Ahlin Yanant No 3

T*sme,ftm; aemfa0;jrefrmaumfrwD
(Norwegian Burma Committee) . &HyHkaiG axmufyHhulnDrSKjzifh

vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD/ okawoeESifhavhvma&;Xme u
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okawoeESifh avhvma&;Xme
vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD (XmecsKyf)
P.O Box (294)

Chiang Mai University Post Office
Chiang Mai, 50202, Thailand
http://www.dpnsburmese.org
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vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;/ vlxktajcjyKvlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;/ t&yfzufvlr_vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;/ t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;/ vlxkvlwef;pm;tzGJ@tpnf; ponfjzifh jrefrmvdk
a&;om; ajymqdkae=uwJh t*Fvdyfvdk Civil Society a0g[m&toHk;tE_ef;eJ@ t,ltq
[m vlra_ &;odyeH̀ ,fy,frmS Ekid if o
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l @kd &@J Edik if aH &;b0rsm;eJ@ywfoufv@kd avhvm
oHk;oyfolynm&SifawG/ rl0g'a&;qGJolawG/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawG/ EdkifiHa&;wufºuG
v_yf&Sm;olawG/ vlr_a&;vkyfom;awG/ apwem0efxrf;tzGJ@tpnf;0ifawG/ owif;
pme,fZif;avmuom;awG aqG;aEG;jiif;ckef=uwJhtcg/ avhvmoHk;oyf=uwJhtcg/
oabmxm;tjrifawG wifjy=uwJhtcg rjzpfrae oHk;&wJh a0g[m&/ &nf!$ef;&wJh
t,ltq/ udk;um;&wJh vlr_a&;ody`Hoabmw&m; jzpfaeygw,f? toHk;jyK=uvGef;vdk@/
&nf!$ef;udk;um;=uvGef;vdk@ vltrsm;&J@ yg;pyfzsm;rSm a&yef;pm;ae+yD;/ ysdKwdkif;}udKufwJh
ESif;qD vdkygyJ?
aocsmwmuawmh vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf; Civil Society &J@ oabmw&m;

t,ltq[m us,fjyef@ovdk t,ltqa&;&m rwluGJjym;r_awGvnf; tawmfudk
rsm;ygw,f ? xd k @ twl vl r _ v l @ tzG J @ tpnf ; toif ; tyif ; rsm; Civil Society
Organizations - CSOs eJ@ywfoufvdk@ tpdk;&awG/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawG/ EdkifiHa&;
v_yf&Sm;olawGxm;&SdwJh oabmxm;awGuvnf; trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHkygyJ? wcsdK@u tJh'Dvdk
toif;tyif;rsm;udk 'Dru kd a&pDa&;tiftm;pkrsm;tjzpf owfrw S =f uayr,f/h wcsKd @uawmh
txl;ojzifh tm%m&Siftpdk;&awGeJ@ ‚if;wdk@&J@ tvdkawmf&dawG ‚if;wdk@udk tm;ay;
axmufcHolawGuawmh wnf+idrfat;csrf;r_udk xdyg;aESmuf,SufolawG/ olwdk@&J@
tem*wftjrifrsm; rl0g'rsm;az:aqmifa&;rSm ql;a!‡mifhcvkyfuefoif;awGtjzpf
±_jrif=uygw,f? 'gt h jyif tcsKd @ tcsKd @aom olrsm;uawmh olw@kd &@J tusKd ;pDymG ;rsm;twGuf
vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm; CSOs . v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk uef@owfwm;jrpf&ef/
0ifa&mufxdk;azguf&ef/ qGJaqmifodrf;oGif;&ef/ xdef;csKyf&ef 'grSr[kwf toHk;cs&ef enf;
trsdK;rsdK;eJ@ }udK;yrf;tm;xkwf=uwmvnf; &Sdygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJh'Dvdk EdkifiHawmf
tzGJ@tpnf;r[kwfwJh (non-state organizations)/ tpdk;&eJ@roufqdkifwJhtzGJ@tpnf;
1
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(non-governmental organizations) pwJ h toif ; tyif ; tzG J @ tpnf ; rsm;u

acgif;aqmifawG tzGJ@0ifawGeJ@ vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_awGrSm yg0ifolawGuawmh olwdk@udkolwdk@
'grSr[kwf olwdk@&J@tzGJ@tpnf;awG v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf; Civil Society
&J@ tpdwftydkif;tjzpf cH,l=uwmudk awG@&ygw,f?
vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;qdkwm tm%m/ rnDr#r_/ wdkufyGJ/ yÉdyuQjzpfr_/ yl;aygif;

aqmif&Gufr_ pwJhudpP&yfawG&J@ e,fy,fjzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHa&;tjrif/ tusdK;pD;yGm;/ &nf&G,fcsuf/
t&if;tjrpf/ pGrf;&nf/ enf;emawG trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHk rwluGJjym;wJh apwem0efxrf; toif;
tyif;rsm;/ yHkpHtrsdL;rsdK;aom tpktzGJ@rsm; yg0ifv#uf&Sdaeygw,f? tJh'Dvdk toif;tyif;
tpktzGJ@rsm;[m +rdK@jyrSma&m/ aus;vufawGrSmomru wcgw&H EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfawG
rSmyg tajcpdkuf+yD; vGwfvyfpGm 'grSr[kwf uGef,ufrsm;ozG,f qufpyfum oufqdkif&m
tusdK;pD;yGm;awG/ &nfrSef;csufawGtwGuf v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufv#uf&Sdygw,f? tJh'Dvdk
tusdK;pD;yGm;awG/ &nfrSef;csufawG rsdK;pHkjzpfaev#uf wcgw&H wzGJ@eJ@wzGJ@ yÉdyuQtoGif
aqmifae=uwmawGvnf; &Sdwwfygw,f?
vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&J@ ta&;ygr_udk EdkifiHa&;tiftm;wpf&yftjzpf wurBmvHk;

twdkif;twmtaeeJ@ ay:vGif xif&Sm;vmwmuawmh 1980 vGefESpfrsm;rSm jzpfygw,f?
tJh'DumvawGrSm urBmvHk;qdkif&m yx0DEdkifiHa&;eJ@ pDyGm;a&;rSm tajccHupvdk@ tajymif;
tvJawG t}uD;tus,f jzpfay:cJhygw,f? tm%m&SifEdkifiHawG uGefjrLepfEdkifiHawGuae
'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHa&;pepfqDodk@ tvHk;t&if;eJ@ toGiful;ajymif;wJh umvvnf; jzpfygw,f?
[efwifwefu “'Drdkua&pDwwd,v_dif;” vdk@ trnfwyfcJhwJh tJh'Dumvtajymif;tvJ/
zlul,m;rm;u “ordkif;ed*Hk;” qdk+yD; vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDatmifyGJtjzpf aºuG;a=umfcJhwJh
tJh'Dordkif;jzpfpOfawGtwGif;rSm vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGu ta&;}uD;wJh tcef;u¾uae
yg0ifcJhw,fqdk+yD; taemuftkyfpk EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawG/ vpfb&,fynm&SifawG/
tJh'DjzpfpOfawGrSm udk,fwdkifudk,fusygcJholawGu todtrSwfjyK trSwfay;cJh=uygw,f?
tJh'Dtcsdefupvdk@ vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf; qdkwm tpOftvm pHerlemwpf&yfvdk jzpfvmcJh
yg+yD? EdkifiHom;jynfolawG&J@ b0udk EdkifiHawmf&J@ zdESdyfr_awGuae vGwfajrmufapEdkifr,fh/
EdkifiHa&; pD;yGm;a&;vGwfvyfr_awG tjynfht0aqmifusOf;ay;Edkifr,fh taygif;vuQ%m
aqmifr_tjzpf jrifvm=uygw,f?
'gqdk&if vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ b,fvdk qufpyfaevJ? EdkifiHa&;

vGwfvyfr_toGifajymif;jcif; political liberalization 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;jcif;
2
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democratic transitions wdk@udk avhvmwJhtcg vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&J@ tydkif;udk csefvSyf
xm;cJhvdk@r&ygbl;? 'ghtjyif 'Drdkua&pDuspfvpfckdifrmzdk@qdk&if vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf; zGH@+zdK;
wdk;wuf&Sifoefvmzdk@ vdktyfw,fvdk@ ynm&Sifrsm;u wifjy=uygw,f? 'gayrJh vlr_
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;eJ@ 'Drkdua&pD qufoG,fr_&Sdae&r,fvdk@awmh wxpfcsajymvdk@ r&jyefygbl;?
vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGu 'Drdkua&pDudk tm;jzpfapr,fh tusdK;oufa&mufr_awG
jzpfapEdkifovdk/ 'Drdkua&pDudkqef@usifwJh oufa&mufr_awGvnf; jzpfapwwfw,fvdk@
ajym=uygw,f? vufawG@rSm b,fvdkoufa&mufr_awG jzpfapEkdifovJqdkwmu vlr_
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;toif;tyif;awGt=um; tm%mjyef@ESH@r_/ vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;toif;
tyif;awG acgif;aqmifawGeJ@ EdkifiHa&;vl@tzGJtpnf; political society eJ@ EdkifiHawmf&J@
tzGJ@tpnf;awG acgif;aqmifawGt=um;u AsL[majrmuf tquftpyfawG/ EdkifiHwum
taetxm;awGtay:rSm wnfaew,fvdk@ 0g&Sifweftajcpdkuf ta&S@-taemuf
avhvma&; okawoeXme !$ef=um;a&;rSL; rloD&mtvm*wfyg Muthiah Alagappa
u olwnf;jzwfxw k af 0wJh ‘tm&S. vlrv _ @l tzG@J tpnf;ESihf Edik if aH &;tajymif;tvJ’ Civil
Society and Political Change in Asia: Expanding and Contracting
Democratic Space pmtkyfrSm a&;om;wifjyxm;ygw,f?
qufvuf+yD; olu vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;toif;tyif;awGwdkif;rSm 'Drdkua&pD

a&;twGuf OD;wnfcsuaf wG/ vkyif ef;pOfawG r&S=d uygb;l / 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;twGuf taxmuf
tuljzpfapwmvnf; r[kwfygbl;vdk@ qdkygw,f? wcsdK@qdk&if &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&SdeJ@udk
'Drdkua&pDqef@usifa&;vkyf=uwmawG/ olwdk@&J@vkyf&yfawGu 'Drdkua&pDa&;udk taESmuf
t,SufjzpfapwmawGawmif &Sd=uw,fvdk@ ynm&Sif rmhcf0g&if; Mark E. Warren eJ@
udof0Spfwifwef Keith Whittington wdk@udk udk;um;+yD; wifjyxm;wmudk owdjyKp&m
tjzpf awG@&ygw,f?
rl o D & mtvm*wf y g &J @ a&;om;wif j ycsuf r S m avh v mp&mwpf c suf u

'Drdkua&pDa&;udk v_H@aqmfpnf;±Hk;aewJh vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tkyfpkawGtaeeJ@ EdkifiHa&;
vl@tzGJtpnf; political society eJ@ Oya'jyKa&;taqmufttHk legislature awGeJ@
qufpyfEdkifcJh&if olwdk@&J@ v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_awG[m ydk+yD;xda&mufEdkifrSm jzpfygw,f?
tJh'Dvdk vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tkyfpkawGeJ@ EdkifiHa&;vl@tzGJtpnf;=um; r[mrdwfzGJ@r_[m
tm%m&Sit f pd;k &awGukd xda&mufwhJ pdeaf c:r_jzpfvmvdrrhf ,fv@kd avhvmrSwo
f m;rdwmudk
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vlrv
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vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf; civil society ESifh ywfoufI acwfopfEdkifiHa&; tawG;
tac:e,fy,fwGif tajccHt,ltq ESpf&yf&Sd.? yxrt,ltqwpf&yfrSm aps;uGuf
rsufESmpmudk rlvtajccHðyo!fh zGifhqdk&Sif;vif;r_jzpfonf? t*FvdyfvlrsKd; EdkifiHa&;
oabmw&m;ynm&Sif *|efavmhcf. a&;om;wifjycsufrsm;t& vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
qdkonfrSm vlom;wdk@. ukefxkwfvkyfr_/ zvS,fr_/ pm;oHk;r_jzpfpOfwGif jyifyoufa&mufr_
uif;pGmjzifh ud,k yf ikd Of ya'orsm;twdik ;f jzpfay:aeo!fh tjyeftvSef v_y&f mS ;aqmif¶u
G rf _
rsm;tm;vHk;udk qdkvdkonf? TzGifhqdkr_rSm t*Fvdyf-tar&duef vpfb&,f0g'wGif vlr_
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifhywfoufI aomhcsufusaom t,ltqjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh
yk*~vdue,fy,fwpf&yfjzpfonfh vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tm; EdkifiHawmfpGufzufr_rS uif;
vGwfap&ef twwfEdkifqHk;umuG,f&ef vdktyfonf[k qdk=uonf? 'kwd,t,ltqrSm
rGefwuf(p)usLŒESifh tvufZENm;awmhcfAD;vf ponfh jyifopftawG;tac:q&mrsm;.
a&;om;wifjycsufrsm;tay: tajcðyay:xGufvmjcif;jzpfonf[k tawG;tac:rsm;
ordkif;wGif qdk=uonf? t*Fvdyf-tar&dueft,ltqESifh tjrifuGJjym;onf? xdkuJhodk@
jyifopftpOftvmtawG;tac:rS qif;oufvmonfh t,ltqt& vlr_vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;tm; aps;uGufe,fy,ftjzpf r±_jrifay? tenf;ESifhtrsm;qdkovdk EdkifiHawmf.
trSDtcdkuif;+yD; wnf&Sdaeonfh apwemh0efxrf; toif;tyif;rsm;/ vGwfvyfaom
tpnf;t&Hk;rsm;. tpkta0;tjzpf ,lqonf? Tt,ltqt& vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
tm; EdkifiHawmf.qef@usifbuftjzpf owfrSwfjcif;r&Sday? A[dktpdk;&ESifh tjcm;tm%m
qHkcsufrsm;t=um; tm;r#ajcwpf&yftjzpf wnf&Sdaejcif;jzpfonf[k qdkonf? ,if;odk@
rwl u G J j ym;onf h tajccH t ,l t qES p f & yf t euf jyif o pf t pOf t vmvuf a wG @ rS
qif;oufvm+yD; 18 &mpkwGif pwifvmcJhaom 'kwd,t,ltqtm; ,ckpmpkwGif
avhvmwifjyoGm;ygrnf? xdkodk@wifjy&mwGif tawG;tac:ordkif;wGif vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
t,ltqaemufcHESifhywfoufI xif&Sm;onfh rGefwuf(p)usLŒ ESifh tvufZENm;
awmhcfAD;vfwdk@ uJhodk@aom tawG;tac: '\eq&mrsm;. a&;om;wifjycsufrsm;ESifh
xdktcsdefumv EdkifiHa&;aemufcHrsm;udk qufpyfwifjyoGm;rnf jzpfonf?
4
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rGefwuf(p)usLŒ ESifh Oya'rsm;. 0dnmOf (Montesquieu & "Esprit des lois")
tawG;tac:oabmw&m;ordkif;wGif vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifhywfoufI
jyifopftpOftvmt,ltqudk avhvmrnfqdkygu rGefwuf(p)usLŒESifh ol. emrnf
ausmf usrf;wpfapmifjzpfonfh 1748 ckESpfxkwf ‘Oya'rsm;. 0d^mOf’ The Sprit of the
Laws (1748) udk aemufa=umif;jyefajc&mcH&ef vdt k yfayvdrrhf nf? od@k aomf rGew f uf(p)
usLŒ taejzifh xdktcsdefu vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf; civil society [lonfh a0g[m&udk oHk;E_ef;
wifjycJhjcif; r[kwfay? aemifwGif vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;t,ltq. tajccHjzpfvmonfh
tdkif'D,mopfw&yfudk olu wifjycJhjcif;jzpfonf? ,if;rSm EdkifiHawmfwpf&yfwGif “=um;cH
qufoG,fonfh tm%mtaqmuftHkrsm;” intermediary powers . ta&;ygr_tm;
wifjycJhjcif;jzpf+yD;/ rif;qdk;rif;npfrsm;/ tºuGif;rJhtm%mydkifbk&ifrsm;ESifhywfoufI
tajccHum pOf;pm;vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? tpOftvm t&pPwdkw,foabmw&m;t&
rif;qdk;rif;npfrsm; odk@r[kwf tvGeftu|H tºuGif;rJhtm%musifhoHk;r_rsm;rSm bk&if
wpfyg;csif;pD. yk*~dKvfa&;tay:tajccHIjzpf&aom tusifhysufr_wpf&yftjzpfom ,lq
onf? odk@aomf rGefwuf(p)usLŒ.tqdkt& tkyfpdk;olwdkif;onf Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;u
cGiðhf yxm;onhf twdik ;f twmxufausmv f eG I
f ‚if;wd@k . tm%mudu k sio hf ;kH &ef t+rJwap
óud;yrf;wwf=uonf? tkyfpdk;olwpfOD;wnf;. tkyfcsKyfr_wGif w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk
xdef;odrf;Edkif&eftwGuf wenf;tm;jzifh Oya'ESifhtnD tkyfcsKyfap&eftwGuf pnf;rsOf;
abmifowfrSwfr_rsm;/ taqmufttHkqdkif&m e,fy,ftuef@towfrsm; vdktyfonf?
jyifopfEdkifiHuJhodk@ Oa&mybk&ifpepfEdkifiHrsm;wGifwnf&Sdaom rSL;rsKd;rwfEG,f txuf
wef;v$m nobility rSm tkyfpdk;oltm; obm0t& xdef;csKyfuef@owfr_ðyonfh taqmuf
ttHkrsm;jzpfonf? odk@&mwGif rSL;rsKd;rwfEG,ftxufwef;v$mrsm;u bk&ifxHrS tcsKyf
tjcmtm%mudk Oya't& cGJa0usifhoHk;ydkifcGifh&Sdjcif; r[kwfay? rSL;rsKd;rwfEG,f txuf
wef;v$mrSm =um;cHtm%mtaqmufttHkw&yfjzpf+yD; EdkifiHa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m
tvHk;pHkydkifqdkifonfhbk&if. vufatmufcHomjzpfonf? =um;cHtm%mtaqmufttHk
rsm;onf tm%mpD;qif;onfhvrf;a=umif;udk =um;cHaqmif¶Gufay;&efjzpfonf[lI
rGefwuf(p)usLŒu qdkonf? ol. tqdkyg tuef@towfjzifh tm%mydkifbk&ifpepfyHkpH
wGif vufatmufcHtm%mtaqmufttHkwpf&yftm; pepfwusvnfywfapjcif;jzifh
vGwfvyfr_ liberty udk xdef;odrf;umuG,fxm;onf? =um;cHtaqmufttHkrsm;u
A[dktpdk;& (bk&ifhtm%m) udk tuef@towfðyEdkifonfrSm ‚if;wdk@taejzifh tm%mudk
cGJa0&,lxm;jcif;a=umifh r[kwfay? ‚if;wdk@a=umifh tm%musifhoHk;r_udk tvG,fwul
rjzpfapbJ/ ydkrdkcufcJapI jzpfonf? rGefwuf(p)usLŒ. tqdkt& bk&ifpepfw&yfwGif
5
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vGwfvyfr_udkxdef;odrf;umuG,f&ef vlr_a&;t& tqifhtwef;cGJjcm;r_ (qdkvdkonfrSm

