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Ottoman raiders

The logic behind raids of Ottoman forces (Akincis and Delis) deep into Central
Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries and their use in modern wargaming scenarios

By Abdullah Turhal

Photographs of figures are from the Altar Modelling (Ankara- Turkey) collection.

Akıncis under the command of Akinci Bey


(Figures are Old Glory - US)

www.altarmodelling.com

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Introduction
The famous and fearsome raids of the Ottoman light cavalry units in the Balkans and
Central European lands extending even to Germany, in the 15th and 16th centuries were
not acts, solely motivated, by looting or plundering. Although taking large bounties,
slaves and plundering were part of these raids, the main idea behind establishment of
such units were different and were compatible with the bigger Ottoman military strategy
towards expansion into European lands. The aim of this article is to explore the main idea
behind a raid and to explore real place of these light cavalry troops namely Akincis and
Delis within the huge Ottoman military system and see their use in modern wargaming
scenarios, particularly in WAB system.

Ottoman expansion into the Balkans and beyond


There are various reasons as to why Ottomans preferred to expand into the Balkans rather
than marching eastwards, after it was founded in 1299 in West of Anatolia. The presence
of strong opponents in the East, the continuous flow of Turkmen waves from East to
West, the relative feasibility of directing this flow into non-Muslim lands rather than
accommodating the rivalry with the Muslim states to the East and South East and the
relative weakness of smaller states and kingdoms in the Balkans at the time can all be
counted as reasons.

Ottomans were one of many other smaller principalities called beyliks in Anatolia
competing with each other after the destruction of state of Seljuks of Rum by the
Mongols. In time, small Ottoman beylik grew in strength to become the one and only
dominant power over them. In the West, long before collapse of Eastern Roman Empire
(i.e Byzantine Empire), which was trapped into a small portion of Istanbul (roughly into
10% of land of today’s Istanbul), Ottomans well made a permanent presence in the
Balkans. The decisive victories in battles of Kosovo 1389 & 1448, battle of Nicopolis
1396 and battle of Varna 1444 moved Ottomans into borders of the Hungarian Empire,
which was strongest empire in the east Europe in those years.

When Mehmed II conquered Istanbul in 1453, Ottoman state took over the legacy of the
Roman Empire and Mehmed the Conqueror received the epithet of Kaiser or Caesar in
the true tradition of the medieval ages where all major empires try to link them to the
once mighty Roman Empire and sit on its legacy. By conquering the capital of the
Empire, he became the “Emperor of the Roman Empire”.1 From that time on, to expand
territories in Europe was not, enough and Ottoman Sultans aimed to set deep roots in
conquered areas, to settle flowing tribes of Turks from east successfully in these areas
and to gain indigenous people in the East Europe with religious and political tolerance.
This surely was key to Ottoman success continued for centuries in these areas until its
demise in early 20th century after the First World War.

1
Stephen Turnbull, The Ottoman Empire, Osprey Publishing, Great Britain, 2003, p 77
Ottoman warfare in the 15-16th centuries

Composition of the Ottoman Army


Ottoman Empire was a military empire and never lost this character until its collapse in
the 20th century. Having a strong army ready at all times, capable of latest technology
was the most important priority for the Ottoman Sultans.

Ottoman Army, Ordû-yi Hümâyûn, in Ottoman Turkish, literally meant the sacred army
of the Sultan. It was formed from two distinct type of soldiers. First was the standing
army, paid by the state, kept always under arms, a professional army namely Kapıkulu
soldiers (literally meaning Servants of the Porte). Cavalry units in this group were known
as Sipahis and infantry were known as Janissaries. Gunners and gun wagoneers and
armourers were also part of the Kapıkulu soldiers. By 14th century, Ottoman state had the
first standing army in Europe since the times of Roman Empire.2 This was a major
privilege to Ottomans for centuries to come. European states founded similar standing
armies in the coming centuries. For example, England formed its standing army only
after the English Civil War in the 17th century.3 Second group in the Ottoman army was

2
Stephen Turnbull, The Ottoman Empire, Osprey Publishing, Great Britain, 2003, p 21
3
http://www.english-civil-war-society.org/public_html/html/clothing.html
the Eyalet soldiers (literally meaning soldiers from the provinces). These soldiers were
having their normal businesses in peace time as farmers, blacksmiths etc. and summoned
when ordered. Azab infantry, timarli sipahi cavalry, akinci and deli cavalry were part of
the Eyalet soldiers. These soldiers, were inhabitants of the lands conquered and ruled by
the Sultan and they were given important tasks in turning conquered lands into an
Ottoman territory.

