe complete text of the RevisedSpecificationsfor the design,operation and


control of crude oil washingsystemsand the agreedinterpretationsof certainof the provisionsof the
RevisedSpecifications (AssemblyresolutionA.446(Xl)as amended by resolutionsA.497(Xll)and
A.Be7(21)).

(Textof the Revised Specificationsto be inserted)

SECTION2: DRAWINGSOF THE CRUDEOlt WASHING SYSTEM

Thissectioncontainsline drawingsshowing:
(1) crude oil washinglinesand valves;
(2) cargo pumps,linesand valves;
(3) ballastsystems(where fitted);
(4) strippingsystems;
(5) positionof tank washingmachines;
(6) positionof holesfor hand dippingand tank gauges;
(7) inert gasdeck distributionsystem.

(Seefollowing pagesfor drawings)

36
j { + * x .x
A 6 -P6 a
< s 6 q
= 'g
9 i R * d
I p =C
"c S_-q6. =]
.5 g6
* *
E : 6.
i l E 5 E:x c a
D A

"r [* =
4ol
4.;
Yto

-JL
o
o
o

h i 6

D
f rl

,*;j :
OJ

-
c

r
3
_@

=
o
Jl-,fl
- l
O)

-6;- PI

t--- -
0J

tr
FLJ
:J

=.
tlL-J n

t-
p.
f

o
-

I
J'
tDi(
I

I t

.nr
D

n
rt ull-llrl_-ll
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n
o
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f,

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-
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oo

=
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z
9
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Example1: Conventionalpipelinetanker

Fgure 3: Inert gastank distributionsystemand soundingpoints

. l r Q
CL

; i @
L Y
or-
t l r E E
>(d
a
" *ol ' n
I

l l

8.
E
c
' oa
e
ot E s E .= b
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3
s 9s E5 <s
q
o
o _ E i I i
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Dt< -?-'t
I b*O x l.@

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i*g$,
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EEE
t l

I
x > 5

ErEr
E4 =
" N { . [t {
39
Crude oil washins systerns

SECTION
3: DESCRIPTION
OF THECRUDEOIL WASHINGSYSTEM
AND OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS
AND EQUIPMENT

Thissectioncontainsa descriptionof the cargo,ballast,washingand strippingsystemsand in addition


specifies:
(1) typesof tank washingmachinesand their standpipelengthinsidethe tanks;
(2) revolutionsof the machines;
(3) methodsof checkingthe operationof tank washingmachines;
(4) minimumoperationpressurefor crude oil washing;
(5) maximum permitted oxygen level in cargo tanks;
(6) durationof tank washingmachinecycles;
(7) resultsof the testsperformed in accordancewith paragraph4.2.10(blof the Revised
Specifications and the method of computation;
(B) methodof preventingentry of oil into the engineroom.

Cargo system
The tank systemof this vesselconsistsof eight centre tanksand eight pairsof wings,but with No. 3 wings
reservedfor permanentballastand not connectedinto the cargo piping.The aftermostset of tanks,No. 8
across,forms a triple slop tank arrangement.No. B port is the dirty slop tank with first separationacrossto
No. 8 starboardand thencea secondseparationinto No. 8 centre.The total capacityof the three slop tanks
is 20,000 m3.
Cargo is handled by four main cargo pumps each of rated capacity of 4,500 m3/h. Each pump has a
700 mm suctionline runningthe full length up to No. 1 across.No. 1 and No. 4 pumps are used to
dischargethe wing tanksand No. 2 and No. 3 pumps to dischargethe centretanks.Thereare crossover
lines between the pump suctionswhich permits a variationon the normal practice.

Stripping system
The pumpsare of the VAC-STRIP type which enablesthem to drain tanksright out. Thusthere is no stripping
line but in eachtank a smallstrippingsuctionbell-mouth,separatelyvalved,is takenoff the appropriatemain
line.Forwaterwashingand occasionaluseduringthe closingstagesof crudeoil washingtwo eductorsare
fitted, each of rated capacity900 m3/h, which are normallypowered by either No. 2 or No. 3 cargo pump.
Theseeductorscan be put on to any of the four main suctionlines,and thus drain any tank.They discharge
directly into the dirty slop tank, No. 8 port.
One Duplex steamreciprocatingpump of 350 m3/h is fitted for the purposeof line draining.lt has suction
connectionsto the four main suctionlines,the four cargo pumps,the dischargelines,the sealine and the
crude oil washingline. lt can dischargeto the slop tank, the oilwater separator,the main dischargelines,
overboardor througha special250 mm line which runs alongthe deck and terminatesoutboardof the
manifold gate valves.This latter 250 mm line should alwaysbe used for final line drainingashore.

Ballast system
Permanentbaflastis carriedin No. 3 wingsand is handledby a separatepump of capacity4,250 m3/h.The
pump and tanksare not connectedinto the cargo pumps or linesand have their own separatesea suction
and discharge.The permanentballastpump also has the capabilityof ballastingNo. 1, No.4 and No.6
centresover the top. Once the cargo is dischargedfrom No. 1, No. 4 and No. 6 centres,thesetanksshould
be ballastedover the top concurrentlywith dischargeof cargo from other tanks.They then form the
departureballast.On the subsequent ballastpassage, No. 2, No. 5 and No. 7 centresshouldbe washedand

4A
Examplel: Conventionalpipeline tanker

-s.3r as the clean arrivalballast.Cargo tank ballastis dischargedby No. 2 and No. 3 cargo pumps
tfirier"
'frlnn:,-!-
Tre pumproom highoverboarddischarge. Variationson the ballastarrangement are permissible
to
:0tsrqrrr:;sectionand maintenanceexceptthat ballastshouldnot normallybe carried in wing tanks.

tnghiilsc srdern
-lrnst=-r.,*ashingline, eithercrude oil or water, is fed from either No.2 or No.3 cargo pump or
from the midshipsmanifold.In the lattercase,any
the line may be fed from a cross-connection
flffer.-E:,*e,r
131"s;;,r'"r3 or pumpscould feed the washingline.
arern'ashing,No. 2 or No. 3 pump shouldbe used drawingfrom the clean slop tank, No. 8 centre,
{ilr
ilxrsrilner
ffrr t',. : .rfrrvashingsfrom the tank beingwasheddrainedback with an eductorwhich dischargesinto the
ilhryi,:,r rank,No. 8 port.One cargopump operatingin thisclosedcyclemethodis capableof drivingboth
y-n-r:::,*! itted and operates10 tanl washingmachineswhile maintaining a backpressureof 10 kg/cm2.For
::rir:E:, ,.rashing,it is preferableto feed the washinglinefrom the manifoldas long as possibleas it is not
-'.lr:ssary
lfTmer- to take one cargo pump completelyout of the dischargeprogramme,and recirculationof
' dqr*, :r rs avoided.

l'- te :, Tlustneverbe passedthroughthe Butterworthheaterwhich is situatedin the pumproom. Apart


rnxr*--,-, ng the heater,thereis the chanceof a rupturedor leakingtube allowingcrudeoil to passbackinto
thne={-i-e room via the steamsystem.Two spadeblanksare fitted,one on the inlet side and one on the
ruutrr :,f,e of the heater,and these must alwaysbe in positionwhen crude oil washing.
;:,r' ' rro€s of washingmachines,the desiredpressureon the wash line on deck is 10 kg/cm'. lf the
:rl,,ess-':nn the deck linefallsbelow B kgf cm2,then crudeoil washingshouldbe stoppeduntilsuchtime as
:'"ssr.rrehas been restored.
t'nrie
-tr :--rpiete crude oil washingsystemhas been inspectedand approvedby the Administration, and no
may be made to the systemor any part of the systemwithout the approvalof the Administration.
di[]E-;:dl,{rs
-;nKs were inspectedafter crude oil washing in accordancewith the requirementsof paragraph
and met the requiredstandardsof cleanliness,
" of the RevisedSpecifications free
beingessentially
].]|r':': r'rgage
and deposits.
:;--ce of the departureballastwas examinedin accordancewith the requirementsof paragraph
- : of the RevisedSpecificationsand was found to be satisfactory.
-;r=
:*:€edure for computingthe ratio of the volume of oil on top of the total departureballastwater to the
,r,:r-*€ cf tanksthat containthis water is describedbelow:

Tank Port, Tank volume Ullage space oil Volume of oil


number starboard ('nt) in tank thickness ('''t)

or centre (measuredto (mm)


top of oil layer)
(m)

v* U, ta vx

Total Total

41
Crude oil washing sysferns

1. Determinethe thicknessof the oil layeron the ballastwater (t ).

2. Using the tank capacitytables:

.'l determinethe aggregatevolume (100%) of all tanks that contain departureballast(V);

.2 determinethe volume of the ballastwater and oil layer in each tank from the ullage(U)";

.3 determinethe volume of ballastwater in each tank from the ullageplus the thicknessof the oil
layer (U, + t").

3. Subtractthe value obtainedin 2.3 from that obtainedin 2.2 for each tank and add the resultantvalues
together to obtain the total volume of oil (v).

4. The ratio of the volume of oil on top of the total departureballastwater to the total volume of tanks
containingdepartureballastwater = fi.

Washing machines

This vessel is fitted with 77 deck-mounted Butterworth Lavomatic machines, 13 bottom-mounted


ButterworthMP machinesand 3 fixed bottom-mountedButterworthK machines.

Decktnounted machines

LavomaticS.A.single'nozzle.

Thosefitted in the centre tanks have a standpipelength of 4.8 m with a naturalfrequencyof 6.19 Hz and
those fitted in the wings have a standpipe length of 4.O m and a natural frequency of 7.166 Hz. The
propeller-inducedfrequencyfor this vesselat full speed is 5.666 Hz.

All machineshave selectivearc headswhich enabletheir angularprogrammeto be varied as required.The


time takento completeone full cycle is 67 minwhen operatingat a pressureof 10 kg/cm2and the output at
this pressureis'140 m37h.The full cycle consistsof an arc from 0o to 120'to 0o to -30o to 0o.

The operation of these machinescan be verified by observing the gearbox where both rotation and
elevationare mechanicallydisplayed.

Submerged machines, M P, singlenozzle

Thirteenof thesemachinesare fitted; one at the forward end of No. 2, No. 4, No. 5, No. 6 and No. 7 wings
and, additionally,one at the after end of No. Z wings and No. 7 centre. They are positioned on the
centrelineof the tank on levelwith the third stringerdown. They are piped and valved separatelyfrom the
deck-mountedmachines.Their programme is fixed and covers an arc of 240" which at an operating
pressureof '10 kglcm2 takes t h to complete.The output at this pressureis 100 m3/h.

To verifythe operationof thesemachines,all other machinesin the tank and in any adjacenttank shouldbe
shut off, and the movement of the machineidentifiedby its sound pattern.

Submerged machines, nK", twin-nozzle

One of theseis fitted underneaththe bottom stringerat the aft end of each of No. 7 wings and one "Super
K" is fitted at the bottom of the dirty slop tank No. B port. They are valved and lined separatelyfrom any
other machines.Their capacityis 30 m3/h (60 m3/h for the "super K") and the time for one full cycle is 40
min. A full cycle consistsof one full revolution(360') of the machine.

42
Example1: Conventionalpipeline tanker

of not
l, rromnrr3':s;gl,e ro l erifytheir operationby sound patternand thereforeaftersix usagesor at intervals
- water.
rmrm tr"a- I nronthsthese machinesmust be sightedand seen to be working, using

MT]NMI\ 4; DANCERSOF AND PRECAUTIONSAGAINST OIt LEAKAGE

l1ns ls::,tn containsinformationon the dangersof leakagefrom the crude oil washingsystem,the
necessaryto prevent leakageand the action to be taken in the event of leakage.
Jil11r.-1n3!-r,:i1-s I

at the
rffil."ig* :n :rrudeoil from the systemcan be a potential fire and pollution hazard-Before arrival
examined for Any
leaks' leaks found
dm,cnar*:!,:,ni the tank washingsystemshould be pressure'tested and
:e .rade
,lfiirrmmruil: good and the resultantoil cleanedup.

shouldbe givento inspectionand tighteningof valveglandsand


:ressuretest,specialattention
Illllrmrnu:-€
mrfa-q=s 'n,i couplingson linesto preventany leakage.
on
:ilM'rrlrg:-E f,ourse of oil washing, the system must be kept under continuous observation and
rmmr*g;{rnoi rvashingit must be Jompletely drained of oil. lf it is for
necessary the systemto be cleaned
1:r:,-,- d be flushJdthroughwith water into appropriatetanks;if the systemis requiredto be gas-freeit
n*rlrJr-*
, entjlatedin the sameway as cargo lines,
''l\mr
::- r: oil n'ashingmust be stopped when any sign of leakageor fault in the tank wash system is
uitrx::',e-:neidrer on deck or in the pump-room.

