Form 2 Science Chapter 5

FORM 2
Science
Chapter 5
Water and solution
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 1
Content
5.1 The physical properties of water
5.2 Composition of water
5.3 The process of water evaporation
5.4 Solutions and solubility of substances
5.5 Acid and alkali
5.6 Methods of purifying water
5.7 Water supply system
5.8 Preserving water quality
5.1
The Physical Properties of Water
The Physical Properties of Water
Water is colourless, tasteless and odourless
liquid
Water exists in three states, which are solid,

liquid and gas
Water can change from one state to another
The density of water is 1 g/cm3
Impurities in water can affect

freezing and boiling point
Change of state of water
Gas (Vapour )
Boiling //
Solid ( Ice ) Condensation
Evaporation
Me
l ti n
g
Fr
ee
zin
g Liquid ( Water )
Kinetic theory of freezing point of water
The temperature of steam is taken as the boiling point of water.
Kinetic theory of boiling point of water
5.2
Composition of Water
Composition of Water
Water is a chemical compound that made up of two
atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. (The ratio of
hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1)
Water can be break up into hydrogen and oxygen

through the process of electrolysis.
Electrolysis
In the process of electrolysis, oxygen is discharged at
the anode (positive electrode) and hydrogen is
discharged at the cathode (negative electrode)
Confirmation test of water composition
Oxygen is tested with a glowing wooden splint. The
wooden splint lights up when oxygen is present.
Hydrogen is tested with a lighted wooden splint. ‘Pop’

sound is produced when hydrogen is present
5.3
The Process of Water Evaporation
Evaporation of water
• Water evaporation is a process where
water molecules are released as vapour
into the air below boiling point of water.
Application of evaporation of water
• The knowledge of evaporation applied in
daily life.
Factors that influence the rate of water evaporation
Factors Description
Surrounding The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of the
temperature water evaporation.
Air movement Moving air (wind) quicken the evaporation process

(wind) by blow away the water particles from the water surface
into the atmosphere.
Air humidity Water particles can escape easily when the

atmosphere is dry. Therefore, evaporation process
occurs faster
Surface area The wider the surface area, the faster the rate of the
water evaporation.
How to increase evaporation rate in daily life
• Drying hair using hair- • Spread out the

dryer ( the blower clothes to increase
increase air surface area.
movement ) • Wet clothes dry under
hot sun.
Differences between evaporation and boiling
Evaporation Boiling
Takes place at any Takes place at boiling point
temperature below only, that is 100 oC
boiling point
Slower process Vigorous process
Occurs only at water surface Occurs throughout the water
Influenced by the temperature Does not influenced by the

surrounding, air movement, air temperature surrounding, air
humidity and surface area movement, air humidity and
surface area
5.4
Solutions and Solubility of

Substances
Solvent, solute and solution
Solute: Solvent:
Dissolves in
A substance that soluble or A liquid that dissolve a
dissolve in a solvent substance (solute)
to form
Solution:
A mixture of one or more solutes that dissolved in solvent
Dilute solution, concentrated solution and saturated solution
The solubility of solutes
The solubility is the number of gram of solute that can dissolve
in 100 ml of water at a specific temperature, to form a saturated
solution.
For example, the solubility of potassium nitrate in water is 90 g per

100 ml of water at 50 oC. This means that 90 g of potassium nitrate
salt are dissolved in 100 ml of water at a temperature of 50 oC to
form a saturated solution of potassium nitrate.
The solubility of solutes
The factors that influence the solubility rate
of substances
Factor Description
Temperature The higher the temperature, the faster
of solvent the solute can dissolve in the solvent
Size of the The smaller the size of the solute, the

solutes faster it can dissolve in the solvent
Stirring Solutes dissolve more easily if stirred
Volume of Solutes dissolve more easily in a

solvent bigger volume of solvent
Water as a solvent
Water is known as universal solvent because water
can dissolve many types of substances.
The importance of water as a universal solvent.
i. Dissolve oxygen and food so that these can be

transfer to body cells.
ii. Most chemical reactions in humans body need water
as a solvent.
iii. Dissolve carbon dioxide and oxygen for aquatic
organisms.
iv. Dissolves mineral salts and this enables the roots of
plants to absorb.
Suspension
• The suspended substances is a substance that

do not dissolve in water.
• When a suspended substances is added into a
solvent, it forms a suspension
• A suspension can be separated by filtration.
Organic solvent
• There are also substances that do not
dissolves in water but dissolve in organic
solvent such as ether, benzene and
alcohol
Organic solvent
Organic Substances that
solvent can be dissolves Uses
Ether Oils, fats, grease to make cosmetics such as

lipstick and nail polish
Turpentine Grease, paint, tar to dilute paint to make it

easier to use
Chloroform Plastic to stick plastic

substances
Benzene Rubber, grease to stick rubber sheets
5.5
Acid and Alkali
Acid and alkaline
Acid and alkali will show their properties in the
presence of water
In the presence of water
a) acid will change the colour of

litmus paper from blue to red
b) alkali will change the colour of

litmus paper from red to blue
Acid
Acid exists in three states, which are solid,
liquid and gas.
Acid are chemical substances that contain

hydrogen atom.
Weak acids usually found in food.

