Your Cuide to

the Rudiments ofEssay Writing

2AA2

.tC / Lto/une2

Engli5h DeprftmeDt
Hwa Chong Junior College

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FOREWORD tirl ntuL$ littw*u1t Nrt!l'. B.hah rthJt:\
ofContents

Dudng Te.m 2 lhis year, you received Essay Skiils Handbook 2002 io
help you wilh essay wriiing. tn that trsl voume, you were given
various pieces of advice on analysing questions, planning essays,
witing thesls statemenls, lnkodlctions, lopic senlences and conlent
parEgrapfs. Essay Skills Handbook I (2002) s a companion
handbook lo the llst vol!me and picks up from where ihe Handbook Vntl What E Aiglment

Unit 2 Writing Eahnced aEuments

Handbook ll wl ofter you furlher advice of the rudiments of
essay wriling through addrcssing the fotlowing llve other pedinent
lopcs: what constitules a good argument the composiiion of Vnit I Uring PeironalVoice
ba anced argumenls; inf!sing or'te's personal voice in essay-wrllingi
conclirdifg an essayi and, tlre Genera Paper essay revisited. Just tike Vnjt4 Wdlins a Conclusiot
ihe firsl volume, wrlting exercises have been lnc uded in every chapter
to allow you to pracUse and assimilale the Jundameniats of oood Vnit 5 The Ceneial Papei Essay Revisited (5 Dai]r
wrjting - basics ihat, if yo! praclise and incorporate into your Gp q!aliiies
essay, can helpyou gellhal A arade yoL w6fll
' 1)

A,lvice fiom the Cambiidge e:.amLners

HAPPY f''AY WR/T/NC1

lrw.rChoDgrrDio, Colc9L. rr\:ry jkilktriD,lhq,kflt)

ll'{ Cl'o,9l{ tr.lCo1.!(. r.1ny 5[,]\ ] r'trLnd,l lll) ?Oo2 lt
2oo2 X
 Izs! 1
utit 1 a \{rtu|ltlt ,.nln(I41trr,.irlmri!r.1 Whlch of the following stalemenls are debatable an.l wh ch are non-

y!nlt 5 /\rqu rnearl

I Compulers €nd automaton increase
A. argument atlempis to. pers,Jade ihe reader to accept a pont of Lrnemp oyment..........-.. debalable / non'debatabte
vevr' As s!.h il cofs sts of: p.opos tion a slalement lhat is 2 Smoki.g ls ha.rifulto peop e's
d€batable. YoLr essay ril need 1o s!piro.t Ihai slaiern€nt in a manncr lrealth. .. . .. debatable / nan debatable
ta!1 convnces yoLrr readers of ls trLrlh. FoLrr obserualons can be 3. Planis produce oxy€en that (he wor d
made abo!lar!!menis n qefera: needs to s!staln hfe.. debalable I nan-(l.b.tdttc
4. A good edLrcaiion is necess.ry ior a
Aro!ments deal y/ith debatable Arqumenls reaujre evidence sLrccesstul and happy I fe d e b qt a 1) t ; /.na n. d e b a t z b Ie
+ Evldence co!ld take the forrir 5. Everybody is happy n
+ We can debate about loplcs of facls like stat st cs, empiric€l S ngapore.... debelable / n.n d-.ba!ab!e
thal are conirovers al
lhat ls cases expenences va uesl
ssues wilh wh ch other p€op e beliels and concepls.
may or may nol agree e g. Task 2
Oesarnalon is lhe best way to Nofr' wrlie a debal:b e and a non debatable statemeil about each ol
eis!re Singapore s ong lerm
r/aler sLrpp y i. lhe 21si cent!ry
I
+ Holrever. arg!ncnls slrou d
..1 be aboui non'debatab e
:lalenrents wiilrwhich ,o o.e
!/oLr d fomally d sagree or ar!ue,
e !t /rfr ca rs a conunenl and nola
courtry or A cal is an ?nima

Arcrments are oenerall Arq u men !S,I9su ire the use oi

r9tr-plelad-illuldelete! lqsi,e
.t As arg!ments concern + For arguments to lre
cp nions and notcryslal ciear convlfc ig, there mLrsl be a
l:cts you shou d avoid any over- logica relationshlp beiv.'een the Sifgapore s
Debalah -" .r

gefera isation or Lop s ded opinlon yoLr express and ihe

l.ealment of an ssue such as "all e,/idence you present. C a ms
an nra s sho! d be alowed lo sLr.h as vio efce on tele\i slo.r
causes violence n soclely'woLrld Debaia
C orifg
Non debalable

H'!r c )or9lr, orao .,1. Egir 5ti15 Fr:t,r1bo.li(rr) 2Oo2 X

i nr ai,o,9 rL n,raoll.la s,!y![Ll5 Ni llbool( ) tooz X
 3 Take the example oi pollicians and cetebrit es. There are,
reliloot arsome eramp es ofarguirenr from the parcgGphs betow.
Can yo! identify the writer s cta m and the slpporing evidence frorn
1. The frci poinlto nole is lhat reprodlctve aulonomv cannot mean
freedom 10 breed as one ljkes. tMany socieUes, inctuding our own,
have rlrles about, for exampte, incest underage sex, bestiatity,
adullery and aborl on, for Qood, prlncipted reasons
[4ostofwhat s ]efl oi the natulalenvironment ofthe world s
located in developing counlrles. These countries have neiiherthe
.nofey nor Ihe erp€dise lo so ve the envir6nmentai probtems in
thelr midst Frrrlhermore, the government ofthese coufiries have
more pressing issues lo dealwith. Famine, civil unrest and an
unstable economy occ!py lhe mlnds ofleaders ofihese co!ntries.
Efvironmenla destruclion is considered as nothing moae than a
p€ pheral iss!e. Fo. example, lhe tension betlv€en the Hrlus and
TLtsis in RwanCa caLrsed the vr'ellbeing ofthe lamous Rlvanda
gorillas to be neg ected The need to iuel the economtc engine of
Brazil caused arqe tracls of lhe Amazon tropical ralnforesi lo be
cleared for large-scale cat(le ranching, bauxile mjnifg and
agricullural lses Thus, in developing countries, man s effor-ls to
save lhe environmenlseem to be to no avail
l.rwir Clo,
rhri al! r9 r, tr' a!Ll.!r riry \li,ll' I iD.llool{l) 2oo2 )t
perhaps, no olher realms ofhLrman lnterest vr'hjch 3re as ferlite tor
the grovy,lh ofscandal. Here, scanda is wietded as an instrurIrenr
of publicity, since in show business on y no news ;s bad news. in
Hollyryood alone, juicy, blle sized ch!nks oi inlornraton are daiy
thrown out onto lhe skeets, where they are greedity consumed ty
ll" 'runerousjol'nal , " \1a'.19 '- 1. r,ngs. t.o iqh d, ro_
cas-al. Joulinp orocess the Lalpor./ ca,atJ, / n6a u.6s oLt rh6
amount of potent potson he wishes to aulicthimse f with making
sure that his repLrtation does nol sufier too gr€aity Lrhite remjf d ng
lhe rest ofthe world of his existence_ tn fact. most ce ebrities
delibelalely r.aintaif an unresotved atr to ihejr scanda s. becaLse
thjs w I generale even rnore conkoversy and focus lhe public s
attenUon on lhemselvesrMany a celebrjly has !sed this tactic to
boost his or her own flagging poputarly: E|zabeth Taytor kept ihe
world guessing about how long ihls h!sband wi| tast;-Whitney
Houston and trcub esome husband Bobby Brown kept ther,rs;tves
in ihe news with lhek love-hate-drug-viotence retationship ot epic
proportions; and, Madonna sparked otfone of her mafy favourites
by conceiving a child wilh an unknolvn Jalher. Scandat se s and
r'l.se L-lebiries -ro.! I
Claim(s):
Evidence:
),J .r r Dlor Colla9., Eiii/jki r r.riD(lbook0t))oo, )t
 WEAK arsuentt
Th€ folow ng are some pitfa s we sholld avold to ens.rre lood
arg!nrent:
E- Drawing conc !sions
abo!lgroups ofpeople
slereotypes Q8
Restalifg in different
vrords what has akeady
Claimifg thatoniyone
eveni caused anolher
when there may be no
Srppery S/ope Ass!ming a chain of
.e ationshlps wil,h very
s!speclconnecUons
Th€ nrst parl ofthe idea
does not re aie to the
Eilherlor Suggesling only t\,/o
alterna(ives when lhe
Llri a io,I r,rtrf (,lll.tr \! \L r lli ).l.t)( ( r)
88 French people are
stirdefls are better n why shouldn't ?
Dietiog is hard because
rt requires a person to
When lsat down ir iront
slopped working, so I
something wrong.
Because liailed riy
erarn, rny parents were
mad, llost my wallel, my
computer wouldn'i start,
did wellln co lege
because I always wore
Hwa Chong socks.
Slngapore - love tor
loo2 X
Orawlng attention away
from lhe evidence and
leans on ihe popu arity
of someo'ne who may
have itUe know edge of
Claiming that most
People agree so it must
be riqht.
Exploiting lhe
Enatian audience's feeling in
orderto gel ihem on
Changing lhe loplc
Focusing on thjngs
unlmpodanl to the issue
aihand.ltcan a so iake
the form oiaitacklng the
person insiead of the
l{i a )or9-r0 ).raollajc, E iy jhl r r nlh(,o[
Fann Wong, an actress,
says thai cruises 3rB
wonderfu, so they must
wouldn lhave chealed
everyone e se co€s, so
I beleve I deserve a
scholarship beca!se I
glew Lrp if a broken
The stldent who came
ate would not expla n
.ememberwhalhe ate
H llh nk Prlnce Chares
v,'o]]ld make a terr ble
monarch. His ears are
h!ge.
$t Donl vole ior that
elect on car"rdidalet he s
rnoralcourage and has
a ousy dress-sense
( ) 2OO? X
 Iit\4 l-. ;ih; primt ;fe oi; doc r'|s i; p,eseM ,ire' ool;nt
All the paragiaphs beLo\! iave either vr'eak or !ndevetoped i asree? i

