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Hashemite

ashemite Unive
University
ollege of Engine
College Engineering
Electrical and Electronic
ectronic Engine
Engineering Department

Training Report at UMNIAH Mobile Company


-RF Planning and Optimization-

To: Dr. Nabil Abu Khader

By: Abdul Karem Adnan Al Sbeeh


Registration Number: 534986

August, 8 2007
I

Table of Content

INTRODUCTION

1. General nature of the training………………………………………….. 1


CHAPTER I
2. Training Schedule……………………………………………………………… 2

3. Background information…………………………………………………... 2

COMPANY PROFILE

CHAPTER II 1. Company Details………………………………………………………...…….. 10

2. Company Organization……………………………………………..….….. 12

ACHIEVEMENTS OF TRAINING

1. Detailed of the training………………………………………………….….. 13

2. Project conducted………………………………………………………….….. 16
CHAPTER III
3. Assignments submitted…………………………………………………….. 17

4. Troubleshooting…………………………………………………………..……. 18

5. Observations………………………………………………………….…………. 19

FINALLY

CHAPTER IV 1. Conclusions……………………………………………………………….…..….. 22

2. References………………………………………………………………….….….. 23

Appendix A (Lists of GSM technology abbreviations)………………………


APPENDICES
Appendix B (Compare between ARFCN and frequency)………………....
II

Table of Figures

Figure Page
Figure Name
Number number
Figure: 1 Network Planner 4

Figure: 2 GSM Architecture 4

Figure: 3 Base Station Controller (BSC) 5

Figure: 4 GSM Logically Channels 8

Figure: 5 Control Channels 9

Figure: 6 Coverage Area in Jordan 12

Figure: 7 UMNIAH Organization 12

Figure: 8 SDCCH Call Drop Chart 13

Figure: 9 TCH Call Drop 13

Figure: 10 TEMS interface 14

Figure: 11 TEMS Equipments 14

Figure: 12 MapInfo System see the site of Hashemite University 15

Figure: 13 GPS 15

Figure: 14 Site Database 16

Figure: 15 TRX's Time Slots 19

Figure: 16 Coverage area with tilting 20

Figure: 17 SQI Level 20

Figure: 18 Long and Lat 21


ABSTRACT_____________________________________________

The training in UMNIAH Mobile company in RF Planning and Optimization from


(10/6/2007 to 5/8/2007), provided me a good practice in the core of my Specialization
(Communication Engineering).

In The Company learned how to deal with staff in the same team. I gained the ability to
deal successfully with the team, and I want to apply what I learned with my friends in
the next graduation project. We have learned how that commitment in work is one of
the foundations of successful work. The section of RF is divided into two sections:

1. Planning Contains (Driving Test Using TEMS Technology, Planning Using MapInfo
Technology).
2. Optimization contain (Analysis UMNIAH dally State using M2000, Analysis Astella
State).

I have been training in the team for the South of Jordan, with supervision form
"Engineer Yazan Kutaishat", he is not stinting for give me the greatest possible
information that he work with it, except some of the things that come with experience.
I am now full knowledge for almost things required of the engineer in this section,
except some of the things that come with experience.
Training Report at UMNIAH Mobile Company August 8, 2007

INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I

1. General nature of the training:


In general the RF section has five teams divided into (South, North, East, West, and
Irbed). I am training in South team. Engineer Yazan is my supervisor. He gives me all
possible qualification related to RF planning and optimization.

The training contains from How to do the driving Test using program called TEMS,
then How to optimize this collected Data in the office.
However each day in the morning we must check the State of UMNIAH Daily State.

The RF planning and optimization Section is related to other section as OMC 1 and
BSS2.
Two sections with different tasks, the OMC is teams provides the RF section the
State of Drop Calls and Hand over information, and do other task related to define
the names and data for new cells.

The BSS section work as checker and integrated the BSC 3 and BTS4.

1
Optimize Mobile Center
2
Base station subsystem
3
Base station center
4
Base transmission subsystem

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Training Report at UMNIAH Mobile Company August 8, 2007

2. Training Schedule:
I am training only in RF Planning and optimizations Section, this section contains
many program each engineer must be know who to use it such as:
1. Map Info.
2. M20005.
3. TEMS include Driving Test procedure.
4. Astella6.
5. Asset 7.