Ottoman art of war


Ottoman army, with all its units, were always ready by spring to march, this was called
sefer. The target was usually only known by the Sultan and maybe by his close
entourage. Opponents of the Ottomans had usually no idea who the target might be and
even the army commanders and soldiers would not have known the target. Ottoman army
aimed at marching in spring, engage enemy in small skirmishes at first and conclude the
campaign decisively by a major field battle and be back at the barracks before winter.
Never in its history had a sefer on two different targets was launched. The focus had
always been on one opponent. The army then always retired before winter in autumn in
an ordered manner.

Before any sefer, Sultan would order the muster points for all eyalet soldiers. Without
knowing which direction to go, these troops would gather in discipline. They were told of
the enemy when Sultan believes all his forces have gathered. This could be a Hungarian
army in the West or Persians in the East, as noted above, only Sultan and his close
entourage knew about it. Ottoman army marched in great discipline as a massive entity.
The army was self sufficient, meaning that all supplies for the entire campaign were
carried by wagons and animals following the main army. Sultan and his Kapıkulu
soldiers marched in the center while vanguard and rearguard were protected by the light
cavalry units of the eyalet troops, that is to say by Akincis. The role of Akincis, however,
was not limited to this function.

Akinci organisation
Akincis had one leader. This leader, known as akinci bey, usually inherited this title from
his ancestor and his troops are named after the family name of this bey. Ottoman Sultan
allocated different geographical sectors for these families in the European territories of
the empire. In 14-16th centuries, akincis were organised in groups under four prominent
akıncı beys. These were the Mihailogulları (in and around today’s Bosnia),
Evrenosogulları (in and around today’s Croatia-Albania), Turhanogullari (in and around
today’s Greece), Malkocogulları (in and around today’s Bulgaria-Romania) These are
well known families in their regions, loyal to the Ottoman Sultan whom they served
loyally for centuries until akincis lost their prominence.
Akıncis
(Figures are Old Glory - US)

Akıncis
(Figures are Old Glory - US)

Ottoman Sultan gave military and civil tasks to the akinci forces. Military tasks of akincis
were:
- To conduct reconnaissance.
- To lead the way to the main army in the enemy territory. Akincis
go 2-3 day ahead of the main army.
- To prevent enemy ambushes or hit-and-run attacks to the main
army while it is on march thus vulnerable to attacks as it is not in
combat order yet. (A small note here while on march, Janissaries,
since they are foot soldiers, do not carry their weapons, their heavy
muskets. These are allocated to them when the enemy is close).
- To safeguard food, water resources and other strategic elements
on the main army’s way.
- To gather information on the enemy by getting prisoners
- To identify water crossings on the main army’s way, to protect
bridges and strategic passages.
- To create fear and panic in the enemy territories, sometimes
pretend the main army has arrived thereby, destroying willingness
to defend in the eyes of the residents.
- To keep enemy troops busy, prevent their vanguards
reconnaissance and approach to the main Ottoman army.
- In some cases, attack enemy army to save time for the marching
main Ottoman army.
- To launch attacks to enemy state’s nearby allies to deter them
from helping the enemy and to stop reinforcements which are on
their way to help the enemy army, to destroy them before they can
unite.
- To take part in major field battles.
- In peace time, when the main army is away, protect the borders
and counter enemy raids into Ottoman lands.

Civil tasks of akincis were:


- To contribute to infrastructure of the lands conquered by
constructing mosques, caravansaries, fountains etc.
- To help settling of Turks migrating from east to these new lands
and help them in living peacefully with the local population
- To provide social order in their areas

Name of each and every soldier were recorded in the “Akinci Book of Records” and this
was always kept up to date in the administrative center in Rumelia and at the capital
Istanbul.

Akinci activities were named in accordance with the number of individual akincis
participating in. There are three sizes, three different types of raid:

- Cete: if less than 100 akincis participate.