) Based on the lab e of weakness€s listed above dentib, \rhar is Just like we have a shoemaker Io mend oLrr worn-out sloes, I
wcak ior every paragraph doctors are there lo adminlsler medicn€ r\,hen oLr heath bre:ks
) Re write €:ch parag€ph to improle them. down. They are the glvers of Liie. Also, tem nat y itl par erls a I aqree
'.a rl 6 o^oo to.gi.- ... r o,."q".orq..
tho r diseases. Aeing cu.ed by a doc(or is itke betno roLrched b! an
1. "Home is the plrce vrhere most juvenile delifquents are I
ae .l.pd .,d.r'6 q or I ol" -oo
i

1 Ihe lrarmth oi hone is whal everyone yearns tor Howeler stnce

Itte pasl decades, rapid ndusklalisaton has bro!ght w(h it many
prober.s Peope begn to skive for a mateialsiic life, worklng day
and nighl so thai Ihey can purcbase whatever they need. However
this strains tlre reiatonship beiv/een the youlhs and th€ir pa.ents as
lhe pa.enls eave for work early n the mornlng and return only late al
nghr The leen.ge6 have no one io connde lheir problems and they
b.gln lo spefC ihelr t..e lolterlng outside their home. They m x w th
irad c.nrpafl, a.d lon gangs v/here they l€e w:nlea irslead of

3. Have rhe youths in your coLrntry lost iheir sense of c!ttural

identity?

The effecl of Weslem inflle|ce can be seer in a I races n |re

nation lhe Chifese ihe [4a ays :nd the na]ans. No tofger are these
yo!tlrt! teens talking abo!1 respect for the eldery. Thev do nol
,b 6 rt 4.etae.s 06 d ot,o. ,r.o rar i .\v-,-.1 . ....".
No onger do the youtlrs wish to stay !r'lh |reir parents whef they
grow up No lonqer are lhe youths dolng anyihin! rhat co nctdes wilh
the moralv.l!es and traditons ofthelrrace Whv? Because thai ts not
lhe way the Westerners do it. Face lhe rea iy: the youlhs of Singapore
are be ng brainwashed by the Weslern nfuence They hais a ieady
lost the r sense of cullura ident I

ll,'r a !, )! lL r,. a. ,r.lr tqy J[ r rh,)lLi,]ot ( ll2oo2 )t l l ir ClD,)g 1,, )io' co cj.. Rny 5[ iJ ] riD(lbool {rr) too2 X
 Vnit 2r .l tt M' Nti k n t I t tat :1i., tt rtut, j,') ti6i r hB lkut1i.' - rb cxt.
Writing BaJanced Arguments

What is a balanced argument?

4. ' Ado esccrce is inevitably a iime of suffering." Do you agree?
e opoosra
reach the stage of adolescence. They begin io get lnvolved in
immalure p!ppy lov€. Geiling onese f invoved in sr.rch affairs is most
unfodunaie. One wll not be able to do wei n schoolwork and most of
the lime. slrch .elat ofsh ps do not last ong. Moreover, when ihe
r€lalion beh{een I{o percons t!m sour, both padies wl I not feel good
An essay thal s ba anced, or has a ba anc€d viewpoint, means thal
the wiler s aware of and has dlscussed an issLre from varioLrs angles
Even if yo! are very c early argulng for one s de ior af issle yo! s(Ll
feed to mentiof the colnle.'argumenls and g ve .ebutla s Ths'ray
you show the reader lhat you reach a concllslof only afler ca.efll
consid€raton of both sides of ihe argument. Oll the olher hand, it :s
unimpress ve to discuss an issLe from only one naffow polnt of v ew.
se r'le 1 r .r You mlst learn to examne an issue from a wider perspective.

o,o.gh "ooll o/ mil, lren -\- .

the school has a pa.t io p ay ir making adolescence an"rd
inevitable tme
of s!fier ng .filosi schoois n Singapore are not satislled evea if the]r
siuden{s do well academ cally ln iact. lhey are conlenled only ii the r I?tL1
.l-"nr , e^ -.1 n o nr r l"r a.l . irs -\ wF Read ihe fo owlng essay below and using the folowlng quesuons as a
guide, pick out the arcuments lor and agaiost the topic respeclively.
i) Which phrases are faciua and which are the w teas opinlons?
ir) I LeagJnprtloqc" d1d.o \ c.ng?
il) ld€nufy the llnking words that lhe wrter uses 10 show a lurn in

iv) lmagne yo'r are wdung an essay thal disagreed wth this one.
What woLrld you !u te?

Q: ls ihe taking of hunran life justified in any civilised soclety?

For eofs since N4af deemed h mself a higher organism lhan

the resl of the arimal klngdom he has slruggled to define h mself as
separate from beasts ir terms of moral ly and spir tLra ity. Among the
ssues ihat lvaf as a race has tried lo corne to tenns with in view of
lhls differentialion is rvhelher as a specles, h€ has lhe ighl lo take
afother life. The key to resoivng, at best parlially, this issue is to
address severa ambigLrols lerms and lhe many issLres (hal are
involved in thls broad-based auestion When we sav lhal N4an s a