Firstly I trained in TEMS Investigation program with driving test.


Second I trained in M2000 and how we can read the data from it.
Third I study How to convert the data from TEMS to MAP info.
Finally Now I can use the Astella and Asset properly.

3. Background information:
History of GSM Technology
Europeans quickly realized the disadvantages of each European country operating on
their mobile network. It prevents cell phone use from country to country within Europe.
With the emerging European Union and high travel volume between countries in
Europe this was seen as a problem. Rectifying the situation the Conference of European
Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT) assembled a research group with intentions of researching
the mobile phone system in Europe. This group was called Group Special Mobile (GSM)
[1].

For the next ten years the GSM group outlined standards, researched technology and
designed a way to implement a pan-European mobile phone network. In 1989 work

5
Database system to see stat of network
6
Program to see stat of Mobile network
7
Program to see the coverage area of network

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Training Report at UMNIAH Mobile Company August 8, 2007

done by the GSM group was transferred to the European Telecommunication Standards
Institute (ETSI). The name GSM was transposed to name the type of service invented.
The acronym GSM had been changed from Group Special Mobile to Global Systems
Mobile Telecommunications [www-1].

By April of 1991 commercial service of the GSM network had begun. Just a year and half
later in 1993 there were already 36 GSM networks in over 22 countries. Several other
countries were on the rise to adopt this new mobile phone network and participate in
what was becoming a worldwide standard. At the same time, GSM also became widely
used in the Middle East, South Africa and Australia [www-1].

While the European Union had developed a sophisticated digital cell phone system, the
United States was still operating primarily on the old, analog AMPS network and TDMA.
In the end of October 2001, Cingular was the first to announce their switch to the 3G
GSM network. This involved switching more then 22 million customers from TDMA to
GSM.

In 2005 Cingular stopped new phone activation on the TDMA network and began only
selling GSM service [1].

Today major operators on the GSM network include Cingular/AT&T, and T-Mobile.
Other common carriers such as Verizon Wireless and Sprint operate on CDMA
networks.

Most of the world external to the United States uses GSM technology. However,
operate on different frequencies then the United States GSM phones.

There are five major GSM frequencies that have become standard worldwide. They
include GSM-900, GSM-1800, GSM-850, GSM-1900 and GSM-400 [www-1].

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Training Report at UMNIAH Mobile Company August 8, 2007

GSM Background Information:


GSM networks are made up of Mobile services Switching Centers (MSC), Base Station
Systems (BSS) and Mobile Stations (MS). These three entities can be broken down
further into smaller entities; such as, within the BSS we have Base Station Controllers,
Base Transceiver Stations and Transponders. These are smaller network elements [2].

With the MSC, BSS and MS we can make calls, receive calls, perform billing etc, as any
normal PSTN network would be able to do. The only problem for the MS is that not all
the calls made or received are from other MSs. Therefore, it is also necessary to
connect the GSM network to the PSTN [2].
Mobile Stations within the cellular network are located in “cells”; these cells are
provided by the BSSs. Each BSS can provide one or more cells, dependent on the
manufacturers’ equipment [2].
The cells are normally represented by a hexagon, but in practice they are irregular in
shape. This is as a result of the influence of the surrounding terrain, or of design by the
network planners. (See fig.1)

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Figure 1: Network Planner
Training Report at UMNIAH Mobile Company August 8, 2007

Mobile Switching center:


The Mobile Switching Centre or MSC is a sophisticated telephone exchange which
provides circuit-switched calling, mobility management, and GSM services to the mobile
phones roaming within the area that it serves. This means voice, data and fax services,
as well as SMS and call divert [3].

The MSC connects to the following elements:


1. The HLR for obtaining data about the SIM and MSISDN.
2. The Base Station Subsystem which handles the radio communication with 2G and
2.5G mobile phones.
3. The UTRAN which handles the radio communication with 3G mobile phones.
4. The VLR for determining where other mobile subscribers are located.
5. Other MSCs for procedures such as handover.