- Haramilik: if more than 100 akincis participate.
- Akın: Akın is ordered directly by the Sultan and carried under the command of the
Akinci Bey, him leading it with all men under his command. The number showed
changes in time, to give an idea, in the Budin (1530) and German (1532) raids there were
50 thousand akincis under the command of Akinci beys4.
4
İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, Büyük Osmanlı Tarihi, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Cilt 2, s 573
As can be seen from above tasks, akincis were not undisciplined troops of raiders, as
implied by many Western resources, which were solely motivated by looting and
plundering. They had far more deeper functions in the overall Ottoman warfare and
expansion strategy.

Weapons, armour and horses


Akincis were light cavalry forces. They used swords, spears and protected themselves
with round shields. They had a special mace called bozdogan attached to saddle on the
left of their horses. Although some used simple breast armour, they usually did not use
armour at all as they wanted to ride light and swift. According to witness accounts, some
had eagle wings and were decorated with feathers. In a raid, each akinci had 4-5 extra
horses with him.5 All the equipment and weapons were supplied by themselves.

Akınci
(Figures are Old Glory - US)

5
Mithat Sertoglu, Resimli Osmanlı Tarihi Ansiklopedisi, İskit Yayınevi, Istanbul, 1958, p 11
Deli cavalry forces
Deli cavalry was another Ottoman light cavalry units, very similar to akincis. They were
sometimes confused in historical records with the akincis. They too were part of the
eyelet soldiers. Main difference between delis and akincis were that akincis were
mobilised on call and they had their own means of living in peace time and delis, were in
the entourage of Beylerbeys (governor-general) or sancak beys (provincial governors).
They were part of the personal guard of these very high level Ottoman officials in the
Rumelia.

Deli returning with 3 prisoners, bounty. Note the severed head attached to the tip of his large shield.
This was usually how a a raid ended. However, that was not the primary reason behind a raid!
(Figures are Redoubt - UK)
Deli
(Figures are Redoubt - UK)

In Turkish, literally Deli meant ‘mad-head’. The name is such due to these men’s
unthinkable courage and the way they dare where ‘normal’ soldiers could not.6 Any other
theory to explain the origin of this unit’s name is historically invalid. There are two such
very common invalid theories. First argues that in the Ottoman army, even madmen had
their own regiment named “deli, maniacs, the riskers of the soul who allowed themselves
to be used as battering rams”.7 However, name deli was given to those fighters due to
their willingness to fight bravely. As one author put it, a more accurate translation of deli
from Ottoman Turkish would be brave or even heroic rather than a maniac, mental or
lunatic.8 Second theory argues that name deli actually came from word delil which
literarily meant guide. However, this was also proved to be wrong by prominent Turkish
historians.9

6
Allain Mannesson Mallet, L'Art de la Guerre 1684, p….
7
Jason Goodwin, Lords of the Horizons: A history of the Ottoman Empire, London 1998, p 65 and Stephen
Turnbull, The Ottoman Empire 1326-1699, Osprey Publishing, Great Britain 2003, p21
8
In his 17th century book, Allain Mannesson Mallet noted that in Turkish deli meant brave See Allain
Mannesson Mallet, L'Art de la Guerre 1684, p 560.. See also Daniel Goffman, The Ottoman Empire and
early Modern Europe, University Press, Cambridge 2002, p 1
9
See for example İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, Büyük Osmanlı Tarihi, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Cilt 2, s
573 and Metin And, XVI. yy’da Eyalet Askerleri ve Deliler, Hayat Tarih Mecmuası, Sayı 4, Mayıs 1970, s
14
Raiding delis
(Figures are Old Glory - US)

Delis were very useful in battles in the heyday of Ottoman military might. They attacked
enemy formations without hesitation. They were all mounted on horses. They launched
raids deep into enemy territory, acted as reconnaissance forces and gathered intelligence
about enemy status, destroyed enemy food, water, weapon resources, created terror in the
enemy side. An army being hit several times by deli raids, would lose a lot materially and
psychologically before they have met the main Ottoman army on the battlefield.