,'r ai.,,J r, , o a! (q.. E$iy sr.'lk rlir,lhoot ( l) roo: )t


civ sed speces y/e recognlse ih3rwe have progressed bey;nd tre
a9€ of cavemen and barbarians. Though Dh\rsologicaty stitj
Flomosap ens, severat changes have taken ptace. lVan has
recognised th€ potenl aloisclence as a powerfultoot, especia ty in lhe
eld ol ned, . - a r-rl oq - q-- I or of \e- a crea'or err.rs
r'ld $hat op l'at , -"or pal i our^he
dec(ions rooa/. -he
parameterc of lhe vr'ord 'juslif€d lncLude lhe retigjous, human slic,
medical, socletal and personal evels.
The 'laking o{ h!man ile" retates to rnanv socelat issLres
lood/ Caoilo, or|lne1t, abor.on, er. arosrr a1i lte qreslor of
war a I beg an answer 10 thts queslion, and att require us to view each
separate y. Though many religlons advocate forgtveness and
lolerance, some have also sUpulat€d crimes for which death was a
mandatory pr.inishment. Just l5ke Chrisiianiv for exampte. The
ieachings of the Bible ln the New Testament catl tts betievers to
"forgive, as your Heavenly Faiher has forgiven you". yel, some iime
back, in the Old Testament, leaders were instucled to carw out
ou el.e'.u uall, byprbl. .olj g oJ offdnoo s o' se,La cire.
'onurdar So.eqadod. -..cpra pd .hne'll rarher o le e, lt,..
.od6a ac r deere lo I n", o.gl (-al ca- doe, sepn
!.substanUafed When a person commits murder or armed robbery, it
seems obvious that he does iot worry thai hjs state has capltat
puf shment or whether he shoLr d commlt the crlme because lt lacks
this legislalion. Olhe6 say capltal punishment eases the taxpayers
pockei, for the "upkeep'of prisoners ls certainly a drain on naiionat
revenLre. After all, why should people pay io supporl a person who has
conmilled a crime againsi socl€ty? Does thal not slap oneself ln the
face? Contrary lo popular bellet, however, a report noted that to keep
a convict n pison is cheaper than puiling him to death, laeeLy due to
the ong iime crim nals spend on death row as well as the "faciljiies
requlred for such a procedure. As such, capital punishment does
seem ufjustified and ends slrenglh to the noijon that any punishment
shoLrld be reformative, ralherthan to exterminale the i s of society.
Wrlh regards to aborUon, ihe debate over what consUtules a
'hlman lie comes n1o play. Wilh lilue doubi, most religions be eve
thal a hurnan lfe beg ns at lhe polnt ol conception. The Blble notes ln
Ps€ ms thal God knows a loelus wh le it is in ils molhefs womb. and lf
God recognises I as a ife, how can Man deem olhelwise? Calhollcs
e/en qo lo lhe e\lenl of Drohbilino co or. becaLse of lhe
Fl'q C)o ig rL nu'(o lc9( E ry !L Lr lrri h.ok(lr)2oo2 X
be ief that prevenUng concepUon is a so laking a h!rn?n tife. Sociery
takes a ess extreme stafd. Whtte many pro- ife groups recognise the
foelus as a llfe and lobby for antiaboriion laws, the.e are -rany who
are lrapped by circumstanc6s. Take, for nstafce, rape cases, where
lhe victim becomes prcgnaft- How can an outsider forie upon hs
unwilllfg moiher the burden of carrying a child without recognis ng the
trauma that she has gone afd is going through? The HtppocraUc Oath
binds doclos to save paUents lives, and not to end lhem. Medica|y
speaking, a doctor should noi perform an aborton lf lt ls hts conviction
thal an unborn chlld ls a h!man llle.
The issle of euthanasia follows the araurnent of aborlion
c ose ,Tha .iard ol e g on -ena:.. I e san oi on y God rd. lr-
right to lake a life, since He was the one who gave il in the ltrst ptace.
On a humanitarian level, however, it is necessary to recognise ihat
patients often undergo severe pain as in cases of cancer, or suffer
o'eat irdgrry, wce- lookFd ro lo a lf--suppo-
aLalt) o Tpan 1a n hre. Tha/ |,e ro o- eo a1o a6o rr o dpr to ' ie.
Thls, lo many, is a prospect they woutd rather not face desptte the fact
ihat rnkacles can happen, and ihey may regain their tife and abiliiy to
enjoy li. ln lhe neld o{ medic ne, the HlppocraUc Oath si I appties, b!l
many doctors sill plactise euthan€sia in the q!iet by tncr€astnq
mo oiir-dos;ge lodyna oar,ertr o sin oJ'i \'1q ofl. -.\{ t(h lo
life support machine. ll is reasonabte to ihem. since lhe act of "
s!slaifing a ijie merely prolofgs dying.
Fr ,a ,, ,t-e,e r. t " isc re o',"r. Ho.e, rargto-l q,6- ro.6ol
answer again While lisied among Ihe Ten Commandrnents is one that
slates "Thou shall nol rnurde/, the Cnrsade in which it is an honour
{or a ChrlsUan knight lo slay a Mustim foe seems Io rntsrepresenl
rellgion C.S. Lewis, a noted phttosopher, shed some light on the
issue While he confessed lhat the Bible djd indeed say .if anyone
slaps you on the rlghl cheek, lum to him your teft atso,,, he did not take
ihe sland of lhe pacifist, because he look thls parab e lo reier onty lo
deliberale antagonism. Furthermore, even if one can lurn lhe other
cheek, who is anyone to turn everybody lo another nalion by refusing
lo defend onese f? Th!s, kiling in war in order to defend oneset
lwi alDr)g,r! iiorCdicAc, [s]yiklr lr.1r l,oo[(r) rOO2 X
 ln concluslon, ! feel thal lhe question oi whelher lakjng a
human lile is jus|fed must b€ viewed from the perspecUves of a
"civiised socetyaswell as th€ issues lhat nrke it up. lisodone, I
mLrst be fina Ly recognised that Ihe answer to this queslion is djfferent
lntroduclng a counterargumenl
''lvy (ulor wrole lhal Im contradcUng mysell is one remark often
made by stLrdents who are discoLrraged by their {ailed attempts ar
ntroducing coufier-arcunrents in their essays. ti s important lhat the
reader knows lhal when you write opposing arglments you do rot
agree with such aryunenis. You have lo make it very clear that you
are presenling these argumenls only to shovr lhai you Lrnderstand ihe
iss!e lrcm bolh sldes, thai you have anticipaied the opposng
arguments afd wish to crlticise them.
The iolowi.g sriggesls ONE wiry yoL can introduce a co!nte.
arguf-renl and lhen 1o criucise it subseqlently in s!ppadaf your awn
:rgumenl There zre two lhinss you must do. Fllsty, yo! have lo
ntrod!ce and p.oblemalise the counter-argLrment. Secondly you
lntrodlce your rebutta lslrg connectoE that slgnal a conlrast (see
Essay Ski s Handboak, Vot.1, P.26).
@ clearly, this wtler believes that chldren who are looked afier by
!ryrlters ofien tak€ a posiilon on issues and make claims that represent
ther pont oi vlew. For exampe, the wfiter below has presented his
po ni of v evr' as a facll
Chidren who are Looked after by foreign maids at an eary
age ",s o.r on rroola learl/ learnirg r'd. o ' 'r, ,
rent ch ld int€raction.
The slat€menlappears ror-debarable (it seerns kue thal children who
are looked afier by foreign maids al an early age are deprived of
impodanl eany learning Ihal occurs in parenl-child nteraction). To
probematse something means lo make il seem like a problen, la
make I seem unirue A common way lo do this is to use lhe phrase,
' I has been arg ue d/said/c alrned/m enljo n ed/e tc " The phrase makes
t clear thal fks(Ly, yo! are onLy quoting someon€ else (whose view
iina,Jilrrr,,.,',,I.'.,f\r,l.rrlill,r,[(r)]ool l(
you might criticise subseqLrenty)r and secondly that what s
presented is subjeclive and does not represent your own v ewpoini:
,t has bee, arguedthat children who are looked afler by
foreign maids at an early age mlss out on imporlanl earv
lhat occurs ln oarent child lnteraclion.
By incllding the phrase "lt has been argued that" if the above
statemenl, you have lhus proDiemalrsed the origina claim nrade by
th s wdter.
Having problemaiised this writels cla m, yor.r can now lntrcduce your
rebuttal. To do this, use contrasuve connectors, ihe mosl common of
It has been aqued lhal ch ldren \"rho a.e looked afler by
foreign maids al an early age miss out on impodant e3rly
earning that occurs in pareflchiid i.leracton. These
ch dren, so rhis argument gaes, may be educauonaly
disadvantaged ater ln ie lqryelq, foleign maids may
aciua y assisi chlLdren in their eariy learnlng. They give
children an opportunity 1o be exposed to another culture
and angLrage, and to deve op clli]rral awarcness al an
early age. Indeed, a whole range of learnlng can occur
children a.e ooked afier bv forelqn maids.
foreign maids are not depived of learning. lncorporaung lhe colrnter
argument does not show conlradicllon. Wriilen like thls, lhe reader
underslands that the writer has consldered olher viewpoinls and
thoLroht ihrcugh the merits of each argument.
|t)
Hwi Chorg ru tr o, colhg., !$:ry 5[i
'
r']iBlboo[ (ll) 2oo2 l(
 2. Analyse some v{ays to alleviate the problems of povarty faced
Read th€ paraglaphs belcw and tn each ofrhem: by couniries today.
i) Ufderline al the prob emausing phrases;and
ii) Cjrcle lhe connector whtch ;ntroduces the rebllflal It mlqht be said ihat prcvid nq poorer natons wilh money and
technoogical aid makes life easler ior its people. lndeed, capila aid
1. ln your view, js the lntetnet more of a curse or a btessind?- can also help developing nations improve thelr infrastructure, ihus
providing proper sanliation, electlicity and clean water lor thejr
Another advantage of the tnternet s that il enabtes a researcher to overpopu ated urban areas:tlowevelJthe problem is that cap la aid
find all lh€ atesl dala. lhe cotlective wisdo of humankind, tileraty at does not often come out of pLrre goodwi . N'lore often lhan not, it s
hrs fingedps Whelher t s a s{uienl tooking for facts 10 pad a fi;sy polllica y or economicaly motivaled and hence, co'.rnlries prolidifg
essay, a flm b!lf seekng intormatron 3bout the talesl seauet to Di; eid $,il exacl toLrgh cond tions on those receiv;fg aid ln relL.n for the .
Ie"oo o. -.or . -'rrrn,-.taa(,la(net,n^, help ln the lnternalional [,4onetary Funds (l['lF) atlempt to bai]
b"tu-ej na ..- ," r-r .d, p o,e .o o"i lndonesia out of economic recession sor.e t\{o or three yearc ago, for
r'oao'io. ll l"d".,,.b-- .on64r-e., rdLst Le\tboo" -i"" o, exampe, the economic condilions exacled on lndonesia rvere so
a
ao.e rrcor'6o as."r r,' o . - . . ,]q e' ei, rre I ;nerhd_ talt
,
iough that some analysls say lhe situation would have been betler
^
ln one spol, and caf be accessed from atmost anyryhere ti the wond. wthout ad. Hence, as long as personal interests come llrsl and
This is Ihe resson or lhe ercltem€nt over the lnternel as a soLfce of
informairon: it s prox rn€le, i.nmedia(e and vast.