Base Station Controller (BSC)


The Base Station Controller (BSC) provides, classically, the intelligence behind the BTSs.
Typically a BSC has 10s or even 100s of BTSs under its control. The BSC handles
allocation of radio channels, receives measurements from
the mobile phones, controls handovers from BTS to BTS
(except in the case of an inter-BSC handover in which case
control is in part the responsibility of the Anchor MSC). A
key function of the BSC is to act as a concentrator where
many different low capacity connections to BTSs (with
relatively low utilization) become reduced to a smaller
number of connections towards the Mobile Switching
Center (MSC) (with a high level of utilization) [www-1].

Overall, this means that networks are often structured to Figure 3: Base Station Controller (BSC)

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Training Report at UMNIAH Mobile Company August 8, 2007

have many BSCs distributed into regions near their BTSs which are then connected to
large centralized MSC sites.

The BSC is undoubtedly the most robust element in the BSS as it is not only a BTS
controller but, for some vendors, a full switching center, as well as an SS7 node with
connections to the MSC and SGSN (when using GPRS). It also provides all the required
data to the Operation Support Subsystem (OSS) as well as to the performance
measuring centers.

A BSC is often based on a distributed computing architecture, with redundancy applied


to critical functional units to ensure availability in the event of fault conditions.
Redundancy often extends beyond the BSC equipment itself and is commonly used in
the power supplies and in the transmission equipment providing the A-ter interface to
PCU.

The databases for all the sites, including information such as carrier frequencies,
frequency hopping lists, power reduction levels, receiving levels for cell border
calculation, are stored in the BSC. This data is obtained directly from radio planning
engineering which involves modeling of the signal propagation as well as traffic
projections.

Frequency Spectrum:
The frequency spectrum is very congested, with only narrow slots of bandwidth
allocated for cellular communications. The list opposite shows the number of
frequencies and spectrum allocated for GSM, Extended GSM 900 (EGSM), GSM 1800
(DCS1800) and PCS1900 [2].

A single Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN) or RF carrier is actually a


pair of frequencies, one used in each direction (transmit and receive). This allows

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Training Report at UMNIAH Mobile Company August 8, 2007

information to be passed in both directions. For GSM900 and EGSM900 the paired
frequencies are separated by 45 MHz, for DCS1800 the separation is 95 MHz and for
PCS1900 separation is 80 MHz

For each cell in a GSM network at least one ARFCN must be allocated, and more may be
allocated to provide greater capacity.

The RF carrier in GSM can support up to eight Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
timeslots. That is, in theory, each RF carrier is capable of supporting up to eight
simultaneous telephone calls, but as we will see later in this course although this is
possible, network signaling and messaging may reduce the overall number from eight
timeslots per RF carrier to six or seven timeslots per RF carrier, therefore reducing the
number of mobiles that can be supported [2].

Unlike a PSTN network, where every telephone is linked to the land network by a pair of
fixed wires, each MS only connects to the network over the radio interface when
required. Therefore, it is possible for a single RF carrier to support many more mobile
stations than its eight TDMA timeslots would lead us to believe. Using statistics, it has
been found that a typical RF carrier can support up to 15, 20 or even 25 MSs. Obviously,
not all of these MS subscribers could make a call at the same time, but it is also unlikely
that all the MS subscribers would want to make a call at the same time. Therefore,
without knowing it, MSs share the same physical resources, but at different times.

GSM Logically Channels [2]:

Channels on the Air Interface


Traffic Channels
(TCH)

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Training Report at UMNIAH Mobile Company August 8, 2007

The traffic channel carries speech or data information. The different types of traffic
channel are listed below:
Full rate
TCH/FS: Speech (13kbit/s net, 22.8kbit/s gross)
TCH/EFR: Speech (12.2kbit/s net, 22.8kbit/s gross)
TCH/F9.6: 9.6kbit/s – data
TCH/F4.8: 4.8kbit/s – data
TCH/F2.4 2.4 kbit/s – data
Half rate
TCH/HS: speech (6.5 kbit/snet, 11.4kbit/s gross)
TCH/H4.8 4.8 kbit/s – data
TCH/H2.4 2.4 kbit/s – data

Figure 4: GSM Logically Channels

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Training Report at UMNIAH Mobile Company August 8, 2007

Control Channels:
BCCH Group: The Broadcast Control Channels are down linking only (BSS to MS).
CCCH Group: The Common Control Channel Group works in both uplink and downlink
directions.
DCCH Group: Dedicated Control Channels are assigned to a single MS for call setup and
subscriber validation.