Participation to the deli cavalry was exclusive, to become a deli, one needed to prove
courage and skill. Famous Byzantine historian Chalcondyles noted in his monumental
work that one needed to be victorious against 8-10 mounted warriors to become a deli.10

10
French translation of Laonicus Chalcondyles’ work by Thomas Artus, Historie des Turcs, Vol II, plate
17, Paris 1662
Delis
(Figures are Old Glory - US)

50 or 60 delis gathered under the banner of a delibası (head mad-head). They had records
of their soldiers and as seen in all other Ottoman military units, they were subject to
strictest discipline and were always controlled with iron fist of their commanders.

Deli
(Figure is Old Glory - US)
When given chance, delis were very enthusiastic to show their loyalty to Ottoman Sultan
by acts of courage sometimes leading to injuring or killing themselves. In later centuries
this was banned by the Sultan himself and delis were forbidden to perform such acts in
shows.11

Unusual appearance, weapons, armour and horses


Delis had no single type of clothing. However, their appearance was distinctive and
hallmarks of this outlook were the use of extravagant decoration with animal pelts,
feathers and wings. The use of leopard fur, animal pelts and wings on their back and
shield made them look very unusual. They looked much larger than a normal human and
were fearsome in the face of their enemies in a period of warfare where to be seen bigger
and mightier mattered most rather than trying to hide by camouflage. Deli’s clothing
varied among each other and also changed through the course of time. Normally, they
had a leopard fur cap decorated with eagle feathers on their head. They had leopard pelt
covering part of their back and swinging from their shoulder. On top of the leopard skin
in their back there were two large eagle wings attached. Their large rectangular shield
with tapering tip had one or two eagle wings attached to it as well. They wore fur trousers
and yellow pointy boots with long spurs.

Delis
(Figures are Old Glory - US)

11
Surname-i Humayun,
Deli
(Figure is Old Glory - US)

Delis used swords, long thrusting spears and protect themselves with shields. They too
had a special mace called bozdogan attached to saddle on the left of their horses. Mace
was a symbolic sign of might in the Turkish military culture. None used armour as it was
God’s will that would determine their end. Delis rode short fatty horses and they
therefore needed these long spurs.12 There are no records as to whether they carried extra
horses with them like Akincis did.

The wings passed in the following years from Ottoman delis to their enemies, mainly to
those in the East European kingdoms. Poles, Russians and other Slavic nations adopted
certain elements, which terrified them for years, from deli clothing. Deli’s extravagant
clothing with wings, feathers, pelts and furs were imitated in a very stylized way by the
famous Polish Winged Hussars in the 16th and 17th centuries.13 The use of eagle wings is
noted as a custom deriving from Turkey [i.e. from delis] passing to the Polish Winged
Hussars.14
12
Allain Mannesson Mallet, L'Art de la Guerre 1684, p 560
13
Richard Brzezinski, Polish Winged Hussar 1576-1775, Osprey Publishing, Great Britain 2006, pp 20, 22
and 61
14
Zdzislaw Zygulski, Jr., “The Winged Hussars of Poland,
http://www.myarmoury.com/feature_hussars.html
Delis
(Figures are Old Glory - US)

Turkish historians resembled Akincis and Delis to eagles. “People were terrified from
these mighty warriors magically travelling over mountains and cliffs” noted one historian
for their raids in the Balkans.15 Both akıncıs and delis were portrayed as flying over
obstacles with their large wings in some contemporary works.16 Placing such an
importance to eagle and trying to carry its soul by wearing parts of it, may be a trait that
can be traced back to early Turkish pre-Islamic mythology. In the Shamanic Turkish
mythology, eagle was the king of birds, the most important animal. Shaman can rise to
sky in the form of the eagle. In the older Turkish empires like Huns, Gokturks and
Uygurs eagle represented the Hakan (the sovereign, the ruler). Double-headed eagle is
believed to keep the gate of sky at the highest level.17 The importance of eagle did not
change after Turks accepted Islamic religion. Islamic Turkish states used eagle on their
flags and art. In this period, eagle represented not anymore a deity but it was a symbol of
bravery, a symbol for a victorious warrior.18