5: USEAND CONTROL OF INERTGAS


trC:nrlil|Oi\
-;rs to cover those
:ec.tloncontainsinformationon the inert gas requirementsand the instructions
:Err:,rs '.rfienthe inert gas pressureis releasedfor reasonsof cargo operation.ln addition it indicates
:fi-e-etnod and proceduresto be usedfor takingsamplesof the tank atmosphere.

ane ;;*n: ;rould arriveat the dischargeport with all cargo tankspressurized with good qualityinert gas'
lr*nss--: mar. be releasedfor ullaging,samplingand water dips before dischargeand at this stagethe
gas
Dymm,MEe3-esel in tanks should be checkld to ensurethat it is below S% by volume.The supply of inert
:€ commencedimmediatelybefore the commencement of cargo discharge to avoid a vacuum in
rmLx-5;
.m,r*:jr drismeansa safeconditionwill be maintainedthroughoutdischarge. Apartfrom thisinitialrelease
no
nr :il.-:si!.e the pressurein the cargo tanks should always be above atmosphericpressure'Under
:rr':*n-rancesshould air be allowed to enter any tank which is to be crude oil washed.

ilnen:,-=:ach tank is washed,the oxygen content should be checkedwith the portable oxygen analyserto
*rTF-r::rat it doesnot exceedB%bi volume.The sampleshouldbe takenat a point'l m below the deck
this
tr'T.::":e middle regionof the ullagespacewell cleai of the inert gas inlet point' (Seesection2 of
;or the position of the samplingpoints.)
r4irlifr-La
*"e
:;de oil washingmustbe stoppedif thereis a failureof the inertgasplantor if the_oxygencontentof
falls
ltri: :e r ered inert gasexceedsA%'Uvvolumeor if the pressureof the atmospherein the cargotanks
:urL:"*, affnospheric pressure.

HAZARDS
$frCTlON6: PRECAUTIONSACAINST ELECTROSTATIC

generation.
sectioncontainsdetailsof the proceduresfor minimizingelectrostatic

of oil and water can producean electricallychargedmist during tank washing.The use.of dry
,!*frri:-"es
mist,
:--,r€ s thereforeimportant.To overcome the possibiityof developingsuch an electricallycharged

43
Crude oil washing systems

beforecrudeoil washingis commencedany tank containingcrude oil which is to be usedas the crude oil
washingfluid is to be partiallydischargedto removeany water which hassettledout during the voyage.To
ensureadequatesafetya minimum of 'l m depth of cargo is to be dischargedin this way.

For the samereason,as the slop tank will invariablycontaina mixtureof retainedoil residuesand cargo,the
whole contentof the sloptank shouldbe discharged ashorebeforecrudeoil washingcommencesand then
be refilledwith fresh crude from the cargo dischargedeck line, if the slop tank is to be used as a sourceof
washingfluid. lt must be rememberedthat this refillingwill take placeafter the dischargeof the bottom 1 m
depth of cargo from other tanks,referredto above, has been completed.

SECTION
7: PERSONNET
REQUIREMENTS

This sectionspecifiesthe numbersof personsto be associatedwith the crude oil washingprocessand


their necessaryqualifications.Their namesand rank may be provided on separatedocuments.

The following personnelare requiredto be on board to carry out the dual operationof dischargingcargo
and crude oil washing:

1. The masteror chief officer who will have overall responsibilityfor the operation.He must meet the
requirementsof paragraph5.2 of the RevisedSpecifications. (Seesection 1 of this Manual.)

2. The officerwho will undertakethe actualoperation.He must meet the requirementsof paragraph5.3
(Seesection 1 of this Manual.)
of the RevisedSpecifications.

3. A minimum of one petty officer or rating who is to be on deck at all times during washingto keep
watch for leaksand malfunctionof equipmen! to test the oxygencontent of tanksbeforewashing,to
check tank atmospherepressure,to sound tank bottoms when requiredand to lift ullagefloats.

Thedutiesof the personsreferredto aboveare not necessarily


mutuallyexclusive.

SECTION
8: METHODS
OF COMMUNICATION

This section gives the detailsof communicationbetween the watchkeeperon deck and the cargo
control positionso that, in the event of a leak or malfunctioningof the crude oil washingsystem,the
washingmay be stopped as soon as possible.

This ship is equippedwith hand-heldwalkietalkie radioswhich are certifiedintrinsicallysafe.

While crude oil washingis being carriedou! the man patrollingthe deck for the purposeof monitoring
machinesand checking againstany oil leakagefrom the systemmust carry one of these walkietalkies.
Additionally,in or in the immediatevicinityof the cargo control room, there must be a secondman similarly
equippedwith a walkie-talkie. The provisionof two setsfor crude oil washingpurposeshaspriorityover any
other requirementsfor walkietalkie.No valvesshouldbe opened or closedon the crude oil washingsystem
without the one party informingthe other as to the action he is taking.

SECTION9: LISTOF CRUDEOltS UNSUITABTE


FOR CRUDEOlt WASHING

This sectioncontainsa list of crude oils unsuitablefor crude oil washing.

This vesselis not fitted with heating coils in the cargo tanks and it should not carry cargoeswhich will
require to be heatedfor pumpability.

44
Example1: Conventionalpipeline tanker

SfnruON10:CRUDEOIL WASHINCCHECKTISTS
1rs oectioncontainsoperationalchecklistsfor the use of the crew at each dischargewhich shall
rn;-Joednecheckingand calibrationof all instruments.

CHECKSAT DISCHARCEPORT
PRE-ARRIVAL

ITEM
iHasterminalbeen notified?
ilsoxygenanalysingequipmenttestedand working satisfactorily?
ls tank washingpipelinesystemisolatedfrom water heaterand engineroom?
\ne all hydrantvalveson tank washingline blanked?
\re all valvesto fixed tank washingmachinesshut?
l'-ial'etank cleaninglinesbeen pressurized and leakagesmade good?
ll-laveportabledrive units for fixed tank-washingmachinesbeen tested?
1-1ave pressuregaugeson top dischargeline,manifoldand tank cleaningmain been
chrecked?
Has the strippingsystemmonitoringequipmentbeen checked?
!-lasthe communicationssystembeen checkedand tested?
Has the organizationplan been drawn up and postedwith dutiesand responsibilities
defined?
Have the discharge/crude oil wash operationplansbeen drawn up and posted?
ln caseswhere the terminalhasa standardradio checklisghasthisbeen completedand
transmitted?

DURINCAND AFTERCRUDEOIL WASH OPERATION


FOR USEBEFORE,
CHECKLIST

ITEM

A - Before crude oil wash operation


Are all prearrivalchecksand conditionsin order?
Has discharge/crude oil wash operationbeen discussedwith both ship and shorestaff
and is agreed plan for
readilyavailable easy reference?
Has communicationlink betweendeck/controlstationand controlstation/shore been
set up and is it working properly?
Havecrudeoil washabortconditionand proceduresbeendiscussed and agreedby both
ship and shorestaff?
Have fixed and portableoxygenanalysersbeen checkedand are they working properly?
ls inert gassystemworking properlyand is the oxygencontentof inert gasbeing
deliveredbelow 5"/" by volume?
ls oxygencontentof tank(s)to be crude oil washedbelow B"/oby volume?
5 Have all cargotankspositiveinert gaspressure?
9 Has a resonsiblepersonbeen assignedto check all deck linesfor leaksas soon as
washingstarts?
1D Are the fixedmachinessetfor the requiredwashingmethodand are portabledriveunits,
if fitted, mounted and set?
1.1" Have valvesand linesboth in pump-roomand on deck been checked?

45
Crude oil washinesystems

No. ITEM

B - During crude oil wash operation


12. ls quality of inert gas being deliveredfrequentlychecked and recorded?
'13.
Are all deck linesand machinesbeingfrequentlycheckedfor leaks?
14. ls crude oil washingin progressin designatedcargotanksonly?
15. ls the pressurein the tank wash line as specifiedin this Manual?
16. Are cycletimesof tank washingmachinesas specifiedin this Manual?
17. Are the washingmachinesin operation,togetherwith their drive unitsif applicable,
frequentlycheckedand are they working properly?
18. ls a responsible personstationedcontinuouslyon deck?
19. Will trim be satisfactorywhen bottom washingis in progressas specifiedin this Manual?
20. Will recommendedtank drainingmethod be followed?
21. Have ullagegaugefloatsbeen raisedand housedin tanksbeingcrude oil washed?
22. ls level in holdingtank for tank washingsfrequentlycheckedto preventany possibilityof
an overflow?

C - After crude oil wash operation


23. Are all valvesbetween dischargeline and tank wash line closed?
24. Has tank wash line been drainedof crude oil?
25. Are all valvesto washingmachinesclosed?
26. Are cargopumps,tanksand pipelinesproperlydrainedas specifiedin this Manual?

SECTION11: APPROVEDMFTHODSAND PROCRAMMESFOR CRUDEOIL WASHING

This sectioncontainsthose detailswhich form the basisof crude oil washingin the tanker and which
are necessaryto formulate a washing programme which will accord with all foreseeable
circumstances lt includesinformationon:
of cargo dischargerestraints.
(1) the minimumnumberof tanksto be washedin accordancewith paragraph6.1 of the Revised
Specifications;
(2) the methodof washingeach tank,i.e.,single or multi-stage;
(3) the numberof tank washingmachinesto be usedsimultaneously;
(4) the crude oil washingpressureand meansto maintainthe requiredpressure;
(5) the durationof the crude oil wash;
(6) the preferredorder in which tanks are to be washed;
(7) the minimumtrim duringcompletionof washingand drainingtanks;
(8) when drainingand strippingof tanksis to commence.

Beforedepartureon a ballastvoyage,both the departureand arrivalballasttanksmust have been crude oil


washed.Theseare No. 1, No.4 and No.6 centresand No.2, No.5 and No. 7 centres,respectively. lf for
any operationalor maintenancereason,there is the likelihoodor intentionto put ballastin any other tanks
during the voyage, then these tanks must also be crude oil washed. Additionally,one quarter of the
remaining tanks must be crude oil washed for sludge control, but any exceptional ballast tanks as
mentioned above may be included in the additionalquarter requiredto be washed for sludgecontrol.

46
Example1: Conventionalpipeline tanker

fir ::rr!!',rng with the above policy and reconcilingthe objectivesof ship safety,cargo out-turn,and
fmnur'nn_-T s;ripdelay,the followingprinciplesshouldbe applied.

&mmharseof wet oil

&g,;lL*se n: the electrostatichazardsinvolved,oilwhich may containwater shouldnot be usedfor crude oil


ix.h6:nr+di tanksto be discharged shouldthereforebe debottomedby 1 m beforeany crudeoil washingis
ffifrx-:g"tn particular,oil in slop tankswhich have been usedfor load-on-toppurposesmust not be used.lf it
s xal- .ed to usesloptanksfor the supplyof washoil, they shouldbe discharged first,and then refilledwith
o.* :rri;Dl'n'ranothertank.

gcryuemceof tank washing

e-1;pn,-..nould be givento crudeoil washingdepartureballasttanksfirstso that they are readyfor ballasting


r 'tr;5a1ira.d
problems ariseand so that over-thetop ballastingcan be concurrentwith discharge,thereby
fi,'rmjrs dre ventingof tank gasesto atmospherewithin port areas.

ftfuse washing

tar:: :ark sl-rouldbe washedin two stages/the side wash and the bottom wash,in order to minimize ship
bottom washingthe oil depth shouldnot be allowedto increaseover 1 m and towardsthe
me,a,*Ji..liring
*:rfr :: ne rvashing,the bottom shouldbe kept well drainedto achievethe best results.

,Effin!ilo{ washing

nf :::: ank beingcrude oil washed,all guns must be used.


*,'r:
:ra'grammeof the deck-mountedmachinesshall be as follows:
23 m)
!,-d,ervash:two passes,30"-max-30" (to be startedwhen ullagereachesapproximately

iltrtom wash:three passes,40'-0'-30'-0o


--E
:,lttorn guns in the wing tanks and No. 7 centre are to be used in the bottom wash togetherwith the
ue:{-T,ountedguns.Their cycle time is t h and they should be startedwhen there is a depth of 1 m
xry*,ar ng in the tank.

fi s =: iis point that the drainingof the tank shouldbe consideredto be startedand the trim of the ship
srr:r-. De not lessthan 4 m by the stern.

stuflman& washing
-: - -,irnize providedthat:
ship delayit is desirableto crude oil wash severaltankssimultaneously,
'
:.le maximumnumberof gunson any one centretank,or pair of wing tanks,are in use at one time;

- :,.essureon the deck wash line does not fall below B kg/cm2; and

: rre normal maximumnumber of guns that can be operatedat one time is'l 2 due to a maximum
flow rate throughthe line of 5.5 m3/s;
rer-nrissible

ro\yever,if more than 12 gunsare requiredto be operatedsimultaneously, then it will be necessary to


i:rut the blockvalvesituatedon the wash line main amidshipsand feed the forward section of the line
+om the manifoldbleed-offand the aftersectionfrom the pump-room.In thisway up to 24 gunsmay
ce operatedat one time;
.r duringthe bottom washingthe output of the gunsdoes not exceedthe availablestrippingcapacity.