Figure 5: Control Channels

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Training Report at UMNIAH Mobile Company August 8, 2007

COMPANY PROFILE
CHAPTER
II

1. Company Details
About UMNIAH Company:
As the most successful telecom operator to enter the Jordanian telecommunications
market, UMNIAH stands for innovation and dynamism founded on the highest possible
level of customer and market focus. UMNIAH was granted the third GSM license in
August 2004 issued by the Telecommunications Regulatory Commission to operate,
manage and own a public digital cellular mobile network.
The key to UMNIAH's success is being able to move Jordan's mobile market to a fully
fledged mass-market product by addressing specific growth segments with both
attractive prices and tailor made products. Upon its launch in June 26 th, 2005, UMNIAH
challenged the conventions of the industry by setting new service standards both
nationally and regionally.

Today, UMNIAH is positioned at the helm of the Jordanian telecom industry with a
state-of-the-art future proof 2.75G, fully ready for migration to 3G technology. After
only six months since its launch, UMNIAH captured an impressive market share of
approximately 10%. By the end of the first quarter of 2006, UMNIAH's customer base
reached an unprecedented number of over 500,000 subscribers within six months.

Since its launch in 2005, UMNIAH was able to expand the Jordanian mobile market
penetration rate from 32% to over 60% at the same time capturing 13% market share
proving that it is a key player in the most competitive telecommunications market
among Arab states.

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Training Report at UMNIAH Mobile Company August 8, 2007

Our Firsts:
In its constant effort to increase its competitive advantage and provide content rich
services that are innovative and customer focused, UMNIAH has proven to be a pioneer
in the development of services to meet the dynamic needs of its customers, thereby
providing them with cutting-edge and innovative technology. All core network elements
are 3G ready and based on high capacity Soft switch technology. 3G networks will
enable UMNIAH to offer significantly increased spectrum capacity, which will continue
to increase both its customer base and also the volume of service product functionality.
The Intelligent Network and Value Added Services (VAS) platforms offer a variety of
existing and new services with features that distinguish UMNIAH subscribers from
others. Besides its transcendent voice services, UMNIAH offers high bandwidth for all
data applications through the SMS gateway and nationwide coverage of GPRS/EDGE.

As a GSM operator, UMNIAH sets precedence on a regional level, as it adopts it's per
second billing proposition. Per second billing for both prepaid and postpaid offers,
allows UMNIAH’s customers to pay for exactly the air time used to the nearest second.
UMNIAH is the first and only telecommunications provider in the Kingdom to offer this
value proposition.

UMNIAH was also the first operator in Jordan to introduce lower denomination scratch
cards to the market. This made re-charging prepaid lines more flexible and affordable
for UMNIAH's prepaid customers.

Contact with UMNIAH Company:


Tel: +962 6 500 5000
Fax: +962 6 562 2772
P.O. Box 942481
Amman 11194
Jordan

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Training Report at UMNIAH Mobile Company August 8, 2007

Customer Care Contact Information:


E-mail: customersupport@umniah.com
Tel: 1333 from an UMNIAH mobile phone or 07 8800 1333 from other networks
Fax: +962 6 5621883

UMNIAH Coverage Area [from GSMWorld.com]:

Figure 6: Coverage Area in Jordan

2. Company Organization

Manager

RF Planning and
Core (Switch) BSS (Radio TRX's) Implementation Transmission
Optimization

IN (identity
OMC Operations
Network)

Switch Plane

VAS (Volume add


services)

Figure 7: UMNIAH Organization

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Training Report at UMNIAH Mobile Company August 8, 2007

ACHIEVEMENTS OF TRAINING
CHAPTER
III

1. Detailed of the training

The training in UMNIAH Company in RF Planning and optimization section is contains


from to two general things:
1. Driving Test (to get measurement, and integration the new Sites) with TEMS.
2. Optimization and Planning (M2000, MapInfo, Asset, Result from TEMS).
Daily we check the Stat of UMNIAH Sites form M2000 8 Program such as:
1. TCH Call Drop.
2. SDCCH Call Drop.
3. Congestion Volume / Erlag.
4. Traffic volume.

