MUGHAL EMPIRE

Mughal
Empire …
Business ethics (bba - 409 )

PROJECT COMPILED BY -:

UTSAV MAHENDRA BBA 4502/09

AKSHAY KALRA BBA4514/09

TANIYA TANDON BBA 4515/09

ISHLEEN KAUR BBA 4531/09

 MUGHAL EMPIRE

INDEX
S.NO TOPIC PAGE NO. REMARKS
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We take this opportunity to express our acknowledgement and
deep sense of gratitude to the individuals for rendering valuable
assistance and gratitude to us.
We wish to express our sincere gratitude to Ms Anupama Sharma,
our Business ethics lecturer , for providing us the opportunity to let
us do our project on “Mughal Empire”.

She gave us valuable suggestions and guidance for completion of

our project. We would like to thank our parents for their support
and thank all those people who helped us make this project a
successful project. This project would not have been possible
without their support.
Their inputs have played a vital role in success of this project.

We believe that there is always a scope of improvement. I welcome

any suggestions for further enriching the quality of this project.
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

WHO WERE THE MUGHALS?

The Mughals were descendants of two great lineages of rulers. From their
mother’s side they were descendants of Genghis Khan, ruler of the Mongol
tribes, China & Central Asia.
From their father’s side they were the successors of Timur, the ruler of
Iran, Iraq & Modern-day Turkey. They celebrated their genealogy
pictorially, each ruler getting a picture made of Timur & himself.
Ruling as large a territory as the Indian subcontinent with such a diversity of
people & cultures was a difficult task for a ruler to accomplish in Middle Ages.
Mughals created an empire and accomplished what had hitherto seemed
possible for only short periods. They expanded their kingdom from Agra to
Delhi

The Mughal family line

 MUGHAL EMPIRE

The Dynasty of the great Mughals in India

1526 - 1530 Babur's victory at Panipat in 1526 established the Mughal

Empire and ended the reign of the Delhi Sultanate.

The rise of the great Mughal dynasty in India

1530 - 1556 Humayun succeeded his father Babur and became an emperor
in India.

Humayun was defeated and dislodged by insurrections of

nobles from the old Lodi regime. In 1540, the Mughal domain
came under the control of one of those nobles, Farid Khan
Sur, who assumed the regional name of Shir Shah Sur.

Humayun died unexpectedly at the age of 48 when he fell

down the steps of his library in his haste to obey the
muezzin's call to prayer.

1556 - 1605 Akbar, the most sophisticated Mughal commander and leader,
was only 14 years of age when he succeeded his father
Humayun.
1605 - 1627 Jahangir succeeded his father , Akbar.
1628 - 1658 Prince Khurram was 35 years old when he ascended the
throne as Shah Jahan (King of the World).
1659 - 1707 In the summer of 1659, Aurangzeb held a coronation durbar
in the Red Fort where he assumed the title of Alamgir (World
Conqueror). After a bitter struggle with his three brothers,
Aurangzeb was the victor who took the throne.
1857 Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal emperor, was deposed in
1858; India was brought under the direct rule of the British
Crown.
The end of the Mughal Empire.
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

The Great Mughal Emperors

Babur: 1526-1530
Humayun: 1530-1556
Akbar: 1556-1605
Jahangir: 1605-1627
Shah Jahan: 1627-1658
Aurangazeb: 1658-1707

The Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire) was an empire that at its greatest territorial extent ruled
most of the Indian subcontinent between 1526 and 1857. The empire was
founded by the Mongol leader Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi,
the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. Mughal rulers created
a powerful empire in which military might and artistic culture flourished.
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

Religion

A picture from the inside of the Mughal palace Khas Mahal.