47
Supply of wash oil

The traditionalmethodof tank washingusingclosedcycle recirculation via the slop tanksand eductorsis
not suitedto routingcrude oil washingas it causesunnecessary delay.lt also increasesrisk of passing
sedimentthrough the machinesand of usingoil which has lost much of its solventeffect.The wash oil
thereforeshould be bled off from a cargo pump dischargeor from the manifold crossover.To retain the
requiredpressureusingthe bleedoff method,it may be necessary to reducethe numberof machinesbeing
used,to askthe shoreto increasebackpressureor to fullycloseone of the ship'smanifoldvalves.Underno
circumstancesshould butterflymanifoldvalvesbe throttled in order to control the tank wash line pressure,
but it is possibleto control the pressureby throttling in the dischargevalve of the cargo pump used to
supplythe wash oil.

Alternatively,it may be necessaryto dedicateone main cargo pump to supplyingthe wash oil and accept
the reductionin the rate of discharge.

Discharge of tank washings

a qualityin out-turnas possible,recoveredresiduesshouldbe co-mingled


In orderto maintainas consistent
with the main cargo discharge.During multi-stagewashing of the tank sidesthis co-minglingoccurs
automatically.During bottom washing,it is preferableto use the self-primingcargo pump to dischargethe
washingoil and recoveredresiduesdirect with the cargo.Overheatingof thesepumps may be avoided by
drainingseveraltankssimultaneously.
When dischargedirectlyashoreis not possible,residuesshouldbe strippedinto some convenientholding
tank, taking care to avoid any over-fillingbefore the tank is periodicallydischargedto shore.
Recirculationof cargo,that is dedicatingthe sametank both for supplyingthe washingoil and for receiving
the recoveredresidues,should be avoidedas long as possible.However this method does have to be used
when crude oil washingat sea between wvo dischargeports and on occasiontowardsthe end of a parcel
dischargewhen more than one gradeis beingcarried.

SECTION12: TYPICALCRUDEOIL WASHING PROGRAMMES

This section containsdetails of some typical washing programmesunder various conditionsof


cargoes.
dischargesuch as single.ormulti-portdischargeand single and multi-grade

See following pagesfor typical programmesin bar diagramform.

48
Example1: Conventionalpipeline tanker

caiGo xaNofli6
'LAX
6ld!6brscxrncnc

f f i i l l r o ^ { f ! l , o n r l o u e x r t r v

|,- I r'r
{ir1 I lro.ooo
I - ll-ecrt.i

LD . !'al !rit'

rclvccoRLrtra

rc?vcroaLrra

ro jv(r oatrr(

toauctoaLrnl

t.n.r rtr lr
10r rrti i..4. lr
F.. s.rr l. \. lc O snor rr* tr O ?r::r:..: li:t"'
o€tYr.

oei o6'dc tLt!! o!t itriel H9{c{Et


^oorr@rAL riltlnucllors ALL clclt {ilir{i rq !t cirtrt}

Att Rts{Al'"5 w rrr llt cl{Dt Fl


Poqi Slop exg{$ ir l'trrHqlarl asr'*a at-lorror''\3
clolD sYclt t{ifitrlg 3{oas> ltolq' XfclseArt'
snlt
iAt 8! }tlqHilco T! tolt l!o1.,{: t ro +
Lr{a !ti.{r{G ot i' 1 ^{t 3 Lrrts
L'ics sr!! lqr,dt> !'t!<r to tHotC. {ll til!! llirPF'{O }rletllSl lo ilarto\D.
Bt

<tr{( tiLsilT,r{e raAt 3? SeBJE(a ae cHii6t n Arfrtt ra


tiar{ ntui!
'DR'\r{r{c Tl{rh A{, iaG. rn* rJ !Trtss Lri \rt .

tq(Etrtc rtstAUcrrons

srGNto crrta lmfrllr

odllNco aaovc us'l YH€ ol'E


.tn rc\!r I aMrL{)yto ots orL rf^NtFE6 tnoctoui:l !g!!!jlDUt t otr rcEh lo tn6nEss rkE oalF^rlors
or r!!cxrrr oFFrctF
I ourvo:rrcte stavai rEOVtFll
ato GAK*aY A
s!^MGr x^Mao ro ^ssr3t wrrx caAGo rcA(, rEro @F[6t

cxraf orarclr

! ort rcar axta{

49
ple 1: Conve ntion al-PtW! t ngtanker
Exam

caico xaiDll1.6
'LAX

6 . tt'l.r'Gi

LD !'.a llrr{

ro r ! c. o. !r*l

ro !ect ortrta

roauctoallrl

1 .- r' i-. . . - l. t3 5. I j
'o "
t.F.. ii.5{

cl;.. vitr r. ^' t' O Fn'r {-' tr :::l;L': l:"


oaltr'

ot t ltr{c-D Hctlc{gl

tlY Gl{D! r'l


{ $r

'T! ?olr llct , lC I i€ 4

fo .Airtor:D.

qirfrir.a
3B Sv6trCcf T0 <xlr6t
fiit tiL!isT,{e v{At
aiar{ ctgiL
rrr*,,1 !rr3l3 Lrirrl '
O(n'it{a ?arF A.' aGGt

aG(ratlo lNstiucYloil

.. c$:t lrcaclr
Srgito

owlrico^'oYe vrc" rrf ol'E


ffirrql
.t ,tqJ\r. I €vr(r)Yao ox orL rrA(!tEilroclog'$ 6?-iIFc'rrr orrrcta 'loo'ft
mttrct aro caF AY *
orlctt *^r'i t^r!D io ^55rst f,ttH catoo rcir' t'to
Iwit - it^vtt

qt .t$ lfT
f..4
td orllql
cxretotarclr

lxtaa

49
€iaoa to{t'3 | 'o'r ----;a---v
Jr.r.rAJ rastr
___err__N
a!!.- if,]]
i-.--.

F__j-
srMcr0itrr€

S, . M C, OF I'r€

cruoc il^$rN6

!.b. at'roi gfr.irJait ZH.


L.-ir^ri i",,k.t @!frivru 2(,5cJc @ C4.f:t!rj
o€st I

ILESD ort rl€l*oD


AO0rlrof a ! t f f5 t a u f r tolS wAixra6 <o se csARtED our U3[le
ALL <tu!€ Ot!
Ff,oFl 8{ oR 8c ns snoY{t{'
Dutl{c -roP xA3*rrao. V,tc* goralit YligAr{o StJtglY SHou!! tt ah*ci

vAc Satr"Prrls fo Sr{ort <ar{cutrt*rLY.

-lAr{R fPTlAPfcD fb ilArrt{Ar'l ?RArdrxe


SArrAlfrilt cArl Ae
:il?tvtSutr
SETOR€ cHAilBt it€ AacYE Pl4ti.
fnrl Glr Sfgegs Llilrr3 lusf, 6E Cr|tCTED
,

trr€trE ri3rrrto{s

ctst!a l&Aaa F

r r U \ 50 u t L r r ' O ^ 6 J v ' r r ' 6 t " i ' I


o u r , t i O u " O r . ' C t e t r ) t H O C ' l1E3 r F € ' J i l R ^
6eil"i'(F't. otr'crF r! '!
:('lr M'k"tritil 'r| t'rt! rr:t
'ar

l@ oso,/trut ,,n.,

q6-r?€ /16r ,roo

50
Crude oil washingsystems

FOS Sqf r.\eR t4/tqlDOTSCHAFoTeG

GN^OE rONN€I
J r - - - r a l g - . J - -

'lraEaraJ Lr6sri lt'1. Ooo x-_jl-_:_-!..---- l--err--.NS


F6qcAao3 i i3..t9o rtr i I au !ll]:l
-r
------r----

n0rMcPoBrrNE

f,o J M C.P OF lrNl

rc.aMcr oalrNt

L.'r.xt[T lH

a0orlr0NA! tNSTiufr rors


flLL CaulE Or\ (A!{r'{G <o t}e ciRRtED oua \r3rrtg 3\EED otr icas€D
?uRtdc -fop wAsrtrio. WAe{ gorabil WigArdo $upgrY sr{oulD !t
-rixri FRoFI Eta oe 8c As SHo{r{,
vQc Sat|PPFtg fO s{Aat c o.{c !trt *rLy.

-lAiR €Arrtlfrte, Chd je FTDAPTCD & ilAr*tArd aR'Artll{e


!r{:DrVtDuAL
ferrl Grrr Sfn,eSS Llr'ilTS tlusr G'E CHtcrrD BsroRE cHA{6t rlc Aacv€ pler{.

lsxEtts tilsltudroNs

cxllt atcti[lF

fffisrr{\r r.. vrt orajt i)r or( rn^e3ttR rq,l.aouqts ABJva rPotB rFr "
g!l1j!! our Y tr. rc!p r() ,€oorlt 1s rxt oorH^ lo!5 outLrlEo
ot tHt cattr otfrcfE
ll^MtNlr'Mtrrrrri\,r.tPitIr^rrJ/wtat:1il(,Ma\)HrNrisailr".riN(1,riASA' '

m osur,4tur .rr",

qs-|ru /2ar. rro0

50
pipelinetanker
1: Conventional
Example

13:THEMETHODOF DRAININGCARGOTANKS
SECTION

This sectioncontainsa descriptionof the method of drainingcargo tanks and should includethe
parameterswhich indicatewhen the tank is dry and which will be at least all of those required by
The minimumtrim conditionsmust be stated.
paragraph4.4.8 of the RevisedSpecifications.

"Vac-Strip"systemwhere it is possibleto draintanksdry with the main


Thisvesselis fitted with a self-priming
cargo pumps. As a tank or tanks ipproach draining level the system is manually set in operation and
theieaftervacuum pumps automaticaliydraw off excessgasesand the pump dischargevalveclosesas flow
decreases.

The optimum method to use is as follows:

With a numberof tanksapproachingdraininglevel,i.e.,approximately1 m sounding,the systemshouldbe


set in operationand then when the first tank reaches0.5 m the main suction(s)shouldbe shut and the
processshouldbe repeatedfor each tank until the lasttank is reached.When the level in that tank reaches
b.S m the pump shouldbe slowedto 800 rpm, the strippingsuction(s) openedand the main suctionshut
slowly.The tank will then drain until the area around the strum is oil free.This is indicatedby the following:

1. Whessoegaugeat maximumullage(gaugeshouldbe housedwhile crude oil washing);

2. flow trace absolutelyzero with no fluctuation;

3. separatorvirtuallyempty;

4. dischargevalve closed;

5. pump nozzlesteampressurefalling;

6. vacuum on suctiontrace falls away;

7, pump casingtemperaturerising;

B. dips showingempty.

Thereafterthe processshould again be repeatedfor each tank back along the deck.

On occasions,for exampleat sea between dischargeports, it may prove necessaryto employ the closed-
cycle systemalreadydeicribed in this Manual. However,where a differentgrade may be containedin the
centreslop tank it is possibleto use No. 2 main cargo pump drawingfrom the port slop tank via No. 1
bottom line acrossthe bottom pump-roomcrossover,and thence to the tank cleaningline and eductors.

When drainingtanksusingeductors,a good indicationthat a tank is empty is when the vacuum showingon
the remote eJuctor suctiongauge in the cargo control room drops completelyaway.Again hand dipping
must be carriedout as describedwhen usingthe Vac-Stripsystem.Shouldfor any reasonthe eductor drive
pressurefall away below 6 kg/cm2 then it is imperativethat the eductor suction valves should be shut
immediatelyto prevent the contentsof the slop tank running back through the eductorsto the washing
tank.

When bottom crude oil washingof any tank nearscompletion,using either method of draining,the tank
washingmachinesin that tank shouldbe shut off one at a time and when all washingis complete sufficient
time shouldbe givento completethe draining.

It is important that when draining tanks, also using either system,the vessel is trimmed by the stern
sufficientlyto enablethe cargo to iun aft to the tank suction.The trim should be as much as possiblewith
due regard to berth securityand tank stressesbut should not be lessthan 4 m.

5'|
Crude oil washing systerns

SECTION
14:THEMETHODAND PROCEDURES
FORDRAINING
CARGO PUMPSAND LINES

This sectioncontainsa descriptionof the method and proceduresfor drainingcargo pumps, cargo
lines,crude oil washinglinesand strippinglinesand includesinformationon the use of the small-
diameterline.