txufwef;v$mvlwef;pm;wpf&yf) vdktyfonf? odk@rSom tqdkyg “=um;cHtm%m
taqmufttHk” jzifh rif;usifhw&m;ESifhrnDaom tkyfpdk;ol. tºuGif;rJhtm%mudk
uef@owfEdkifrSmjzpf+yD; vGwfvyfr_udk xdef;odrf;Edkifayvdrfhrnf?
jyifopfawmfvSefa&;ESifh rGefwuf(p)usLŒ.t,ltqtay:oabmxm;
vGwfvyfr_udk xdef;odrf;&ef vdktyfcsufwpf&yftjzpf rSL;rsKd;rwfEG,f txuf

wef;v$mrsm;tm; tumtuG,fðycJhonfh rGefwuf(p)usLŒ. bk&ifpepfyHkpHt,ltqrSm
18 &mpk. 'kwd,&mpk0ufwav#mufvHk;wGif twdkif;twmwpfcktxd us,fus,f
jyef@jyef@ =oZmv$rf;rdk;cJhonf? vl0D 15 ESifh vl0D 16 bk&ifrsm;vufxuf tºuGif;rJh oufOD;
qHydkifusifhoHk;r_tm; qef@usifonfh tiftm;aumif;vmaom twdkuftcHv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
wGif rGefwuf(p)usLŒ. =um;cHtm%mtaqmufttHkrsm;vdktyfjcif;t,ltqudk
udkifpGJolrsm; trsm;tjym;&SdcJhonf? odk@aomf 1789 ckESpf jyifopfawmfvSefa&;
t&S d e f t jrif h q H k ; umvwG i f rG e f w uf ( p)usLŒ. t&pP w d k c &uf w pf vpf b &,f 0 g'
aristocratic liberalism tm; acwfaemufusaeaom t,ltqtjzpf jrifvmcJh
=uonf? xdktajctaerSonf awmfvSefa&;umvtwGif; usrf;¶kd;&DywfbvDuef0g'
(orwpepfvdkvm;onfh0g') classical republicanism ausmf=um;vmr_ESifhtwl
rGefwuf(p)usLŒ. t&pPwdkc&ufwpf vpfb&,f0g'tm; rkef;wD;qef@usifr_rsm; }uD;
xGm;vmcJhonf? awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;u t&pPwdkca&pDvlwef;pm; (rSL;rsKd;rwfEG,f
txufwef;v$mrsm;) tm; vGwfvyfr_twGufvdktyfcsuftjzpf vufrcHonfhtjyif
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rSwfvmcJh=uonf?
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o!fhtcg vGwfvyfr_udk umuG,fapmifha&SmufEdkifrnfh tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;udk &SmazG
vm=uonf? vGwfajrmufr_[lonf “yk*~vdutrSDtcdkuif;r_udk +idrf;csrf;pGmcHpm;&jcif;”
jzpf+yD;/ xdktajctaeudk udk,fpm;ðytaqmufttHkrsm;u umuG,fxdef;odrf;&rnf
[laom t,ltqudk awmfvSefa&;vGefumv oabmw&m;a&;q&mrsm;u em;vnf
vufcHvm=uonf? TwGif rGefwuf(p)usLŒ. t,ltqyHkpHudk jzpfEdkifacs&Sdaom tjcm;
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6
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EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:wGif t&pPwdkc&ufwpf vpfb&,f0g' ododomom jyefvnf
0ifa&mufvmjcif;jzpfonf?
1814 ckESpfwGif bk&ifpepfudk jyefvnf toufoGif;cJh+yD;aemuf rGefwuf(p)

usLŒ. tjrifudk jyefvnftoHk;ðyolrsm;rSm bk&ifh*dk%f;om;rsm; jzpf=uonf? jyifopfwGif
vGwfvyfr_udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;onf a'oE W&tvdkuf txufwef;v$mrsm;
nobility tm; jyefvnfxlaxmifEdkifr_tay: wnfaeonf[k bk&ifh*dk%f;om;rsm;u
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olrSm rif;usifh0wfESifhtnD tkyfcsKyfjcif;r&SdyJ rif;qdk;tjzpf tvdktavsmuf ajymif;vJ
oGm;rnfjzpf+yD;/ jyifopfawmfvSefa&;umvtwGif; }uHKcJh&aom rif;rJhtajctaeodk@
qdkufa&mufvdrfhrnf[k ,lq=uonf?
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om;rsm;yHkoGif;&ef óud;pm;aeaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsKd; r[kwfawmha=umif; axmufjy
jiif;ckefcJh=uonf?
vpfb&,frsm;taejzifh bk&ifh*dk%f;om;rsm;. t,ltqtay: xdkuJhodk@

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onfvnf; rif;usifhw&m;ESifhtnD tkyfcsKyfjcif;r&Sdonfh rif;qdk;rif;npfrsKd;udk tum
tuG,rf hJ &ifqikd &f rnfth a&;tm; &ifav;cJ=h uonf? xdak =umifyh if awmfveS af &;vGeu f mv
jyifopfwiG f vGwv f yfru
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7
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tvGefw&mrS =unfndKav;pm;oljzpfonf? rGefwuf(p)usLŒ. t,ltqrsm; txl;
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tu,fI EdkifiHom;wpfOD;csif;tm; woD;wjcm; txD;wnf;&Sdaeapygu olwdk@. tcGifh
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vlwef;pm;tv$mopfwpf&yfudk arG;zGm;vdrfhrnf[k bm&ef@wf u wifjycJhonf?
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ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwpf&yf jzpfay:vma&;r#om &nf¶G,fjcif; r[kwf
ay? EdkifiHom;rsm;t=um; pnf;&Hk;pkzGJ@r_ pdwf"gwf the spirit of association between
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tzGJ@tpnf;wpf&yf jzpfay:vmap&ef &nf¶G,fjcif;jzpfonf? trsm;jynfol. vlr_
tusdK;pD;yGm;udk OD;xdyfyefqif&ef jzpfonf? a'oE W&qdkif&mtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;tm;
vGwfvyfpGma¶G;aumufjcif;jzifh vlxkuvnf; xdkolwdk@udk rdrdwdk@. acgif;aqmifrsm;tjzpf
todtrSwfðyvufcHvmrnf? xdka'oE W&tkyfcsKyfolrsm;rSm vlwef;pm;tv$mwpf&yf
jzpfvmjcif;a=umifh xdkuJhodk@ A[dkcsKyfudkifr_tm%mav#mhcsjcif;u txufv$mvlwef;pm;
opfwpf&yfudk ay:xGef;vmapvdrfhrnf? tqdkyg a¶G;aumufcH tkyfcsKyfa&;vlwef;pm;rSm
wdk;wufaom vlr_txufwef;v$mtjzpf tkyfpdk;ol bk&ifESifh tkyfcsKyfcHjynfolwdk@t=um;
qufoG,faygif;ul;onfh =um;cHwpfck jzpfvmrnf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; vlr_tqifh
twef; ydkrdkjrifhrm;vmap+yD; EdkifiHa&;pepfwGif ae&may;jcif;jzifh ‚if;txufwef;v$m
vlwef;pm;opfrSm tkyfpdk;olbk&iftwGuf *k%fxl;aqmif opPmcHrsm; jzpfvm+yD;/ wcsdef
wnf;wGif tkyfpdk;ol. A[dktm%mtvGeftu|H usifhoHk;r_tE W&m,fudk umuG,fum
trsKd;om;vGwfvyfr_ national liberty udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufolrsm; jzpfvmvdrfhrnf
[k bm&ef@wfu a&;om;wifjycJhonf?
8
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jyifopfwGif vGwfvyfr_ESifh wnf+idrfr_udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf&eftwGuf
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vpf b &,f r sm;u vuf c H c J h = uonf ? A[d k c sKyf u d k i f r _ t m%mav#mh c sjcif ; u Ed k i f i H .
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wpf&yfudk ay:xGef;vmapvdrfhrnf? tqdkyg t&pPwdkca&pDvlwef;pm;opfu rif;qdk;rsm;
ESifh rif;rJhtajctaersm;rS uif;a0;aprnf? odk@rSom tkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf; the Charter
t& xlaxmifxm;aom tpdk;& &Sifoefa&;udk tmrcHEdkifrnfjzpfonf? TonfrSm
awmfvSefa&;vGefumv jyifopfEdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:wGif acwfpm;cJhaom t&pPwdk
c&ufwpf vpfb&,ft,ltqyif jzpfonf?
awmhcfAD;vf ESifh t&pPwdkc&ufwpfvpfb&,f0g''Drdkua&pDtoGifajymif;jcif;
bk&ifh*dk%f;om;rsm;todkif;t0dkif;wGif }uD;jyif;vm+yD; aemifwGif vpfb&,f

wpfOD;jzpfvmonfh tvufZENm; awmhcfAD;vf Alexis de Tocqueville rSm jyifopf
awmfvSefa&;vGef jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;umvaESmif;ydkif; &ifqdkifae&aom t"du
jy\emrsm;ESifh tajzrsm;udk az:xkwfwifjycJholjzpfonf? ol. xif&Sm;aom usrf;
jzpfonfh ‘tar&dum;&Sd 'Drdkua&pD’ Democracy in America rSm ,cif vpfb&,f0g'D
wdk@. t,ltqrsm;tm; xif[yfum jyifopfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. vufawG@rsm;/ ol.
tar&dum;tajctae avhvmcsufrsm;ESifh aygif;pyfI a&;om;ðypkcJhjcif;jzpfonf?
jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;umv tjcm;vpfb&,frsm;uJhodk@yif ydkI 'Drdkua&pD

usaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;opfwpf&yfqDodk@ jzpfay:wdk;wufa&;vkyfief;pOfrSm aemufjyef
vSnfh&ef rjzpfEdkif[k awmhcfAD;vf u ,Hk=unfonf? odk@aomf t&pPwdkca&pD vlwef;pm;
aysmufuG,fr_ESifhtwl A[dktm%mudk uef@owfo!fh a&S;tpOftvm taqmufttHk
rsm; uG,af ysmufomG ;rnfh ta&;udv k nf; pd;k &drcf o
hJ nf? xd@k a=umifh awmhcAf ;D vf u ppfaq;
=uyfrwfxdef;!‡da&;pepfrsm; checks and balances zefwD;wnfaqmuf&ef vdktyf
a=umif;/ topfjzpfxGef;vmo!fh t&pPwdkca&pDvGefacwfESifhtnD jzpf&efvnf; vdktyf
a=umif; wifjycJhonf?
awmhcfAD;vf u acwfopfordkif;udk }uD;jrwfaom 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;

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vmap+yD;/ EdkifiHom;wpfOD;csif;pDt=um; ydkI wef;wlnDr#r_tajctaeudk jzpfay:wdk;wuf
9
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apa=umif; ponfjzifh a&;om;wifjycJhonf? wcsdefu oufOD;qHydkifbk&ifpepfudk

xdef;csKyf&ef vdktyfr_t& jzpfwnfaeo!fh rSL;rwfEG,ftxufwef;v$mwdk@. tm%mESifh
acwfa[mif;tpdk;&pepfatmuf jyifopfwGif wnf&SdcJhaom vGwfvyfr_yHkpHonf ,ckacwf
tcgESifh ravsmfnDawmhojzifh jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef rvdktyfawmhay? xdk@a=umifh
t&pPwdkc&ufwpf vGwfvyfr_qD aemufa=umif;jyefvSnfh&ef vHk;0rjzpfEdkifawmha=umif;/
“[ife&D 4 ESifh vl0D 14 uJhodk@ bk&ifpepfrsKd; jyefvnftoufoGif;&ef pOf;pm;olrsm;rSm
rsufuef;rsm;omjzpfvdrfhrnf” [k ol. 1835 ckESpfxkwf ‘'Drdkua&pD’ usrf;wGif owd
ay; axmufjycJhonf? awmhcfAD;vf . tqdkt& t&pPwdkc&ufwpf vGwfvyfr_rsKd; r[kwf
onfh vGwfvyfr_yHkpHopfwpfrsKd; vdktyfae+yDjzpfonf?
xdkpOfu tar&dum;wGif jynfolua¶G;cs,fo!fh tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf vnfywf

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u xdkodk@aom tar&dum;&Sd jynfoltrsm;}udKuftkyfcsKyfa&;yHkpHudk oabmusv#uf
&Sdaeonf? odk@aomf wcsdefwnf;wGif ol@taejzifh 'Drdkua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;onfyifv#if
ppfaq;=uyfrwfr_ r&Sdv#if vGwfvyfr_udk +cdrf;ajcmufvmEdkifrnfh tajctae &Sdaeonf
udkvnf; vufcH,Hk=unf.? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkuJhodk@aom 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHwpfckwGif
trsm;pku wu,fhtm;aumif;armif;oef tm%mudk ydkifpdk;=uonf? trsm;pk.
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qdkonf?
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10
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a&SmufEdkifrnf[k Oa&myom;wdk@u ,Hk=unf=uonf? qef@usifbuftm;jzifh tar&dum;
wGifrl vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tcGifhta&;rsm;u tzGJ@tpnf;0ifrsm;tay: ausmfvGefaer_udk
vufc=H uonf? tm%mESiyhf wfoufIvnf; ‚if;.tajccHru l kd xdyg;jcif; rðyay? od@k aomf
tm%musifhoHk;r_tydkif;wGifrl jzef@usuf cGJjcm;xm;onf? TuJhodk@ Ed_if;,SOfavhvm
r_rSwqifh awmhcfAD;vfu tpdk;&rif;wdk@. tusifhysufjcpm;r_udk xdef;csKyfwm;qD;&ef
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tkyfcsKyfa&;taqmufttHkrsm;/ toif;tyif;tpnf;t&Hk;rsm;u tvm;wl vkyfaqmif
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apwem0efxrf;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk rGefwuf(p)usLŒ. pum;twdkif; “omrefEdkifiHom;
jynfolawGjzifh ,m,DpkzGJ@xm;onfh 'kwd,taqmufttHkrsm;” tjzpf az:!$ef;cJhonf?
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awmhcfAD;vf. txufygwifjycsufonf vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;oabmw&m;

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usLŒ. t&pPwdkc&ufwpfvpfb&,f0g'udk 'Drdkua&pDtoGifajymif;vdkufjcif;[k jyifopf
ynm&Sif ,ef;uavmh vrfbmwD . wifpm;csufudk vufcH&ayrnf?
11
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awmhcfAD;vfESifh ol. vpfb&,faemufvdkufrsm;. t,ltqrSm acwfopf

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rif;usifhw&m;azgufzsufr_rsm; tusifhysufr_rsm;jzpfwwfonfh tvm;tvmrsm;udk
umuG,fwm;qD;&ef A[dktm%mav#mhcsjcif;ESifh t&yfzuf EdkifiHom;toif;tyif;rsm;
pnf;±Hk;pkzGJ@jcif;rsm; vdktyfa=umif; t,ltqudk awmhcfAD;vfESifh 'kwd,tifyg,m.
ol@aemufvdkuf vpfb&,frsm;u a&S@aqmifcJh=uonf?
xdk@a=umifh rGefwuf(p)usLŒ. t&pPwdkc&ufwpft,ltqrS pwifvmcJh+yD;

jyifopfawmfvSefa&;aemufydkif; 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmft,ltqay:xGef;vmcsdefwGif EdkifiH
om;jynfolwdk@. vGwfvyfr_udk xdef;odrf;umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&efESifh 'Drdkua&pD vl@
tzGJ@tpnf;&Sd trsm;jynfolqdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm; tmrcHcsuf&Sdap&ef EdkifiHom;jynfol
wdk@. toif;tyif;rsm; pnf;±Hk;pkzGJ@aqmif¶Gufa&;t,ltq jyifopf tawG;tac:wGif
ay:xGef;vmjcif;onf vuf&Sd vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m t,ltq oabmw&m;rsm;.
a&S@ajy;tajccHtawG;tac:rsm; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_jzpfpOf[k avhvmrdonfudk wifjyvdkuf
ygonf?
aemfZdk;
&nf!$ef;
de Dijn, Annelien (2007): Civil Society in the History of Ideas: The French
Tradition, Discussion Paper Nr. SP IV 2007-401, Social Science Research
Centre Berlin (WZB).
Taylor, Charles (1991): "Civil Society in the Western Tradition" in Ethel Groffier
and Raymond Klibansky (eds.), The notion of tolerance and human rights:
Essays in honour of Raymond Klibansky, Ontario.
Alagappa, Muthiah (2004): "Civil Society and Political Change: An Analytical