The Mughal ruling class was Muslim, although many of the subjects of the
empire were Hindu and also Sikh. When Babur first founded the empire, he did
not emphasize his religion, but rather his Mongol heritage.
Under Akbar, the court abolished the jizya, the tax on non-Muslims, and
abandoned use of the lunar Muslim calendar in favor of a solar calendar more
useful for agriculture.
One of Akbar's most unusual ideas regarding religion was Din-i-
Ilahi (“Godism” in English), which was an eclectic mix of Hinduism, Islam, and
Christianity.
He enjoyed good relations with the emerging Sikh community, and it was
proclaimed the state religion until his death. These actions were later retracted
byAurangzeb, known for his zealotry. Aurangzeb imposed Sharia law, which he
codified, re-imposed the  jizya, and as had Babur, destroyed temples in order to
build mosques. He is known to have treated non-Muslims harshly.
Under Aurangzeb, Mughal court life changed dramatically. According to his
interpretation, Islam did not allow music, so he banished court musicians,
dancers, and singers. Further, based on Muslim precepts forbidding images, he
stopped the production of representational artwork, including the miniature
paintings for which the Mughals are renowned.
The Mughal Emperors persecuted several of the Sikh Gurus, and Jehangir
executed the fifth Guru.
Even the Taj Mahal is reputedly built on a sacred Hindu site, although this is
disputed.
At times, popular Sufi teachers such as attracted Hindu and Muslim disciples
while some Hindu gurus were also popular among Muslims. Many Sufi shrines
are still visited by Hindus as well as Muslims.
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

 The Mughals tended to regard themselves as rulers by divine right, rather

than as subject to Islamic law. Thus, they did not afford religious scholars
much authority. Although they recognized the Ottoman claim to the title
of caliph, they saw the Ottomans as just another Muslim empire like
themselves, especially as they shared a similar pedigree. Whether the earlier
policies of harmonizing religions were merely pragmatic or stemmed from a
more inclusive understanding of Islam is debatable. Certainly, such Sufi
teachers as Kabir (1414-1518) who flourished at an earlier period had
represented a 'peace to all' type of Islam that was attractive to many people
in the subcontinent.

Muslim Rule in India

 MUGHAL EMPIRE

MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE
All the early Mughal Rulers except Aurangzeb were great bui1ders. With the
coming of the Mughals, Indian architecture was greatly influenced by Persian
styles. The Mughals constructed excellent mausoleums, mosques, forts, gardens
and cities. The Mughal buildings show a uniform pattern both in structure and
character.
The main characteristic features of Mughal architecture are the bulbous domes,
the slender minarets with cupolas at the four corners, large halls, massive
vaulted gateways and delicate ornamentation.
The few mosques and palaces built by Babar and Humayun are not of much
architectural significance
Sher Shah of the Sur Dynasty who ruled over the Kingdom of the Mughals after
driving Humayun out of  the country was not only a great administrator but a
lover of art also. He built several forts, tombs and mosques. The monuments of
Sher Shah are a continuation of the Lodi style. The mausoleums are octagonal
in plan and have verandahs around them, surmounted by huge domes. The
verandahs have three smaller domes on each side.

Characteristic elements of Mughal architecture

1. Jharokha
2. Chhatri
3. Chhajja
4. Jali
5. Charbagh
6. Symmetry
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

The Mughal architecture flourished in the Indian subcontinent during the

Mughal rule (1526-1857). It was a combination of Indo, Islamic and Persian
style of art. This new style combined elements of Islamic art and architecture,
which had been introduced to India during days of Sultanate of Delhi, with
features of Persian art and architecture.
The Mughals built magnificent forts, palaces, gates, public buildings, mosques,
water tanks and many more buildings. The use of running water in their palaces
and pleasure resorts was a special feature of the Mughals. The Mughal Gardens
introduced by Babur to India was used extensively used to decorate the
surrounding of these buildings.
Akbar was the first Mughal ruler who undertook constructions on a large scale
and the first great Mughal monument was the mausoleum to Humayun. Most
notable of Akbar's buildings was the palace-cum-fort complex at Fatehpuri
Sikri. Native red sandstone was inlaid with white marble and all the surfaces
were ornately carved on the outside and sumptuously painted inside. Extensive
use was made of the low arches and bulbous domes that characterize the
Mughal style during his period. Soon this style of architecture was used
extensively by the nobles and common people.
With the firm establishment of the Mughal Empire, the Mughal architecture
reached its zenith. At the end of Jahangir’s reign, the practice, of putting up
buildings entirely of marble and decorating the walls with floral designs made
of semiprecious stones was established. The use of this style of decoration was
called ‘pietra dura’.
The crowning glory of Mughal architecture is the Taj Mahal built by Shah
Jahan. Red Fort in Delhi is another great achievement.
Under the orthodox Aurangzeb, the Mughal Architecture saw its decline. Pearl
Mosque in Delhi is his lone contribution.
The Mughal architecture incorporated many Indian styles, due to the religious
tolerant nature of some Mughal emperors like Akbar. Another major influence
in the architecture style was the construction of palaces and forts keeping in
mind the hot climate of North India. The gardens, built by the Mughals, had
flowing water streams, taking into consideration the hot weather. The buildings
were also built in a manner to take advantage of the breeze.
The Mughal architectural style, greatly influenced the forts and palaces
belonging to other kingdoms and provinces. This influence can be greatly seen
in the construction of the famous Golden Temple of Amritsar. The temple is
built on the arch and dome principle and incorporated many features of the
Mughal traditions of architecture.
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