Examples are lactic acid, tannic acid,
acetic acid, formic acid .
Sources of acids
The properties of acid
1. Taste sour
2. Corrosive
3. Have pH value smaller than 7.
4. Change the colour of litmus paper from
blue to red
5. React with carbonates to form salt and
water and release carbon dioxide
The properties of acid
6. React with reactive metal
(magnesium/aluminium) to form salt and
release hydrogen
7. React with alkali to form salt and water
(neutralisation process).
Alkaline
• Alkali is a hydroxide or metal oxide that

dissolves in water.
• Examples of alkali:
The properties of alkali
1. Taste bitter
2. Corrosive
3. Have pH value greater than 7
4. Feel slippery like soap when touched
5. Change the colour of litmus paper from
red to blue
The properties of alkali
6. React with ammonium salts to give off ammonia gas
when heated.
Examples:
sodium hydroxide + ammonium chloride
sodium chloride + water + ammonia gas
7. React with acids to form salt and water (neutralisation

process)
pH values
Click here to watch video
Neutralisation
• Neutralisation is a chemical reaction in
which an acid and an alkali react to form
salt and water.
acid + alkali salt + water
Titration
• Titration is a method used for
neutralisation.
• At the neutralisation point, all the acid
completely reacts with the alkali and the
solution has a pH value of 7
5.6
Methods of Purifying of Water
Natural source of water
• Natural water contains impurities and
needs to be treated before it is safe for
drinking.
• Example of natural source of water :
rivers, well, rain , pond, sea, lake, stream..
Methods of water purification
1. Boiling
2. Chlorination
3. Filtration
4. Distillation
Boiling
• Use heat to kills the
microorganisms in the
water.
• Advantages
Water is free from
dangerous
microorganisms
• Disadvantages
Dissolved impurities and
suspended impurities still
exists in water
Chlorination
• Chlorine is added to
water to kill
microorganisms
• Advantages
Water is free from
dangerous
microorganism
• Disadvantages
suspended impurities still
exists in water
Filtration
• To remove suspended
impurities from the water
• Advantages
Water is clear and free
from suspended particles
• Disadvantages
microorganisms still
exists in water
Distillation
• To remove suspended impurities and dissolved

impurities from the water
• Advantages
Water is free from all microorganisms, suspended and
dissolved impurities
• Disadvantages
Does not contain minerals which our bodies need.
Distillation
The application of water purification
methods in our daily life
(a) Boiling
– Piped water is boiled before drinking
(b) Filtration
– River water is filtered before being supplied to consumers house
(c) Distillation
– Clinics and hospitals use distilled water to prepared medicines
(d) Chlorination
– Chlorine is added to the water in the swimming pool to kill
microorganisms
5.7 Water Supply System
Water used
• River water and rain water is our main source of water
• The water will then be pump to water purification plants

to be purified before it is supplied to consumers home.
• There are several ways to save water

(a) Make use of recycled water
(b) Beware of pipe leakage
(c) Turn off the tap immediately when not in use
(d) Do not turn on the tap full
(e) Wash cloths in big quantities
5.8
Preserving Water Quality
Water pollution
• Water pollution occurs when water is
contaminate with waste product.
• Polluted water is not suitable for living
organisms.
Domestic waste
• Effect of water pollutants

Contains dangerous microorganisms that causes diseases such as
cholera.
• Ways to control water pollution

i. Dispose the rubbish in a proper way
ii . Make use of recycle materials instead of using plastic materials
Agricultural waste

Poison the aquatic organisms and affect human’s health
when eaten.

Reduce the used of fertilisers and pesticides
Industrial waste

Radioactive wastes and chemical residues will destroy
body cells and causes skin cancer

Enforce the law strictly to prevent the factories from
letting harmful chemical residues into the open drain
Oil spills

Kills marine life thus affecting the income of fisherman .

Impose heavy penalties and fines to the ships which
found to pollute the sea
Waste water today
- Live in a desert tomorrow.

Form 2 Science Chapter 5

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Form 2 Science Chapter 5

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

FORM 2

The Physical Properties of Water

Water exists in three states, which are solid,

Water can change from one state to another

The density of water is 1 g/cm3

Impurities in water can affect

Water can be break up into hydrogen and oxygen

Hydrogen is tested with a lighted wooden splint. ‘Pop’

The Process of Water Evaporation

Air movement Moving air (wind) quicken the evaporation process

Air humidity Water particles can escape easily when the

• Drying hair using hair- • Spread out the

Slower process Vigorous process

Occurs only at water surface Occurs throughout the water

Influenced by the temperature Does not influenced by the

Solutions and Solubility of

For example, the solubility of potassium nitrate in water is 90 g per

Size of the The smaller the size of the solute, the

Stirring Solutes dissolve more easily if stirred

Volume of Solutes dissolve more easily in a

i. Dissolve oxygen and food so that these can be

• The suspended substances is a substance that

Ether Oils, fats, grease to make cosmetics such as

Turpentine Grease, paint, tar to dilute paint to make it

Chloroform Plastic to stick plastic

Benzene Rubber, grease to stick rubber sheets

Acid and Alkali

In the presence of water

a) acid will change the colour of

b) alkali will change the colour of

Acid are chemical substances that contain

Weak acids usually found in food.

• Alkali is a hydroxide or metal oxide that

7. React with acids to form salt and water (neutralisation

Methods of Purifying of Water

• To remove suspended impurities and dissolved

• The water will then be pump to water purification plants

• There are several ways to save water

Preserving Water Quality

• Effect of water pollutants

• Ways to control water pollution

• Effect of water pollutants

• Ways to control water pollution

• Effect of water pollutants

• Ways to control water pollution

• Effect of water pollutants

• Ways to control water pollution

Potrebbero piacerti anche