On completionof discharge, all top and bottom linesshouldbe droppedbackto eitherwing slop tank via
the direct loadingdrops and bottom pump-roomcrossovers. The port deck line can be dropped via the port
drip and No. 1 line to the port sloptan( and the starboarddeck linevia the starboarddrop, No. 4 line,and
to the starboardslop tank via the strippingsuction.The shore staff should be askedto vent their loading
armsto permitthe oil to drop back.At the sametime the smallbypassline on eachcargopump shouldbe
openedand the strippingpump set to drain the remainsof each line individuallyto the port slop tank.

The tank wash line shouldbe drainedby the strippingpump. lf the eductorsuctionvalvesE2 and D2 are
opened togetherwith valvesE3 and H3 then it will be possiblefor the strippingpump to drain the entire
tankwashlineto the port sloptank.A tankcleaningmachineshouldbe openedin one of the forwardtanks
to facilitatethe line droppingback.

When all linesare drainedand cargotanksdippedmanually,the strippingpump can be setto dischargethe


linedrainingsin eachwing sloptankvia the directstrippingsuctionsdischarging
throughthe special250 mm
diameterline to the manifoldand thenceto the shore.

SECTION15: TYPICALPROCEDURES
FOR BAILASTINGAND THE METHOD
OF PREVENTINC
HYDROCARBONEMISSION

This sectioncontainsa descriptionof typical proceduresfor ballastingand includes:


(1) the procedurefor drainingand strippingbeforeloadingballasq
(2) the proceduresfor preventinghydrocarbonemissioninto the atmosphere.

The departureballasttanks for this vesselare No. 1 centre, No. 3 wings, No. 4 centre,and No. 6 centre
tanks.No. 3 wing tanks are for permanentballastonly and are suppliedby a dedicatedballastpump of
4,250 m3/h capacitywith its own pipeline.No. 1 centre,No. 4 centreand No. 6 centreare cargo tanksbut
can be suppliedwith ballastusingthe dedicatedballastpump via a separateddischargeline over the upper
deck and by direct drops to thesetanks.

The typicalmethod of ballastingNo. 1 centre,No. 4 centreand No. 6 centreis to plan the dischargeso that
they are dischargedas earlyas possible.They must be crude oil washedand good care must be takenwhile
bottom washing,with frequentmonitoringof soundingsto ensurethe tank bottoms are well cleared.Once
the tanksare empty to the satisfactionof the chief officer,with the main suctionand strippingvalvecontrols
lashedin the closed position together with all Lavomaticstop valveson those tanks checked shut, then
ballastingto No. 1 centre,No. 4 centreand No. 6 centrecan be commencedas soon as required.

During cargodischargethere is no hydrocarbonemissionto atmosphere,with the vacantcargo spacebeing


repfaced by inert gas.Also,when ballastingNo. 1, No. 4, and No. 6 centresconcurrentlywith the discharge
of other tanks,againthere should be no hydrocarbonemissionas the rate of supplyof inert gas is reduced
automaticallyto maintainthe normal overpressure.However,il for any reason,cargo dischargeis stopped
or slowed sufficientlyso that the deck l.C. pressureincreasesdue to the displacementof the incoming
ballastthenonce 1,000mm WC is reachedfurtherballasting shouldbe postponeduntilthe deckpressureis
reduced by the resumptionof cargo discharge.

52
pipelinetanker
1: Conventional
Example

15: COMPUANCE
SECTION PROCEDURES 9
FORRECULATION
oF ANNEXI OF MARPOL73/78

This section contains informationand proceduresfor water washing tanks and lines, discharge
departureballastand the decantingof slopsat seato ensurecompliancewith regulation9.

Departureballastis taken in No. 1, No.4 and No.6 centresusingthe permanentballastpump and the
"over the top" line.

On the ballastvoyage,it will be necessaryto wash the arrivalballasttanks,No. 2, No. 5 and No. 7 centres,
'1,
frllthem with cleanballastand then dischargeNo. No.4 and No.6 centres.

In order to wash the arrivalballasttanks,it is first necessaryto chargethe slop tankswith sea water. The
opportunityshouldbe takenat this time to give an initialwash of top and bottom linesto the dirty slop tank.

The arrival ballasttanks should be washed with cold water on the closed-cyclesystem.Eachtank must
receivenot lessthan the following wash:

One full cycleand one hour on bottom cycle0" to 30". All gunsmust be usedincludingthe bottom-
mountedmachinein No. 7 centre.

On completionof the tankwashingthe vesselis then readyto receivecleanballast.Initiallythe pumpsand


linesto be used should be clearedto the dirty slop tank and thereafterclean ballastloaded to the required
ullagein No. 2, No. 5 and No. 7 centres.Beforedischarging to discharge
the dirtyballastit will be necessary
a sufficientquantity of water from the slop tanks to create sufficientullage for the expected dirty ballast
drainings.An interfaceof the three slop tanks should thereforebe taken to establishthe limits to which
dischargeof slopscan be taken without dischargeof oil.

On commencementof slop tank discharge,both No. 2 and No. 3 main cargo pumps shouldbe cleared,
pumping from No. B centre through the eductorsto the dirty slop tan( and thereafterto sea via the high
overboard discharge.Pumpingfrom No. 8 centre should then be continuedwith the balancevalvesand
linesopen until sufficientullageis obtained.

Once the water hasbeen dischargedfrom the slop tanks,the suctioncan be changedto No. 1 centre,No. 4
centreand No. 6 centre,the pumps againclearedto the port slop tank via the eductordischargesand
thereafterto sea via the high overboard discharge.Close visual attention must be paid to the overboard
dischargethroughou!but particularly when the levelsin eachtank approachdraininglevel.However,when
2.5 m soundingin the firsttank is reached,both main cargo pumpsshouldbe slowedto 800 rpm, and at
1.5 m one cargopump shouldbe stopped.At 1 m soundingor at the firstsightof any oil in the outgoing
stream,dischargeshould be stopped and the systemset up for eductingthe remainderof the dirty ballast
back to the slop tanks.On completionthe linesshouldagainbe washedto the slop tanks.

Once all tank washingand the ballastoperationsare completethe slop tank contentscan be discharged.
Preferably24 h should be given for oil/water separation;this may have to be reduced,however,on short
voyages,and then interfacereadingstaken of each slop tank to establishthe oil quantitiesin each tank.The
free water can then be discharged,the centre and starboardtanks to 1 m from the oil layer,the port slop
tank to 2 m from the oil layer. Again, very close attention must be paid to the overboard discharge.
Thereafterthe quantitiesremainingin the centre and starboardslop tanksshouldbe transferredto the port
slop tank using the strippingpump. Again, preferably24 h should be allowed for separationand after an
interfaceestablishingthe oil layer has been taken, the free water can be dischargedoversidewith the
strippingpump to 1 m from the oil level and thereafterto the oil/water separatoron deck at a slow rate
(maximum100 m3/h) until no furtherwater can be discharged.
ery{e oil washingsysterns

SECTION17: INSPECTIONS
AND MAINTENANCEOF EQUTPMENT

This section containsinformationon proceduresto be followed at recommendedintervalsfor on-


board inspections and maintenanceof crude oil washingequipment.

Deck-mounted machines

It is not intendedthat these machinesbe removed from the tanksunlessthere has been an actual
mechanicalfailure. However, in the event of such a failure,a liftingtripod,chainblock and tools are
providedand must be kept in good order.

Normalmaintenance will thereforeconsistof ensuringthat the gearboxis toppedup with lubricatingoil, the
filter is clear,the stop valveis tight and the machineis carryingout its programme.

During periodicdry dock, the opportunityshallbe taken to confirm that the nozzlesare clear.This may be
done by observingthe water jet.

Bottor*mounted machines

Maintenanceof thesemachinesshallconsistof ensuringthat the filter is clearand the stop valve is tight.

The correct operation of the machine, lube oil level and nozzle jet can be confirmed by observation
whenevera tank is in a gas-freecondition,but inspectionsshouldbe made after not more than six usagesor
at intervalsof 12 months,whicheveris the more frequent.

SECTION18: PROCEDURESFOR CHANGING FROM CRUDEOtL TRADE


TO PRODUCTTRADE

This sectioncontainsoperationalproceduresfor changingfrom crude oil trade to product trade for a


tankerwhich is fitted with separateindependentpumping and piping arrangements for ballasting
dedicated clean ballast tanks and which has been issued with two IOPP Certificatesrunning
concurrentlywith one certificatecertifyingthe tankerto be a crude oil tankerand the other certifying
it to be a productcarrier.

Note: This sectionwas not includedin the Manual as originallypreparedby the tankerowner as it was not
applicableto the particulartanker concerned.lt has been added to this specimenManual as an
exampleof how the informationrelatingto section 18 might be presentedif requiredin a particular
case.

This oil tanker is equippedwith a COW systemfor the crude oil trade and also has a CBT systemfor the
product trade with separateindependentpumpingand piping arrangements for ballastingthe dedicated
clean ballast tanks; it may therefore change from the crude oil trade to the product trade without
undergoinga survey.When makingthis changefrom the crude oil trade operatingwith a COW systemto
the product trade operatingwith dedicatedclean ballasttanks,the following proceduresshallbe followed:

1. During the dischargeof the crude oil cargo,the tanks that are to be used as dedicatedclean ballast
tankswhen the vesselis in the product trade should be crude oil washed in accordancewith the
approvedmethodsand programmescontainedin section11 of this Manual.Thesetanksare to be
crude oil washedin additionto thosethat are requiredto be crude oil washedby section11.

2. To removeany oily water mixturesthat mightremainin the separateindependentpumpingand piping


arrangements, this separatesystemshould be flushedby pumping seawater through the systeminto
the tanksbeforewater washingcommences.Thisflushingwater shouldbe dischargedto the slop tank
through the cargo piping connectionto the tanks.

54
Example1: Conventionalpipelinetanker

After dischargingall flushingwater from thesetanksthroughthe cargo pipingconnections,all valvesin


the cargo pifing linesthat lre connectedto the tanks that are to be used as dedicatedclean ballast
tanks should be closed and secured.

The tanksthat are to be used as dedicatedclean ballasttanksshouldbe water washedin accordance


with the proceduresused for preparingarrival ballasttanks contained in section 16 of this Manual
prior to the loading of the next cargo.

5. to the slop
Aftercompletionof waterwashingof thesetanks,all washwatershouldbe discharged
tank.
G- At theloadingpor! productcargocanbe loadedon thevessel,but it maynot be loadedintothetanks
that aredesignated clean
as dedicated tanks
ballast whilethe vesselis in the producttrade.
7. The vesselshouldnow operateas a productcarrierwith a CBTsystemand the DedicatedClean
BallastTankOperationManualshouldbe usedwhilethe vesselis in thistrade.

55
Example2: Ful fre+flow tanker

,Example
2
Full free-flowtanker

MANUAT
AND EQUIPMCNT
CRUDEOtt WASHINGOPERATIONS

Nameof ship
Port of registry
Distinctivenurnberor lefters ; . . . . .
tonnage
Deadweight

57
Crude oil w4shrng systems

INTRODUCTION
1 This Manual is written in accordancewith the requirementsof regulation138 of the Protocolof
1978 relatingto the InternationalConventionfor the Preventionof Pollutionfrom Ships,1973 (MARPOL
73/78).

2 The purposeof the Manualis to meetthe requirementsfor crudeoil washingin accordancewith the
RevisedSpecificationsfor the design, operation and control of crude oil washing systems(Assembly
resolutionA.446(Xl)as amendedby resolutions A.a97(Xll)andA.897(21)). lt providesstandardoperational
guidancein planningand performinga crudeoilwashingprogrammeand describes a safeprocedureto be
followed.

3 This Manual containsall the informationand operationalinstructionsrequiredby the Revised


Specifications.

4 ThisManualhasbeenapprovedby the Administration and no alterationor revisionshallbe madeto


any part of it without the prior approvalof the Administration.