Figure 8: SDCCH Call Drop Chart Figure 9: TCH Call Drop

8
It’s a billing system consists from huge Database and programmable chart.

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Training Report at UMNIAH Mobile Company August 8, 2007

If there is a problem in any site of previous parameter, we go to driving test in that site.
The TEMS contains from [4]:
1. Laptop with TEMS investigation program.
2. TEMS Mobile.
3. GPS System (Optional).

We saving a log file contain all measurement such as

(see fig.8 and 9): Figure 10: TEMS Equipments

1. Interference.
2. Low level in coverage.
3. Problems in parameter such as (BCCH, LAC, BSIC).

Figure 11: TEMS interface

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Training Report at UMNIAH Mobile Company August 8, 2007

Figure 12: GPS

After finish the driving test we go to office to calculate the data and Analysis it by using
MapInfo Program, that draw the level of converge as fig.9.

Figure 13: MapInfo System see the site of Hashemite University

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Training Report at UMNIAH Mobile Company August 8, 2007

The M2000 has many functions using to see the work of BSC’s in Jordan.

2. Project conducted

For three weeks we build and design more than 14 site in south of Jordan.
x Al-Bnayat.
x MarjAlHamam(BSC).
x AliaHousing.
x Jawa-3.
x Madaba_HaiSharqi.
x MadabaCamp.
x KarakIbnHammad.
x ManshyetAbuHammour.
x Karak_Merwed.
x Karak_Dabab.
x Karak_Hashmeyyeh.
x KarakMohay.

x MutahSouq. Figure 14: Site Database

x Potash-Company.

Procedure of build new site:


1. Complain Test: go to site and choose the suitable Area to build new site.
2. In office build the site in program called Asset that see you the coverage area after
you enter all parameter related to antenna and power transmission.
3. Send the data of site such as (see fig.13) to OMC and BSS sections after manager
agree it.
4. Then the BSS send the data to CMATEC Company that builds the tower in the site.
5. The BSS Team goes to site and connected the cables and antennas and TRX’s.

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Training Report at UMNIAH Mobile Company August 8, 2007

6. After the site on Air we go to site to do the driving test as integration and check the
performance of site.
7. The log file of driving test saved as backup.

3. Assignments submitted

Daily I check the stat of “UMNIAH Daily Stat” at M2000, to BSC’s in south and all BTS’s
in south too.
1. We always check the drop call in TCH & SDCCH and congestion and Traffic volume.
After Yazan see me how analysis that Chart and data, every morning I was check and
analysis it and before he come to company. So Now I can see from any BTS the problem
comes?
2. Get the Data of new sites before go to integrated it such as (TCH frequency, SDCCH
frequency, Cell ID, BSIC) all that in formation from M2000 Auto configuration.
3. Analysis the chart and make decision if the problem is interference or low level or
overshooting.
4. Test the frequency and chose the frequency to new site without interfere with
other sites.
5. Connect the TEMS Equipments and saving log files.
6. Analysis data and export it to map info program.
7. Check parameter that related to sites and logically channels.

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Training Report at UMNIAH Mobile Company August 8, 2007

4. Troubleshooting
Many problems faced the engineers in RF Section such as:
x TCH call drop: when the calling is dropped that means the voice of speech
and connection with BTS is clipped.
Reason:
Many reasons can be do that such as low level or/and interference or/and
rooming.
Solution:
If the reason is level so the solution is tilting the antenna or changing the type of
antenna or build a new site in area of low level.

x SDCCH call drop: the SDCCH is a controller channel and the drop in this
channel is done by only one reason.
Reason:
Interference done by Co-Channel or same frequency in neighbors’ cell
Solution:
Change the frequency of BCCH rack.

x Congestion: when some one want to call and the BTS has not available
Identity TCH the BTS send message to mobile tell “Network busy” this called
Congestion.
Reason:
Not available Identity TCH.
Solution:
Updates the site by add new TRX’s (Radios).

Farther than the daily complain send to company by users.