!r- !o ,r " - proo enc es,o- arad n - I e
inlernel can dlsltba llnk€d io the very qlafiies in tt that we prctse.
This rnne of lniormallon is also a minefietd of infomation_ The
aulhenlclty of the recenl slew of pholographs on ihe mass rapes jn
ndonesia is no\r being qiresiofed. The vartous naked pictLres of
famols stars are ofien found ro trave been a pasie up of the actor's
iace on someofe else's body. Worse slill, s€rious material
p aglarised and altered so frequenty that the victim of the plagiarism
lvoud have a hard lime tracing aLt the cuJpdls and binging them to
court. An earnesl scienlisl would also be wet advised to veritu a th.
'r{orrarol s: jor-
y relled. Admittedly, the
iradiliona technology
lypes of misinformation has lofg exst€d, but ihe votume of ficUon
passing ofi as Jact to the unwary must give pause for serious thought.
The lnlernel is now a rich ste,,,/ of meaty lr!th and scraDs of untruth.
3. Whv should schools teach dnvlhin.i be!ides the a(ademc
Havifg eslablished thai nof-academ c skil s are vila , one iov/ has l
to examlne wheth€r lhe leachifg of these skils shoud be the
responslbj ity of lhe schooL. Going back lo the s!ggest on thal youths
is need glidance and nstructof, o,Jtq qlsil-p..9rh?!q s_Qy lha( parenls
can do the iob sufficienly well and thal th€re is no n€ed ior schoo s 1o
iake on th s role,however. it ls precis€ y because many parenis hale
failed n lhls role ihat 1l is imperalive thal schoos leach lheir sludenls
-s on ,rh.r ie ras tip- r ts. I Ta. be con.ended_ o Lo- .e. (5.t .\j - - s, ooorr."
"
to perpetrale th€se /a'"-r' v.ho do a qoodJob n 9L d 10 rl"- 'irar.n F La ri , e' or"l
nunrber of double income families, coup ed !!ith lhe incieasing cu l.rre
gap tretlleen the qeneralions, more oflen thaf nol. yoLrths are
deQrived oI th s guidance. There are, of cours€ counsellng ceftres.
qql,,iew siudenis aclualy iake advantage of lhem dLre Io !Jnora|ce or
pr de. One could also say lhal exp€rience wl I do Ihe job arrd youlhs
can be lelt alone, bLrt sornetimes il is (oo late to righl a mislake afler I
has been made. The risk invov€d does nol juslily the melhod
Therefore the faiureololher insll(!lions 10 provde essenta l.aifing
n lfe ski s or moral education makes Ihe teach ng of such sk s in

i ,r.i ( ,!i! rrir!, (, rq..l$ryirr \ IrI rli...l ( II jtoo:t X I wi a jorr,t rLrrrorco c9c llsiy 5[ h H:r] bdot{ ) roo2 )f
 The lntornet brings more prolterns ftanten-efits. ts

The ,rte.net s a very lrsefLr oi jntormaijon which is

soLrrce tnit l, a:,rt aJ h r,r rn I h r.r-liij - L . ::r
avairalrre lo everyone.]\rlho!g!
tr !!!lq lt9.{Aqe! that sLrsceprbe U5iDg Persornj Voicc
yolns mnds colrd trale access to rnleatny inruences soil as
lornograp lr y,.1I could alsq!9 assa49-d, hor'/ever, rhar the tnrernel ts .
p. .o .r rcaJro d i .4 . tor o .o..- p" ..
o. t\, " - I I. oo,- "
-.d .p
projecl researclr irfd evcn l:snq "$ith sUdenls Irom ov",.-";1 '
ed!cnrona lnsrrl!tons. This aspc.t of Ihe tnternet also tnrits rhe q o.'"
. i\o o .- .d op, ! 5,.a qo.6 -, enlE o.01"'o'e
.q n", i. oo un"re ^e o, ' F'
ob''"'''o.oo.b'o'o'lqd'.a.
becaus€ o. lhe lfler.et, one can get rhe at€sifews updates from all colo^ .a
orer ihe word or facts oi h story, viewed from a rnore neLrka ". " :-" L.o6 o.,oo e o
0.006 do --
lrendv orrrrs, and they find thenseives able rc exp,ess
lher persona ries in Iher Etii.e All we .ni lord
H ,,cvr,, whai is s more !hry dan.rero!s ts !/hen ie:.hrrn
Iqslj fo r.wers stalishty copy trenCs lo siay "i!ikv $ltro!l .r.y
Ihe.e are ri fe ssLres isted beto,r reltard for the way rhey mllrr t.ok I rh!-.r.o,ig F.r.
il Wrile a pa r of seft.nces s m ar lo ihe aentences n ihe salnp e nslanc. Ihere are m.ny cx.mp es oi l..ge.s ze.l ptop e
p3ra-or!phs about e:ch of lhe issues The tilst senience sl-rould stuffing thenr-se res I ke s.!sa!es rii. trlliji :kin!!
present and prob emalise lhe coLrnterarqLrment on this tssue. -.:" L i,o .- L-
The seccnd senlence shor,td p'ese.l yor]; rebutat (or prem se) 'J'!ro,T|d''''o

ll Do not forget to lfk the turo seN(ences with ihe conirastirg

.ofnector, Hov/ever. T - o..-o ,or bo." o . ,

Shou C sm.king be a owed n restairrafts? . - b-,". o - to^

"Gun'rrhev/lnq srrcLr d be egnllsed in Sinsapore Do you good i. '. - . d o -j
e,pres. rhe;r oEr!ona rLes !n rhe rar e
Cap la punistrmefl shoLld be banned. Dtsc!ss . n;f// o9p.\.76oppo r ir.9 . )6 - t- _. q
"Th. mass njed r s today, ess an nlorrner ihan a creator ghl !l .npy re\ealno oU|ls ). a Ll
of . co.idenl
news Do voLr e!ree?
"The docior s p. mary role !s to pres€rve tife. D sc!ss.
Do you a!.ree lhal p.ospects for wond peace have never been
li disclsses issles lr af orjservant a d sefsrlile ila.ner i ,rtjl s
o, . o - aa s- oL .. "1 fe.lo o o."
lrends to slay iunky w thout afT .e!ard for llle wav lije,, nr oht o.r ;
Are m:n s eifo.ls 1.) save the env rofmeftdoomed to fa !re? ,-
'Fashion s only followed by the footish. ts lhis a Iair cornment? ori a .- ..,t.-. o. \
Should \.,e 3 ways obey o!r par€nts? " '-' o."." d ..6. a,mo.lrpr,
paragraph n wrillnlr your essavs, you sho!d aim ro niuse v.ur

| alr.,q r,',J (d 1ja rnir 5l \I r,r,ll,o!l ( ):Oo2 j( wi Cli. i.l r: r.r

'r.r F Co laq., E iy lt,i 5 Nr, tro[ lt) tOO2 )t
arscLrssons \!llh the qunliies of ainrosprcrc, onsery:rrct and
Isa yprr arspc,,,si
seisJiiviij/ Tlrese aie qLrailras ci an A !rcae essay

n conlr3st your vr'ri|n! sho! d rot make yo! appear lo be oilenslve I ". ...Jo6I'hD o-.o.o .p,.o. ...
Ir" lo -.C"ro o'.d e! bto.o.i.,o.l .l rs
aDo!{ r/oflo an:
arrogani palronrslig, d smisslve, emot onal ot prejuaiced ObviousLy,
ine impression yoLr makelrn llic reader co!nts (see para!raph below)L
.l ir- r, ". .,1- o r,.1j,r.olo o. ,, t.r"llot i.t.rg ol
a/ orptd\ o' ;.as .D . \ d ror o" F.rdo -q
Snce rve are c/rscussng Presidenl Bush, w-'might as well Ld, "
D". r , "..re. -
talk abaut the Uflled Siates af Amertca (USA). lt is
1d i r 1i
obriods tlar ltra US,4 is e wand supetpa',ler in eve\4hing ^i1.".-.o.\ 'lo
jo:o,t
Ihls ls strcrqih needs ia elabotaucn I personallf find o .m., 6 q.
tht: llsA deplarable why? who is lhe usA lo aci as lhe 'caLrse for alarm' crm nal
glabal policemar? lnctican ltaaps are slalion-bd al ,- .\o d l-.. -ro.ah 1.hafds,
t""r
"desperale eco.omt. cofdir;ons
arcund lhe wa d t/hethet lhey are weicamed or not All
ihey do is prc.ruce slupr.r excuses. llhink il js high time
smpesi ivirg orsanism on eadh, thal n iLrrn re niorces the
o - o, t" 'r. 4, i6r rr
the Aner;cans wake up Jan thei Arnerican drcan
oallF. o' L oc 6.1 .d. p.. a
volce :s also enhanced throu!h the use of certain words o. ph.ases
thal slrefgtirens his pe$or: as a concer|ed ird vrd!.1 y/hc s ,b e to
Read the passalles b€lowand corsiderin e:ch case:
assess afd jldge critcaly, eg 'cer1anly.,.aso. rhe !e.r r!.r
ll tso{ wouLd yo! desoibe the perscnal !d ce?
po .r. a oo