Akbar, who is often considered the true founder of the Mughal

Empire, laid the grounds for the significant economic growth and the
fabulous art and building activities of his successors.
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal in Agra, a dream in white marble was built by Shah Jehan as a
memorial to his beloved wife Mumtaz Begum.  Built on the banks of the river
Jumna, it was started in 1632 A.D.  and took 22 years to complete.  Marble from
Makrana and precious stones from different parts of the world were used in its
construction.  Planned by Isa, a Persian architect it is a masterpiece of
architecture.  The Taj is situated in the centre of a high marble terrace.  A
marble minaret of four storeys stands on each of the four corners of the terrace. 
The minarets are crowned with domes.  The main structure is a square.  A huge,
vaulted recess with smaller arched recesses in two storeys on either side  make
up the facade of the building on all sides.  An octagonal hall with an exquisite
perforated marble screen contains the cenotaphs of Mumtaz and Shah Jehan. 
The vaulted ceiling is crowned in the centre by a large bulbous dome which
tapers off into a foliated crest.  Around the dome are four cupolas.  The surface
of the walls – exterior and interior and the cenotaphs are beautifully decorated
with pietra dura, floral and geometrical designs.  Borders of inscriptions
decorate the main archways.
A Mosque on the west and a corresponding structure on the east in red sand-
stone complete the effect of symmetry.  Situated in a large enclosed rectangular
garden with fountains, ornamental pools and water-courses, entrance to the Taj
is by a majestic gateway.
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

MILITARY

 Babur, the first Mughal emperor, succeeded to the throne of

ferghana in 1494 when he was only 12 years old.
 He was forced to leave his ancestral throne due to invasion of
Mongol group, the uzbegs. In 1526 he defeated the sultan of
Delhi, Ibrahim lodi, at Panipat & captured Delhi & Agra
 The Mughals did not believe in the rule of primogeniture where the eldest
son inherited his father’s estate.
 Instead they followed the Mughal and Timurid custom of coparcenary
inheritance amongst all sons.
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

BABUR
• Babur was the great-grandson of Timur Lenk
(Timur the Lame, from which the Western
name Tamerlane is derived), who had invaded
India and plundered Delhi in 1398.
• Then led a short-lived empire based in
Samarkand (in modern-day Uzbekistan) that
united Persian-based Mongols (Babur's maternal ancestors) and other
West Asian people.

• Babur was driven from Samarkand and initially established his rule in
Kabul in 1504; he later became the first Mughal ruler (1526-30).
• Babur, entered India in 1526 with his well-trained veteran army of
12,000 to meet the sultan's huge but unwieldy and disunited force of
more than 100,000 men
• Babur defeated the Lodi sultan decisively at Panipat (in modern-day
Haryana, about ninety kilometers north of Delhi). Employing gun
carts, moveable artillery, and superior cavalry tactics, Babur
achieved a resounding victory.
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

Wealth, Power
Name comes from Persian word Mogul for
“Mongol”
Mughals reigned as India’s first great Muslim
empire
Great civilization, known for wealth, power
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

A year later, he decisively defeated a Rajput confederacy led by Rana Sangha.

In 1529 Babur routed the joint forces of Afghans and the sultan of Bengal but
died in 1530 before he could consolidate his military gains. He left behind as
legacies his memoirs (Babur Namah ).

When Babur died, his son Humayun (1530-56), also a soldier, inherited a
difficult task.