58
2: Fullfree-flowtanker
Example

lndex of sections

Page Relevant
paragraph(s)
of the revised
Specifications

Part 1
1 Text of the RevisedSpecifications. . . . 160l 7(a)

2 Drawingsof the crude oil washingsystem 161l 7(b\

5 Descriptionof the crude oil washingsystemand operational 167l 7(c),7(d)(viii)


and equipmentparameters and 7(f)

i
A
Dangersof and precautionsagainstoil leakage [711 7(e)

5 Use and control of inert gas . . 171l 6.6

6 Precautionsagainstelectrostatichazards [7l]j 6.7


1
Personnelrequirements. . . . 172l 7(e)
8 Methodsof communication 172l 7(h)
9 Listof crude oils unsuitablefor crude oil washing [72] 7(t)
1 0 Crude oil washingchecklists 172l 7A)
't1 z(d)(i)
Approved methodsand programmesfor crude oil washing 174l
1 2 Typicalcrude oil washingprogrammes. . . . [76] z(dXv)
1 3 The method of drainingcargo tanks T7B] 7(d)(iii)

1 4 The method and proceduresfor drainingcargo pumps


and lines lTBl 7(dXiv)and (vi)

1 5 Typicalproceduresfor ballastingand the method of preventing


hydrocarbonemission lTel 7(d)(ii),7(i)

1 6 Complianceproceduresfor regulation9 lB0l 7(d)(vi),(vii)


of Annex I of MARPOL 73/78 and (ix)

and maintenanceof equipment


1 7 Inspections [811 7(k)

59
Crude oil washing systems

SECTION
1: TEXTOF THEREVTSED
SPECIFICATIONS

This sectioncontainsthe complete text of the RevisedSpecifications for the design,operation and
control of crude oil washingsystemsand the agreedinterpretationsof certainof the provisionsof the
RevisedSpecifications (AssemblyresolutionA.446 (Xl) as amendedby resolutionsA.497(Xll)and
4.8e7(21).

(Textof the RevrsedSpecificationsto be inserted)

SECTION2: DRAWINCSOF THE CRUDEOtt WASHTNGSYSTEM

Thissectioncontainsline drawingsshowing:
(1) crude oil washinglinesand valves;
(2) cargo pumps,linesand valves;
(3) ballastsystems(where fitted);
(4) strippingsystems;
(5) positionof tank washingmachines;
(6) positionof holesfor hand dippingand tank gauges;
(7) inert gasdeck distributionsystem.

(Seefollowing pagesfor drawings)

60
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3
Example2: Fullfreeflow tanker

OF THECRUDEOIL WASHINGSYSTEM
SECTION3: DESCRIPTION
AND OPERATIONAT PARAMETERS
AND EQUIPMENT

Thissectioncontainsa descriptionof the cargo,ballast,washingand strippingsystemsand in addition


specnes:
(1) typesof tank washingmachinesand their standpipelengthinsidethe tanks;
(21 revolutionsof the machines;
(3) methodsof checkingthe operationof tank washingmachines;
(4) minimumoperationpressurefor crude oil washing;
(5) maximum permitted oxygen level in cargo tanks;
(6) durationof tank washingmachinecycles;
(7) results of the tests performed in accordance with paragraph 4'2.'10(b)of the Revised
Specificationsand the method of computation;
(B) method of preventingentry of oil into the engine room'
'12
The cargo system consists of cargo tanks and three slop tanks' Detailsof layout are shown
in section2.
diagrammatically
Dischargefrom
The systemis so designedthat cargo is dischargedfrom cargo tanks entirelyby free flow.
drop lines
individual
slop tanksis by speciJlsuctionsin Iach tank. cirgo (or ballait) loadingis achievedby
by gravity using
to each of the cargo tanks and slop tanks.Ballasican also be freeflowed into wing tanks
permitstwo gradesof cargo
two sea inlets.The centretanksand wing tanksare completelyseparated.This
to be carriedand also permits multi-portloadings and discharges.

forepeakand No' 6
In additionto ballastcarriedin cargo tanks,permanentballasttanksare located in the
2. Thesetanks have their own independentloading
wings. Detailsare shown diagramiraticallyin section
and dischargingsystems.
concurrently
The normal cargo loading procedureis for arrivalballastto be dischargedfrom centre tanks
of wing tanks,the centre
deballasted
with the loadinf of ."rgo'ln wing tanks.On completionof the loading
tanks are then loaded.
then ballastedwith
The normal cargo dischargeprocedureis for the wing tanks to be dischargedfirst and
During the ballast
the departure Sallastlolicunently with the cargo d-ischargefrom the centre tanks.
passage,necessarywater washing is carried orit and the arrival ballast loaded into centre tanks and
departureballastdischargedfrom wing tanks.
slop tank and
The slop tank arrangementprovidesa three-stageseparationsystemconsistingof a centre
by levellinglinesand valves.All three tanksare
port and starboard*inJ rfop trnks which are interconnected
prior to commencingwater washing using arecirculatory
filledwith cleanseawier to predeterminedlevels
into the starboard
system.The tank *"rning, Je dischargedinto the centre slop tank "nd thun decanted
port wing slop tank. This provides efficient separation
wing slop tank and, frorn'there,decanied into the
at low velocity in an upward direction into the oil
since,at each stageof decanting,the slopsare discharged
slop tank may be used on its own as a single
scum near the surfaceof the liiuid in the tanks.The lentre
as double-stage separationunits'
separator,or the wing slop tanks may be used in tandem
4 centretank' No' 1 and
Fourcargopumpsare provided.Allfour pumpsmay take directsuctionfrom No.
No. 4 pumps may take suction
f..fo.z pJmps may take suctionfrom No. 4 port wing tank, and No. 3 and
through two deck lines;the
from No. 4 starboardwing tank. The cargo pumps Jischargeto the manifold

67
Crude oil washing systems

inner pumps,No. 2 and No. 3, dischargethroughthe port line and the outer pumps,No. 1 and No. 4,
dischargethroughthe starboardline.Cross-overlinesat the pump suctionsand dischargepermit flexibilityin
the selectionof cargo pumps.

One general-purpose pump is providedand this is primarilyused for crude oil washing,eductingand
strippingduties.lt is alsousedto dischargethe slop tank on completionof the main cargodischarge.The
pump is self-priming throughconnectionwith an automaticstrippingsystem.
Two eductorsare provided.The motive power for the eductorsis normallytakenfrom the dischargeof the
general-purpose pump. No. 1 and No. 2 cargo pumps may also be used to supply motive power to the
eductors.Both eductorsdischargeinto the centreor starboardslop tanksor in the caseof cleanballastmay
dischargeoverboard.The eductorsmay take direct suctionfrom No. 4 centretank or from the strippingring
main. The stripping ring main is connected to all cargo tanks,with the exceptionof No. 4 centre tank.
Eductorscan be connectedto the bilge systemvia interconnectionswith the strippingpump line.

A reciprocatingstripping pump is provided. This takes direct suction from the centre slop tank or the
strippingsuctioncross-overline or the outboard side of the manifoldvalves,port and starboard.The pump
dischargesdirectlyto the oil/water separatorof the cargo pump cross.overline or the outboard side of the
manifoldvalves,port and starboard.The strippingpump is usedfor the strippingof pipelinesand cargo
pumps to the centre slop tank and then the final strippingof that tank ashore.

Two seainletsare provided.Theseenableany of the four cargopumps,the general-purpose pump and the
strippingpump to draw from the sea.The inletscan alsobe usedfor shippingballastinto the wing tanksby
gravity.Thereare wvo high overboarddischargesprovided,port and starboard,for the dischargeof ballast
overboard.Theseare taken from the cargo pump dischargecrossover.
The cargo control room provides the focal point for all cargo handling, ballastingand tank cleaning
operations.Facilitiesare providedwithin the control room for remote control of the pumping equipment
and remote operationof the hydraulicallyoperatedvalvessituatedin the pump-room.The inert gassystem
performanceis monitored and the operationof the deck main isolatingvalve is controlledfrom the cargo
control room. The bulkheadvalvesin the tank spaceand hydraulicallyoperatedvalveson the upper deck
are operated from five local control stationson the upper deck. The inert gas systemmast riser vent is
operatedfrom the forward local control station.
Draught gauge indicatorsare fitted in the cargo control room. The indicator systemindicatesthe ship's
draught at four positions;forward, aft, and midshipsport and starboard.
A water heater is fitted in the cargo pump-roomfor use when hot water tank washingis required.During
crude oil washingthe heater is isolatedfrom the tank cleaningsystemby meansof the spectacleblanks
provided.

A Loadmastercomputer is provided and is fitted in the cargo office adjacentto the cargo control room.

In additionto the standardullagefittings,each cargotank and each slop tank is fitted with a Whessoegauge
givingvisualullagereadingsat the upper deck level.Additionalgaugesare fitted in the after ends of No. 4
centreand No. 4 wing tanks,the forward fuel oil tank and No. 7 fuel oil bunkertanks.A remotereadingtank
level gaugefor the centre slop tank is installedin the cargo control room.

68
2: Fullfre*flow tanker
Example

PUMPPARTICUHRS

Service No. Type Drive Capacityand pressure/head


at the pumP

Cargooil pumps 4 Horizontal Singlestageimpulse 47oom3/hoil (sp.gr.0.85)


centrifugal steam turbine at 140 m head
volute Pumpspeed:1000rPm
Cargo oil 1 Verticalduplex Steamreciprocating 350 m3/hoil (sp.gr.0.85)
strippingpump doubleacting at 130m head
reciprocating Pumpspeed:31 strokes/min
General- 1 Horizontal Singlestageimpulse 20oom3lhoil (sp.gr.0.85)
purposepump centrifugal steam turbine at14Om head
volute Purnpspeed:1650rPm

EDUCTORPARTICULARS

Service No. Tvoe Drive Capacity

Cargooil 2 Colar Dischargefrom ApproximatelyaoO m3/h


stripping No. 1 or No.2 cargo sea water
eductors pump or general- Drivingfluid needed:800 m3/h
purposepump

No. 6 tank 2 Colar Dischargefrom fire, Approximately400 m3/h


permanent bilge and general- sea water
water ballast servicepumps Driving fluid needed:800 m3/h
eductors
Forepeaktank I Colar Dischargefrom fire, Approximately35 m3/h sea water
permanent bilge and general- Orivingfluid needed:zo m3/h
water ballast servicepumps
eductor

3.1 The cargo tanks and slop tanks are fitted with VP-Matic and VP-Monomaticfixed tank washing
and 4re
machines.Theseare manufacturedby Victor PyrateLimited.The machineshave 2.6 m standpipes
vibrationfrequency of the machines is 10.83 Hz
fitted with either 32 mm or 38 mm singlenozzLs. Natural
(650 cycles/min)which is well in excessof the maximum frequency that the propeller can induce' The
Lyort and distributionof the machinesare shown in diagrammaticform in section2.

3.2 The machinenozzlesrotate through 360" in the horizontalplane and through 140' in the vertical
plane. Eachcomplete horizontalrevolutionmoves the nozzle through 2.3" vertically.The combinationof
irorizontaland verticalmovement producesa close spiralcleaningpath within the tank.

VP-Matic
3.3 A total o{ 24 controlboxes are provided for mounting onto the turbine housingof the
fitied at the same time. The control
machines.This is a sufficientnumber for all wing tank VP-MatiLsto be
tank cleaning cycle' When they
boxesprovidethe meansfor actuatingthe positiin of the nozzlesduringthe
oil supply valve is opened. VP-
are fitied, the machineswill autorn'aticailyoperate when the crude
are fitted with upper and
Monomatic machinesare fitted with permanentintegralcontrol units.The controls
mechanism
lower stopswhich can be adjustedto give a wash over.a selectedarc. On reachinga stop the
movements are visible
trips and the nozzle then pioceeds o-nthe return arc. The controls,settingsand
externallyand can be visuallychecked at any stage.
Crude oil washins systerns

3.4 The minimumline pressurefor crude oil washingis B bars.Normalworking pressureis 10 bars.
3.5 Crudeoil washingmustonly be carriedout when the oxygenlevelin the tank is lessthan 8%. Thisis
the maximum permitted level.
3.5 The duration of the tank washingcyclesat 10 bars line pressurefor variousarcs is as follows:

Limit of cycle 120" 100" 80" 600 40"


Time ln/mtn t h46min t h24min t h4min 42 min

A cycfe consistsof two complete passesof the nozzle through the designatedverticalarc.
A maximumof 1B tank washingmachinescan be operatedsimultaneously.
3.7 During tests,the amount of oil floating on the departureballastdid not exceedthe permitted ratio
given in paragraph4.2.10(b)of the RevisedSpecifications.
3.8 The procedure for computing the ratio of the volume of oil on top of the total departure ballast
water to the volume of tanksthat contain this water is describedbelow:

Tank Port' Tankvolume Ullagespace oil Volumeof oil


number starboard (m') in tank thickness (rt)
or centre (measuredto (mm)
top of oil layer)
(m)
X v, U, tx VX

Total v Total

3.8.1 Determinethe thicknessof the oil layer on the ballastwater (t*).


3.8.2 Using the tank capacitytables:
.1 determinethe aggregatevolume (100%) of all tanks that contain departureballast(V);
.2 determinethe volume of the ballastwater and oil layer in each tank from the ullage (U,.);
.3 determinethe volume of ballastwater in each tank from the ullageplus the thicknessof the oil
layer (U" + 1").
3.8.3 Subtractthe value obtainedin 3.8.2.3from that obtainedin 3.8.2.2for each tank and add the
resultantvaluestogetherto obtain the total volume of oil (v).
3.8.4 The ratio of the volume of oil on top of the total departureballastwater to the total volume of tanks
containingdepartureballastwater = V.
3.9 Thereis no part of the crude oil washingsystemin the machineryspacesother than the pump-room.
Spectacleblanksare fitted to isolatethe pumproom-sited heaterfrom the system.
On completionof a crudeoil washprogramme,the crudeoil washingpipingis drainedinto the centresloptank.