) Wlrat makes these p:ralrraplrs so effecl !e (e g lhe eLlhor s

c3plivaliirg style d fierences n lechnLq!e, or glnai ideas,
lholglrt provokng q!estans .hoice ofwords orphrases, elc )? Now ',,o! dissec(tt!: iolowlno paraor:.|!

fiiie tr-sr paragrirph has been dane i yau ta denanstrate haw vau 1. Anrblion is arl around !s 1 is nor rmletl nr top_r;lkn!
sttauld ga abaul ta attetnpl this task)
po rticiafs bickerirg ior the rght to le:d rhetr c.!llr,.i cr slj;
sporlsmen who lrain ce:seless y to doriifale rhetr riva s. or ev.n the
SAWIE2A8AoEA?A manmoih c ash of wl I and egos tlrat characterjses tha apex of elery
iie d of enierprise known to mank nd Sm:lter !mLr tio.s are ! e,rea .L;r
Clremcal wa.fare s not lhe oniY !'1/a- to lnilale disaster. As
nr.iii.ned ea.l€. ! fLrcear \f ntcr s also tossible The recent tesls trour earljer each mornirg, io absra n from iasi tood for a ,/ee(. or lc
l-.,r' fd a and Pakisttn. sworn .nemles if every respecl, are cerlaifLy a
'1 ".c ct
c;Ljse lor alarm. There is a so lhe very .eal poss bility of a flclear "o - nnolb.od 1no.e. L.- .. tdf 6, /_ r..
devce fa n!intoctmna hafds The d€s?eraLe economic condiuons ALrel or plays ike Shakespeare s iuacbeth . Thus, it s d flclitro |nd
nl . nuclear RLrss a do nol he D matters in nuclerl Prolifetalion. As t a person, or ever a senilent crea(ure, tota ty devoid oi amb iio.. for
Ls. tire word has enoLrgh nLr.lear \!eapons to !!ipe o!l all brt lhe
even an als v/o.k towards their desres' they hLrf( ior tood. ;!ojd
p.edato.s and other dangers and batlte ior pos I on tf ihe I so.i:j
s mp estll! n! orltanism on ea.llr
slr!.i!res ndeed lo lve s to exp€ricnce ambrl on
yrrg?,5ao 98S3J, cf Scre.ct t5 balh the gte.lesl hole Iot and lhe icr/bert LrD yo.! Sa,, OJ56, cn ,rs
6nrbirr., : vrr,o? i
thteilloMans lrlt!. Da yor agrce2)

I *i aiir i.t,r, .,a.li.lt I nrr ltr' I rN.lbo.!( rl 2alr: X . . oo. x

 -_--J

2 Aborl on has .ema ned a conrrovers at ssue over the tast few
c .d- / hp ,L, o.,16a-ooobdlg /.e..6.o. no..o o.oer
'.1 'o "d'ol""ie" i.B.r'h, .rt t-sorr,got.o
i. . T,' ?-'1:lpror
o?au", or'r: /,/o.d,sdror
baratr ro.ou 11 or C.i" *",
cubisfotarea |on s nce it lras no rnane, or thar ir stesialionfor ,,."
rf.reasrnq sharpty and [4a.Dofdlds
esrihti(r ^*, ". ".i,.
not hav n9 d€\reloped into a fut ad! I on. The criflre of the murder of L berrnq a,d c a.g2ho. ,r-re t-" n.","'ob"'
an rnnocenl lreifg, the foetus, ts made \lorce because the foerus ts oo Fs{rc cu.ture -o,, O".r"n^"..""'l o add,-'eo ol o'
help ess - w Iho!l any detunce. tvlosi peopte woutd be shocked by llre aeled'on rh
dea of parents kil ng rheir tnnocert thr€e year o d toddte.s, and ;ould ""..";- 0",;',.:r;"..:;i
Tr's 0t ...dent gdhp.eo :'r troll
ot rnp A
#"1: ,":. ^"::"j
coidemn lhe parenls for |rer henous acl of crinre. S mitarty why
sho!ld calous parents wlro m!.der their innocenl three month otd 'op.ore'r,eooro,oor', ;, ;* ":";:. .",";;r; ; I l; "
c,'culdred prrL e ao4ea d
ioelus cet away scot iiee? snoes 9,oup o -6..J -a1 o.ta i,,t^e
one oi ^oJ,,,
he proreirprs naJr
{Canihe Lin,9356A, an ts the takjng athu..an tite iustjfed in anv s.cjetv1,.) 'onically
'n^,;,
:"^;"iiiil. ":'6lilj; '""'9;":
i",:;;;"
(Janathan
Pnrg. 99414 on Da \ou mt jhn _
";;; ""
od,qre).F.,. .-re dat.atd^ottt a nodd- a
3 Beyond mere fashtons of c othtng t often becomes fashionabte )
to do certali th ngs. SLrccess often atkacts a bandwagon of hangers-
on oi all types For instance, rvtanchester Unired has aeef ts suppod
draslica y ncrease n the w:ke of the myriad trophtes thev have ;on 5. How great lnowtpda€ sr \4h:r .rF:r
o ., 1o ,eo.o.hdo.6,o,--o orthe got
l'rlntel who suppods rhem for no real reason orher lhar ihat i h;s ' - rrr. oi o,r.. " "" ,"; ;
beconre lrendy to do so bec:Lrse rhey:.e sLrccessfu. Afrer alt ,,
" " "_ ;;, :,," ;, "d-
""..
evcrybody loves a wnner This phenomenon s by no means new, of
course it happened to Liverpooi FC tn th€ r gtory years of the i980s, t"""i-' -"",: "";; ," bL,
sr.16. .r a.p -rF":"--
;,,:ii " ""::
a.d wi assurediy coitinLre to pagle whrchever ream happens to ":""""
. Go. L,-,. ma.or 4o.lotb..oo ;p-op- ;";:.;:"'" ",^"
"
o.r , o, ol ,o1 ! o\ ro.t ,]q dooL' I.e pdn r-la, -nooEe to t5e Jra Hri aas66 an Ae .,ho;b .onsr(tet thc
. a. o d o oto. . erl .ror 19 ia1o.d..a,n 'a a hl.Q- D. ht, g- a'
n.i"d
" ato'
o b noing oo, o. o:"g.e'.
liash of ighi. rem€mber Ihe lime had to exptaif lo a se f_sty e;
Arsenal supporler th?t the tormat of ihe Foorbat League was three
poi.ts for a win. fot oie For reasons ltke ths, these-gtory,hunters,
olien g€l tlle i any respect fronr the other sLrppoders. The Engtish
rad o show host, Zoe 8at1, for examp €. s lamed for ilecd no to be a
lo o" o.F_rg a. a pJb -
relaiions lacllc, lhis is decidedty fooish as it earns he. noth ng blt
disdain lrom the generat pubt.
(Michete Lnr 99A15 an Fa.nanjsanty talosed by lh-.lootish )

rrrr a D,! n, tr. C!llc9r. liity t( lls l-hnLloor ( l)2Do, ft

rwi al,org ). r.' (o 19. rnrt 5r,t! I ,itDU!.0 ):OO2
X
Unti,l, rnr, i: r(,,r, i r*l!i ,,r,y'+'[$ , i{{, jJ rfirirti
Conc]usion

An nle igent conc !sron brlngs yo!r essay to. logical close and t€s t
: togeiher while Lervng yoLri re:,:ie. satsfed ihat he has read a tJr.qi 0." cr r; o-gro-r' - " rt r ". ri -o op.". o.i .
coherent aiii cog€nl response to a qLrestion Remember ihat the ItAor/!!JJ 1/h lra a r p-).LtF
t-t,to o -"d. n,.)e-, ).r 'o- o,.o.
ro
9I- lifgrs-S -1
,voLr do want 10 g ve the reader a good final mpression of your ,,!ork P e oeg9rqa-!! l!L!r r'| dp .
. ro
llere ls ore !sefLrl sLrgg!stof on how yo! caf vrrlte an efleclive --L
Resiale ihe lhesis slaiemenl.
Preseni one or 1!r'0 gene.aL sentences ihat accuraie y
n -ro.oq." I n Lsppo- e a
Perhaps the words oi grear ieaderi lit€ Netso;-t;nera :M
3 Prov de a general warning oI the consequences of not lvlarlir Lrtthef Klna f.,ere heard and hreded.
iollowing the sland thai yo! pli ioNard (1.e, 1 lo 2 ln conclusion, pasr acrs or vioC;ce;rd;tt€siGn Lav
,egatlyc slatemenis) ANDIOR a genera statemert a greai de3 aboLrt lhe recd ior mt]tuat undersb.d n! sLrct thal
of how the con'rmlnity will benefit from folow ng ttrat
stard ii? , 1 l! 2 pos;live slatemenls).
OO lOI M le wE.l remarks such as 'Th s s nrcrely
nrl own ot,lr.n ara am prcb:bLy fot rhe best
p.r:.n ro a scLrss i)i s ssue Tiris s lhe besl ldn