Note: For important user in UMNAH Company we give it Repeater to solve the
low level in his area.

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Training Report at UMNIAH Mobile Company August 8, 2007

5. Observations
x There are two types of Sites (Micro, and Macro) the Macro is larger than
Micro. So it can be contains more number of TRX’s than Micro.
x The beam width of antenna is 120 0 each sector is an antenna.
x The BTS contains in general three racks each rack contain form TRX’s and
CDU each Rack connected to antenna see fig.14.

TRX 2 TRX1 TRX0

SDCCH
BCCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I I I I I I I
I
>>> To antenna

>>> To antenna

>>> To antenna

Figure 15: TRX's Time Slots

x In fig.14 you can see in TRX 0 there is 6 TCH that means 6 users can be call at the
same time.
x The power transmitted from antenna is -47 dbm and the mobile need to
minimum power equal -102 dbm to call, but it’s deferent form mobile to mobile
because the sensitivity of mobile.
x If the number of TCH time slots are not enough to number of users, it’s a
problem and we can solve it by:
1. Change the parameter call TCH thrush. Form 80% to 50% that means when
half of TCH’s active with full rate system the other half active with half rate
system. But with reduce the quality of sound.

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Training Report at UMNIAH Mobile Company August 8, 2007

2. Reduce the power transmitted from antenna by tilting down to antenna that
means reduce the coverage area of sector so reduce the number of uses see
fig.15.

Figure 16: Coverage area with tilting

x UMNIAH company has 75 frequency from (661-736) ARFCN contains uplink and
downlink.
x The SQI in TEMS program indicates about the half or full rate system sees fig.16.

Figure 17: SQI Level

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Training Report at UMNIAH Mobile Company August 8, 2007

x The question appears why we not reduce the TCH thrush. Under 50%? Because
there still mobile not work in Half rate system.
x There five type of hand over:
1. Outgoing internal inter cell handover in BSC.
2. Incoming internal inter cell handover in BSC.
3. Outgoing inter BSC inter cell hand over in the edge of BSC.
4. Incoming inter BSC inter cell hand over in the edge of BSC.
5. Intra cell Handover.
x We defined the names of neighbors in the billing system of M2000 and the
maximum number of neighbor is 32 neighbors.
x As I say in the first company profile, the company has EDGE technology
(Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution).
This is always defined in TRX0 and its called PDCH 9 Dynamic and static, the
dynamic one is change Automatically to TCH Slot when congestion increase up
0.2.
x When we want to build new site as I say we send cell data base it contain the
position of new site as see in fig.17.

Note: the long in Jordan is (35-36) due to


east.
The lat in Jordan is (29-32) due to north.

Figure 18: Long and Lat

9
Packet Data Channel

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Training Report at UMNIAH Mobile Company August 8, 2007

FINALLY
CHAPTER
IV

Conclusions:
1. We use the ARFCN and not use the frequency such as (1805.2 MHz)Î ARFCN = 512;
because the ARFCN is related to uplink and downlink frequency, and the symbol
ARFCN is easy to use see Appendix B.
2. If the drop call happen at low level it’s because low level coverage, but if it happen
at high level it’s because interference.
3. The TCH is different than SDCCH because the TCH is using to call “Traffic” and the
SDCCH using to controller.
4. We can solve each problem by using its solution but maybe the solution is not
applicable so we must check the network after each change.
5. The most important program is TEMS investigation because it’s using to collect the
data form driving test.
6. To see the over all (BSC) status we use at performance measurement function-3
that contains the status about over all BSC’s.
7. When we build a new site we must send the “cell data base” to OMC that contains
(TCH frequency, BCCH frequency, BSIC 10, and Cell ID).

10
The BSIC has number from (10-17 or 20-27)

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Training Report at UMNIAH Mobile Company August 8, 2007

References:
Books:

1. GSM Super phones: Technologies and Services, By Lawrence J. Harte, Richard


Levine, Geoff Livingston.
2. MOTOROLA Cellular Infrastructure Group CP02, INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL
CELLULAR (FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY) ISSUE 5 REVISIONS 5.
3. GSM: Evolution Towards 3rd Generation Systems, By Zoran Zvonar, Peter Jung,
Karl Kammerlander.
4. TEMS Investigation GSM 5.2 User Manual.