Humayun was pressed from all sides by a reassertion of Afghan claims to

the Delhi throne, by disputes over his own succession, and by the Afghan-
Rajput march into Delhi in 1540.
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

HUMAYUN
Humayun inherited one of the largest empires in the world at the time and
nearly ruined it. Between 1530 and 1540 he managed to lose all the land
that his father worked so hard to get through rebellions from Afghanistan
and India.
Humayun fled to Persia, where he spent nearly ten years as an
embarrassed guest at the Safavid court.

• In 1545, Humayun gained a foothold in Kabul, reasserted his Indian

claim, defeated Sher Khan Sur, the most powerful Afghan ruler, and took
control of Delhi in 1555.
• He ended up eventually regaining all the lands back but is looked upon as
one of the worst Mughal emperors.
• At the end of his conquests he fell down a flight of stairs and broke his
neck.
• Humayun's untimely death in 1556 left the task of further imperial
conquest and consolidation to his thirteen-year-old son, Jalal-ud-Din
Akbar (r. 1556-1605).
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

AKBAR – The Great

(Babur’s Grandson)
Babur died shortly after conquest of India,
task of organizing what he conquered fell to
descendants.
• Most done by grandson, Akbar the Great.
• Akbar was an artisan, warrior, artist, armorer, blacksmith, carpenter,
emperor, general, inventor, animal trainer (reputedly keeping thousands
of hunting cheetahs during his reign and training many himself), lace
maker, technologist and theologian.
• Following a decisive military victory at the Second Battle of Panipat in
1556, the regent Bayram Khan pursued a vigorous policy
• As soon as Akbar came of age, Bayram Khan began to free himself from
the influences of overbearing ministers, court factions, and harem
intrigues, and demonstrated his own capacity for judgment and
leadership.
• Akbar built a walled capital called Fatehpur Sikri (Fatehpur means
Fortress of Victory) near Agra, starting in 1571.
• In 1585, Akbar relocated the capital to Lahore and in 1599 to Agra.

Diverse Population
• Akbar took throne at age 13, but became greatest of all Mughal
rulers.
• Realized India had diverse population, which could lead to
breakdown of empire; did everything he could to win people’s
loyalty.

Expanding Rule
• Akbar married daughter of local
noble to win noble’s support.
• Brought sons of other nobles to live
at court.
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

• Did not hesitate to fight to prevent rebellion.

• 1605, Akbar died; at time, Mughals ruled most of north India, much of
interior.

Akbar’s Achievements
Religious Tolerance
• Akbar worked to unify diverse empire by promoting religious tolerance.
• Held that no one religion could provide all answers to life’s problems
• Did not want to discourage people from practicing any religion,
discriminate against anyone for their beliefs.
Reforms
• Abolished taxes placed on non-Muslims by earlier rulers.
• Appointed Hindus to several influential positions in government.
• Encouraged discussions, debates among Muslims, Hindus, Christians,
people of other religions.

Firm Grip on Finances

• Established centralized government that gave him supreme civil, military
authority over his empire.
• Reformed tax system, appointed officials to oversee it.
• Majority of officials from outside Mughal Empire.
• Akbar adopted two distinct but effective approaches in administering a
large territory and incorporating various ethnic groups into the service of
his realm.
• In 1580, Akbar obtained local revenue statistics for the previous decade
in order to understand details of productivity and price fluctuation of
different crops.
• Akbar relied heavily on land-holding zamindars. They used their
considerable local knowledge and influence to collect revenue and to
transfer it to the treasury, keeping a portion in return for services
rendered.
• Aided by Todar Mal, a Rajput king, Akbar issued a revenue schedule that
the peasantry could tolerate while providing maximum profit for the state.
• Revenue demands, fixed according to local conventions of cultivation and
quality of soil, ranged from one-third to one-half of the crop and were
paid in cash.
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

• Within his administrative system, the warrior aristocracy (mansabdars)

held ranks (mansabs) expressed in numbers of troops, and indicating pay,
armed contingents, and obligations.
• The warrior aristocracy was generally paid from revenues of
nonhereditary and transferrable jagirs (revenue villages).
Height of the Mughal Empire.