IjlL l
frre scquencc ol llre senre.ces rn eacf ol llre conc Lrsions Lre cw has
beei jlmbled up Pll lhe sente.ces in each concuson inlo lher ! ". o o:e " ,e. .-;q,
r sl e ne.e.
coreclordei by numberlng them in the emply boxes provded. te re9'e .qotp ,-.todo..
,. 19
qlloLol I r\ -]pon t.o -d-, oL o" a- r. o.
lre v a cas€ oi ircnv I ever tlrere !!as .ne lmportaot to consider our pafen(s nva uabte q! d:nce tor I maCe
Peor e frellenl y r, lic se fashjons and llrelr iolio{ers for b€ ng lnto whoever lhev are Iona
emJn,ils rlrth llie or ro m nd of the r own, who b nd y to ov,, the To slcceed in ite, we neeO ro Oatanciliri neeolo tolow
and our parenls v e\,!.
ou !
cror'r's Lrs nq iitle iL,dlemenl f any at a I, and whose cholces ar€

f re\,er. 3s lhs mi.dset becomes increas ngly preva enl I

hrrorlf! r ore rra n ora lastr onab e to disrniss fasir on ani
4t1999 t, F?n@ x ai bnMel ot th6 to.,ti\h!s ttis

Lijir !r i,I r,,.tF,r,[ ( r] .roc2 lt

r'{(hoi,grL .,C.liill L,irJi j I r,,. .:iJt ( t)..0rr ,t
 Such a shlft is rnevtabe for women (ha{ of the consumer
popLrlaliof)would Dostywant it to chan!e.
Advenisers w have to lake nole lhe next tlme they are lsifg
women in tl-reir adverlisements.
te Use a melaphor or 'We a.e pat\pd on the Lu.par a rew,a.n
lndeed, even the learned Coni!cius famous Line tlrat'lt is ? vid!e
Ior a vr'oman lo b€ w thdul talents w have lo be casl as de.
n concusion, the mage oi women n advertsements has be€n
te Broaden lhe scope tne rnre,net e.en,otn"s aii nii;iiil.t
danget af all technotagy io. hankind
app€4l!qqe![4ng[g.!q1!! !9j19I-
ralher de!rad nq but
Eeing percevea as we€k mindless sex objects are old
stereoqpes which Ere beginning to glve way lo ihe new concept of
'onty witn responsitte u sageiii i]fiiiiii
nlnint spd and le aa\ a.tage \ n. \ nE -Dd.
t

the ndependent womef.

lro kai s.ene 99s71, G41999 on "wlh sp e cilic et a hpte s, ca nnenl
tho panftyat ol ||anen in attrotlison'nls )
"Ca. we reaitr n.v ttue itho;t th;i'pL.l.' ct
n)dern ttle "
ln a iLrlshe . etlons to save the environmenl seem lo be doorned
as the rale of destruction exceeds the .ale at whlch maf k es lo 6 Focus of one aspecl "fhe.p t, t.aal an ugeht Ferd ta saLve lE
prcblens c.Dsed by ercstah al rtadiriooatcLlture
belate they oretuhetn nankod ,

S.v ng the ei! ror'rment ensules olr survival n the r-oxl

"I we rcatty hed ta da wnhatt th;1;E;;;" ttu
The mportaice of saving the envlronl'ient needs io be iuliy \|cek, peapte nright actuaty hare .onrelsations
recogr sed by everyone be it lhe government, lactory awners or
us ihe peop -o n oeneraL.
lsaprrrte Ga' rs€rr9. 995/3 G41999 an atp nan elLns ta ta\6 tho ?n\ nnntnl
' 'Canhq kon a roDntt , r,.h;.s ,;.;/hry
al lhe lntemet t'ot illegat purposes, tstrcnqt), teej
P!rlsls eco.onrists envlronmenla ists and ihe Layman may the inpadence af canbatlng alttarns af
despai over tl-rs mo.a dlemma, bLri we shoLrld ook deep and inesponsible use al the lntener.
hard into o!rselv€s and decde whether anyllring can be done to

From lhese lacis I caf be galhered that economy will tumph

ovsr €nlironnrenla concerns d!e to lhe shofi sightedness of
many n the developing and developed worlds where m!ch welght
s oiven to shod-term ooa s.
Altholgh some ol lhls shorl'sightedness ln Th rd World counkies
is d!e lo exlenuat ng clrcunrstances such as starvalion, it cannol
be den€d that capitalsm Sreed and a compete ackofaltruism
also olav a oarl in tlre worsen nq envlronrnental o!llook
f we do not. we rv I pass on to lhe futLrre generatons an Eadh
whlch s nred vrllh conflcl. deskoyed by po uton and bared by

l6enr 6rn Yea 5h,uan, 965/?. 681997 .h fhe n.de.a between tho eahannent and
the e.anany rs gohg t.*ih Cahnent )

i\rr:u!rur! a,,L[9. iniy\trl5 ritr(]bloL( ) lool * l.lsn cl)oBrr,i.rCo cac, E5qr (illr rl rlboo[( ) 2oO: )(
I?sL2 cr: c;^s;.er $t im6rtanae or competitiorr
Examine lhe co.c !dlnq paragraphs b.low.
l) ldeftfu the melhods lhat llre vr'iters used lo ccfclude th€r Yet, lhrough it a , no one can Iruty deny lhe imporrafce ol
o We rh.i.,e on it. ard rleeos,lOo"ot, ,,".o_0..,o,
ii) Are lhey effeclve melhods? _ t-e
-oet'r_on
rqtl-an oL1l , iS r -ce.qdrv ,o- SUN ,a. Der, of .o
ill) Are you salisled w lh lhe way the essay ends? Why?
, i.li,,ry. f.isrh"o4 oreloLro'l H. eol "mp-". o.,C a
" i

-Do-]cr e 0 nd'Lio sedcliol tf Il e.L1 \a o.a p(

-,,-
0: Why is knowledge of the a,1s still n€cessary in this aqe of 'd
F 5e o,e
' oectes (orpete $irn pa.h o..-- a,to t e .r.. ,
onp- lroqp-es-nte/-Dda. a .roL,cl o,,,o. D.a.oD. 19o.:
"e b--r j' u rortosoLrlh. -oa,rd'c,ot,.r /r.b
The ads setue as a .oflinLral fo 10 the bana lies i.r our
everyday |fe lt .nust be sa d thal no matter ihe weaLlh of the word d. l, lhat onroi -/."te1.",o.oea .,d", - p- .- o.
' ompeLloa as .
today, we cannot endure for ong without ihe rlchness of spi.lt lhe ads ^-1, as lhe s-....;or ot o.a, r,- D- I I t6o to 6r. ,.e
''' '"r ,e proo_e.s
endow us with. The Renaissance uras a gloioLrs epoch of scientifc a d >pe!e) oro p,- ", e oa
earlh, for a lona time to come.
advancement But what characterised t was the ce ebration oi man s
spLrlt and imporiance. Human srn \ryas the catchword. After the siifllng
medieval limes, people lrad to fght to recognlse iheir own wodh as
creato.s of sc ence and creators of ad. lt would be a crylng shanre if
one o{ thelr legacies coniifued indelnllely - whie lhe other, equaily
precoLrs lvere lo be ost.
I O: Educaiion roday empnasisel inGrr-G-t deren-pmnGr ile-
expense of character buitdinq. Discuss.