Framework" in Muthiah Alagappa (ed.), Civil Society and Political Change in
Asia: Expanding and Contracting Democratic Space, Stanford University
Press, Stanford, California.
12
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tkyfcsKyfol tm%mykdifwkd@=um;rSm =um;cH (buffer) taetxm;jzpfygw,f? vlxkeJ@
tpkd;& uif;uGmraeatmif qufpyfay;ygw,f? EkdifiHom;awG tpkd;&eJ@ pdrf;raeatmif
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13
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yg? okd@aomf oG,f0kdufwJhenf;tm;jzifh vGwfvyfwJhaps;uGufuyJ tJ'Dhtjrwfr,l
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (non - profit organizations) &JŒ wnf&SdEkdifa&;ukd wm0ef,lyHhykd;ay;
ygw,f? tzGJ@tpnf;awG[m olwkd@tzGJ@0ifawG&JŒ xnfh0ifvSL'gef;r_tpkpktay:rSm rSDckd
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14
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vpfbmwDukd umuG,f&mrSmawmh enf;vrf;tzkHzkHeJ@yg?
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wpfOD;csif;pDvGwfajrmufap+yD;/ ukd,fhtusKd;pD;yGm;aemuf aumufaumufyg aqmif¶GufEkdif
cGifhawG &Sdvmw,f? yk*~vdutzGJ@tpnf;awGu tm%mykdifawG&JŒ vufoD;qkyfxJuae
vlxkudk vGwfajrmufatmif rsKd;pkHzefwD;ay;ygw,f?
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twGuf t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;u tpktaygif;ukd,fpDeJ@ vpfbmwDukd xdef;ay;ygw,f?
a&S;¶kd;tpOftvm vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGrSm vpfbmwDu a&ajrh&SifawG&JŒ olaumif;ðycH
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ukd t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;u tpm;xkd;,l&if;/ tpkd;&tm%mtay: wpfOD;csif;pDu
wefjyefxdef;nd‡Ekdifr,fh vlr_uGufvyf social space awG trsm;}uD;[ay;vmygw,f?
aemuf t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;ukd t"du jzpfwnfvmapwmu vGwfvyfwJh
aps;uGuv f yk if ef;ao;ao;}uD;}uD; tzG@J tpnf;/ toif;tyif;awGyg? tpk;d &eJ@ rif;npfawG
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acwfopf 'Drkdu&ufwpftpkd;&rsm;&JŒ vuQ%m&yfwpfyg;jzpfwJh trsm;jynfol

tyfESif;wJh tcGifhtm%m popular sovereignty uvnf; aps;uGufuvmwJh t&yfzuf
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ay:rSmyJ wnfrSDygw,f?
15
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a&S;atoifeJ@ ukdvkdeDacwf e,l;t*FvefrSm EkdifiHom;awGukd,fwkdif tpnf;

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tJ'Dvkd jynfolwkduf¶kdufyg0ifqkH;jzwfwJh 'Drkdua&pD direct democracy xuf trsm;}uD;
us,fjyef@vSygw,f?
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uae ukd,fpm;vS,ft&m&SdawG cef@=uw,f? jynfol@qENay;olukd a¶G;cs,f+yD; tm%m
tyfESif;zkd@ vrf;a=umif;ESpfck zGifhxm;w,f? wpfcku EkdifiHa&;ygwDjzpf+yD;/ usefwpfcku
tusKd;pD;yGm;qkdif&mtkyfpkawG interest groups ygyJ? ESpfckpvkH;u vGwfvyfwJh aps;uGuf
pepfay: tajcwnfxm;ygw,f?
vlxku olwkd@ukd,fpm; OD;aqmifqkH;jzwfr,fhol&SmazGzkd@ vkyfenf;vkyf[efukd
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tpkd;&&JŒ tm%mtvGJokH;r_ xdef;csKyfzkd@&m ygwDawGu EkdifiHom;wpfOD;csif;pDtwGuf
taxmuftulvufeufawG instruments yg?
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wl&mwl&m tpktzG@J av;awG/ ygwyD aJG v;awGtjzpfe@J pay:cJw h ,f? aemufawmh ygvrD efrmS
EkdifiHa&;wGef;tm;ay;zkd@ vrf;p &cJh=uw,f? q,fhukd;&mpktqkH;rSm ajrmuftar&dueJ@
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¶Gufvm=uw,f?
ok@d aomfvnf; 'Dvydk gwaD wG&ŒJ vkyyf vHk yk ef nf;awG tm;vk;H òcH=unf&h if/ aps;uGuf
pepfu oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom wpfOD;csif;pD&JŒqENukd pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_vkyfief;rsm; tasks of
governance tjzpf ajymif;vJwm0ef,l taumiftxnfazmf acgif;aqmifEkdifr,fh
ukd,fpm;vS,fat;*sifhawG trsm;}uD;zefwD;ay;w,f qkd&r,f? wcg EkdifiHa&;ygwDawG&JŒ
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16
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aqmif¶Guf&if;/ tkdif'D,mawG tpGrf;ukefjr‡ifhwifzkd@vnf; óud;yrf;&ygw,f? okd@aomf tJ'Dh
ygwD&JŒ tkdif'D,mrSmukdu tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒa&SŒc&D;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;pDrHcef@cGJr_awG yg0ifae+yD;om;?
'ga=umifhrkd@ aps;uGuf[m ygwDawG&JŒ t"dutpdwftykdif; jzpfaeygw,f?
tusKd;pD;yGm;qkdif&mtkyfpk
'Drkdua&pDpepfrSm ykHrSefusif;ywJh a¶G;aumufyGJumvwavsmufrSm EkdifiHa&;

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aumufyGJawGtwGif; EkdifiHom;awGu olwkd@tpkd;&tay:rSm aps;uGuftajcðyxm;wJh
tusKd;pD;yGm;qkdif&mtkyfpkrsm; interest groups uwqifh =oZmv$rf;Edkifw,f? 'Dtkyfpk
trsm;pkudk pD;yGm;a&;udpPeJ@ tpkd;&udk odrf;oGif; lobby zdk@ zefwD;xm;=uwm? ygwDawGrSm
tusKd;pD;yGm;qkdif&m tkyfpkawGtrsKd;rsKd; &Sdaew,f? a¶G;aumufyGJawGrSm tpkd;&ukd zdtm;
ay;+yD;jy\emacgif;cJapzkd@? Oyrm- 'DtkyfpkawGu pkdufysKd;a&;vkyfief;u¾ wcGifwjyif
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wpfckvkH;xuf txnfcsKyftvkyformawGudpP tpkd;&ukd zdajymwmrsKd;awGyJ?
EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGu tusKd;pD;yGm;tkyfpkawGxuf ‘cGif’ ykdus,fwmrSefayr,fh/
ESpcf pk vk;H u vGwv f yfwhJ aps;uGuv
f yk if ef;aqmifwmawGuae jrifw
h wfvmwm? 'gayr,fh
ESpfckpvkH;u jynfolvlxkqENukd tvkH;pkHjznfhqnf; o,f,lay;EkdifwJh ‘,mOf’ awGawmh
r[kwfygbl;? ygwDawG[m olwkd@ukd,fpm;ðyxm;wJh vlawG&JŒqENukd rwkef@jyefEkdifbJ
[efaqmifwwfovkd/ tusKd;pD;yGm;tkyfpkawGuvnf; ta=umif;t&macgif;pOf abmif
usOf;aewwfygw,f? b,fvkdyJjzpfjzpf vlxktwGuf tcsKyftjcmykdifqkdifcGifhay;Ekdifr,fh
armf'ef'Drkdua&pDukd ESpfckpvkH;u yHhykd;ay;ygw,f?
uGefjrLepfwdkif;jynfawG&Sd t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;
rdrdtvkdtavsmuftaysmfwrf; apwem0efxrf; zGJ@pnf;=uwJh toif;tyif;

awG tpkd;&xdef;csKyfr_atmufu vGwfvGwfvyfvyf &yfwnf=uwm ckacwfrS r[kwfbl;?
17
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rSmjzpfw,f?
q,fh&Spf&mpk jynfopfynm&Sif}uD; rGefwufpusKwkd@/ q,fhukd;&mpktapmykdif;
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkukd avhvmokH;oyfwJh tvufZENm;awmhAD;vf Tocqueville
wkd@&JŒ a&;om;csufawGukd=unfh&if t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;ta=umif;awG uJaew,f?
tkyfcsKyfoleJ@jynfol=um;rSm tv,f=um;0ifaqmif¶GufaewJh tzGJ@tpnf;awG&JŒ ta&;yg
r_ukd trsm;}uD;a&;xm;cJhw,f?
okd@aomfjim;vnf; ESpfq,fh&mpk&JŒ uGefjrLepf0g' twufeJ@tus oifcef;pmu
'Drkdu&ufwpfEkdifiHa&; tifpwDusK;&Sif;awG&JŒta&;ygr_ukd rD;armif;xkd;jyEkdifcJhw,f?
tm%m&cJhwJh uGefjrLepfygwDawGu t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;tay: rvkdwrm pOf;vJ=u
w,f? t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ tptewkdif;ukd ajc&mcHzsufqD;acsr_ef;ypfcJh=uw,f?
rdrdoabmqENeJ@ zGJ@pnf;wmawG/ NGO tzGJ@awG[m ygwDA[kdu csrSwfwJh
‘rkcsatmif&rnf’ ay:vpDtmabmfeJ@ rukdufnDbl;? ukd,f&nfukd,faoG;rJh r_dif;rd &Jabmf
rsm;tzkd@ olwkd@bkdif[wfwJh bGwftkyfxJutwkdif;qkd&if/ vGwfvyfwJh tzGJ@tpnf; zGJ@&if
'g rif;rJ@p¶kdufyJ? uGefjrLepfwkdif;jynfawGrSm b,fvGwfvyfwJhtzGJ@tpnf; ao;ao;
}uD;}uD;ukdrS w&m;0ifcGifhrðy/ rcHpm;Ekdifygbl;?
'ga=umifhvnf; vufawG@ypPnf;rJhvlxkcrsmrSm tpkd;&wzufowftm%may:
wefjyefxdef;nd‡EkdifpGrf; csKdŒwJhcJhygw,f? ‘EkdifiHawmf’ twGuf vlxktwGuf 0g'jzef@acgif;pOf
awGatmufrmS wpfO;D csi;f b0awG tumtuG,rf hJ paw;ypfc&hJ ygw,f? 'Dru dk a&pDtwGuf
vpfbmwDZaHk wG qdwo f Ok ;f cJ&h ygw,f? uGejf rLepfpepf bke;f bke;f vJawmhryS J ikwvf sK;d arS;rSed f
aewJh t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;awG jyefta&mifwifvmEkdifygw,f ?
tcsKyfu aps;uGuf
vGwfvyfwJhaps;uGufusifhokH;r_u t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;qkdif&m tifpwD

usK;&Sif; aygif;pkHwnf&Sda&;ukd vufurf;óudygw,f? 'Drkdua&pDvnf; tvkyfjzpf/ EkdifiHom;
wpfOD;csif; &ifbwfvnf;yGifh? aps;uGufu 'Drkdu&ufawG zefqif;ay;ygw,f? aps;uGuf
pD;yGm;a&;atmufrmS wpfO;D csi;f pDu u|r;f usirf e_ @J tavhtxaumif;awG oif,El idk w f ,f?
wefz;dk opf/ tjrift,ltqopfawG rwGe@f r¶GŒH vufc, H El idk rf ,f? t&yfzufv@l tzG@J tpnf;
tm;aumif;wmeJ@tr# tvkyfjzpfwJh'Drkdua&pD ay:xGufvmygvdrfhr,f?
&JE,
G rf ;dk
Ref: Civil Society by Michael Mandel baum
18
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acwfopfordkif;pOfwav#muf tdENd,&JŒaxGjym;r_u +cdrf;ajcmufr_vnf; jzpf