 Akbar came up with his own theory of "ruler ship as a divine

illumination," enshrined in his new religion Din-i-Ilahi (Divine
Faith), incorporating the principle of acceptance of all religions
and sects.
 He personally participated in celebrating Hindu festivals such as
Dipavali, or Diwali, the festival of lights; and abolished the jizya
(poll tax) imposed on non-Muslims.
 He encouraged widow marriage, discouraged child marriage,
outlawed the practice of sati, and persuaded Delhi merchants to set
up special market days for women, who otherwise were secluded at
home .
By the end of Akbar's reign, the Mughal Empire extended
throughout most of India north of the Godavari River. The
exceptions were Gondwana in central India, which paid tribute
to the Mughals, and Assam, in the northeast.

Mughal rule under Jahangir (1605-27) and Shah Jahan (1628-58) was
noted for political stability, brisk economic activity, beautiful paintings,
and monumental buildings.
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

Height of the Mughal Empire

Rule
Ruthless start, but good ruler

Continued religious tolerance;

supported arts; adopted Persian
influences into Indian society

Acceptance of Persian customs

inspired by Persian-born wife, Nur
Jahan

Powerful woman who ruled for

several years while husband ill

JAHANGIR
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

During reign, Jahangir came into conflict with religious group, Sikhs
• Some Sikhs had supported rebellion against Jahangir.
• Sikhism, blended elements of Islam, Hinduism.
– Like Muslims, believe in one God, who created world, who has
no physical form.
– Unlike Muslims, who believe in afterlife, believe in
reincarnation.
– Believe goal of existence to be freed from cycle of rebirth,
attain unity with God.
– Do not practice rituals like pilgrimage, yoga, from the earlier
religions.

 Jahangir married the Persian princess whom he renamed Nur Jahan

(Light of the World), who emerged as the most powerful individual in
the court besides the emperor.
 As a result, Persian poets, artists, scholars, and officers--including her
own family members--lured by the Mughal court's brilliance and
luxury, found asylum in India.
 The number of unproductive, time-serving officers mushroomed, as
did corruption, while the excessive Persian representation upset the
delicate balance of impartiality at the court. Jahangir liked Hindu
festivals but promoted mass conversion to Islam.
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

 Jahangir persecuted the followers of Jainism and even executed Guru

Arjun Das, the fifth saint-teacher of the Sikhs .

 Nur Jahan's abortive schemes to secure the throne for the prince of
her choice led Shah Jahan to rebel in 1622.
In that same year, the Persians took over Kandahar in southern
Afghanistan, an event that struck a serious blow to Mughal prestige.
Between 1636 and 1646, Shah Jahan sent Mughal armies to conquer the
Deccan and the northwest beyond the Khyber Pass.
Even though, the Persians demonstrated Mughal
military strength, these campaigns consumed the
imperial treasury. As the state became a huge military
machine, whose nobles and their contingents
multiplied almost fourfold, so did its demands for
more revenue from the peasantry.

 Political unification and maintenance of law and

order over wide areas encouraged the emergence of
large centers of commerce and crafts--such as
Lahore, Delhi, Agra, and Ahmadabad--linked by
roads and waterways to distant places and ports.

Shah Jahan
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

• Jahangir’s son and successor, Shah Jahan shared his father’s love of
literature and art.
During his reign the Mughal Empire experienced a cultural golden
age.
In order to secure hold on power, he had all rivals murdered.
Symbol of Mughal Majesty
• Shah Jahan also built new capital for India at Delhi.
• At heart, chamber that held magnificent Peacock Throne.
• Flanked by two sculpted peacocks, encrusted with gold, diamonds,
emeralds, other gems.
 TAJ MAHAL
• Greatest example of Mughal architecture, Taj Mahal built during his
reign.
• Designed by Persian architects, displays elements of Indian, Persian,
Muslim architectural styles.
• Built as tomb for Shah Jahan’s wife.
 Taxes
• Needed funds to pay for monuments.
• Shah Jahan imposed heavy taxes on people.
• Demanded half of all crops grown in the country.
• Led to hardship, famine for many.
 Wars
• Series of wars against India’s neighbors also added to Shah Jahan’s need
for money.
• Many wars fought in name of Islam against Christians, Hindus.
• Unlike father, grandfather, Shah Jahan was Muslim who did not
practice religious tolerance.
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

Aurangzeb
Power Struggle

• 1657, Shah Jahan grew terribly ill

• Sons began to maneuver to take throne

• Soon war broke out between them

Succession

• Shah Jahan unexpectedly recovered but son Aurangzeb captured him

• After locking father in prison, killed all rivals.