.oL g o6op.p oo ot ,".- "

ia I e. d n or o i dt ,s ot iS . ol ^lo
o-
r,,0 o. lo liemsel/-c \!i"r .rnd 6."ooroo,,"
1".6o.oa :o .e o, ur at ar ,
Q: "Llan is his own worst enemV" Discuss this statement in the
they do not? Many peopte Jose track of who they are and
llght of our treatmenl of the natLrral €nvironment. what kifd of
oooola \ey $all io o". ,\aJe, ,t- rrr-ort ,e,oo..,bt,l .o
de, -rc\ a'e.nol:Tporpdby'1a..dn.te,o. .-.Lhoo ,". . /.ra.
The earih is N,lan s o. y home, and I ls [4an s respons]b ily to
pass on a belter wond for f!L!re !enera(ions to llve in l-lowever n hls
L d ot oeoore,w;l ri e/ oe(om". f,/r)b- ll./ ,, I .(_mo 5 e rpol .tas-
.a r- l"er s"lve., r",be ,ae/ r.[ nor. a1d ,r 6r ao
treahenl of the env ronmefl, maf ls h s own worsl ener.y because of I o., .\1 ..do rE
do.ll - - \!e send .-e n lo Ja ,\6 (e^a rre. n: ,"". .ol,l o, ,,
hls tecirnology hls pollllion, h s greed and hls ndllference We must
o.'f---,',dd'eslh.root ol tle "
stop Ihls vicio!s cyc e and co ecllvely work Iowards lhe creation oi a 6 r ;,.o a.den'! p.cpt4,.e o.e.ooot.- Fa.."o
1o,d t-. . ..lop e,. \"
r.ol
beLterword. Pushing the blane wiLonly sqlare polltical circles blr
nol solve lhe problern. f w€ do nol change oulselves we may ca.not afford lo do so
e\reniua ly be labelled as a species that killed ilsef.

rn\r !n'!iri,,, (,, r,jr $ryJ(l\ rr,hllLL ).llio,r * i*ral)o,9ntr'o,.ollc9c Er5ay t[,1], Hi rlhoot 0 r) :Oo2 )(
 s
Should juvenile deljnqLents be treated as criminaTs?
'o,., o' Lr ., riJ _... ..
no .f'
r
d I ob-b.. ',r. ')c
lleviewlfg bDtlr srde5 we see that the scale is almost uopb ^iolioD 6 a,"
I. p ,r I
baanced Tharc are eood .eesors to treat them lke crimif a s ard
-u L.6 ,6,,r-(or ,.,_,r hF
o rJ oraJd.l n e!61 10 6 0n..p I D6 d. ... ; .;
rmpose pison senien.es jLrst as lhcre are good reasons to lry another somelhifg we c-an expeci ir the ne.r fLrrLrre for ihe Io roL,i
or
cours. of .cllon As su.h. the decsion shoud be an overlap of both n9 reasons
wlh each luvef e .ase l'led and jLrdged lnder lts specifc criteria of . / oi
whether lt slrould b. Lrealed as c.irn na ot othenvse. However, the io.\dor.s b.,"t o,. b o.r.
system can onLy do so mrch The bulk of the effod w ll have to come
from lhe parenls. l. thls.:se. llre fam Ly irslltuton',fil indeed need to
'..--d /o.o 9.r:- o.
be the enrergef.y room lor ilre vrorrylng dlse.se of corrup1 moras 6Yor otF. o I
nao -y" I i.1o.\r.6. od6.
GA1
-rbs s.steno ." 1 ,t" o. o
.n,oor4d 'o1 t: hl "lh'
o.pda . .
peace is dellfilely unat(ajnabte lndeed untess we
'id p'rn .ot see : co.crls.n i.
R.aC the essay be oB 0hl.h lras ils conclosion omilied. When yo!
..oo.- .o
.. Lr r es rof d fe .ce s ir.t o thF .rrdr
!ia!e frlshed re:d ng ookat e:.h of the possib e concjLrsons lsted
.fler ihe essny and ail.mPl tlre Anolher eflect ofoLrr ani.nat inslncts s ihe
) Wrlle your coa1rnents for each one n the co umn provided and ,or refirl.r.l
i:) Decde uhch ol (hem ls the most s!t!ble and effecuve
- lj_,:-,:-,.1:4(ior,.bi6.,a o. ., o ",rolii
,.o.
b-,d- I.d ".o. o .o ...l so.
,-"i",.oLo6ao.
|"1
l- tr9o.a- p .o,a, a, Alno.o-,1o.6 or
o a ,
tell o' ror a o"" e ", -"". rto 6. ..d
r o-i.er6d or o r.. ..
r. ,I o "i .'
1,"f
[4a. co]rs ders lrimse f lo be geneiicaly and spkitLraly superior 'atd_-ol," -"-- l ,- o ..t.
ro other anlmaLs b!1 he does possess cedain behavoulallnslincls of
ts -o ,tpd io.o^
q"d Va, a .Ioo," . p
rild beasls osi lmpodarly the lghl ior slrr'va However, in man op,l- I. o "r. d
lhis has evoved .alher inlo compettiveness and dom nance over are rnaklfg t(, or padja ctams on rh€ stajrds Ctrnese m ta./
structures have alesedly been estab ished of sonre isands
other peop e and the r properlles. wh ch ls why we experience nghls, r,f,l;
F ipino.navy shps heaviLy patro the llaters n tire past, tiro for.ner
baltes conl cts ano wars.
grad' Llolaol J. --D - cr
" os "".o-.o.
The Cold !\/ar s a very qood examp]e. Afier Word War ll. East ':"''o
Yo 'ta"
ELirope was ensh.oudea by ihe Sovel Cor.mlnisi Boc The rest ot {i6.aoi o. _ I.
Elrope allgnel lsel oilh lhe ranks of Amercas democratic stand. '"o at\4oo..i .I-.c c..-
.n b,o 6d 1 d..io. o
S.on olher coLrflri€s . llre word look sides, res! Iing n a b polar " o .-..
Eritrea fighlinq a lvo and a ha]fyearwar oler f riy k r,ner,es oila,r"n
p.
*orLd On more (l,an lelera o.casons lhe Cod War neary ed lo
land al lhek border from tgla to ZOOO t.r i.ri;t d solles :jre Lrs!;
Worid !!ar I \/ilr the break'up ol the SovelUf on if 1991,lhe end y
oi lle ColC \ryar look !ace l'he Uniled Stales was left as the soe over somelhing oi greater vatue a|! wilh lhe crrent cont ctl
worldwide, it is irnrea istc to expect pe:ce
ri llary s!perporer Horrever. this was hardly lhe calalyst ior a rnore
P" " oo

irNi a oi9 r,,,r" a.i,rtr ait rlr . I it,Llo!( ( ) roo, * 12

x
 Aiihou!h nrcst counlries are Jnaking anx ous efforts lo promote
rr'o.i peace, there however exlsts cedan rogue naijofs ot c) Arnolsh man/;bp,l-;v; G-,r, t:kp-
orga.izaUons tl-rat defear the peace effod. For example, sonrc years rowards sorld peaLe, su.h as the SArT
ago, hlo srJch cou.kies, lraq afd Yugos avia, forged an agree eni Io r
(SIraregic Arms n raron
he p each other. Th s tum of events increas€d lhe securlly lhreats in
ratist ani-siea-r
lsrraregrc Arms RedLrcrron Tat[5j beh^eef the
the [4ddle East and the Balkan states. Terrorisl organizalions, usA and the loimer USSR and even rha
althoLrgh sma er n size ofief have the polential to carry olt lelha nucrear non.piohleralron pact, worjd
oeace
strikes by detonaUnq a bomb or even engaqing in bioloqical warfare. never onq.laslrng or stabe Uness mnrp/a
This leads 10 poiuca and socia oroblems hardly the conducve pos[]ve sreps arc laten 1o
envlronnrent for word Peace. allevraLe lhe
PIoD ems. I fr:ni J do not toresce lhp
poss br ry of\4orld pea.e n the nea. t rr I F
Kueng .Ji.gkai,99523

Cannlenl: This is a v,Fry wel infamed and arganised analysis af lhe

subjecl. Rathet lhan rnereiy giving a lisl of examples of war and
peac-p, th,. witer arranges hts exanples araund a few key ideas -
giviig the ,easonswhywarld peace is unlikely.

Poss/b/e Conc/!slons

a) | coic us on therefore, word peace

ls un key fo. tlre folo\./ng reasonsi terriioraL
competitiveness, racist hatred and rogue
ratons beni on war, a L oI which have always
exisled innranknd and show no slgn of
abaling today i ls with sadness that I am
forced to conclLrde that ihe prospecis for wo d
peace now are as bad as ever.
However, nol a I hope is Lost. Effods
;r achjevng p€ac€ have been rnade, most
ceary seen in lhe SALT lSlralegic Arms
rL m lalron T:Lks) and START (Strateslc Arms
Reductron Taks) Even age'old enemes n
lreand and the l"1dde Easi have made
attempls al b!ryng Ihe hatchel As long as
sLrch €ffo.ts, no mauer how small, go on, we
canfol giv€ up all hope of achleving world
e1 rne ciue or worro pe-iE rrii-n m-.,r
rerevafc€ ior me anO mv counrry
a sriat
vounq nalon cairghr behleen targer torces
fdron wht.f has erd!r€d con.rLrest anda
occuparon .ner€ decddes ago Mlclr .s we
rroud rtle lo beleve tn wortd peace. the
ressofs ot htstory ha\e taught us lhal peace
sno!0 never be {a}en for qranred and we
should fol be too opt mis|c A rea rsji.
assessment oi the worjd today eads Io rhe
cofclusion thal lhe prospects for |ror d oeace
are, indeed, tar away

lL!.rLnr! r'r,' r. ,.,. l.ir'r.L r,,l\t)[{ ),'Oo,l )t

Fwi Cho! ror orCo 1.9., E*rt JL,tr H .ltoo[ ( ]:oo2 X
 1

'.i,r /,li.! !ii, vtjhtr Nn,U ir.,i! \{rC i. sr,r i, i'