15
Ragıp Şevki Yeşim, “Akıncılar”, Hayat Tarih Mecmuası, Sayı 4, Mayıs 1968, p 20
16
Reşat Ekrem Koçu, Türk Zaferleri, Nebioğlu Basımevi
17
Bahaeddin Ogel, Turk Mitolojisi, II. Cilt, Turk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara 2006, , chapter 10, pp127-132
18
Omur Ceylan, Kuslar Divani, Kpı Yayınları, Istanbul 2007, p 151
End of Akincis and Delis
Akincis took a major blow in 1595. While they were protecting the rear of the retreating
main army crossing Danube using a narrow bridge, being followed by the forces of
Wallachia, due to incapacity of the commander of the army, Sinan Pasha, they were left
behind on the bank of the Danube River, they were trapped and were largely destroyed by
the Wallachian forces. They were sacrificed to protect the retreating main army. Valuable
horses, totalling around 100.000 were lost. They never really recovered from this
damage. From that time on Crimean Tartars replaced Akincis and performed their
functions.

Delis on the other hand, continued to serve until 1829 and were abolished as the
Janissaries. In the eyes of the Sultan, trying to reform the army and establish one in the
Western model, deli cavalry became obsolete and undisciplined bandits.

Wargaming with Akincis and Delis


Akincis and delis are defined in many major wargame systems like De Bellis Multitudinis
(DBM), Field of Glory (FoG) and Warhammer Ancient Battles (WAB). 19 Many figure
producers have Delis and Akincis in their ranges making these available in 25mm/28mm
scales.

Keeping in mind the wider uses of them for the Ottoman commander, wargamers can
easily generate alternative scenarios to use them rather them simply placing them on the
battlefield in the flanks of the army. A raid scenario using limited number of akincis and
delis can be realised on the tabletop. WAB supplement, Siege and Conquest, provides a
good template for creating raid scenarios that can be used effectively where akincis and
delis may take part.20

For example, you may select a unit of deli, under the banner of a delibası to organise
raids deep into enemy territory with the purpose of securing a bridge, capturing locals
alive from the villages to increase knowledge of Ottomans about the enemy (would be
hard to do so for these highly cruel units since it would look like trying to grab a butterfly
without damaging its wings!) or simply organise skirmish battles with a unit of
Hungarian knights having a reconnaissance trip in the area. The clash of forward troops,
i.e. the clash between Delis and Hungarian knights in the 16th century was legendary as
seen in precious Ottoman manuscripts of those years.21

19
Phil Barker and R. B. Scott, DBM Army Lists: Book 4: 1071 AD to 1500 AD, Wargames Research
Group, London 1994, pp 53-54. John Bianchi, Vlad the Impaler & the Ottoman Wars in Europe,
Warhammer Historical Wargames, Notingham 2006, pp 39 and 43
20
Guy Bowers, Siege and Conquest, WAB supplement, Warhammer Historical, Nottingham 2007, pp118-
119
21
Süleymanname
Warhammer Ancient Battles (WAB)
Source: Vlad the Impaler Supplement
Akinci cavalry Deli cavalry
M WS BS S T W I A L Pts M WS BS S T W I A L Pts
8 2 3 3 3 1 3 1 6 17 8 3 3 3 3 1 4 1 7 24

Conclusion
To conclude, as can be seen from various tasks, it can be seen that akinci and deli cavalry
forces were not only undisciplined troops that were motivated by plundering and looting.
They had far more deeper functions in the overall Ottoman warfare design and expansion
strategy into the Europe. Both akincis and delis were organised troops functioning under
tight discipline. Akinci beys, contributed heavily by architectural and social projects to
turn occupied territories in the Balkans and East Europe into true Ottoman lands, by
embracing people and extending the Ottoman tolerance and governance. Delis, on the
other hand were special and fearsome units with their very unusual extravagant clothing
and their fearless way of warfare. These soldiers left an unforgettable mark on their
enemies and made themselves very difficult to be forgotten for those cultures in the East
Europe. Their clothing, especially the large wings on their backs was imitated by other
Central European armies, particularly the Polish forces in the centuries followed.
Wargaming with a band of akincis and delis may be historically intriguing and enjoyable
as it presents a very different set of alternatives and a distinct historical perspective to a
player.

Portrayal of Akincis with wings flying over obstacles by a prominent 20th century Turkish painter.
Source: Reşat Ekrem Koçu, Türk Zaferleri, Nebioğlu Basımevi, Istanbul, mid 1950’s
Portrayal of Akincis with wings by a prominent 20th century Turkish painter.
Source: Reşat Ekrem Koçu, Türk Zaferleri, Nebioğlu Basımevi, Istanbul, mid 1950’s

Eagle wings and furs pelts etc?