ovdk u,fwifjcif;vnf;jzpfygw,f? &ifzdkp&m aumif;vSwJh vlrsKd;pkta&;/ a'oqdkif&m
ta&;/ bmoma&; trsKd;rsKd;/ cGJjcm;wJh Zmwfpepf ponfhta&;udpPwdk@udk tvdkufoifh
qufqEH idk zf @kd / pDrcH ef@cJG aqmif&u
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toif;tzGJ@rsm;/ ukefoG,fa&;or*~rsm;/ atmufajcvlwef;pm;toif;tzGJ@rsm;/ *END
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uGJjym;r_/ tkyfpkcsif;uGJjym;jcm;em;r_awG yg0ifaew,f? tJ'D jynfol@vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
ukd,fYu EkdifiHa&;yËdyuQawG&J@ ZmwfckHjzpfaeygw,f? 'ghtjyif yg0ifaewJh tm;vkH;aom
tpktzGJ@awGu 'Drdku&ufwpfwefzdk;eJ@ yef;wkdiftwGuf oEMdXmefcsxm;olrsm; jzpfw,f
vdk@awmh aocsmayguf ajymr&ygbl;?
b,fvkdyJjzpfjzpf tJ'Djynfol@vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm yg0ifwJh tpdwftydkif;wdkif;
uawmh teufzGifhqdkcsuft& ta&;ygwJh p¶kdufvuQ%mawG wlnD=uygw,f? EkdifiHawmf
eJ@ trSDtcdkuif;vGwfw,f/ trsm;jynfole,fy,feJ@ qufpyfaewJhudpPawGrSm zGJ@pnf;wJh
tzGJ@awGu avsmh&J&J jzpf+yD;/ ¶kH;jyifuem;rqefayr,fh pepfwus v_yf&Sm;r_awmh &Sd=uyg
w,f? t&if;tjrpfawGudk awG@atmif&Sm+yD;/ pkaygif;vkyfudkifEkdifpGrf;awG&Sd=uygw,f?
19
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jynfol@vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u tcsuftcsmuswJh ae&mrSm&Sdygw,f? aemuf+yD; 'Drdkua&pD
ydk+yD; yDjyifatmif/ wnfwHhatmifvnf;vkyfEkdifw,f? EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGeJ@ tkyfcsKyfa&;rSm
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orm;rsm;/ a'ocHjynfolrsm;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;eJ@ qif;&Jom;ESifhqdkifaomtzGJ@rsm;) u
tm%m&Sifqefqef txufvl}uD;awGudk ykHpHaoaewJh rwlnDr_awGa=umihf tm%myg0g
qufqHa&;ykHpHajymif;+yD; pdefac:vm=uygw,f? udk,fxludk,fxvkyfief;awG/ yk*~Kdvfa&;
zGH@+zdK;a&;twGuf b0udkESpf+yD; vkyf=uwmawG[m jynfol@vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ &yf0ef;xJrSm
yJjzpfygw,f? pkaygif;wm0ef,l&wJh vlr_zlvkHa&;vkyfief; wdk;wufvmapzdk@/ &yfuGufvlpk
pnf;¶kH; zGJ@pnf;&mrSm jynfol@vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u xda&mufxufjrufwJhtcg EkdifiHawmfu
wm0ef,l&wm wm0efayhgoGm;+yD;/ tJ'DpepfwckvkH;&JŒ Oya'abmif0ifr_ukd ydk+yD; wdk;wuf
vmapygw,f? 'Drdku&ufwpf tdENd,rSm&SdwJh jynfol@vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awG&JŒ xl;uJwJh vkyf
aqmifcsufawGxJrSm tm;vkH;aom v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk jrifEkdifygw,f? PUCL (The
People's Union for Civil Liberty) tzGJ@vkd vl@tcGifhta&;wdkufyGJ0if t&Sdeft[kef
&apwm/ ESdyfuGyfr_awGudkwGef;vSefwJh udkvkdeDqef@usifa&;E_ef;pHawG jyefvnf&Sifoefvm
wmawG[m tif'D&m*END&JŒ tkyfcsKyfa&;umv tm%m&SifqefqeftkyfcsKyfwJh umvwdk
tjzpfoepfa=umifhygyJ?
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pepfudk emcHae&wm/ jynfolawGtm;ðy&Sifoefae&wJh obm0t&if;tjrpfawGudk
ta=umif;rJzh suq f ;D ypfwm/ tjrpfw, G af ewJh usm;r cGjJ cm; ESrd chf squfqaH ewmawGuykd gy?J
qif;&J tiftm;rJah ewJh tdE, dN vlrsK;d awGukd olw@kd u umuG,af y;w,f? wma0;
ypf 'kyH sH wnfaqmufa&;udp/P ajratmufrikd ;f wGi;f wl;azmfa&;/ a&umwmwnfaqmufa&;
ta=umif;jy+yD; aetdrfawGu ESifxkwfcH&wJhjy\em/ wcsKdŒu w&m;r0ifopfcdk; ckwfvSJ
20
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tpnf;awGu wkdufcdkufqef@usifcJhw,f?
1980/ 1990 ESpfawGrSm tvGef}uD;rm;wJh emr'gjrpf0Srf; a&umwmpDrHudef;eJ@
ywfouf+yD; jy\emwufcJhw,f? tJ'Da&umwma=umifh &GmawGaxmifeJ@csD+yD; a&ðryfr,hf
tE W&m,feJ@wkd;awmhr,fhudef; qdkufvmw,f? oef;eJ@csD+yD;/ v,form;eJ@ awmifay:om;
awG &GmajrpGef@cGmajy;+yD;/ opfawm[ufwmaygif;rsm;pGm qkH;¶_H;&r,fhtE W&m,f usa&muf
vmrSm jzpfygw,f? tJ'aD b;qd;k usa&mufawmhr,fh qif;&Jom;awGyg0ifwhJ qef@usit f mcHyJG
rSm emr'gtmacsmiftif'dkveftzGJ@u (Save The Namadar Movement) OD;aqmif
qifEGJcJhygw,f?
olwdk@udk vlxku ZGJeyJ}uD;}uD; axmufcHtm;ayr_/ *ENDykHpH qef@usiftHwkr_/
(tpmiwfcjH cif;/ oydwaf rSmufjcif; boycott / c&D;&Sncf sw D ufjcif;) Oya't& tuJprf;jcif;
pwmawGtjyif EkdifiHwum arwWm&yfcHcsufawGuwqifh EkdifiHpkHyg0ifwJh !Gef@aygif;tzGJ@
ay:vm+yD; a&umwmpDrHudef;&yfqdkif;xm;zkd@ EkdifiHwumw&m;¶kH;&JŒ wm;rdef@xkwf+yD;
wm;qD;wmtxdjzpfvmcJhygw,f?
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awGudk azmfxkwfajym&if; 'Drdkua&pDta&;rSm tcsuftcsmae&mu yg0ifcJhw,f? 'g[m
tdENd,&JŒ xl;jcm;wJh vlxkrD'D,m&JŒ tcef;u¾yJjzpfygw,f? tif'D,m*END&JŒ ta&;ay:
tkyfcsKyfa&;umvtwGif; r[kwfwmvkyfwmudk pdefac:&rS óudufw,fqdkwJh tðytrlawG
[m udkvkdeDacwfqDutajctaetwdkif; jzpfvmygw,f? qifqmjzwfawmufr_awGudk
tav#mhay;&wm &Sufp&mtjzpf odjrifcHpm;&wmu ydk+yD;Ekd;=um;apjyefw,f?
tm%mydkifawGeJ@ yËdyuQqefwJh qufqHa&;uwqifh ykHay:vmwJh pme,fZif;
owif;pmynmawG arG;zGm;vmw,f? ta&;ay:acwfumvuwnf;u tdE, dN pme,fZif;
eJ@ owif;pmavmu[m ud, k yf idk af pmif=h unfah &;tcef;u¾eJ@ yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJw
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21
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60000 xkwaf 0cJ+h yD;/ owif;pmzwfol oef; 200 txd ta&mufy@kd Eidk cf w hJ ,f? +*dK[fww k AD GD
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EkdifiHom;awGeJ@ywfoufwJh ta=umif;t&m yrm%eJ@ xnfhoGif;&r,fh owif;aqmif;yg;/
ta=umif;tcsufawG avsmhenf;vmwJhtcg tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W,m;eJ@vGwfaewJh
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tdENd,rSmvnf; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;odcGifhtufOya' Right to Information Act
jyÏmef;Ekid af &; aqmf=opnf;¶k;H a&;uwqifh taxmuftulay;Ekid v f @kd 2005 rSm trsK;d om;
ygvDrefeJ@ jynfe,f 9 ckrSm jyÏmef; vkyfaqmifEkdifcJhw,f?
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pkHprf;ppfaq;cGifhqkdwJh enf;vrf;opfawG usifhokH;vmEkdifw,f? jynfolu =um;emjcif;
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w,f? tJ'Dvkd=um;em&mrSm a'ocHt&mxrf;awG/ aus;&Gmu a¶G;cs,fxm;wJh udk,fpm;
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tpm/ tpdk;&0efaqmifr_ay;Ekdifzdk@/ Oya'rJhvkyf&yfawGudkESdrfeif;zdk@ vkyfudkifcGifh&=uw,f?
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22
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2001 tdE, Nd rSm NGO aygi;f woef;ausm&f v dS mwmu ta=umif;tcsuw f pfck
jzpfw,f? avsmfuefwJh enf;ynm&a&;/ tao;pm;acs;aiGuwqifh ulnDa&;/ ywf0ef;
usifoef@&Sif;a&;/ a&&&Sda&;/ tajccHusef;rma&; apmifha&Smufr_/ rlvwef;ynma&; pwJh
u¾awGrSm zGH@òzd;wdk;wufvmzkd@eJ@ ydkrdk0efaqmifr_ay;Ekdifa&;wdk@rSm NGO trsm;pku
pGJpGJepfepf vkyfudkifvm=uygw,f?
wjcm;tzGJ@awGu tyef;ajza&;vkyfief;/ a&xkavxk npfnrf;r_umuG,fa&;/
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aqmif¶Gufr_awGu 'Drdkua&pD yDjyifa&;/ tusKd;ðyEkdifa&;twGufawmh wdkuf¶dkuf raqmif
usOf;Ekdifygbl;? 'gayr,fh 'Dvkdaqmif¶Gufr_awGuwqifh oufomcGifh&atmif vkyfaqmif
Ekdifr,fqkd&ifawmh 'Drdkua&pDa&;udk ab;ðy+cdrf;ajcmufEkdifwJh vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&; jy\em
awGudk ajz&Sif;aqmif¶Guf&mrSmawmh taxmuftulay;Ekdifygw,f?
'ghtjyif tajccHvlwef;pm;u OD;aqmifOD;¶Gufðy&mrSmyJjzpfjzpf/ òrdŒjyudpP&yf
qdkif&m ,Ofaus;r_awGudk ysKd;axmif&mrSmyJjzpfjzpf tJ'D NGO awG[m r[wWr*END
pdwf"gwfudkom arG;jrLxdef;odrf;=uygw,f? wzufrSm vlr_t&if; Social Capital udk
vnf; wnfaqmuf=uygw,f?
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tcsif;csif;qufqHa&;t=um;rSm&SdwJh ,kH=unfr_/ yl;aygif;aqmif¶Gufr_/ tjyeftvSef
em;vnfr_wdk@yJjzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh NGO wkdif;awmh 'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf taumif;
csnf; rjzpfEkdifygbl;? wcsKdŒtzGJ@awGu vpfb&,frqef (tjrifrus,f) ygbl;? ,Ofaus;=u
w,fvkd@vnf; rqkdom?
'ghtjyif vlrsKd;a&;/ bmoma&;qkdwmawGukd onf;rcHzdk@awmif a[majymae
=uao;w,f? [dENLrsKd;cspfrsufuef;awGu c&pf,mefeJ@ rlqvifbmom0ifawGudk
t=urf;zuf qef@usifzkd@ pnf;¶kH;v#ufyJ? cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;/ oD;oef@z,fxkwfjcif; qkdwm
awGukd rSefuefw,fvkd@ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf a[majymv#ufygyJ?
'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;axmufcHolawGjzpfOD;awmh twGif;oabmtm;jzihf 'Drdk
ua&pD0g'udk t+rJwef;cH,lr_r&Sd=uovdk tjyifyef;tm;jzifhvnf; wm0ef,lr_ t+rJwef;
r&S=d uygb;l ? od@k aomf 'Dru
kd a&pD0g'cH,rl _ csKŒd wJah ewJh jynfo@l v@l tzG@J tpnf;&JŒ wcsKŒd aom
tpdwftydkif;awG ykHysufaeonfhwdkifatmif tdENd,&JŒ oefrm}uHhcdkifwJh jynfol@vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;u 'Drdkua&pD&J@ tumtuG,fwHwdkif;}uD;jzpfaewkef;ygyJ?
0if;jrifharmif
23
S f
'Dru
kd a&pDtoGiu
f ;l ajymif;a&;jzpfpOfwiG f
vlxv
k y+ &f mS ;r+rsm; ta&;ygr+
atmifr;kd aZmf
ed ' gef ;
1980 vGefESpfrsm;ESifh 1990 vGefESpfrsm;twGif; jzpfay:cJhaom urBmEdkifiH

trsm;tjym;. 'Drdkua&pD jyKjyifajymif;vJr_ vufawG@jzpfpOfrsm;t& tm%m&SifpepfrS
'Drdkua&pDpepfodk@ ul;ajymif;&mvrf;onf &SKyfaxG;=urf;wrf;+yD; toGifo¾mefvnf;
pHkvifvSygonf? tm%m&Sifpepfudk zsufodrf;a&; [lo!fh wlnDaom &nfrSef;csuf
atmifjrif&eftwGuf EdkifiHwpfckcsif;pDwGif rwluGJjym;aom awmfvSefa&;rsm;ESifh vlxk
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; &SdcJh=uonf? TjzpfpOftwGif; tqdkygEkdifiHrsm;onf wlnDaom yef;wdkif
wpfckodk@ a&muf&Sd&ef rwluGJjym;aom vrf;a=umif;toD;oD;udk jzwfoef;cJh=u&onf?
xdkjzpfpOftwGif; EdkifiHtoD;oD;u ‚if;wdk@. oD;jcm; xl;jcm;r_wdk@ESifhtnD rwluGJjym;aom
vrf;a=umif;toD;oD;tm; jzwfoef;cJ=h u&aomfvnf; tajymif;tvJtwGuf tm%m&Sif
tpdk;&wdk@tay: =oZmoufa&mufEdkifa&;}udK;yrf;=u&mwGif vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_. tcef;u¾
rSm aomhcsuf=uvSayonf? ynm&Siftrsm;tjym;u xdkEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; (0g) vlxk
v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;tm; 'Drukd a&pDawmfveS af &;rsm; ''democratic revolutions'' [k owfrw S f
cJh=uonf? ,ae@umvY 'Drdkua&pDa&;v_yf&Smr_rsm; tm;aumif;+yD; w&m;0ifr_ &&Sdvm
um r[ef@wm;Edkif o!fh urBmha&pD;a=umif;wpfckozG,f jzpfvmcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf;
tjynfht0 atmifjrifr_&+yD[k rqdkEdkifao;ay? jrefrmEkdifiHuJhodk@ ydkrdk&ufpufaom
tm%m&Sifrsm; tkyfpdk;o!fhEdkifiHrsm;wGif vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf jyif;xefaom wefjyef
ckcHr_rsm;ESifh qufvuf&ifqdkifae&qJ jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh tm%m&SifpepfrS 'Drdkua&pD
pepfodk@ ul;ajymif;a&;wGif (txl;ojzifh toGiful;ajymif;a&;t}udKumvwGif) vlxk
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. tcef;u¾ESifh ywfoufI qef;ppfavhvm&ef oifcef;pmrsm;xkwf,l&ef
txl;ta&;}uD;vSayonf?
odk@jzpfI ,ckpmwrf;i,fwGif pma&;olonf tm%m&SifpepfrS 'Drdkua&pDpepf
odk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;aom ydkvefESifh zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwdk@wGif }uHKawG@cJh&onfh toGiful;ajymif;
a&; t}udKumvtwGif;&Sd vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh 1988 jrefrm'Drdkua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;
tm; Edi_ ;f ,SOaf vhvmxm;ygonf? xd@k tjyif ,if;vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_ (3)ck. wlnrD /_ rwlujJG ym;
24
trSw(
r_ESifh ‚if;v_yf&Sm;rsm;twGif;rS xkwf,loifhonfh oifcef;pmrsm;tm; od&SdEdkif&ef atmufyg
ar;cGef; (3)cktm; }udK;pm;I tajz&Sm qef;ppfxm;ygonf?
• ydv k efEikd if /H zdvpfyikd Ef ikd if EH iS hf jrefrmEkid if w H @kd . vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;onf toGiu f ;l ajymif;
a&;t}udKumvwGif (odk@r[kwf) toGiful;ajymif;a&;t}udKumvtm; jzpfay:vm
aponfh aomhcsufusaom umvwdkwpfckwGif rnfr#ta&;}uD;aom tcef;u¾
rsm;jzifh toGiful;ajymif;a&;jzpfpOftm; taxmuftuljyKcJhoenf;?
• xdkEdkifiHrsm;. vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm; vlxktajcjyKvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (0g) t&yf
zufvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u rnfodk@ yhHydk;ulnDcJh=uoenf;?
• ydv k efEikd if EH iS hf zdvpfyikd Ef ikd if wH @kd . vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;. atmifjrifrr_ sm;tay: rnfonfh
ta=umif;t&mtcsuftvufrsm;u=oZmoufa&mufcJhygoenf;? odk@aomf 1988
jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;}uD; tqHk;pGefaom atmifjrifr_r&&SdcJhjcif;rSm tb,f
a=umifhenf;?
ydkvefEdkifiHwGif aphpyfn‡dE_dif;aqG;aEGyGJrsm; rpwifrSD jyif;xefaom tkHºuGr_rsm;ESifh
qENjyr_rsm;jzifh qufwdkuf }uHKawG@cJhonf/ xdk@twl zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGifvnf; tkyfpdk;olrsm;
EdkifiHa&;e,fy,fu rqkwfcGmcif tvm;wljzpf&yfrsm;jzifh &ifqdkifcJh&onf? odk@aomf jrefrm
EdkifiHY jzpfyGm;cJhaom qENjytkHºuGr_rsm;u ,if;EdkifiHrsm;uJhodk@ toGiful;ajymif;a&;t}udK
umv tajctaersm;udk wd;k wufjzpfay:apjcif; r&Scd ahJ y? Tpmwrf;wGif tkypf ;kd ol tm%m
&Sirf sm;jzpfap od@k wnf;r[kwf vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_jzpfap ±H;_ ESrd o hf mG ;Ekid rf nfh toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;
t}udKumvESifh ,if;tcsdefumv. ta&;ygr_udk qef;ppfwifjyxm;ygonf?
Tumvrsm;wGif tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;onf ppfwyf/ &J/ tusOf;axmifESifh
axmufvrS ;f a&;tzG@J rsm;tm; tok;H jyKI 'Dru kd a&pDa&;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;tm; t=uyfuikd jf cif;/
&uf&ufpufpufzEd ydS jf cif;rsm;jzifh tajctaet&yf&yftm; udik w f , G x
f ed ;f csKyfEikd &f ef wefjyef
'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm; zefwD;=uygonf? ,if;uJhodk@aomtajctaeESifh tcsdef
umvrsdK;wGif r=umc%qdkovdk tkyfpdk;olrsm;ESifh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;t=um; jyif;xef
aom wdu k yf rJG sm; jzpfavh&=dS uonf? xdw k u dk yf rJG sm;ESihf ,if;wd@k . ±_yaf xG;r_rsm;onf tkypf ;kd
olrsm;t=um;Yvnf;aumif;/ vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ t0ef;t0dkif;rsm;twGif;Yvnf;aumif;
tajymif;tvJwpfckckudk jyKvkyfEkdif&ef qHk;jzwfcsufcs& cufonfh ab;=uyfeH=uyf tajc
taersm;ESifh &ifqdkif&avh&Sdonf? Ttcsdefonf 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;olrsm;ESifh ydkae+rJ
usm;ae+rJ tajctaeudk ckco H rl sm; (0g) tkypf ;kd olrsm; ESpzf ufpvH;k twGuf ta&;}uD;aom
tcdsef/ tqkH;tjzwfay;rnfh tcsdefjzpfygonf?
xd@k a=umifh Tpmwrf;i,fu (1) vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;onf tm%m&Sit f pd;k &rsm;
tm; tqkH;owfz,f&Sm;Edkifa&;twGuf tqkH;tjzwfay;aom tcef;u¾wGif wnf&Sd+yD;
(2) vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;taejzifhvnf; oefrmtm;aumif;I t&nftaoG;jynfhaom
25
S f
tajctaersdK; (enf;vrf;a&G;cs,fr_ESifh enf;y&d,m,f ºuG,f0r_rsm;/ tcsdeftcgESifh

tajctaetm; rSefrSefuefuef tuJjzwftoHk;csEdkifr_) wGifom 'Drdkua&pD toGiful;
ajymif;a&;udk pwifEdkifonfh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;r_rsm;udk jzpfay:aprnf[k okH;oyfwifjy
xm;ygonf?
azmfjyyg qef;ppfcsuf oHk;oyfcsufrsm;tm; &Sif;vif;Ekdif&ef Tpmwrf;i,ftm;
tydkif;(4)ydkif; cGJI wifjyxm;ygonf? yxrydkif;wGif rwluGJjym;aom EkdifiHrsm;&Sd vlxk
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. tcef;u¾rsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@. armif;ESiftm;rsm;/ tm;aumif;aom vlxk
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh tkyfpdk;olrsm; }uKHawG@&aom ab;=uyfeH=uyfjzpfr_rsm;udk avhvmwifjy
xm;ygonf? 'kwd,ydkif;wGif vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. oabmobm0ESifh tajccHta=umif;
&if;rsm;jzifh ydkvefESifh zdvpfydkifEkdifiHrsm;wGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom toGiful;ajymif;a&;t}udK
umvtajctaersm;ESifh jrefrmhvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk tuJcwfwifjyxm;ygonf?
wwd,ydkif;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom 1988 'Drdkua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk
tusOf;csKyf azmfjyxm;+yD;/ pwkxœydkif;wGif ydkvefESifh zdvpfydkifEdkifiHrsm;. tawG@t}uHKrsm;
ESihf jrefrmhtajctaeudk ESKid ;f ,SOaf vhvmxm;ygonf? xdo k @kd a,bl,s ESKid ;f ,SOaf vhvmr_u
toGiful;ajymif;a&; rvGJraoGjzpfvmonfh tcsdefESifh tajctaeudk qef;ppfxm;ygonf?
xdk@tjyif EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ESifh bmoma&;qdkif&m tajctae tcsuftvuf/
(Space and Place) rsm;onf oufqdkif&m EdkifiHtoD;oD;. vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
tm;aumif;a&;twGuf tajccHusaom aemufcHtjcif;t&mrsm; (0g) tajccHtkwfjrpf
rsm; jzpfEdkifonf [lonfh ed*Hk;csKyfcsuftm;vnf; wifjyxm;ygonf?
1? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;.tcef;u¾ESifh toGiful;ajymif;a&;t}udKumv
ab;=uyfeH=uyf tajctae
toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvjzpfap/ toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvvGef tajctae