l,i rrii 5,
.:lh€r than sinrptistic or sweeptnE (reatmoil oi rhe lopi.
-the
CereraL Paper E5say Aevisited ,,1 h -" ' L d-, :t hana
."n.,a" r- t c, ro ne
: rnaln quillr e\ + L' :r 11,q":..d
D6. r6. h 6 uad, ...:d-. ..o,. ^,a,- ..,ro,. e;
rq oo' fl' lo'1 ta, a.o
.or
. !";;"
T. .iose. !r'e revlsil the ,rve qu5 tes lhal examlfers look ior in a !ood for people s rualions and exleriences that may
te loreign ro ,.ir
'' o. r' "a 0. ai
'" ro \o".o
I AJtaanR lec and co.necl
l.io mallcr h'Jw inlerestng or r.l'//rllen an essay you rr'iil nci bri
q !en ary credlt for yoLrr ef'od Lrnless il ansrrers ihe quest on lhal w:is
;et Yorr arg!menl and ev dence shollo be rc evani to ihe qLrest on 4. Orf a isatbn anf cGff:tnt.lltre
Ll .)!st deai wllh the subjecl or lhe top c(s) posed in Ihe questo. ,. o.rl- ,"ra
r!brc YoLrr answer shoLrld denronstrat€ that vrrLr have understood l . ..oo D,.o o h.-,,d.-
rrat rir-. aleston saskn!ior,thal vo! lrave gEsped iis key ternrs ' r .rdd'o ^
.nd lir;t you halc loLLosed a ils nstr!cUons oLdb60iiarodd 1.o d , ,o:"r,",
li mai mear organsi.q rnaiera s nto a..h.arF -
,
"";
d ;; i;"iy;; ;i; :;;"";;l::;J' ;i:liiilli,:ii"ll.
2.,q[.qna) ";"-";;;
. di o .

I qood essa! lakes nrore thaf i!sl iedunclor v lisirn! .ither

f,i, i,.rn : '"*
llrE laals or the pros and cons of an ssue. You have lo prese'l an :-' ""'" r-o -".q
b.d. r'o r " .o,o doo b(o
o
-_ -q
ipo o -.d - --
- D. no ' , ., o a t . .- L
. "'o - ,r _, 6,
mtrLalLon ot llre eadh oI lhe Lrse of nuceat weapons aganst
;r,..lv aitacks You shoud also alod givlng exampl€s ihal are 5.,Aryapnat" stJl"
;!1rjaied. lrr€evanl, dU or!rncofvncn! Remerrlrer thal vo!sfou' d ieo 1. r.-l
lh an avr'a.eness olslgn fcanidetall, n9 6, L o. .r ..r. Jo,. -0. 1
sirve to present -voJr arll!mcnt v/
...!rale iacls and w de nfornal oo ha nrarks of 3n A grade essay
1 bF
,

-'--"'"": ''".. " (a- ,ooo.o.i

-1' /1 -oa,.o ""c .b". ..
r. /....9 \...
3.lt.tt it) "t
lmmltlre l .rilt€d Paroch .r . , -
rnyoplc ! al
firsl
tr slldcnts .il ..,0.6..o., vi6c.6. e
.-".
o
1
i.ray rlo GP essaf{Ilin! ollen r.!le.L.h !nsaloury conrmenls avo ded Spellig nr slakes shoLrtd be corected eoraCC"ss"v,
1,."
nd.ed..r.ry ol /o! sirow a sorry ack of apprecallon lor lie arger thrdpersof lne she or :l)rlrthcrrhanlhetrslpersoni I s a nr.,r
preierab e slyle atlholEh o...s ofa lse of may
word beyond yoLr conrio(abe home and schoo envronrnefls. or be ac.cplab e
b.trond llre steNle sooo economrc po tca rea (y of Slngapore. So
,r'o;r r cws lend to be .ryc,pic. vo!r concerns parochl:l ortr!lal and
rnrr !nderstandnQ .,i lss!cs i,n ted, c. mmaU.e GP howevcr.
ll.mands lhal you O"n,on"ttut" malurily Yo! sho!d give coganl
ar!!menis that 2re suppoi{ed lry oglc and reason A nr ior a profounC

irra fi,jr, ,, a,'.,1. r;!1. I r

"jF"'r'1 lJooT Jt tsrai c,! r9 r, I ora. .9.. Eirt-[ i5 r&!]t.oL( t) roor- X
An essay vr' rL be rellarded !!irh a mark f , t"
! t,- q_o.r.. .rst a. L..-a sood ihe a.e..oraoo,"^t';^#:::oP, Oa /tsuaerl a.J 6a use ofExarnoles
.:' To illustmle rhe tine of arq,r.6nt
often given, d€setuedly - to essays thaldisptay s.merhing extra. Th s ."r,i'ed ndepd r^r
r.rsr,- .,,r." th;y J.";;il"r."r"-nr".
il;ij5l "'"
may be € dernonstralof oJ origtna jdeas or an unusLa imag nalive
"ppa" 1'a d onno.o.a e.oor. ,:hr ,"na ou.
,
""0:.,
..r"." .il^ .."".j:J ;,1 i" "".."".".
bpL.i..eol lh-, cs np a dl - "n-o Irahe(.rd e\crlemenr !i"...:i..h"quaroirne
they convey. Over and above the ftve quatUes, an A qrade essav is
e+ rs,n"o.erd,ra.".r. o
nor n-.e\ .^.eor, -.o.
r-"n".or-"
.p, i..-
n"lFdb,orior..l.onargl r-os'.d -, "rd ai. rs5onnd ".- p" poo,
atrnosphere, observalion a.d sensit viry. -^e," ioo "o ."o"
:'^j:":'"-::t'-*o. qori e
uood e, rF. ., p.o,o .p
eramples ot Ihese countrtes, or the era.r mp:cl oi screntrrc
r6 oen6.a.....q rdno"o r./o."o.., a,.p-
]" ""1--',"
!-_ n a p m- o d" e dno o.9 ,e, ..,E. I.cr D6.9 1. ._,
AD AaallsbA qucslJor: .rc o,doL6d a .Co- thv 4. I F ,.on,\ , e,r." , ,
.i whlsi candldares are no{ encouraged lo be over pedantic in
9 o"o )e 06o. o-.ia r"b," ra.r., _,
irl!stratio. lends to dim.when used tv |,.e". ..._ : : "
analysing ihe words oi ihe queslion, as in deiining obvious words candidatest(2000)
*rr _"i",riy li
such as loday or'choces, t ts jmporianl to pay ctose atlenUon to
key phrases lhat shold shape the response of ihe answer. For
exampe. phras€s slch as loo cosey,or rbo many do jnvite an .:. d
eemenl ol assessme.l of degree nol r.erey a .egorgita(o. of "'"." )o.a.6 i.crt..6..-6D .,6..9 or
exanples ol excess S!ch af eve !alio. sho! d rheretore, comp.se
lilaleeme.l Answers, which fait to addross rhis etemeni of the q!esti;;;t
a n lhe con.tus on to the s6pt (20!j) pass, but are unLikety ro score highty. (200!)

.:. [4afy candidales do sho!! evrdence ot An Lre meata cs af.,it1,s

9anning, bll lhere are stit .i.Poo"m aF
d.o ore..
those whose organisaton oi rdeas appears sornewhat random and g /n..
arbitrary. Conslanlreierefce lo lhe wording oilhe question shoutd. of
{r te.. Slch pre\alenrcorrect;ns

,' e Ln%/po",p."
euqgesr a tach ofpremedrlared lhorohr
.olrse p.ovide a ranle of valable'signas ir shapng the tine of ,or..ogra.aor
a.slment (2001) . .reare a poo. impressron a b.o.e o..
.:. Candidales are stiongty advised
.i nirod!cuons are. vltale emenl r. establsh na lire potenltatqua jty of
to thi.k belore oo( as, lhet w le,
r" e"lottutr (o1:,e lo h-r 8.1 I tr, .00.
a scrlpt in the mnd of lh€ Ex.mtier A crsp, concrse slyte is mlch :*."r.
2000)
pr€l€red i. the ope.ng Overcompex phrastng or senrefcng, wlh
nsecure use or vocabu ary can es{abtsh a der.imentat impr€:sion
G.eat c2ie and p.acLice n lhe wrljng of effecrve i.trodlctons s Io
be encouraged (2001)

.:.A crisp loc!sed inrrod!c[on in which the imprcatons oi he

quenions are ouulned, logellre. wi(h a brei inritcat on of (he direclion
which the essay w lake is much more eftectve than an
unrecessary and engthy derniton ofob\jious l€rms.12000)

I r{ 41,, ,l rruJ a. r.lc. l*r} J[ L\ j i'trlbool (t) 2oO: .)t t0

I Lli Clro 19!D Dr aolj.gr, rrirtt rHirboo[l|l):oo2 x