70
2: Fullfre*flow tanker
Example

4: DANGERS
SECTION AGAINSTOIL LEAKACE
OF AND PRECAUTIONS

This sectioncontainsinformationon the dangersof leakagefrom the crude oil washingsystem,the


precautionsnecessaryto prevent leakageand the action to be taken in the event of leakage.

Leakageof crude oil from the systemcan be a potential fire and pollution hazard. Before arrival at the
dischargeport, the tank washingsystemshould be pressuretestedand examinedfor leaks.Any leaksfound
should be made good and the resultantoil cleanedup.

During the pressuretest, specialattentionshould be given to the inspectionand tighteningof valve glands
and of flangesand couplingson linesto prevent any leakage.

During the courseof oil washingthe systemmust be kept under continuousobservationand on completion
of waihing it must be completelydrainedof oil. lf it is necessaryfor the systemto be cleanedout, it should
be flushedthrough with water into appropriatetanks;if the systemis requiredto be gas-freeit should be
ventilatedin the sameway as cargo lines.

The crude oil washing must be stopped when any sign of leakageor fault in the tank wash system is
discovered,either on deck or in the pumproom.

SECflON5: USEAND CONTROLOF INERTGAS

This sectioncontainsinformationon the inert gas requirementsand the instructionsto cover those
periodswhen the inert gas pressureis releasedfor reasonsof cargo operation.ln addition it indicates
the method and proceduresto be used for taking samplesof the tank atmosphere.

The ship should arrive at the dischargeport with all cargo tanks pressurizedwith goodquality inert gas'
Pressuremay be releasedfor ullaging,samplingand water dips before dischargeand at this stage the
oxygen level in tanks should be checkedto ensurethat it is below B% by volume.The supplyof inert gas
must be commencedimmediatelybefore the commencementof cargo dischargeso as to avoid a vacuum
in the tanks.By this meansa safeconditionwill be maintainedthroughoutdischarge.Apart from this initial
releaseof pressurethe pressurein the cargo tanksshouldalwaysbe above atmosphericpressure.Under no
circumstancesshould air be allowed to enter any tank which is to be crude oil washed.

Beforeeach tank is washed,the orygen content should be checkedwith the portable oxygen analyserto
ensurethat it does not exceedS%by volume.Samplesshouldbe taken at a point 1 m below the deck and
at the middle regionof the ullagespacewell clear of the inert gas inlet point. (Seesection2 of this Manual
for the positionof the samplingpoints.)

The crude oil washingmust be stoppedif there is a failureof the inert gasplant or if the oxygencontent of
the deliveredinert gai exceedsS%by volume or if the pressureof the tank atmospherein the cargo tanks
falls below atmosphericpressure.

HAZARDS
AGAINSTELECTROSTATIC
SECTION6: PRECAUTIONS

This sectioncontainsdetailsof the proceduresfor minimizingelectrostaticgeneration

Mixtures of oil and water can produce an electricallycharged mist during tank washing.The use of dry
crude is therefore important.To prevent the possibilityof developingsuch an electricallychargedmist,
before crude oil washingis commencedany tank containingcrude oil which is to be used as the crude oil
washingfluid is to be partiallydischargedto removeany water which hassetdedout duringthe voyage.To
ensure"adequate safeiy,a minimum of t rn depth of cargo is to be dischargedin this way.

7'|
Crudeoil washinesystems

For the samereason,as the slop tank will invariablycontaina mixtureof retainedoil residuesand cargo,the
whole content of the slop tank shouldbe dischargedashorebefore crude oil washingcommencesand then
be refilledwith freshcrude from the cargo dischargedeck line, if the slop tank is to be usedas a sourceof
washingfluid. lt must be rememberedthat this refillingwill take place after the dischargeof the bottom 1 m
depth of cargo from other tanks,referredto above, has been completed.

SECTION7: PERSONNEL
REQUIREMENTS

Thissectionspecifiesthe numbersof personsto be associatedwith the crude oil washingprocessand


their necessaryqualifications.
Their namesand rank may be provided on separatedocuments.

The following personnelare requiredto be on board to carry out the dual operationof dischargingcargo
and crude oil washing:

1. the masteror chief officer who will have overall responsibilityfor the operation.He must meet the
'l
requirementsof paragraph5.2 of the RevisedSpecifications; (seesection of this Manual)

2. the orficerwho will undertakethe actual operation.He must meet the requirementsof paragraph
5.3 of the RevisedSpecifications;
(see section 1 of this Manual)

3. a minimumof one petty officeror ratingwho is to be on deck at all timesduringwashingto keep


watch for leaksand malfunctionof equipment,to test the oxygenconentof tanksbeforewashing,to
check tank atmospherepressure,to sound tank bottoms when required,and to lift ullagefloatsand
to assistwith changingdrive unitswhen this is necessary.

The duties of the personsreferredto above are not necessarilymutuallyexclusive.

SECTIONB: METHODSOF COMMUNICATION

This section gives the detailsof communicationbetween the watchkeeperon deck and the cargo
control positionso that, in the event of a leak or malfunctioningof the crude oil washingsystem,the
washingmay be stoppedas soon as possible.

Theshipis providedwith portableVHFsetswhichoperateon two frequencies. A setmustbe usedby the


personat the cargocontrolsand anotherby the personsupervising
crudeoil washingon deck.

SECTION
9: LISTOF CRUDEOILSUNSUITABLE
FORCRUDEOIL WASHING

Thissectioncontains
a listof crudeoilsunsuitable
for crudeoil washing.

This vesselis not fitted with heating coils in the cargo tanks and it should not carry cargoeswhich will
require to be heatedfor pumpability.

SECIION 10: CRUDEOlt WASHING CHECKLISTS

This section containsoperationalchecklistsfor the use of the crew at each dischargewhich shall
includethe checkingand calibrationof all instruments.

72
2: Fullfree-flowtanker
Example

CHECKSAT DISCHARGEPORT
PRE.ARRIVAL

No. ITEM

1. Has terminalbeen notified? r ,,


2. ls oxygen analysingequiprnenttested and working satisfactorily? ,
3. ls tank washingpipelinesystemisolatedfrom water heater and engine room?
4. Are all hydrantvalveson tank washingline blanked?
5. Are all valvesto fixed tank washingmachinesshut?
6. Have tank cleaninglines been pressurizedand leakagesmade good?
7. Have portable drive units for fixed tank washingmachinesbeen tested?
B. Have pressuregaugeson the top dischargeline, manifold and tank cleaningmain been
checked?
9. Has the strippingsystemmonitoringequipment been checked?
10. Has the communicationssystembeen checked and tested?
11. defined?
Has the organizationplan been drawn up and postedwith dutiesand responsibilities
'12. Have the discharge/crudewash operation plans been drawn up and posted?
13. tn caseswhere the terminalhas a standardradio checklist,has this been completed and
transmitted?

DURINC AND AFTERCRUDEOIL WASH OPERATION


FORUSEBEFORE,
CHECKLIST

A - Before crude oil wash oPeration


1. Are all the prearrival checksand conditionsin order?
2. Has discharge/crudeoil wash operation been discussedwith both ship and shore staff and is
the agreed plan readilyavailablefor easy reference?
3. Has communicationlink between the deck/control station and control station/shorebeen set

4. andprocedures
ffii.,: ffi"JTtJ'r"rT:lt.onoi,ion been bvboth
andasreed
discussed
ship and shore staff?
5. Have fixed and portable oxygen analysersbeen checked and are they working properly?
6. ls inert gassystemworking properly and is the oxygencontent of the inert gasbeing delivered
below 8"/" by volume?
7. fs oxygen content of tank(s)to be crude oil washed below B% by volume?
B. Have all cargo tanks positiveinert gas pressure?
9. Has a responsibleperson been assignedto check all deck linesfor leaksas soon as washing
starts?
if
10. Are the fixed machinesset for the requiredwashingmethod and are portable drive units,
fitted, mounted and set?
11. Have valvesand lines both in pump-room and on deck been checked?

73
Crudeoil washinesystems

No. ITEM
B - During crude oil wash operation
't2. ls qualityof inert gas beingdeliveredfrequentlycheckedand recorded?
13. Are all deck lines and machinesbeing frequentlycheckedfor leaks?
14. ls crude oil washingin progressin designatedcargo tanksonly?
15. ls the pressurein the tank wash line 8 barsor above?
16. Are cycletimesof tank washingmachinesas specifiedin this Manual?
't7.
Are the washingmachinesin operation,togetherwith their drive units if applicable,frequently
checkedand working pr:operly?
'18.
ls a responsiblepersonstationedcontinuouslyon deck?
't9.
Will trim be satisfactorywhen bottom washingis in progressas specifiedin this Manual?
20. Will recommendedtank drainingmethod be followed?
2'1. Have ullagegaugefloatsbeen raisedand housedin tanksbeingcrude oil washed?
22. ls level in holding tank for tank washingsfrequentlycheckedto preventany possibilityof an
overflow?
C - After crude oil wash operation
23. Are all valvesbetween dischargeline and tank wash line closed?
24. Has tank wash line been drainedof crude oil?
25. Are all valvesto washingmachinesclosed?
26. Are cargopumps,tanksand pipelinesproperlydrainedas specifiedin this Manual?

SECTION
11:APPROVED
METHODS AND PROGRAMMES
FORCRUDEOIt WASHING

This sectioncontainsthose detailswhich form the basisof crude oil washingin the tankerand which
are necessaryto formulate a washing programme which will accord with all foreseeable
circumstances of cargodischargerestraints.lt includesinformationon:
(1) the minimumnumberof tanksto be washedin accordancewith paragraph6.'l of the Revised
Specifications;
(21 the methodof washingeach tank, i.e.,single.ormulti-stage;
(3) the numberof tank washingmachinesto be usedsimultaneously;
(4) the crude oil washingpressureand meansto maintainthe requiredpressure;
(5) the durationof the crude oil wash;
(6) the preferredorder in which tanks are to be washed;
(7) the minimumtrim duringcompletionof washingand drainingtanks;
(8) when drainingand strippingof tanksis to commence.

The cargo systemcomprisesfour centre tanks,four pairs of wing tanks,a centre slop tank within No. 4
centreand a pair of wing slop tanksabaft No. 4 wing tanks.The systemis servedby four cargo pumps,one
general-purpose(GP)pump, two eductorsand one strippingpump.The slop tanksform part of the main
cargo system,with cargo being loaded on top of oily residueswhich remainfrom previouscargoes.

74
2: Fullfree-flowtanker
Example

Cargo pump capacities

Main cargo pump - 47OOm3/h


CP pump - 2000 m'/hV
Eductor- 400 m3/h
Strippingpump - 350 m3/h
Dischargefrom main cargo tanks is by free flow through bulkheadsluicevalvesto No. 4 centre and No. 4
wings, from which the main cargo pumps take suction. The slop tanks are dischargedby direct suctions
servingindividualcompartments.The CP pump is used to provide the fluid for washing machinesand
eductors.Eductorsare usedfor cargostripping.ln the eventof a CP pump failureeitherNo. 1 or No. 2 main
cargo pump can be usedinstead.The strippingpump is usedfor the final strippingof pumpsand lines.
A bottom ring main is provided,which seryestanks 1 to 3, principallyto facilitatestrippingin water washing.
The standardprocedureis to crude oil wash and dischargeall wing cargotanksfirstand,after strippingthem
and drainingthe associatedpipelines,to load departureballastin the wings concurrentlywith the discharge
of cargo and crude oil washingof centretanksand wing slop tanks.Deck linesare drainedinto the centre
slop tink and manifoldlines;pump-roomlinesand pumps are drainedvia the strippingpump to the centre
slop tank.Finally,the centreslop tank is pumped ashorethroughthe special150 mm diameterline.
Thisprocedureis not materiallyaffectedif differentgradesare loaded in wings and centres,nor if the wings
are dischargedat one port and centretanksat a secondport. However,if it is requiredto dischargecentre
tanksat one port and wing tanksat a secondport it will be necessaryto transfercargofrom the wing tanks
to the centre tanks to enable ballastingproceduresto be carriedout.
The proceduremay be materiallyaffectedif more than one grade is loaded in the centre tanks or in the
wing tanks.tn this case,it will be necessaryto dischargethe first gradeon the ring main usingthe CP pump.
11.1 In this ship,allwing cargo tanksare used for departureballastand all centre cargo tanksfor arrival
ballast.The slop ianks do not cirry ballast.Therefore,to comply with the requirementsof paragraph6.1 of
the RevisedSpecifications, all cargo tanks and one of the slop tanks must be crude oil washed prior to
sailingon a ballastvoyage.However,a slop tank need not be washed more than once every four months
except that it is recommendedthat the centre slop tank be washed each time.
11.2 Tanks are crude oil washed by the multi-stagemethod. That is, they are washed in three stages
(12O'-7O':70'-40":40"-0"). Eachstageis givenone and a half cycles(i.e.,three passesof the machine
nozzle).During the final stage - the bottom wash - the first passof the nozzle should commence with
about i m of clrgo remainingin the tank. During the secondpass,the tank shouldbe emptied and during
the final passthe tank bottom should be dry.
11.3 The ship is fitted with 43 VP-Maticmachinesand 10 VP-Monomaticmachines.There are24 control
boxesprovidedfor actuatingVP-Maticmachines.Thisallowsall tanksrequiredto be washedwith only one
move of the control boxes.A total of 1B machinescan be operatedsimultaneously.
11.4 Duringwashingthe optimumline pressureis 10 bars.The minimumpermissible pressureis B bars.