odk@jzpfap a&muf&Sdae=uaom EdkifiHtm;vkH;eD;yg;onf toGiful;ajymif;a&;t}udKumv
tqifhwGif qENjyjcif;/ uef@uGufjcif;/ csDwufjcif;ESifh tkHºuGjcif;rsm;udk awG@}uKHcJh&onf?
zdvpfydkifEdkifiH. jynfol@tm%mawmfvSefa&; "people power revolt" onf 1986
ckESpfwGif rm;udk@pf tpdk;&udk jzKwfcscJhonf? xdkawmfvSefa&;. aºuG;a=umfoH “awmf
avmuf+yD/ igwdk@tajymif;tvJudk vdkcsifonf” Enough is enough. We want a
change rSm tm&SwcGifvkH;Y yJhwifoH vd_ifcJhygonf? ydkvef aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;v_yf&Sm;
r_ u 1988-89 ckESpfaESmif;ydkif;wGif wdkif;jynftm; 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;qDodk@
OD ; wnf o G m ;apcJ h + yD ; ta&S @ Oa&mywcG i f v k H ; ok d @ yJ h w if x yf c J h y gonf ? [ef w if w ef
Huntington u xdkodk@aom tjzpftysufrsm;tm; “qENjyr_yJhwifjcif; (0g) qENjyr_
26
trSw(
tusdK;quf” "demonstration effect" [k ac:qdk+yD;/ wurBmvkH;wGif r=umcifu jzpf
ay:cJhaom 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful; ajymif;a&;jzpfpOfwGif aomhcsufusaom ta=umif;&if;
wpfckjzpfonf[k qdkcJhonf?
Tordkif;qdkif&mtjzpftysufrsm;u EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;. EdkifiHa&;tajymif;
tvJ jzpfpOfrsm;wGif vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf tqkH;tjzwfay;aom tcef;u¾wGif
wnf&Sdonfqdkaom pma&;ol. tqdkjyKr_udk ydkrdktm;aumif;apygonf? toGiful;
ajymif;a&;t}udKumvrsm;wGif vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf tjyKoabmaqmifonfh
tajymif;tvJrsm;. ueOD;tpysdK;r_rsm; jzpfEdkifygonf? odk@aomf vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u
vnf; EdkifiHa&;tajctae wkef@qdkif;oGm;r_/ &yfwef@oGm;r_ESifh tajymif;tvJjzpf&ef ar#mf
rSef;&cufonfh tajctaeESifh tcdsefumvrsm;odk@ wcgw&H wGef;ydk@wwfygonf? 1988
ckESpf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom jynfvkH;qdkif&m tkHºuGr_}uD;onf wpfygwDtm%m&Sif
pepfudk +zdKzsufEdkifcJhaomfvnf; tm%mtaqmufttHkwpfckvHk;udk rajymif;vJEdkifcJhay?
rajymif;vJEikd af o;ay? tESpEf pS q f ,f=umvmonfw h ikd f ppftpd;k &u tm%mudk qufvuf
qkyfudkifxm;qJ jzpfonf?
vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;u tjyKoabmaqmifaom tajymif;tvJrsm;tm; wGe;f yd@k
Edkifaom tajctaewGif qENjyjcif;/ uef@uGufjcif;/ tkHºuGjcif;rsm;onf tkyfpdk;oltm%m
&Sif tpdk;&rsm;tm; jynfwGif;EdkifiHa&;tajctaersm;udk xdef;csKyfEdkifpGrf; r&Sdonfh tae
txm;od@k wGe;f yd@k um tpd;k &rsm;tm; w&m;0ifrt _ =uyftwnf;jzifh &ifqikd &f ap+yD; jynfol
vlxt k wGi;f omru Edik if w H umrsuEf mS pmwGiyf g tcuftcJEiS hf &ifqikd }f uHKawG@&aponf?
‚if;wdk@. r[mrdwfrsm;twGif;Yvnf; ‚if;wdk@. w&m;0ifr_tay: ar;cGef;xkwfr_rsm;jzifh
&ifqdkif&+yD;/ jynfolvlxktwGif;omru EdkifiHwumwGifyg w&m;0ifr_ qHk;±H_;apygonf?
,if;odk@aom tcsdefumv. tapmydkif;tqifhrsm;wGif tpdk;&rsm;u ‚if;wdk@
tay: zdtm;rsm;udk ckc&H ef }udK;yrf;jcif;ESihf ‚if;wd@k .w&m;0ifru _ kd jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef
tm;xkwfjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfEdkifygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_udk tm;enf;oGm;ap&ef rw&m;zrf;qDjcif;
ESifh owfjzwfjcif;/ ppfwyfESifh&Jwdk@udk tokH;jyKI qENjyolrsm;ESifh wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm;
tm; ESdrfESif;jcif;/ vlrsm;pka0;jcif;ESifh owif;rD'D,mrsm;udk uef@owfr_rsm; wdk;jrifhjcif;
ponfjzifh t=urf;zufzdESdyfr_rsm; vkyfaqmifvmEkdifygonf? ‚if;wdk@. w&m;0ifr_udk jr‡ifh
wifjcif;jzifh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk tm;enf;atmifvkyfonfESifhw+ydKifeuf EdkifiHa&;tusOf;
om;tcsKd@udk v$wfay;jcif;jzpfap/ ta&;r}uD;aom uef@owfcsuftcsKd@udk av#mhcsay;jcif;
jzpfap/ odk@r[kwf vmrnfha¶G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifhywfoufI avoHay;vmjcif; ponfwdk@
uJhodk@ tay:,Htajymif;tvJrsm;udkvnf; vkyfEdkifygonf?
xdok @kd tm;xkwrf r_ sm;u wcgw&H ydrk ekd uf&KS id ;f onfh t=uyftwnf;tajctae
od@k OD;wnfomG ;apEdik yf gonf? tkypf ;kd olrsm;twGi;f ESKwfxu G af y;&rnfvm;/ aphpyfaqG;aEG;
27
S f
&rnfvm;/ qufvufawmifch &H rnfvm;qdo k nfh vrf;a=umif;a&G;cs,af &;wGif t=uyf&u kd f

onfhtajctaeodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;apEdkifygonf? xdkodk@aomtcsdefrsdK;wGif tm%m&Sifrsm;
taejzifh EdkifiHawmf,E W,m;wpfckvkH;tm; xdef;csKyfEdkifjcif;r&SdonfhtwGuf tkyfpdk;olrsm;
t=um; tm;vHk;vufcHEdkifr_tay: rlwnfI qkH;jzwfavh&Sdygonf?
toGiful;ajymif;a&;qdkif&moDtdk&Drsm;u toGiful;ajymif;a&;. xdktqifhwGif
oabmxm;wif;rmolrsm;/ oabmxm;aysmah jymif;olrsm;/ tv,ftvwf&o dS rl sm;/ tcGihf
ta&;orm;rsm;ESifh tpGef;a&mufolrsm; ay:xGufavh&Sdonf[k qdkygonf? tkyfpdk;olrsm;
twGi;f oabmxm;uGjJ ym;r_u vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;tm; ydrk akd qmif&u
G Ef ikd cf iG t
hf aetxm;udk
jzpfapouJhodk@ ‚if;wdk@twGif; yÉdyuQjzpfr_uvnf; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ydkrdktm;aumif;
vmapEdkifygonf? odk@aomfvnf; tkyfpdk;olrsm;twGif; tuGJt+yJtajctaeudk tcGifh
tvrf;tjzpf vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u &,lEdkifpGrf;tay:wGifvnf; txdkuftavsmuf
rlwnfaeygonf? zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_. axmufcHyHhydk;r_udk &&Sdxm;aom
twkduftcHacgif;aqmif udk&mZeftuGDEdkonf rJa&wGufr_+yD;onfESifhw+ydKifeuf rdrdudk,f
rdrd zdvpfydkifEdkifiH. a&G;aumufcH&aom orwtjzpf csufcsif;a=unmcJhygonf? xdkodk@
a=unmcJhjcif;a=umifh ppfwyftwGif;oabmxm;uGJvGJr_udk ydkrdkeuf&SKdif;apcJh+yD; 'kwd,
ppfOD;pD;csKyf. axmufcHr_udk &&SdcJhonf?
ydkvefEdkifiHY awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; q,fESpfcef@=umcJh+yD;aemuf 1988
ckESpfwGif aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@rS OD;aqmifonfh oydwfarSmufqENjywdkufyGJrsm;u
tajctaeudk xde;f rEdik o f rd ;f r&jzpfapum tkypf ;kd olrsm;tm; twdu k tf cHrsm;ESihf rjzpfrae
tm%mcGJa0&rnfh tajctaeodk@ wGef;ydk@EdkifcJh+yD;/ us,fjyef@onfh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&; pm;yGJ
0dkif;rsm;udk pwifEdkifcJhygonf? or*~rsm;tay:=oZm&SdatmifpGrf;aqmifEdkifjcif;jzifh ydkrkd
tm;aumif;vmaom aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf &vmaom tcGit hf vrf;
udk rdrd&&qkyfudkifEdkifcJh+yD;/ wpfygwDpepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfaom uGefjrLepfEdkifiHzsufodrf;a&;udk
OD;wnfonfhv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk OD;aqmifcJhygonf?
txufygordkif;qdkif&mtvSnfhtajymif;rsm;onf tkyfpdk;olrsm;u tajctae
udk vkH;0 xdef;odrf;Ekdifjcif; r&SdawmhbJ tpdk;&ESifh ‚if;.tm%mt0ef;t0dkif; taejzifh
t=uyftwnf;qdkufvmonfhtcsdefrsm;wGif jzpfyGm;cJhjcif; jzpfygonf? qENjyjcif;rsm;/
r+idrfroufjzpfjcif;rsm;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;ykefuefr_rsm;onf xdkuJhodk@ xdef;rEdkifodrf;r& tajc
taeudk jzpfay:ap+yD; tkyfpdk;olrsm;tm; t=uyftwnf; awG@apum tqkH;Y tm%m
tvSnfhtajymif;ESifh tpdk;&tajymif;tvJudk jzpfay:aponf? tpdk;&tajymif;tvJonf
'Drdkua&pDajymif;vJa&;jzpfpOftm; a&S@odk@ OD;wnfoGm;apcJhonf?
vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf tajymif;tvJrsm;tm; o,faqmifEdkifpGrf; tiftm;
tajctae r&Sdonfh taetxm;wGif EdkifiHa&;t=uyftwnf;tm; ydkrdk&Snfvsm;ap+yD;/
28
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a&S@rwdk;om aemufrqkwfom EdkifiHa&;tajctaersdK;udk jzpfay:aponf? odk@aomfvnf;
tkyfpdk;olrsm;tm; zdtm;ay; t=uyfudkifEkdifonfh taetxm;wGif &Sdonf?
jrefrmEkdifiHtawG@t}uHKwGif 1988 ckESpf yxrOD;qkH; qENjyr_rsm; jzpfyGm;cJh+yD;
aemuf ppfwyf. zdESdyfr_rsm; wdk;jr‡ifhvmcJhonf? odk@aomf qENjyr_rsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;
aecJh+yD;/ wEdkifiHvkH;twdkif;twmtxd us,fjyef@vmjcif;a=umifh tpdk;&taejzifh ab;=uyf
eH=uyftajctaeod@k qdu k af &mufcyhJ gonf? zdEydS rf u
_ kd qufjr‡iI hf qENjyolrsm;. a'gorD;udk
ydrk akd wmufavmifapjcif;jzifh t±H;_ cHrnfvm; od@k wnf;r[kwf tavsmah y;jcif;jzifh xde;f csKyf
Edkifr_udk tqHk;±H_;cHrnfvm; qdkonfh taetxm;rsdK; jzpfcJhonf? xdktajctaewGif rqv
tpdk;&onf oabmxm;wif;rmol orwOD;pdefvGif.ae&mwGif ynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfol
t&yfom;orw a'gufwmarmifarmifjzifh tpm;xdk;cJhygonf? orwa'gufwm armif
armif u ygwDpkHpepfwnfaqmufa&;ESifhywfoufI vlxkqENcH,l&ef aumfr&Sifwpf&yfudk
zG@J pnf;cJ+h yD;/ 1962 ckEpS w f iG f ppfwyfu azmufczJG suq f ;D cJo
h nfh ausmif;om;or*~ taqmuf
tODtm; jyefvnfwnfaqmufay;rnf[k urf;vSrf;cJhonf? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_u rnfonfh
aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;udkrS vufrcH jiif;y,fcJh+yD;/ tpdk;& vHk;0ESKwfxGufay;&efESifh =um;jzwf
tpdk;& zGJ@pnf;a&;udkom awmif;qdkcJhygonf? oydwfarSmuf qENjyr_rsm; qufvufjzpfae
cJhonf? 1988 ckESpf =o*kwfvtapmydkif;rS pufwifbmvv,fydkif;txd EkdifiHw0Srf;wGif
rnfonfhtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@rS r&SdcJhay? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh &[ef;ysdKrsm;u aus;vufESifh+rdK@
rsm;ygrusef wEdkifiHvkH; twdkif;twmjzifh vkH+cKHa&;/ usef;rma&;ESifh tpm;tpmtwGuf
tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0efrsm;udk ,lcJh&onf? qENjyolrsm;. vufwGif;odk@ tm%ma&muf&Sd
Edkifaomfvnf; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_u tm%mtaqmufttkHudk odrf;ydkufEdkifcJhjcif; r&Sday?
xdktajctaeudk=unfhjcif;tm;jzifh xdkpOfu vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_udk,fY &ifhusufr_
&Syd rHk &bJ/ pdwu f ;l pHEe_ ;f uJveG ;f aeyk&H onf? tpd;k &ESihf vufawG@usus n‡Ed i_d ;f &ef (od@k r[kw)f
AsL[majrmuf tpjyKcsufrsm; vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf jyifqifr_&SdcJhykHr&ay? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_
twGif; tuGJt+yJrsm;a=umifh tpdk;&ESifhaphpyfaqG;aEG;&ef wpfckwnf;aom udk,fpm;jyKr_
r&Sdjcif;uvnf; ta=umif;&if;wpf&yf jzpfEkdifygonf? xdktcsdefu vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tae
jzifh tpd;k & tusO;f t=uyfxaJ &mufaeaom tajctaetm; tcGit hf vrf;tjzpf qkyu f ikd f
I tm%m&,l&ef wGef@qkwfcJhonf (odk@r[kwf) tm%m,l&Jonfh owœdESifh pGrf;&nfwdk@
csdK@wJhaeonf[k aumufcsufcs&ygrnf? v_yf&Sm;r_taejzifh tqdkyg ESpfvcef@ vpfvyfae
aom tm%muGuv f yfukd vufO;D r_&&dS dS 0if,El idk rf nfqykd gu &Edik af jc&Syd gonf? od@k r[kwyf g
uvnf; v_yf&Sm;r_. acgif;aqmifr_u pdwful;pHE_ef;rsm;xuf vufawG@usus tpdk;&ESifh
tay;t,lvkyf&ef tm;xkwfcJhv#if awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&;t}udKtqifhodk@ wufvSrf;aumif;
wufvrS ;f Edik rf nf jzpfygonf? wdik ;f jynf. vuf&EdS ikd if aH &;t=uyftwnf;rsm;twGuf vlxk
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGifvnf; wpkHw&m wm0ef&Sdygonf? jrefrmEkdifiHtawG@t}uHKrS oifcef;pm
29
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xkwf,l&rnfqdkv#if vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; cdkifrmtm;aumif;us,fjyef@I enf;vrf;a&G;cs,f

r_EiS hf enf;y&d,m,f rSeu
f efºuG,0f r_w@kd jzif/h tajctaeESihf tcsed t
f cg tm; rSerf eS u
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tuJjzwftoHk;csEdkifrSom awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&; jzpfEkdifonf[k qdk&ayrnf?
2? tm;aumif;aomvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_tajccH
(u) vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_. tp
ydkvefEdkifiHESifh zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwdk@wGif jzpfay:cJhaom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf

EdkifiHtqifh EkdifiHa&;tm%m taqmufttHkrsm;udk ajymif;vJEkdif±kHru urBmhEkdifiHa&;
tcif;tusif;udkyg oufa&mufr_&Sdaom tm;aumif;onfh v_yf&Sm;r_'Da&v_dif;rsm;.
tpdwftydkif; jzpfcJhygonf? xdkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;ESifh 'Drkdua&pD
jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; bkH&nfrSef;csuftwGuf nD!GwfcJh=uonfh vlwef;pm;tv$maygif;pkH
jynfolwdk@t=um; wdkufyGJrsm;. &vm'frsm; jzpfonf? xdkwdkufyGJrS ay:xGufvmaom
vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;jzpfcJh+yD;/ tvdktavsmufjzpfyGm;cJhjcif;
jzpfonf? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;uaomfvnf;aumif; tjcm;vlwef;pm;wpf&yf&yfuaomf
vnf;aumif; OD;aqmifcJhaom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; r[kwfcJhay?
vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_wpf&yf.tajccHudk vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; rpwifrD umvtwef
=umuyif rwluGJjym;aom vlr_tv$mrsm;wGif jrifawG@Edkifygonf? ,if;wdk@rSm wcgw&H
omrefyif tvGwo f abm pkz@JG r+d yD;/ oufqikd &f m vlrE_ ikd if aH &;ESihf pD;yGm;a&; tajctaet&
EdkifiHtvdkuf xl;jcm;csufvnf; &SdEkdifygonf?
pma&;ol &efukefwuUodkvfY ausmif;wufaepOf 1986 ckESpfcef@u zdvpfydkif
Edik if .
H v_y&f mS ;r_ta=umif; =um;od&onf? Ekid if yH ikd f owif;pmrsm;ESihf a&'D,rdk S =um;&jcif;
r[kwfbJ vrf;ay:rS=um;cJh&jcif; jzpfonf? bwfpfum; vufrSwfa&mif;olrsm;u “rm;udk@
rm;udk@ anmif; anmif; (oGm; oGm;)” [k atmf=u+yD;aemuf bwfpfum; xGufygonf?
ausmif;wGif oli,fcsif;jzpfolu bDbDpDESifh AGDtdkat jrefrmydkif; tpDtpOfrS =um;od&aom
zdvpfydkifykefuefr_owif;ta=umif; ajymjyygonf? bwfpfum;vufrSwfa&mif;ol.
[mojyKr_ u zdvpfydkifrS jynfol@tm%mv_yf&Sm;r_ jrefrmjynfolrsm;t=um; acwfpm;ae
jcif;udk jyoaeonf[k qdk&rnf? “qENjyr_tusdK;quf” onf jrefrmjynfodk@ ul;puf
vmcJo h nf? bwfpu f m;vufrw S af &mif;oltoH;k tE_e;f . tcsujf yr_onf tm%mydik rf sm;
tm; qef@usifonfh EkdifiHa&;azmfjycsufwpfck jzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tapmydkif;umv
tHwkr_ykHpHwpfck jzpfonf[k ajymEdkifygonf?
zdvpfydkifEkdifiHwGif rm;udk@pftpdk;&u rm&S,favm xkwfxm;pOf jynfolvlxku
30
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tpdk;&tay: rauseyfcsufrsm;udk &,fp&m[morsm;okH;I oa&mfum wHk@jyefxdk;ESufcJh
=uonf? Oyrm [mowpfckrSm -
tDr,fvf'g ao+yD;aemuf ewfjynfa&mufoGm;ygonf --- ewfjynfY
tDr,fvf'g 0ifvmaomtcg bk&m;ocifrSvGJI tm;vkH; rwfwyf&yf=uygonf/
a,±_u --- aumif;uifbkHu vmaom tzbk&m;ocif bmrsm; jzpfawmfrlwm
vJ/ tb,fa}umifh tDr,fvf'grm;udk@pfudk rwfwyf&yf+yD; r}udKqdkygovJ t&Sif [k
av#mufar;&m --- tzbk&m;ocifu ighae&m aysmufrSm pdk;&drfvdk@yg/ tu,fI
ig rwfwyf&yfvdkufv#if igh ovGefudk ol 0ifxkdifvdrfhr,f [k jyefajzonf
xdkumvwGif xGufay:vmaom [motrsm;pkrSm bmoma&;ESifh ywfouf
aom [morsm;jzpf+yD;/ uufovpfbmomESifh ywfoufI ydkrsm;onf[k xdk[moudk
ajymjyolu qdkygonf? rm;udk@pfu ol@tpdk;&Y bmoma&;t&vnf; w&m;0ifr_&Sdonf
[laom ajymqdck sut f m; txl;wvnf jiif;qd&k eftwGuf ,if;uJo h @kd aom [mooa&mfr_
rsm; ay:xGufvmjcif; jzpfonf? xdkuJhodk@aom vkyfaqmifr_rsm;onf jynfolvlxk.
rauseyfcsufrsm;udk a&mifjyef[yfae+yD; tm%mydkifrsm;tm; wdkuf&dkufwkH@jyefcsufrsm;
vnf; jzpfonf? yGiv hf if;aomvl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm;Y &&SEd ikd o
f !fh tcGit
hf vrf;rsm; tm;vk;H udk
rm&S,favmxkwfjyefI ydwfqdk@uef@owfxm;aomtcdsefrsdK;wGif vlxktm; aqmf=o
pnf;&kH;Edkif&ef txda&mufqkH;vufeufrsm; jzpfygonf? “TuJhodk@aom EdkifiHa&; tcif;
tusif;Y a=unmjcif;r&SdbJ jyif;xefpGm qifEJ$aom oabmw&m;a&;ppfyGJwGif aumv
[mvrsm; xkwfv$ifhjcif;/ twif;ajymqdkjcif;/ o&kyfzsufjcif;rsm;/ pum;vdrfrsm;oHk;jcif;/
wifpm;ajymqdkjcif;/ pum;vHk;tEktvSav;rsm;jzifh ac|;odyfajymqdkjcif;/ a&S;&dk;ykHjyifrsm;
ajymqdjk cif;/ xk;H wrf;pOfvmtjyKtrlrsm;jzifah zmfjyjcif;/ trnfrazmfbaJ jymjcif; ponfw@kd
vdktyfonf” [k *sdrf;paumh James Scott u ol. 1990 xkwf Domination and
the Art of Resistance: Hidden transcript wGif axmufjycJhonf? jynfolvlxk.
ae@pOfaexdkifr_b0wGif olwdk@. cHpm;csufrsm;tm; azmfjy&ef (odk@r[kwf) w&m;0ifOya'
wGif; v_yf&Sm;r_wpfckcktm; pnf;&Hk;aqmif&Guf&ef ae&mr&Sdonfhtcg tkyfpdk;olrsm;ESifh
ywfoufI aumv[mvrsm;xkwfv$ifhjcif;/ oa&mf[moysufvkH;rsm;xkwfjcif;ESifh
twif;rsm; ajymqdkjcif;wdk@ jzpfavhjzpfx &Sdygonf?
r=umao;cifujzpfcJhaom 'Drdkua&pDajymif;vJa&;jzpfpOf. awmfvSefaom
vlxkv_yf&Sm;rsm;udkavhvm&mwGif pkaygif;aqmif&Gufr_oDtdk&Dudk tokH;jyKEdkifygonf?
vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ay:ayguf&eftwGuf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m wpHkvHk;tajctaeESifh wckcsif;
tajctae owfrSwfcsufrsm;&Sdonf[k tqdkygoDtdk&Du qdkygonf? wpHkvHk;tajctaeY
vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;jzpfay:&ef vdktyfaomtajctae (4)ck&Sdonf? ,if;wdk@rSm rauseyfr_/
oabmw&m;/ pnf;&kH;aqmf=oEdkifaompGrf;&nfESifh tcGifhtvrf;wdk@jzpfonf? wckcsif;
31
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tajctaeY tkyfpdk;olrsm;tm; pdefac:rnfholrsm;onf vufrSwfxdk;awmif;cHv$mrsm;/

uef@uu G yf rJG sm;/ qENjycsw
D ufrr_ sm;ESihf oydww
f u
kd yf rJG sm; ponfh twdu
k t
f cHvy_ &f mS ;r_rsm;
wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifEdkif&rnf[k qdkygonf?
omrefjynfolvlxktzdk@ vuf&Sdwnf&Sdaeaom pHwefbkd;rsm;tm; pdefac:&ef
tpm;xdk;pHwefbdk;rsm;tm; &SmazGjcif;jzifh rdrdwdk@. rauseyfcsufrsm;udkvnf; azmfjy
Edkifonf? xdktpm;xdk;&efrsm;udk ordkif;jzpf&yfrsm;/ &dk;&m"avhrsm;/ bmoma&;tqkH;tr
rsm; ESifh tjcm;ae&mrsm;rS &&SdEdkifygonf? xdkodk@ &&Sdcsufrsm;u omrefjynfolvlxktzdk@
ydkrdk aumif;rGefaom b0udk&&SdEdkifrnf[k vufcHvmaprnfh pHwefbdk;rsm;/ qkH;jzwfcsuf
cdkifrmr_rsm;/ ,kH=unfr_rsm;ESifh oabmw&m;rsm;udk arG;zGm;ay;Edkifygonf? xdktajctae
rsKd ;wGif wnf&adS eaom vlra_ &; bmoma&; 0ef;usiEf iS hf ae&mXmersm;onfvnf;aumif;/
t&yfom;vlr_pkzGJ@r_rsm; (0g) tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onfvnf;aumif; ckcHawmfvSefr_o¾mef
trsdK;rsdK; zGH@+zdK;vm&eftwGuf ta&;yg+yD;/ tm;aumif;aom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf
armif;ESiftm;vnf; jzpfygonf?
(c) t&yfom;vl@tzGJ@tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDa&;wdkufyGJrsm;
ydkvef
vufcsf 0gvufqm Lech Walesa ESifh tvkyform;rsm;OD;aqmifaom 1980
ckESpf qENjyuef@uGufyGJrsm;uae aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ ay:xGufvmcJh+yD;/ xdk
v_yf&Sm;r_ twGif;odk@ u|rf;usifvkyfom;rsm;/ ysHusvkyfom;rsm;/ ausmif;q&m q&mr
rsm;/ q&m0efrsm;/ a&S@aersm;/ tif*sifeD,mrsm;ESifh pwdk;qdkifydkif&Sifrsm;/ ynm&Sifrsm; ESifh
&dkrefuufovpfbk&m;ausmif;yg yg0ifvmcJh=uonf? uGefjrLepfEdkifiHwpfckwGif Oya't&
w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKr_ &&Sda&;twGuf yxrOD;qkH;aom vGwfvyfonfh tvkyform;
or*~ v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfvmcJhonf? ydkvefEdkifiHwGif wpfygwDpepf tqkH;owfa&;twGuf
ta&;ygaom v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfcJhygonf?
axmifcsDaom pmapmifpmwrf;rsm;ESifh ajratmufrD'D,mrsm;uvnf; tHwkr_
vkyfief;rsm;wGif ta&;ygaom tcef;u¾u yg0ifcJhygonf? xdkwdkufyGJonf EkdifiHawmfESifh
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;t=um; xdyfwdkufawG@r_jzpfvmcJhonf? 1987ckESpf ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD; *|ef
aygvf (2) . tvnftywfc&D;ESihf ol. aoG;pnf;nD!w G rf t
_ zG@J tm; Oya'abmiftwGi;f
w&m;0ifjyefjzpfa&; awmif;qdrk u
_ omrefjynfov l x l tk =um; uGejf rLepf0g'tm; oabm
w&m;t&ESifh usifh0wft& jiif;y,fr_udk ydkrdkt&Sdefjyif;apcJhygonf? 1988 wGif aoG;pnf;
nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@u OD;aqmifonfh qENjyoydwfarSmufwdkufyGJpOfrsm;onf tpdk;&tm;
tajctaeudk rxdef;odrf;Edkifonfhtaetxm;odk@ wGef;ydk@cJhjyD;/ twkduftcHtiftm;pkrsm;
32
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twGif;Y tiftm;r#ajcudk jzpfapcJhygonf? *GsefvifhZf Juan Linz ESifh tJvfzwf pwDAif
Alferd Stepan wdk@u 1988 ckESpf arvwGif vli,frsdK;qufopfESifh ppfaoG;ºuG tvkyf
orm;or*~0ifrsm; tpjyKcJhonfh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;oydwfwdkufyGJ tausmhopf jzpfyGm;
vmcJhonf[k axmufjycJhonf? tpdk;&bufrS tv,ftvwform; ,m&lZ,fpuD;ESifh
twdkuftcHbufrS tv,ftvwform; 0gvufqmwdk@ ESpfOD;rSm ‚if;wkd@twGif;rS tpGef;
a&muforl sm;. pdeaf c:r_rsm;udk txdu k t
f avsmuf &ifqikd cf &hJ onf? aemufq;Hk wGif toGif
ul;ajymif;a&;umv. or&dk;us av;OD;upm;yGJ (tpdk;&tpGef;a&mufrsm;/ tpdk;&tv,f
tvwfrsm;/ twdkuftcHtpGef;a&mufrsm;/ twdkuftcHtv,ftvwfrsm;) ay:xGuf
vmcJhygonf?
1988ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@u OD;aqmif
onfh 'kwd,t}udrfoydwfv_dif;rsm;twGif; tpdk;&u aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@ESifh aphpyf
n‡dEd_if;&ef urf;vSrf;cJh+yD;/ pm;yGJ0dkif;awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; jzpfvmcJhygonf? 1989ckESpf
t&mufwGif ydkvefEdkifiHonf ,ae@cHpm;&&Sdaeaom 'Drdkua&pDcdkifrma&;jzpfpOfodk@ OD;wnf
onfh “pm;yGJ0dkif;rSwqifh aphpyfajy+idrf;r_” "roundtable negotiated settlement" udk
&&SdcJhygonf? cdkifrmtm;aumif;I pGrf;&nfjynfh0aom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_onf tkyfpdk;olrsm;
tm; tm%mtaqmufttHkajymif;vJap&ef =oZmoufa&mufEdkif+yD; wdkif;jynftm;
+idrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifh 'Drdkua&pDpepfqDodk@ OD;wnfay;EdkifcJhygonf?
zdvpfydkif
zdvpfyikd Ef idk if o
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wdkif; EdkifiHa&;,Ofaus;r_ vpfb&,fykHpHrsm;udk awG@}uHKcJhygonf? 20 &mpktapmydkif;umv
rsm;twGif; ynmwwfvlwef;pm;rsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;ESifh aus;vufvlxkrsm;. EdkifiH
a&; Edk;=um;ouf0ifr_ESifh udkvdkeDqef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_onf zdvpfydkifEdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;
v_yf&Sm;r_ ,Ofaus;r_udk jzpfay:apcJhonfh ta=umif;t&if;rsm;xJrS wpfckjzpfonf[k
,lq&rnf? zdvpfydkifEdkifiH. t&yfom;vl@tzGJ@tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;t=um;wGif
vuf0JtajccHt,ltqrsm;ESifh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;&Sdonfudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; awG@jrifEdkifyg
onf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&vufatmufwGifyif zdvpfydkifEdkifiHY pnf;rsOf;usifhxkH;qdkif&m
'Drdkua&pDykHpHwpfrsdK; &SdaecJh+yD; jyif;xefaom uef@owfcsufrsm;&Sdaeapumrl w&m;0if
t&yfom;vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; wnf&SdEdkifygonf?
t"dubmoma&;tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfonfh &dkrefuufovpfbk&m;ausmif;onf
vl@tzG@Jtpnf;. EdkifiHa&;ESifh vlr_a&; tajymif;tvJwGif aomhcsufusaom tcef;wGif
&SdcJhygonf? txl;ojzifh rm;udk@pftpdk;&jzKwfcsa&;umvY jzpfonf?
1981ckESpf zdvpfydkifEdkifiHodk@ tvnftywfoGm;&ef ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;*|efaygvf
33
S f
. tpDtpOfonf Edik if t H wGi;f rm&S,af vm &kyo f rd ;f a&;tay: =oZmoufa&mufapcJo h nfh

t"duta=umif;t&if;rsm;xJrS wpfckjzpfEdkifygonf? 1986 ckESpf orwa&G;aumufyGJrsm;
ESifh jynfol@tm%mawmfvSefa&; umvtwGif; EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m bmoma&;acgif;aqmif
rsm;onf jynfoltrsm;,Hk=unfav;pm;cH&r_taetxm;udk oHk;I ‚if;wdk@a&G;cs,fonfh
orwavmif;tm; vufcHa&G;cs,f&ef jynfolvlxktm; wkdufwGef; t}uHjyKcJh=uonf?
bk&m;ausmif;onf Edik if t H wGi;f vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfajymqdck iG hf &&Sad &;twGuf ta&;yg
aom tcef;u qufvufaqmif&GufcJhonf? Am&Dwyfpf Veritas uJhodk@aom owif;ESifh
a0zefcsuf pmapmifrsm;ESifh qufpyfr_&SdcJhonf?
bk&m;ausmif;u olwpfOD;wnf; oD;jcm;v_yf&Sm;aqmif&GufcJhjcif; r[kwfay?
xdt k csed uf tjcm;t&yfom; vl@tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;onfvnf; zdvpfyikd Ef ikd if . H
1986 jynfol@tm%mawmfvSefa&;jzpfay:r_twGuf ta&;ygcJh=uonf? xdkodk@aom
toif;tyifrsm;teuf wpfckudk !$ef&aomf vlxkynma&;tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckjzpfonfh
“vGwfvyfaoma&G;aumufyGJtwGuf EkdifiHvkH;qdkif&m EdkifiHom;v_yf&Sm;r_” the National
Citizens' Movement for Free Election (NAMFREL) jzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;/
ausmif;om;rsm;/ twwfynm&Sifrsm;/ tdrfaxmif&Sifrrsm;ESifh bk&m;ausmif;acgif;aqmif
rsm;u pkaygif;I 1983 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif xdkv_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;cJh=ujcif; jzpf
onf? xdktzGJ@u jynfolvlxktm; a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOfwGifyl;aygif;yg0if&ef yef=um;
cJh+yD;/ +idrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifh EkdifiHom;v_yf&Sm;r_udk OD;aqmifcJh=uonf? NAMFREL
tzGJ@onf jynfolvlxkt=um; todynmEdk;=um;r_udk¹r‡ifhwifay;cJh+yD;/ 1984 ckESpf ygvDref
a&G;aumufyrJG sm;wGif apmif=h unfah vhvm&ef apwemh0efxrf; (2) ode;f udk pnf;&k;H cJyh gonf?
1986ckEpS f orwa&G;aumufyw JG iG f apwemh0efxrf; 5ode;f udk rJ&aHk pmif=h unfo h rl sm;tjzpf
arG;xkwfay;cJhonf? xdkapwemh0efxrf;rsm;onf tuGDEdkudkrJay;&ef vlxktm; vrf;rrsm;
ay:odk@ ac:aqmifvmolrsm;jzpfcJh+yD;/ aemufydkif;wGif jynfol@tm%mawmfvSefa&;twGuf
wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm; jzpf=uonf?
oa&mf[morsm;xkwv f yk jf cif;/ owif;v$mrsm;jzef@csjd cif;ESihf vufurf; pmapmif
rsm;a&;om;jzef@a0jcif;wdk@uJhodk@aom or±dk;usr[kwfonfh rD'D,mrsm;onf vlxkquf
oG,fa&; rD'D,mrsm;uJhodk@ vlxktm; pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmf&mwGif ta&;ygaom tcef;u yg0if
cJh=uonf? xdkEdk;=um;wufºuGaom rD'D,mrsm;rSm bifepfEdk tuGDEdk Benigno Aquino
vky}f uHc&H r_tm; rauseyfa'goxGurf r_ sm;udk azmfxw k w
f ifjycJo
h nfh yGiv hf if;aom owif;
tpD&ifcHr_rsm; ay:xGufvmcsdefwGif tpjyKcJhjcif; jzpfonf?
zdvpfydkifEdkifiHY toGiful;ajymif;a&; rwdkifrD jzpfay:cJhonfh v_yf&Sm;r_wGif bk&m;
ausmif;rsm;/ rD'D,mESifh tjcm;t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;tjyif aemifwGif
orwjzpfvmrnfholvnf; yg0ifcJhonf? vlxkudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf orwtuGDEdkonf
34
trSw(
}uD;rm;us,fjyef@aomawmfvSefykefuefr_udk OD;aqmif&efESifh 'kwd,ppfOD;pD;csKyf. axmuf
cHyyHh ;kd r_jzifh tm%m&a&;twGuf Edik if aH &;enf;y&d,m,frsm;udk tpysKd ;vkyaf qmif&ef olr.
pGrf;&nfudk jyocJhonf? v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd tpktzGJ@aygif;pHkuvnf; olrtm; wnD
w!GwfxJ axmufcHyhHydk; cJh=uonf? v_yf&Sm;r_onf vSnf;aeavSatmifjrif;aZmif;rusef
ae&mwumwGif pnf;&Hk;xm;EdkifcJh&m rm;udk@pf rSm jynfyodk@ xGufajy;cJh&awmhonf?
,ae@tcdsefwGif zdvpfydkifEdkifiHonf jynfh0aom 'Drdkua&pDpepfodk@ OD;wnfcsDwufv#uf
&Sdygonf?
3? 1988 ckESpf jrefrmh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_
teD;acwfjrefrmordkif;wGif vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ ta&;awmfyHk}uD; ESpf}udrfwdkifwdkif