World Wide Web:


1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page.
2. GSMWorld.com.

23
APPENDIX A___________________________________________

LISTS OF GSM TECHNOLOGY ABBREVIATIONS

A
ADC analogue to digital converter

AV authentication vector

AWGN additive white Gaussian noise

B
BC broadcast control

BCCH broadcast control channel

BCD binary coded decimal

BPF band pass filter

BPSK binary phase shift keyed

BS base station

BSC base station controller

BSS base station system

BTS base transceiver station

CDMA code division multiple access

CPCH common packet channel

CW continuous wave

I
D

DAC digital to analogue converter

DCS1800 digital cellular network at 1800 MHz

DSP digital signal processor

EDGE enhanced data rates for GSM evolution

EIR equipment identity register

FACH forward access channel

FDMA frequency division multiple access

FFT fast Fourier transform

FIR finite impulse response

GERAN GSM/EDGE radio access network

GPRS general packet radio service

GSM global system for mobile communications

GSMS GPRS short message service

HLR home location register

HPSK hybrid PSK

IP internet protocol

ISDN integrated services digital network

II
L

LO local oscillator

LR location registration

MS mobile station

MSC mobile switching centre

MT mobile terminated

PDCP packet data convergence protocol

PIN personal identification number

PRACH physical random access channel

PS packet switched

PSC primary synchronization code

PSK phase shift keying

PSTN public switched telephone network

RAC radio access capability

RACH random access channel

RAT radio access technology

SCH synchronization channel

SHCCH shared channel control channel

III
SMS short message service

SNR signal to noise ratio

TDMA time division multiple access

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System C304

VLR visitor location register

WCDMA wideband code division multiple access

XMAC expected message authentication code

XRES expected response

IV
APPENDIX B____________________________________________

COMPARE BETWEEN ARFCN AND FREQUENCY TO UPLINK AND


DOWNLINK
ARFCN Uplink frequency Downlink frequency (MHz)
(MHz)
661 1740 1835
662 1740.2 1835.2
663 1740.4 1835.4
664 1740.6 1835.6
665 1740.8 1835.8
666 1741 1836
667 1741.2 1836.2
668 1741.4 1836.4
669 1741.6 1836.6
670 1741.8 1836.8
671 1742 1837
672 1742.2 1837.2
673 1742.4 1837.4
674 1742.6 1837.6
675 1742.8 1837.8
676 1743 1838
677 1743.2 1838.2
678 1743.4 1838.4
679 1743.6 1838.6
680 1743.8 1838.8
681 1744 1839
682 1744.2 1839.2
683 1744.4 1839.4
684 1744.6 1839.6
685 1744.8 1839.8
686 1745 1840
687 1745.2 1840.2
688 1745.4 1840.4
689 1745.6 1840.6
690 1745.8 1840.8
691 1746 1841
692 1746.2 1841.2
693 1746.4 1841.4
694 1746.6 1841.6
695 1746.8 1841.8
696 1747 1842
697 1747.2 1842.2
698 1747.4 1842.4
699 1747.6 1842.6

I
700 1747.8 1842.8
701 1748 1843
702 1748.2 1843.2
703 1748.4 1843.4
704 1748.6 1843.6
705 1748.8 1843.8
706 1749 1844
707 1749.2 1844.2
708 1749.4 1844.4
709 1749.6 1844.6
710 1749.8 1844.8
711 1750 1845
712 1750.2 1845.2
713 1750.4 1845.4
714 1750.6 1845.6
715 1750.8 1845.8
716 1751 1846
717 1751.2 1846.2
718 1751.4 1846.4
719 1751.6 1846.6
720 1751.8 1846.8
721 1752 1847
722 1752.2 1847.2
723 1752.4 1847.4
724 1752.6 1847.6
725 1752.8 1847.8
726 1753 1848
727 1753.2 1848.2
728 1753.4 1848.4
729 1753.6 1848.6
730 1753.8 1848.8
731 1754 1849
732 1754.2 1849.2
733 1754.4 1849.4
734 1754.6 1849.6
735 1754.8 1849.8
736 1755 1850

II

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