11.5 Crude oil washingwill continuethroughoutthe cargo dischargeprogramme.lt will commence


approximately2 h after tfe commencementoidischarge and be completedprior to the final dischargeof
the centre slop tank. At 10 bars pressure,the time taken to wash each tank is:

Top wash: 12O"-7O": th19min


Middle wash: 7Oo-4Oo: 48 min
Bottom wash: 40"-0o : l-b-] rn!!, ,
Total 3h10min
ship
1 1.6 As the ship is designedto dischargeby the free-flowmethod,the tanksat the forward end of the
because oJ the naturaltrim of the ship.The normal procedure therefore is to
empty in advanceof thoie aft

75
Crude oil washinssystems

begin with the first stage(top wash) in No. 1 and No. 2 wing tanks and follow this with the first stage(top
wash) in No. 3 and No. 4 wings.The sequenceis then for the secondstage(middlewash)and third stage
(bottom wash) in those tanks in the same alternatingorders.The bottom stagemust not be commenced
until the depth of oil is about 1 m. On completionof the bottom washingof wing tanks,control boxesare
moved to the centre tanks and a washingsequencesimilarto that of the wing tanks carried out.

11.7 Duringthe bottom washingand drainingof tanks,the trim must be not lessthan 4 m.

11.8 As the shipis freeflow, the drainingof No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3 wingsand centresis concurrentwith
cargo discharge.The drainingof No. 4 wings and centreis to commenceduringthe secondpassof the tank
cleaningmachine nozzle during the bottom washingstage.

SECTION12: TYPICALCRUDEOIL WASHING PROCRAMMES

This section contains details of some typical washing programmes under various conditions of
dischargesuch as single-or multi-portdischargeand single and multi-gradecargoes.

Crude oil washing seguence in relation to cargo discharge


The following sequenceis the basicprogrammeand is easilyadaptedto all conditionsof cargoesand ports.

Sequence Careo ooeration Pumo COW ooeration Pump


1 Commencedischargeof centre No. 1
slop tank
2 Commencedischargeof Nos. 1, 2, Nos. 1, 2,
3&4winstanks 3 & 4
3 Washcentreslop No. 1
tank
4 8 m ullage CP on No. 4
W a s h N o s1. & 2 wings
wings
1] cycles120"-7O'

5 Refillcentresloptankwith dry
crude
6 WashNos.3&4
'l]
wings cycles
120'-70'
7 17 m ullage
W a s h N o 1s &
. 2
wings1] cycles
70"-40"
8 WashNos.3&4
wings 1] cycles
70"-40"
9 26 m ullage
W a s h N o s1. & 2
wings 1] cycles
400-00

76
2: Fullfre*flow knker
Example

Pump COW operation Pump


Sequence Cargo operation
10 Commencedischargeof Nos. 1, 2, N o s . 2& WashNos.3&4
3&4centretanks 3 wings1] cycles
400-00

11 StripNo. 4 wingsusingeductors. C P
Discharge Nos.1, 2,3 & 4 centre Nos.1, 2,
tanks 3&4
't2 Check dips in wing
tanks lessthan
25 mm

13 Stripall wing tanksand linesto Stripping


centresloptank PumP
14 Commenceflooding ballastinto
wing tanks
15 Dischargewing dop tanks No. 1
Wash requisitewing CP on No.4
16
slop tank centre
9 m ullage GPon No.4
17
Wash Nos. 1, 2, 3 centre
centre tanks 1|
cvcles100'-70'

18 WashNo. 4 centre
tank 1] cycles
'100"-70"

19 17 m ullage
W a s hN o s 1
. ,2,3
centretanks1|
cvcfes7Oo-4O"
20 StopNos.1 & 4 PumPs.Drain
pumpsand linesto centresloP
tank
21 CommencePumPingballastto Nos.1 &
wins tanks 4
22 WashNo. 4 centre
tank 1| cycles
70"-400
23 24 m ullage
Wash Nos.1, 2 & 3
centretanks
1| cycles
400-00
WashNo. 4 centre CP on centre
24
tank 1] cycles slop tank
400-00

77
Crude oil washins systerns

Sequence Cargo operation Pump COW operation Pump


25 Checkdipsin Nos. 1,
2&3centretanks
and wing slop tanks
lessthan 25 mm
26 Stop dischargewhile bottom
washingand strippineNo.4 centre
27 Checkdip in No. 4
centre tank
28 Discharsecentre slop tank GP
29 StripNos. 2 & 3 and CP pumps
and linesand manifoldsto centre
slop tank
30 Dischargecentre slop tank via
special150 mm line

SECTION13: THE MFTHOD OF DRAINING CARGO TANKS

This sectioncontainsa descriptionof the method of drainingcargo tanks and should includethe
parameterswhich indicatewhen the tank is dry and which will be at least all of those required by
paragraph4.4.8 of the RevisedSpecifications.
The minimum trim conditionsmust be stated.

Drainingof No. 1 , No. 2 and No. 3 centreand wing tanksis by free flow into No. 4 centreand wings.No. 4
centre and wings are drainedby eductorswhich are powered by the GP pump, althoughNo. 1 or No. 2
main cargo pump can be used if the need arises.The wing slop tanksare alsodrainedby the eductors.Final
drainingof the centreslop tank is by a steamreciprocatingpump which dischargesdirectlyashorethrough
the specialstrippingline.

It can be verifiedthat a tank is empty by fully extendingthe Whessoegauge,which is housedduring crude


oil washing,and by hand dipping.

To monitor the strippingsystemefficiency,cargo pump revolution indicatorsand eductor and stripping


pump suctionand dischargegaugesare displayedin the cargo control room.

The minimumtrim conditionfor drainingtanksis 4 m by the stern.

SECTION14: THE METHOD AND PROCEDURES


FOR DRAINING
CARGO PUMPSAND LINES

This sectioncontainsa descriptionof the method and proceduresfor drainingcargo pumps, cargo
lines,crude oil washinglinesand strippinglinesand includesinformationon the use of the small-
diameterline.

14.1 Deck lines

14.1.1Thestarboarddeck line is drainedthroughthe directload linesinto the wing sloptanks.Thisis prior


to the ballastingoperation.

78
2: Fullfreeflow tanker
Example

74.1.2Directloadlinesaredrainedintotheirindividualcargowingtanks.On completion, cargowingtanks


pump.This
are givena finalstripusingthe stripping is prior to the operation.
ballasting

74.1.gTheportdecklineandmanifoldlinesaredrainedthroughthe directloadinglineintothe centreslop


tank.Manifoldpressure valvesare openedduringthisoperation.
compensation
cargocentre
14.1.4Directloadlinesare drainedinto theirindividualcargocentretanks.On completion,
tanksare givena finalstripusingthe strippingpump.
14.1.5Manifoldoutboardareasare drainedto the centreslop tank via the strippingpump and special
strippingline.
To
14.1.6Thecrudeoil washinglineis drainedto the centresloptankvia thefixedtankwashingmachine.
the forwardmachinein No. 1 centreis
equalizethe pressure, opened.

and bypasslines
14.2 Strippingline crossover
the strippingpumpsuctionto eachof the cargopumpsand
connecting
Thereis a strippinglinecrossover
Cp pumpstraineri.Thereare bypasslineswith manualvllvesfittedaroundthe non-return valvesin each
cargopumpandCP pumpdischarge line.
to pumpingballast,
14.2.1Prior the bypasslinesaroundNo. 1 and No. 4 pump non-return valvesare
pump
pipelinesdrainedvia the stripping
openedand the prrpr-plur associated to the centresloptank.

14.2.2On completionof cargodischarge, all pumproomandcargotanklinesthatcontainoil arestripped


No. 1 centretank suction
into the centresloptank usiig the strippingpump.To equalizethe pressure,
shouldbe open.
checkthat all valvesareclosed.
On completionof the pumpsand linesstrippingprogramme,

14.3 Specialsttippingline
Thislinehasthe dualpurposeof drainingthe outboardmanifoldlinesto the centresloptankandthe final
drainingof the centresloptankto shore.ln thislatteroperation,the strippinglineis setso thatthe stripping
pumpiakessuctionfromthe centresloptankand discharges to shorevia the connection to the outboard
sideof one of the manifold valves.
When the tank is the
drained, pump is left for
running approximately
10 minutesto allowair to be pumpedup the line'

15: TYPICALPROCEDURES
SEC-TION AND THEMETHOD
FORBATTASTING
OF HYDROCARBON
PREVENTING EMISSION

of typicalprocedures
Thissectioncontainsa description and includes:
for ballasting
(1) the procedurefor drainingand strippingbeforeloadingballast;
for preventing
(21 the procedures emissioninto the atmosphere.
hydrocarbon

15.1 At the completion of dischargeof wing cargo tanks, No. 4 wings are drained using the eductors.
Dips are taken in all wing cargo tanks to ensurethat they are dry.

Ballastis loaded by gravityfor the firsttwo hoursand then it is pumped usingNo' 1 and No. 4 cargo pumps'
Beforethe gravityio-adinjcommences, the starboarddeck line must be drainedand the tanksgiventhe final
strippingin accordancewith section14.1.
prior to pumping ballast,No. 1 and No. 4 pumps must be stoppedand the pumps plus associatedpipelines
drained in accordancewith section 14'2'

79
Crude oil washine systems

15.2 lnertgassupplymustbe regulated to obtaina slightpositive


pressurein tanksduringdischarge,
but
thismustbe belowa levelwhere
emission to atmosphere occurs.Whenwingtanksarebeingballasted, the
displacement is to be containedwithinthe centretankswhicharebeingdischarged.
tankatmosphere The
inertgassupplymustbe reducedso that the slightpositivepressure in the system.
is maintained

SECTION
16: COMPUANCE PROCEDURESFORREGULATION
9
oF ANNEXI OF MARPOL73/78

This section containsinformationand proceduresfor water washing tanks and lines,dischargeof


departureballastand the decantingof slopsat sea to ensurecompliancewith regulation9.

16.1 Pump and line washing

The CP pump and linesare washedby takingsuctionfrom the seaand discharging


round the manifoldto
the centre slop tank.

The strippingpump and specialstrippingline are washedby takingsuctionfrom No. 3 cargowing tanks
(usingthe strippingring main)and dischargingback to the sametanksvia the manifolddrain lines.

No. 1 and No. 4 pumps and lineswill have been washedduringthe loadingof ballastduringthe cargo
dischargeoperation.

No. 2 and No. 3 pumpsand linesare washedduringthe loadingof additionalballastin cargowing tanks.
Suctionis takenfrom the seaand ballastdischargedto wing tanksvia the port and starboarddeck linesand
direct loading lines.The direct loading lines to cargo centre tanks are also to be washed at this time.

Manifold linesare washedconcurrentlywith the shippingof additionalballast.The manifolddrain valvesto


No. 3 wing cargo tanksand manifoldcrossovervalvesare opened.The drain line valvesmust remainopen
until ballastingis completed so as to ensureadequatewashingof the whole deck line system.

16.2 Water washing of tanks

Water washingis carried out by the recirculatorysystemusing all three slop tanks.Therefore,before the
loading of the additionalballastis completed,each slop tank is to be partiallyfilled through its respective
directload lines.

On completionof the ballastin&pumpsand deck linesare to be drainedand all centretankspurgedwith


inert gas to remove hydrocarbongases.The centre tanks are then to be washed.