• Brought head of brother in box to show father , then declared himself

the emperor.

Reign

• Early in reign, concerned with expanding India’s borders

• Empire reached greatest size at this time

• Later, Aurangzeb turned more to domestic affairs

During his fifty-year reign, the empire reached its utmost physical limit
but also witnessed the unmistakable symptoms of decline.

The bureaucracy had grown bloated and excessively corrupt, and the
huge and unwieldy army demonstrated outdated weaponry and tactics.
Aurangzeb was not the ruler to restore the dynasty's declining fortunes or
glory.

Awe-inspiring but lacking in the charisma needed to attract outstanding

lieutenants, Aurangzeb was driven to extend Mughal rule over most of
South Asia and to reestablish Islamic orthodoxy by adopting a reactionary
attitude toward those Muslims whom he had suspected of compromising
their faith.
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

Aurangzeb was involved in a series of protracted

wars--against the Pathans in Afghanistan, the
sultans of Bijapur and Golkonda in the Deccan,
and the Marathas in Maharashtra.

Peasant uprisings and revolts by local leaders

became all too common, as did the conniving of
the nobles to preserve their own status at the
expense of a steadily weakening empire.

The increasing association of his government with Islam further drove a

wedge between the ruler and his Hindu subjects.

Aurangzeb forbade the building of new temples, destroyed a number of

them, and reimposed the jizya. A puritan and a censor of morals, he
banned music at court, abolished ceremonies, and persecuted the Sikhs in
Punjab.

These measures alienated so many that even before he died

challenges for power had already begun to escalate.

Contenders for the Mughal throne fought each other, and the short-
lived reigns of Aurangzeb's successors were strife-filled.

The Mughal Empire experienced

dramatic reverses as regional
governors broke away and
founded independent kingdoms.
The Mughals had to make peace
with Maratha rebels, and
Persian and Afghan armies
invaded Delhi, carrying away
many treasures, including the
Peacock Throne in 1739.
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

Domestic Affairs

Decline of the Mughals

Fall of Mughal Empire

 MUGHAL EMPIRE

The Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent in the time of Aurangzeb
Alamgir, but it collapsed with dramatic suddenness within a few decades after
his death.

The Mughal Empire owes its decline and

ultimate downfall to a combination of
factors; firstly Aurangzeb religious policy
is regarded as a cause for the decline of the
Mughal Empire as it led to disunity among
the people.

Although the policy did lead to weakening of the empire but the major cause of
decline was the lack of worthy and competent successors after him.

The character of Mughal kings had deteriorated over a period of time. The
successive rulers after Aurangzeb were weak and lacked the character,
motivation and commitment to rule the empire strongly. They had become
ease loving and cowardly. They totally disregarded their state duties and
were unable to detain the declining empire from its fall.

After a bloody fight that raged through the streets of

Shahjahanabad, the Mughal empire ended.

After the Mughal reign in India…………

 MUGHAL EMPIRE

Many features of the Mughal administrative system were adopted by Great

Britain in ruling India, but the most lasting achievements of the Mughals
were in the field of architecture, painting and music.

During the fabled Mughal age, the craftsmen of the Sultans and Rajahs of
India produced an astonishing variety of objects in gold and gold enamel,
silver, brass, bronze, gilt copper and the Deccani alloy known as bidri

The finest of these are among the most striking and poetic utilitarian wares ever
made, in addition to being of the most outstanding technical refinement. Order,
beauty, richness, restraint and sensuousness describe the essence of these works
of art, whose greatness derives form the meeting of two worlds.

Such mingling of Hindu and Muslim sensibilities gave Mughal art the strength
to endure, just as religious tolerance gave political strength to the Mughal
emperor.
MUGHAL EMPIRE
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

REFRENCES

 Wikipedia
 Google.com
 http://india.mapsofindia.com/the-country/medieval-india/mughal-
empire.html
 http://www.google.co.in/images?
hl=en&rlz=1G1SNNTCENZZ362&q=mughal+empire&um
 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396125/Mughal-dynasty
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

THANK
YOU…

PROJECT COMPILED BY -:

UTSAV MAHENDRA BBA 4502/09

AKSHAY KALRA BBA4514/09

TANIYA TANDON BBA 4515/09

ISHLEEN KAUR BBA 4531/09