For sure, Delis, with their large wings on their back,
leopard pelts on shoulders, wolf skin hats and bear
fur trousers, lion pelts on their horses looked
impressive. But why they chose this extraordinary
outfit? In military history, there are samples of
warriors wearing animals for various reasons like to
get the soul of that animal, to look and fight like it
or for simple reasons of keeping warm and, of
course, for ceremonial reasons. The most plausible
reason in the case of Delis lies in their view of life.
Deli, literally meant mad-head and their motto was
that only the God determined the end of one’s life,
so no reason to afraid from death while still living!
Therefore, they brought death in the most severe
form upon their enemies, without being concerned
about their lives. To look extraordinarily
frightening, to spread terror in the heart of their
opponents and to be as no one else in the field of
battle lied behind this terrifying outfit. It is for sure,
throughout entire world military history, no unit in
actual battle seemed more unusually decorated than
the Deli. cavalry soldiers of the Ottomans.
FURTHER READING

Sources in English
David Nicolle, The Janissaries, Osprey Publishing, Great Britain, 1995
David Nicolle, Nicopolis 1396, The Last Crusade, Osprey Publishing, Great Britain 1999
David Nicolle, Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300-1774, Osprey Publishing, Great Britain 1983
Stephen Turnbull, The Ottoman Empire 1326-1699, Osprey Publishing, Great Britain 2003
Richard Brzezinski, Polish Winged Hussar 1576-1775, Osprey Publishing, Great Britain 2006
George Gush, Renaissance Warfare: The Turks in Airfix Magazine, March 1974 and April 1974, pp 398-
402 and pp 448 and 450
Richard Knotel, Uniformenkunde, Berlin 1890, Band XII, No 35 (see http://www.grosser-
generalstab.de/tafeln/knoetel.html)
Zdzislaw Zygulski, Jr., “The Winged Hussars of Poland, http://www.myarmoury.com/feature_hussars.html
Richard Brzezinski, Polish Armies 1569-1696, Vol I, Osprey Publishing, London, 1987
Simon Millar, Vienna 1683: Christian Europe repels the Ottomans, Osprey Publishing, 2008
Jason Goodwin, Lords of the Horizons: A history of the Ottoman Empire, London 1998
Daniel Goffman, The Ottoman Empire and early Modern Europe, University Press, Cambridge 2002, p 1
John Bianchi, Vlad the Impaler & the Ottoman Wars in Europe, Warhammer Historical Wargames,
Notingham 2006
Guy Bowers, Siege and Conquest, WAB supplement, Warhammer Historical, Nottingham 2007
Phil Barker and R. B. Scott, DBM Army Lists: Book 4: 1071 AD to 1500 AD, Wargames Research Group,
London 1994

Sources in Turkish
Metin And, XVI. yüzyılda eyalet askerleri ve Deliler, Hayat Tarih Mecmuası, Mayıs 1970, pp 11-15
Cetin Arslan, Turk Akinci Beyleri ve Balkanların İmarına Katkıları (1300-1451), Kültür Bakanlıgı
Yayınları, Ankara, 2001
Reşad Ekrem Koçu, Türk Zaferleri, Nebioğlu Yayınevi, Istanbul 1964?
Süleymanname
Surname-i Hümayun
İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, Büyük Osmanlı Tarihi, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara,
Ragıp Şevki Yeşim, “Akıncılar”, Hayat Tarih Mecmuası, Sayı 4, Mayıs 1968, p 20
Reşat Ekrem Koçu, Türk Zaferleri, Nebioğlu Basımevi
Bahaeddin Ogel, Turk Mitolojisi, II. Cilt, Turk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara 2006
Omur Ceylan, Kuslar Divani, Kapı Yayınları, Istanbul 2007

Sources in other language


Thomas Artus [et.al] Histoire des Turcs, Paris, 1662, c 2, Pl 17
Allain Mannesson Mallet, L'Art de la Guerre 1684
Thesaurus Exoticorum, Hamburg, 1688, Ks 4, s 52
Nicolas de Nicolay, Quatre premiers livres des navigations et peregrinations orientales, Lyon 1567

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