The CP pump takessuctionfrom the port slop tank and supplieswater to the tank washingline and to the
eductors.Tank washing machinesare set to wash one full cycle followed by a bottom wash. That is,
0o-100o-0o-40o-0'.Tanksare to be washedsequentially and the eductorsusedto stripthe washings.The
eductorsdischargeto the centre slop tank. Levellingvalvesbetween the centre and starboardslop tanks
and the starboardand port slop tanks are to be open during this operation.

16.3 Dischargeof departure ballast

Departureballastis initiallydischargedoverboardusingeither No. 1 or No. 4 pump on the freeflow system.


When the ullagein No. 4 wing tanks is 22 m, the pump is to be slowed down and the dischargeclosely
monitored.When the first tracesof discolorationare observed,the dischargeoverboardis to stop and the
balancedischargedto the slop tanks.The eductorsare used to drain No. 4 wing cargo tanks.The arrival
ballastis loaded into the centre tanks via their direct load lines using either No. 2 or No. 3 pump
concurrentlywith the dischargeof the departureballast.

80
2: Fullfree-flowtanker
Example

On cornpletionof the dischargeof departureballast,all wing cargo tanksare to be purgedwith inert gasto
remove hydrocarbongas.Any necessarywater washingcan then be done'

16.4 Decantingof slop tanks

After completingthe ballasttransferand tank washingprogrammes,the oil/water interfacesin the three slop
tanks are to be measured.The water contents of these tanks are to be dischargedoverboard using the
strippingpump.The oil and oil/watermixturein the wing slop tanksis to be transferred to the centreslop
tanl'uiiti,e deck oil/water separator. the
Finally, cargo pumps and CP pump are to be flushed through to
ensurethat they are clean.

After a settlingperiod,the strippingpump is usedto dischargethe centreslop tank contentsthroughthe oil/


water separatoruntil the water bottom has been decanted.

AND MAINTENANCEOF EQUIPMENT


SECTION17: INSPECTIONS

This section containsinformationon proceduresto be followed at recommendedintervalsfor on-


board inspections and maintenanceof crude oil washingequipment.

The inspectionand maintenanceproceduresfor the crude oil washingequipmentare containedin the


plannedmaintenanceprograrr". Theseare to be carriedout regularlyto ensurethat the equipmentis
maintainedin good workingcondition.

81

;
,rl
IV
FORIN.PORTINSPECTION
CUIDETINES
OF CRUDEOIT WASHINGPROCEDURES
Cuidelinesfor in-port inspection

CUIDELINESFOR IN.PORT INSPECTION


OF CRUDE OIt WASHING PROCEDURES

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Cuidelines for the in-portinspection ascalledfor by resolution7 of
of crudeoil washingprocedures
Conference
the lnternational on TankerSafetyand Pollution 1978,
Prevention, are requiredto providea
uniformand effectivecontrolof crudeoil washingto ensure compliance of ships at all timeswith the
provisions Convention
of the Protocolof 1978relatingto the International for the Prevention of Pollution
fromShips,1973(MARPOL73/78).
1.2 Thedesignof thecrudeoil washinginstallation is subjectto theapprovalof theAdministration of the
flagState.However,althoughthe operati-ndaspectof crudeoil washingis also subjectto the approval of
thJ sameAdministration for the authorityof a
it mightbe necessary port Stateto seeto it that continuing
compliance with agreedprocedures and parametersis ensured.
1.3 The Operationsand EquipmentManualcontainsall the necessary informationrelatingto the
operationof crudeoil washingon a particulartanker.The objectivesof the inspectionare thereforeto
of the Manualdealingwith safetyproceuresand with pollutionpreventionare
ensurethat the provisions
beingstrictlyadheredto.
1.4 The methodof the inspectionis at the discretionof the authorityof the port Stateand the actual
inspectionmay coverthe entirecrudeoil washingoperationor only thosepartsof the operationwhich
occurwhenthe inspectoris on board.
1.5 will be governedby articles5 and 6 of MARPOL73/78.
lnspection

2 INSPECTIONS
2.1 A port State should make the appropriatearrangements so as to ensurecompliancewith
requirementsgoverningthe crudeoil washing oi fhis
tankers. is not, however, to be construed as relieving
terminalop"r"torr and shipowners of their obligationsto --^
ensure rL-e
that aL^
the operation
^^^-^+i^^
is
;-
undertaken
,,^J^,+-L^^
in
i^

accordancewith the regulations.

2.2 The inspectionmay cover the entire operationof crude oil washingor only certainaspectsof it. lt is
thus in the interestof all concernedthat the ship'srecordswith regardto the crude oil washingoperations
are maintainedat all times so that an inspector may verify those operations undertaken prior to his
inspection.

3 SHIP'SPERSONNEL

3.1 The person in chargeand the other nominatedpersonswho have responsibilities in respectof the
crude oil washing op"r"tLn should be identified.They musg if required, be to show that their
.able
quaiincationsmee-tthe requirementsas appropriate of paragraphs5.2 and 5.3 of the Revised Specifications
for the design,operationand control of crude oil washing systems as adopted by IMO'

8.2 The verificationmay be accomplishedby referenceto the individual'sdischargepapers,testimonials


issuedby the ship'soperaior or by certificatesissuedby a trainingcentre approved by an Administration'
The numbersof such personnelshould be at leastas statedin the Manual'

4 DOCUMENTATION

4.1 The following documentswill be availablefor inspection:


Crude oil washing systerns

4.1.1 the International


Oil PollutionPreventionCertificate,
to determine:

.1 whetherthe vesselisfittedwith a crudeoil washingsystemas requiredin regulation13(6)or (8)


of Annex I of MARPOL 73/78; and

of
whetherthe crude oil washingsystemis accordingto and complyingwith the requirements
regulation13(B)of Annex t of MARPOL73%78;

.3 the identification
of the Operationsand EquipmentManual;

.4 the validity of the Certificate;

4.1.2 the approved and Equipment


Operations Manual;

4.1.3 the Oil RecordBookand attached


Supplement;

4.1.4 the CargoShipSafetyEquipmentCertificateto confirmthat the inert gas systemconformsto


regufations
containedin chapterll-2of the lnternational for the Safetyof Lifeat Sea,1974,as
Convention
modifiedand addedto by the Protocolof 1978.

INERTCAS SYSTEM

5.1 Regulationscoveringinert gas systemsrequire that instrumentationshall be fitted for continuously


indicatingand permanentlyrecordingthe pressureand oxygen content of the gas in the inert gas supply
main at all timeswhen inertgasis beingsupplied.The permanentrecordershouldindicateif the systemhas
been operatingin a satisfactorymanner before and during the cargo discharge.

5.2 lf conditionsspecifiedin the Operationsand EquipmentManualare not beingmet the washingmust


be stopped until satisfactoryconditionsare restored.

5.3 As a further precautionarymeasure,the oxygenlevel in each tank to be washedis to be determined


at the tank. The metersused should be calibratedand inspectedto ensurethat they are in good working
order. Readingsfrom tanksalreadywashedin port prior to inspectionshouldbe availablefor checking.Spot
checkson readingsmay be instituted.

ELECTROSTATIC
G ENERATION

6.1 lt should be confirmed,either from the cargo log or by questioningthe person in charge, that
presenceof water in the crude oil is being minimized as required by paragraph6.7 of the Revised
Specifications.

COMMUNICATION

7.1 lt shouldbe establishedthat effectivemeansof communicationexist betweenthe personin charge


and the other personsconcernedwith the crude oil washingoperation.

LEAKACEON DECK

8.1 tnspectorsshouldensurethat the crude oil washingpiping systemhas been operationallytestedfor


leakagebefore cargo dischargeand that the fact has been noted in the ship'sOil RecordBook.

B6
Cuidelines for in-port inspection

9 OF OIt FROMENGINEROOM
EXCTUSION
g.1 lt shouldbe ascertained thatthe methodof excludingcargooil from the machinery spaceis being
maintainedby the
inspecting arrangements
isolating of the tankwashing heater(if fitted)or of anypartof
the tankwashing systemwhich entersthe machineryspace.

1O OF THECRUDEOIt
SUITABITITY

10.1 The typesof crudeoil beingcarriedshouldnot be on the list providedin the Operationsand
Manualas beingunsuitable.
Equipment

11 CHECKLIST

11.1 lt shouldbe determined from the ship'srecordsthat the checksin the precrudewashoperational
functionedcorrectly.Spotcheckson certainitemsmay
checklistwerecarriedout and thatall instruments
be instituted.

12 WASHPROGRAMMES

12.1 Wherethe tankeris engagedin a multipleportdischarge the Oil RecordBookshouldindicateif


tankswere crudeoil washedai pieviousdischarge portsor at sea. lt shouldbe determined that all tanks
whichwill be,or maybe,usedto containballaston the forthcoming voyage will be crude oil washed before
the shipleavesthe port.Thereis no obligationto washany tank other thanballast tanks at a discharge port
exceptthat eachoi theseothertanksmustbe washedat leastin accordance with paragraph 6-'l of the
TheOit RecordBookshouldbe inspected
ReviiedSpecifications. to check that thisis being complied with'

12.2 All crudeoil washingmustbe completedbeforea shipleavesitsfinalport of discharge.


12.3 lf tanksare not beingwashedin one of the preferredordersgivenin the Manual,the inspector
shouldsatisfyhimselfthat the reasonfor thisand the proposedorderof tankwashingare acceptable.
12.4 For eachtank beingwashedit shouldbe ensuredthat the operationis in accordance with the
and
Operations Equipment Manual in that:
.1 the operationof deck-mounted machinesand submergedmachinesis verifiedby.reference
or by otherapprovedmethods;
or to the soundpatternsof the machines,
eitherto indicators,
.2 machines,
the deck-mounted as stated;
are programmed
whereapplicable,
.3 the durationof the washis as required;
.4 doesnot exceedthat spe
the numberof tankwashingmachinesbeingusedsimultaneously
cified.

13 OF TANKS
STRIPPING
areto be asstatedin
of the strippingoperations
13.1 Theminimumtrim conditionsand the parameters
Manual.
and Equipment
the Operations
13.2 All tankswhichhavebeencrudeoil washedareto be stripped. Theadequacy of thestrippingisto be
checkedby handdippingat leastin the aftermosthanddippinglocationin.eachtank or by suchother
meansasareprovid".i"nOdescribed thattheadequacy
in the Manual.lt shouldbe ascertained of stripping
hasbeencheckedor will be checkedbeforethe shipleavesits finalport of discharge.

87
Crudeoil washinesysterns

BATLASTING
14.1 Tanksthatwerecrudeoil washedat seawill be recordedin the Oil RecordBook.Thesetanksmust
be left emptybetweendischarge portsfor inspection
at the nextdischarge port.Wherethesetanksarethe
designateddepartureballasttanksthey may be requiredto be ballastedat a very earlystageof the
discharge.Thisisfor operationalreasons andalsobecause theymustbe ballasted duringcargodischarge if
hydrocarbon emissionis to be containedon the ship.lf thesetanksareto be inspected when empty,this
mustbe doneshortlyafterthe tankerberths.lf an inspectorarrivesafterthe tankshavebegunaccepting
ballast,the soundingof the tank bottomwill not be availableto him. However,an examination of the
surfaceof the ballastwateris then possible.The thickness of the oil film shouldnot be greaterthanthat
specifiedin paragraph 4.2.10(b)of the RevisedSpecifications.
14.2 The tanksthat are designated ballasttankswill be listedin the Manual.lt is, however,Ieftto the
discretionof the masteror responsible officerto decidewhich tanksmay be usedfor ballaston the
forthcomingvoyage.tt shouldbe determinedfrom the Oil RecordBook that all suchtankshavebeen
washedbeforethe tankerleavesitslastdischarge port.lt shouldbe notedthatwherea tankerbackJoads a
port intotanksdesignated
cargoof crudeoil at an intermediate for ballastthenit shouldnot be requiredto
washthosetanksat that particularport but at a subsequent port.
ballastwaterhasnot beenput into
fromtheOil RecordBookthatadditional
14.3 lt shouldbe determined
tankswhichhad not beencrudeoil washedduringpreviousvoyages.
14.4 lt shouldbe seenthat the departureballasttanksare strippedas completelyas possible. Where
departureballastis filledthroughcargolinesand pumps,these must be either
stripped into cargo
another
tankor ashoreby the specialsmalldiameter line providedfor this purpose.
14.5 Themethodsof avoidingvapouremission in the Manualand
wherelocallyrequiredwill be specified
they mustbe adheredto. The inspectorshouldensurethat thisis beingcomplied with.
14.6 The typicalproceduresfor ballastinglistedin the Operationsand EquipmentManualmust be
The inspectorshouldensurethisis beingcompliedwith.
observed.
14.7 When departureballastis to be shifted,the dischargeinto the seamustbe in compliancewith
regulation9 of Annext of MARPOT73/78.The Oil RecordBookshouldbe inspected to ensurethat the
vesselis complyingwith this.

88

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