ay:aygufcJhonf? xdkta&;awmfyHkESpfcka=umifh jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;Y }uD;rm;aom
tvSnfhtajymif;rsm; jzpfcJhonf[k qdkEdkifygonf? yxrwpfckrSm 1938ckESpfwGif jzpfyGm;
cJhaom a&eHajrtvkyform;rsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;OD;aqmifonfh udkvdkeDqef@usifa&;
awmfvSefykefuefr_ jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHY EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_tavhtxESifh vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;qdkif&m A[k0g' wdk@onf udkvdkeDacwftwGif; arG;zGm;cJhonf[k ordkif;tawG@t}uKH
wdk@u jyaeygonf? vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJu ausmif;om;EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ tpOftvm.
tp jzpfygonf? udkvdkeDacwfESifh vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;acwfwGif t[ef@twm; taESmuf
t,Surf sm; &Scd ahJ omfvnf; vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm; tifwu
kd t
f m;wdu k f wufwufºuGºuGjzpf&ef
ESifh yGifhvif;vGwfvyfpGm wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;&ef 0ef;usifjzpfaom 'Drdkua&pDtajccHrsm; wpHk
w&m &SdcJhygonf? *syefodrf;ydkuftkyfcsKyfpOfESifh ppftm%m&Sifrsm; tkyfcsKyfpOfumvrsm;
twGi;f vlrv _ y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;tm; Oya'abmiftwGi;f aqmif&u G Ef ikd rf nfh tcGit
hf vrf; tajc
taeESifh ae&mrsm; r&SdcJhay? t&yfom;vl@tzGJ@tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;ESifh v_yf&Sm;r_
rSefor# ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_toGifjzifhom pcef;oGm;cJh&+yD;/ wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;r_onfvnf;
&yfwef@aecJhygonf?
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif vGwfvyfaom t&yfom;vl@tzGJ@tpnf;taqmufttHkrsm;
r&SdbJ jynfol@awmfvSefa&;wpf&yf qifE$J&ef jzpfEdkifyghrvm;[k ar;cGef;xkwfEdkifayonf?
1988 ckESpf v_yf&Sm;r_onf jynfolwdk@. ae@pOfb0 v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;tay:wGif
tajcwnfcJhonf[k ajymEdkifygonf? vbuf&nfqdkif,Ofaus;r_u vli,frsm;ESifh vl}uD;
todkif;t0dkif;rsm;twGuf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifhywfoufI xifjrifcsufrsm;/ oabmxm;
tjrifrsm;udk zvS,fonfhae&m/ awG@qkHonfhae&m 0ef;usiftajctaersm;udk zefwD;ay;cJh
ygonf? aumv[mvESifh oa&mf[mojyufvkH;rsm;rSm +rdK@jyvrf;rwdkif;wGif &Sdaeaom
vbuf&nfqdkifrsm;. ae@pOfb0tpdwftydkif;rsm; jzpfcJh=uonf? 1988ckESpf rwfv
35
S f
ausmif;om;qENjyr_rsm;onf vbuf&nfqdkifrS pwifcJhjcif; jzpfygonf?

*syefodrf;ydkufxm;aomtcsdefuwnf;uyif pmayorm;rsm;/ owif;pmq&m
rsm;/ umwGef;q&mrsm;onf ordkif;0if jrefrmpmayynm&Sifrsm;tm; *k%fjyKonfhtae
jzifh owfrSwfae@&ufrsm;wGif twlwuG pkqkH=uv#uf xdkynm&Sifrsm;. b0aemufcH
ta=umif;rsm;udk jyZmwfZmwfvrf;rsm; a&;om;wifqufjcif;wdk@udk jyKvkyfcJh=uygonf?
xdk v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf *syefqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJwGif oG,f0dkufaomenf;jzifh EdkifiHa&;tod
jr‡iw hf ifay;onfh vkyif ef;rsm; jzpfayonf? aemufyikd ;f ESprf sm;wGif xdak e@rsm;udk pmqdak wmf
ae@ tjzpf w&m;0if owfrSwfcJh=uonf? pmayynm&Sifrsm;ESifh tEkynm&Sifrsm;rSm xdkae@
rsm;wGif pka0;=uv#uf acwf+ydKifjrefrmpmayta=umif; jiif;ckefaqG;aEG;=uygonf?
,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m (od@k r[kw)f pmaya&;&m v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;tjzpf owfrw S +f yD; aqmif&u G =f u
aom tqdkyg ESD;aESmyGJrsm;onf wdkif;jynf a'otESH@tjym;&Sd &yf&Gmtodkif;t0dkif;rsm;Y
jynfolwdk@twGuf wpHkw&m yGifhyGifhvif;vif; aqG;aEG;r_rsm;ESifh xkwfazmfajymqdkr_rsm;
jyKvkyEf ikd af om tcGit hf vrf;ESihf ae&mrsm;udk jzpfay:apcJyh gonf? 1943-1945 ckEpS u f mv
EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm; Oya'wGif; vkyfaqmif&ef w&m;0iftajctaeESifh ae&mrsm;
r&SdawmhonfhtcgwGif rsdK;cspfjrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;ESifh ynm&Sifrsm;onf jynfolvlxk
t=um; zufqpfqef@usifa&; EdkifiHa&;tod Edk;=um;wufºuGr_udk jr‡ifhwif&eftwGuf
‘ordik ;f 0ifpmayynm&Sirf sm;’udk tok;H jyKcJyh gonf? pmayqdik &f m awG@qaHk qG;aEG;r_rsm;uJo h @kd
aom tpOftvmrsm;onf uef@owfcsufrsm; }uD;rm;pGm &Sdaeaomfvnf; qufvuf
wnf&adS eqJyif? xdo k @kd aom tcGit hf vrf;tajctaersm;u vlxyk nmay;taqmufttHk
rsm;tjzpf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tm; rsm;pGm tusdK;jyKv#uf &Sdygonf?
jrefrmhaus;vuf&yf&Gmtodkif;t0dkif;rsm;onf rdrdwdk@todkif;t0dkif;twGif;
owif;rsm; zvS,&f ef/ Ekid if aH &;oabmxm;rsm; aqG;aEG;&ef/ v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;aqmif&u G &f efEiS hf
todtjrifrsm;jr‡iw hf if&eftwGuf rdrw d @kd wwfEikd o
f avmuf tajctae tcGit hf vrf;rsm;
udk zefwD;wnfaqmufxm;=uygonf? aus;vufwGif jynfolrsm;onf bmoma&;ESifh
&yfa&;&Gma&;rsm;udk wdkifyifn‡dEd_if;&ef vbuf&nf=urf;0dkif;rsm;Y pkqHk=uavh&Sdygonf?
bmoma&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf Ak'<bmombkef;}uD;ausmif;rsm;wGif pka0;r_rsm;onf
Ed_if;,SOfcsuft& ydkIvkH+cHKr_ &Sdygonf? odk@aomfvnf; xdkodk@aom pka0;r_rsm;onf vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;twGuf bmoma&;oufoufr#omru ydkI xl;jcm;aom t"dy`g,fudk aqmifyg
onf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf jrefrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;Y pka0;r_udk,fYuyif tHwkv_yf&Sm;r_
wpfco k zG,f jzpfaeaoma=umifyh if? tvm;wl wuUov kd af umvdyrf sm;onf ausmif;om;
rsm;ESifh ynm&Sifrsm;twGuf wdkif;jynf. tajctaet&yf&yfESifh ywfoufI ta&;}uD;
aom aqG;aEG;r_rsm; jyKvky&f ef avhusiyhf sKd ;axmifay;onfah e&mrsm; jzpfygonf? xdo k @kd aom
tcGifhtvrf;tajctaeESifh ae&mrsm;onf wufºuGolrsm;udk v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm; tpysdK;
36
trSw(
pnf;&kH;aqmif&GufEdkifrnfh tajccHrsm; jzpfapcJhygonf?
ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_tpOftvmESifhtwl ajratmufausmif;om;or*~rsm;
onf wEkdifiHtwdkif;twmaqmifonfh 1988 ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDa&;tkHºuGr_}uD;udk jzpfay:
aponfh tm%m&Sifqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJ tpOftqufwGif ta&;ygaomtcef;u yg0ifcJh
=uonf? ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (Auo) jyefvnf arG;zGm;
vmcJh+yD; 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;udk pwifOD;aqmifcJhonf? AuoESifhtwl a'otvdkuf
ausmif;om;or*~rsm; wEdkifiHvkH;tESH@ ay:xGufvmcJhonf? ajratmuf&Sd ArmEdkifiHvkH;
qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyf OuUX rif;udkEdkif (tkyfcsKyfaomrif;udk Edkifonf[k
t"dy`g,f&aom) onf 1988ckESpf v_yf&Sm;r_. oauFw jzpfvmcJhygonf? olonf 1989
ckESpfwGif tzrf;cHcJh&+yD; emrnfqdk;jzifhausmf=um;onfh jrefrmEkdifiHtusOf;axmifrsm;wGif
(15)ESpfwm tusOf;uscHcJh&+yD;/ ESpftawmfrsm;rsm; wkdufydwftusOf;csjcif;cHcJh&ygonf?
ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJvnf;jzpfol ppftpdk;&0ef}uD;csKyfcif!Gef@ &mxl;rS z,f&Sm;cH
&+yD; aemufydkif; 2004 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif ol@tm; axmifrS v$wfay;cJhygonf?
&efukefpufr_wuUodkvf0if;twGif; ausmif;om;rsm;tm; t"du&k%f;ESdrfeif;
a&; vHkxdef;rsm;u ypfcwf+yD;aemufydkif; 1988ckESpf rwfv(13)&ufae@rS (17)&uftxd
ausmif;om; qlyltkHºuGr_rsm; jzpfay:cJhygonf? xdktawmtwGif; vlaygif;rsm;pGm ypfcwf
owfjzwfcHcJh&+yD;/ tif;pdefaxmifodk@ ydk@aomtcsKyfum;twGif; vl(40) aoqkH;cJhygonf?
tm%mydkifrsm;u wEdkifiHvkH;&Sd wuUodkvf aumvdyfrsm;ESifh txufwef;ausmif;rsm;udk
ydwfypfcJhygonf?
odk@aomf ZGefvwGif tm%mydkifrsm;u wuUodkvfrsm;udk jyefvnfzGifhvSpfaom
tcg ausmif;om;qENjyr_rsm; jyefvnf jzpfay:cJhygonf? &efukefwGif pwifcJhaom qENjyr_
rsm;onf tjcm;e,f+rdK@}uD;rsm;odk@ jyef@ESH@oGm;cJh+yD;/ tajctaeonf z&dkz&JESifh tm%m&
tpd;k &u rxde;f Edik rf odr;f Edik of nfh taetxm;od@k a&mufvmcJyh gonf? xdt k ajctaewGif
tm%m&Sif OD;ae0if;onf ygwDOuUXae&mrS ESKwfxGufa=umif; a=unmcJh+yD;/ 1988 ckESpf
ZlvdkifvwGif ygwDpkHpepfudk jyefvnfusifhokH;rnfvm; rusifhokH;bl;vm;qdkonfudk qHk;jzwf
&eftwGuf jynfol@qENcH,lyGJusif;y&ef tqdkjyKcJhygonf? ygwDnDvmcHu ‚if;. tqdkjyK
csuu f kd y,fcsc+hJ yD;/ ygwaD cgi;f aqmifopfukd a&G;cs,w
f ifajr‡mufcyhJ gonf? ol. tqdjk yKcsuf
onf tajctaeudk avsmhyg;apa&; aemufuG,frS }udK;udkifzefwD;&eftwGuf }uHpnfvkyf
aqmifcsuw f pf&yf jzpfEikd yf gonf? od@k aomfvnf; ol@a=unmcsu. f wu,fah emufqufwJG
jzpf&yfrsm;rSmrl }udKwifpDpOfcJhjcif; r[kwfay? jynfolvlxku ESpfumv=um&SnfpGm apmifh
pm;aecJah om tcGit hf vrf;aumif;}uD;udk olu zefw;D cJyh gonf? ra&S;raESmif;rSmyif axmif
aygif;rsm;pGmaom jynfolrsm; vrf;rrsm;ay:odk@ xGufvmcJh+yD; vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh 'Drdk
ua&pD jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;udk awmif;qdkcJh=uygonf? }uD;rm;aom v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;
37
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rpwifrD ygwDOuUXopfvnf;jzpf orwopfvnf;jzpfaom OD;pdefvGifu zdESdyf+zdKcGJa&;

vrf;a=umif;udka&G;cs,f+yD; rm&S,favmtrdef@udk xkwfjyefcJhonf? ausmif;om;rsm;u
EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mtaxGaxGoydwfudk qifEGJ&ef yef=um;jcif;jzifh wkef@jyefcJhygonf? tpdk;&
wyfrsm;ESifh qENjyolrsm;t=um; wdkufyGJrsm; ydkrdkt&SdefjrifhvmcJhonf? tpdk;&wyfrsm;u
EdkifiHtESH@ t&yfom;jynfolrsm;tm; ypfcwf ESdrfeif;cJhaomfvnf; qENjyr_rsm; t&Sdeft[kef
ydkrdkjrifhwufvmcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh OD;pdefvGifonf 1988ckESpf =o*kwfv(12)&ufae@wGif
&mxl;u ESKwfxu G af y;cJ&h onf? tm%m& tpd;k &u taemufwidk ;f ynmwwf t&yfom;
a'guw f marmifarmiftm; OD;pdev f iG af e&mwGif tpm;xd;k cef@tyfc+hJ yD;/ tpd;k &twGuf tajc
taersm; ajyvnfa&;r[mAsL[m[k qdkEdkifrnfh rdef@cGef;udk wdkif;jynfodk@ ajymcJhygonf?
tkyfpdk;olrsm;twGif; ab;=uyfeH=uyfjzpfaeonfh xdkodk@aomtajctaewGif
EkdifiHtESH@tjym;Y ausmif;om;rsm;/ &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;ESifh &yfrd&yfzrsm; yg0ifonfh
jynfol@aumfrwDrsm;onf tpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W,m; vkH;0+ydKvJoGm;ojzifh a'oE W&
tkyfcsKyfa&;rsm;udk wm0ef,lcJh&ygonf? odk@aomf xdkumvwGif v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; wpfck
wnf;aom pkpnf;r_ odk@r[kwf udk,fpm;jyKr_ r&SdcJhay? ausmif;om;or*~acgif;aqmifrsm;/
EkdifiH. aemufqkH;a&G;aumufcH 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;atmif}uD;
(1962ckEpS f ppfwyfu tm%modr;f pOf Adv k cf sKyfae0if;. vufaxmuf)/ Akv d cf sKyf}uD;wifO;D
(ppfOD;pD;csKyfa[mif;ESifh umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;a[mif;)ESifh tjcm; 0g&ifhEkdifiHa&;orm;a[mif;
rsm;onf vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGif; tm%m tm;+ydKifr_rsm; &SdcJh=uygonf? qENjyr_rsm;
uvnf; tpdk;&tm; vkH;0ESKwfxGufay;&efom qufvufawmif;qdkaecJhonf? xdkpOf
1988ckESpf pufwifbm(18)&ufae@wGif ppfwyfu xyfrHI tm%modrf;cJh+yD;/ ygwDpkHa&G;
aumufyGJ vkyfay;rnf[k wdkif;jynftm; uwdjyKcJhonf? ausmif;om;rsm;/ vli,frsm;ESifh
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@twGuf vkH+cHKr_r&Sdaom
+rdK@jyrsm;rS vlrsdK;pkvufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;a'orsm;odk@ ajymif;a&$@cJh=uygonf? tcsdK@rSm
ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;vkyf&efESifh Oya'abmiftwGif; EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;vkyf&ef
+rdK@jywGif usefae&pfcJh=uonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfacgif;aqmifaom trdsK;om;'Drdk
ua&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; ay:xGufvmcJhygonf?
4? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm; ESKdif;,SOfavhvmjcif;
toGiful;ajymif;a&;umv rwdkifrD ydkveftpdk;&ESifh zdvpfydkiftpdk;&wdk@onf

tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;jzpf=u+yD; jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd tkyfpdk;oltqufqufrSm awmiftmz&du
&Sd tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;a&;tpdk;&ESifh tif'dkeD&Sm;&Sd ql[mwdktpdk;&rsdK;uJhodk@ tqHk;pGef
tm%m&Sifrsm; jzpf=uonf? ydkvefEdkifiHtpdk;&onf uGefjrLepftpdk;&jzpf+yD;/ zdvpfydkif
38
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tpdk;&onf tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%modrf;I jzpfvmcJhaom yk*~dKvfwpfOD;wnf;tm%m&Sif
jzpfonf? jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd tm%m&Siftpdk;& tpOftqufonf oabmw&m;a&;tajccH
r&SdbJ ppftm%m&Sif oufoufom jzpfonf?
ydkvefESifh zdvpfydkifEdkifiH&Sd &dkrefuufovpfbk&m;ausmif;awmfonf oabm
w&m;a&;awmfvSefr_ESifh wufºuGaomvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ ESpfckpvkH;twGuf oauFwjzpfcJh
onf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGifrl awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJwGif &[ef;ysdKtrsm;tjym; wufwufºuGºuG
yl;aygi;f yg0ifc=hJ uaomfvnf;/ 0gawmf& a&S;&d;k pGJ em,u q&mawmf}uD;rsm;rSm a&ikEH KS wfyw d f
aecJh=uonf?
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atmufwGifyif tm;aumif;cJhonf? zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif rD'D,mtygt0if t&yfzuftzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;onf uef@owfcsufrsm; }uD;rm;pGm &Sdaeaomfvnf; &yfwnfcGifh &SdcJhonf?
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif rnfodk@aom vGwfvyfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;rS wnf&SdcGifh r&Sday? odk@aomf
1988 ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;onf ydkvefaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh zdvpf
ydik f jynfo@l tm%mawmfveS af &;wd@k uo hJ @kd yif ta&twGut f &vnf;aumif;/ pdw"f gwtf &
vnf;aumif;/ pHwefb;kd t&vnf;aumif; cdik rf mtm;aumif;cJo h nf? od@k aomf r[mAsL[m
ESifh tcGifhtvrf;taetxm;t&qdkv#if vkyfudkifEdkifpGrf; enf;yg;onf[k qdk&rnf?
ydkvefEdkifiHwGif aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@onf ‚if;wdk@. tem*wf &nfrSef;csuf
rsm;tm; cdkifrmatmif pkpnf;EdkifcJh=u+yD;/ vufawG@usr_ &SdcJhonf? xdkenf;jzifh tvm;
tvm&Sdaom EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pktjzpf wnfaqmufcJh=uonf? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;
tzGJ@onf acgif;aqmifr_ &&Sd&ef or*~rsm;ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif;&Sd tjcm;tkyfpkrsm;tay:
=oZmv$rf;rdk;r_ tcdkiftrm &SdcJhonf? zdvpfydkifrS tuGDEdkonf jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk;.
wpfckwnf;aom udk,fpm;jyKr_ jzpfcJhonf? rJa&wGuf+yD; csufcsif;yif rdrdudk,frdrd orw
tjzpf a=unmI tm%modrf;wdkufyGJudk xdxda&mufa&muf udkifwG,fEdkifcJholjzpfonf?
tcsdefudkuf vufOD;r_udk &J&J0Hh0Hh t&,lEkdifcJhonf? 1988 ckESpf jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDawmfvSef
a&;wGif ydv k efEikd if EH iS hf zdvpfyikd Ef ikd if w
H @kd uo hJ @kd pkpnf;nD!w
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jyKr_ r&SdcJhay? xdk@a=umifh v_yf&Sm;r_. acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tpdk;& t=uyfqdkufaepOf
ay:aygufvmonfh tcGifhtcgaumif;udk tusdK;&Sd&Sd tokH;csEdkifcJhjcif; r&Sday? 0ef}uD;csKyf
a[mif;u tpdk;&zGJ@pnf;+yD; rdrdudk,frdrd w&m;0if0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf a=unmcJhaomtcg
tjcm;rnfonfhacgif;aqmifurS ol@tm; axmufcHyhHydk;cJhjcif; r&Sd? t"du acgif;aqmifrsm;
tygt0if =oZm}uD;aom ausmif;om;rsm;u ‚if;tm; tm%mrufaom EdkifiHa&;orm;
wpfa,muftjzpfyif pGypf cJG =hJ uonf? xdpk Ofu ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;rSm olw@kd u, kd f
olwdk@ 'Drdkua&pDa&;wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;omjzpf+yD; tm%mvdkcsifolrsm; r[kwfa=umif; ajym
qdkcJh=uonf? zdvpfydkif jynfol@tm%mawmfvSefa&;twGif; tm%m taqmufttHk
39
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taetxm;udk ajymif;vJEdkifa&;twGuf udk&mZef tuGDEdk orwtjzpf a=unmouJhodk@

a&S@rwdk;aemufrqkwf EdkifiHa&;ydwfqdk@aer_tajctaeudk vrf;zGifh&eftwGuf 0ef}uD;csKyf
a[mif;u &nf&G,fcJhjcif; jzpf[efwlonf?
ed * H k ;
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kd a&pD toGiu f ;l
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vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSm tm%mtaqmufttHk tajymif;tvJudk =oZmoufa&muf&ef
ta&;ygaomtcef;u¾wGi&f adS =umif; od@k r[kwf Edik if aH &;e,fy,frS tpd;k &rsm;tm; qkwf
cGmap&ef wGef;tm;ay;Edkifa=umif;tqdk rSefuefa=umif;udk aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@ESifh
jynfol@tm%mawmfvSefa&;wdk@. tcef;u¾rsm;u oufaojyaeygonf? aoG;pnf;nD
!Gwfa&;tzGJ@onf aphpyfn‡dEd_if;onfh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJudk jzpfay:apEdkifcJh+yD;/ ydkvefEdkifiH.
'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;tm; OD;aqmifEdkifcJhonf? zdvpfydkifEdkifiH&Sd pnf;vkH;nD!Gwf
aomv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh udk,fpm;jyKr_/ &&SdaomtcGifhtcgaumif;udk vufOD;r_&Sd&Sd toHk;csjcif;
ponfw@kd u wdik ;f jynftm; toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;qDo@kd o,faqmifomG ;Edik cf o hJ nf? od@k aomf
vnf; jrefrmEdkifiHY 1988 ckESpfwGif 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&; r&&SdcJhay? pnf;vkH;nD
!Gwfaomudk,fpm;jyKr_ r&Sdjcif;/ EkdifiHa&;ydwfqdk@aer_rS azmufxGufEdkifrnfh enf;vrf;udk
&SmazGEdkifpGrf; r&Sdjcif;wdk@a=umifh jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh Tpmwrf;wGif 'Drdkua&pDodk@ toGif
ul;ajymif;a&;twGuf awG@qkHaqG;aEG;r_onf vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u tkyfpdk;ol ppfwyfESifh
tm%m&Sifrsm;tay: =oZmoufa&mufEdkifrnfh vkHavmufaom cdkifrmtm; aumif;r_ESifh
}uD;rm;us,fjyef@r_/ enf;y&d,m,frSefuefr_/ tajctaeESifh tcsdeftcgudk tuJjzwftoHk;
csEdkifr_ ponfh tcsuftvufrsm; &SdrSom jzpfEdkifrnf[k aumufcsufcsygonf?
,ckpmwrf;u vlrv _ w l ef;pm;tvGmaygi;f pHt k wGi;f &Sd aumv[mvrsm;/ oa&mf
[mojyufv;Hk rsm;/ ±H@_ csjcif;rsm; uJo h @kd aom tHwrk E_ iS hf ckcrH w _ @kd onf cdik rf mtm;aumif;aom
vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;udk wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf tpGr;f xufaom vufeufrsm;jzpfa=umif;
qufvuft}uHjyKygonf? vlrt _ ajctaetcGit hf vrf;rsm;ESihf tajctaetcsut f vuf
rsm; ta&;}uD;r_ (odk@r[kwf) t&yfom;vl@tzGJ@tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;onf vlxkv_yf
&Sm;r_rsm;. armif;ESiftm;rsm;jzpfa=umif;vnf; wifjyvdkygonf? zdvpfydkifESifh ydkvef&Sd
&dkrefuufovpfbk&m;ausmif;rsm;/ aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@/ rD'D,m/ NAMFREL tzGJ@
rsm;onf rdrdwdk@oufqdkif&m'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;rsm;. armif;ESiftm;rsm;tjzpf rdrdwdk@
Edik if rH sm;. toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;tm; tvkyt f aºuG;jyKcJ=h uygonf? jrefrmEdik if w H iG f tvGwf
oabmaqmifonfh vlr_tajctae tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ESifh ae&mrsm;/ ajratmufausmif;
40
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onf? Tae&mwGif tcsdefudkuf pnf;0g;udkufjzpfa&; ta&;}uD;r_udkvnf; axmufjyvdkyg
onf? rxdef;Edkifrodrf;Edkifjzpfaeonfh tajctaea=umifh tkyfpdk;olrsm;twGif; t=uyf
twnf;ESifh &ifqdkifae&onfhtcsdefrsdK;wGif vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;taejzifh tcsdefudkuf tcGifh
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a=unmvdkufonfhtcsdef/ aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@u tpdk;&. awG@qHkaqG;aEG;&ef urf;
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jzpfonf? ydkvefEdkifiHESifh zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwdk@uJhodk@ toGiful;ajymif;a&;t}udKumvtqifhudk
wufvSrf;&mwGif vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u ta&;ygaom tcef;u¾u yg0ifcJhonfh
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avhvm&rnfom jzpfygonf?
atmifrdk;aZmf
rl&if; "The Importance of Social Movements in Crafting Transition to Democracy"
By Aung Moe Zaw
41
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,Ofaus;r_twm;tqD;ESihf
tcGit
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tzkHzkHuGJjym; ajymif;vJvsuf&Sdygw,f? ,Ofaus;r_eJ@ ¶kd;&mtpOftvmawG&JŒ tjrif
oabmxm;/ ,kH=unfcsuf/ wefzkd;/ tðytrl/ p¶kdufoGifjyifykHpHawGu 'Drkdua&pDzGH@òzd;a&;ukd
trsm;}uD; tusKd;*,uf jzpfapygw,f?
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u&ufwpfE_ef;pHrsm; ysHŒESH@r_ukd ydwfyifumqD;xm;ygw,f? 'Drkdu&ufwpf tifpwDusL;&Sif;
awG w&m;0ifciG rhf &atmifvnf; jiif;qefxm;ygw,f? tifpwDusK;&Si;f awG vnfywfEidk Of ;D
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tjrif Less restrictive version &,fvkd@ ESpfykdif;cGJ=unfhvkd@&ygw,f? yxrtcsufudk
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'Drkdua&pDu taemufr[kwfwJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGrSm tHr0if pHr0ifEkdifygbl;? 'Dt,l
tq udk us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ tqkðd yoGm;wmu ppfat;acwf ‘0dik ;f &Hxed ;f csKyfa&; ay:vpD’
eJ@ emrnf}uD;cJhol a*smhcsfuefeef George Kennan yJjzpfygw,f?
a*smhuefeefu ‘'Drdkua&pD[m taemufajrmufOa&myrSm q,fh&Spf&mpkeJ@
q,fhudk;&mpkawGrSm qifhuJwkd;wufay:xGef;vmwJh tpdk;&ykHpHjzpfw,f? t*Fvdyfa&vuf
=um;eJ@ ajrmufyifv,ftay: e,fedrdwfpyfxm;wJhwkdif;jynfawGrSm t"duay:vmwJh
tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf/ aemufawmh ajrmuftar&dutygt0if tjcm;urBm@tpdwftydkif;awG
qD wpwp o,faqmifoGm;=uw,f? taemufajrmufOa&myu vlawG[m rlv 'Drdku
&ufwpfvlom;awGjzpfvm+yD; udkvkdeDðy&if; +rdK@jyt&yfom;tpkd;&ykHpHawG usifhokH;vm
=uw,f’vkd@qkdygw,f?
42
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“'ga=umifyh J 'Drudk a&pD[m tcsed uf mva&m ae&mrSmyg ESpcf pk vk;H usO;f ajrmif;
wJh tajccHoabmaqmifw,f? taemuf&JŒ jyifycg;qufjywfusefwJhae&mawGrSm vlxk
twGuf vlxkua&G;cs,fwJhykHpH wmpm;zkd@ tawmfcufygw,f? 'Drkdu&ufwpf tifpwD
usK;&Sif;awG zGHòzd;zkd@eJ@ tokH;ðyzkd@u ae&ma'owkdif;twGuf rvG,fwJhudpPyg?” vkd@ quf
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awG/ olwkd@u ukdvkdeDðycJhwJha'o tcsKdŒawGrSmom tvkyfjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf;
taemufurS ,Ofaus;w,fvkd@ tpGJtvrf;}uD;olrsm;u atmufygtwkdif; aumufcsuf
qGJygw,f?
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(2) q,fhukd;&mpk tapmykdif; 'Drkdu&ufwpfwkdif;jynfrsm;[m taemufEkdifiH
rsm;yJ jzpf=uw,f?
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tar&duef=oZmv$rf;rkd;cH wkdif;jynfrsm;eJ@ vufwiftar&durSm tkdufbm&D,ef
ukdvkdeDjzpfcJholrsm;yJ 'Drkdua&pD &Sd=uygw,f?
(4) 'Drkdua&pD ‘tD’ aewJh 1973 ckESpfavmufukd=unfh&if 'Drkdu&ufwpf
wkdif;jynf ESpfq,fhukd;ck&SdwJhteuf ESpfq,fu taemufOa&myeJ@ vufwiftar&du
wkdif;jynfrsm;/ &Spfcku ,cif+Adwdo#ukdvkdeDrsm;eJ@ usefwpfcku *syefjzpfw,f?
(5) 1990 ckESpfrSm 'Drkdu&ufwpfwkdif;jynf ig;q,fh&Spfck &Sdygw,f? okH;q,fh
ESpfcku taemufOa&myeJ@ vufwiftar&duwkdif;jynfrsm;/ ajcmufcku ta&SŒOa&my
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useaf jcmufcu k *syef/ wl&uD/ awmifu&dk ;D ,m;/ erD;bD;,m;eJ@ qDeaD *gvw f @dk jzpf=uygw,f?
wwd,v_dif;rSm 'Drkdu&ufwpfjzpfvmwJh wkdif;jynf okH;q,fteuf ESpfq,fhajcmufcku
taemufujzpfovkd taemuf=oZmtrsm;}uD; v$rf;rkd;cH&zl;wJha'ou wkdif;jynfrsm;yJ
jzpfygw,f?
wu,fawmh taemuf,Ofaus;r_[m abmfvuefa'oeJ@ ,cif qkdAD,uf
a[mif;twGuf olpdrf;w&Hqefygw,f? orkdif;a=umif;t&qkd&if tJh'Da'orsm;[m
Zmbk&ife@J atmfwrdk eftifyg,mwk@d &ŒJ tpdwt f ykid ;f awGjzpfygw,f? olw@dk uv dk r$ ;f rk;d xm;wJh
bmoma&;u taemufwidk ;f c&pf,mefr[kwb f /J a&S;¶k;d pGJ atmfoadk 'geh @J tpPvmrfbmom
wkd@ygyJ?
43
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tJh'Da'oawGukd taemufwkdif;,Ofaus;r_ rsm;rsm;pm;pm; rxkd;azgufEkdifygbl;?

taemuf&ŒJ tawG@tóuHrsm;jzpfwhJ &Dae;qef;acwf/ &Dazmfar;&Si;f acwf/ ^m%ftvif;acwf/
jyifopfawmfvSefa&;eJ@ vpfb&,f0g'awGukd rjzwfoef;cJhzl;ygbl;?
ynm&Sif0DvsHa0gavpfhajymwmu ppfat;acwftqkH;owfr_eJ@ ta&SŒtaemuf
oHuefvef@umz,f&Sm;Ekdifr_u +idrf;at;roGm;bJ/ aemufxyf ,Ofaus;r_pnf;jcm;wJh
jy\emawG ay:xGufapcJhygw,f? ppfat;t+yD;rSm a'oEkdifiHtkyfpktopfawG wòyH}uD;
xyfxGufvm+yD; ,Ofaus;r_ta=umif;ðy wl&mwl&maoG;pum;ajym&if; ta&SŒtaemuf
uGJtufvm=ujyefygw,f? 1500 ckESpfavmufu p}uD;pkd;wJh taemufc&pf,mefurBmeJ@
xdpyftv$r;f rk;d cHz;l wJah 'oeJ@ =oZmcHrjzpfz;l wJah 'ot=um; ta&;}uD;wJh Ekid if aH &;cGjJ cm;r_/
e,fedrdwfuef@owfr_ awG&Sdvmygw,f?
zifvefeJ@¶k&Sm;t=um; ,Ofaus;r_ta=umif;ðy&if; e,fedrdwfpnf;jcm;r_/
abmvf w pf E k d i f i H r sm;&J Œ ta&S Œ buf j crf ; eJ @ taemuf b uf j crf ; rwl n D r _ / taemuf
uufovpf ,lu&def;eJ@ ta&SŒatmfokda'gh ,lu&def;tuGJ/ awmifeJ@ajrmuf ¶kdar;eD;,m;
t,ltqtuGJ/ ,l*kdqvm;AD;,m; c¶kdat;&Sm;/ qvkdaA;eD;,m;wkd@eJ@ tjcm;a'owGif;
EkdifiHrsm;tuGJ? taemufc&pf,mefxdxm;zl;wJh ae&mu 'Drkdua&pD tjrpfwG,f tan‡mifh
aygufvG,f+yD;/ ta&SŒEG,fa'ouawmh r_ef0g;0g;&,fyg?
'kwd, tjrif,lqcsuf - ,Ofaus;r_t[ef@twm;qkdif&m uef@owfcsKyf
wnf;r_ av#mhcsxm;aomtjrif zGifhqkdr_t&awmh ,Ofaus;r_wpfck[m 'Drkdua&pDukd
xl;xl;jcm;jcm; rsufESmomay;wwfovkd/ &efvkdqGJcsxm;&ifvnf; tawmfvef@p&m
aumif;w,f? ol@a'o,Ofaus;r_ukd quf&Sifoefzkd@twGufyJ 'Drkdu&ufwpftkdif'D,m
awGukd tokH;cscsifw,fvkd@ qkdygw,f? t"du Oyrmay;wJh ,Ofaus;r_ESpfckuawmh
uGefzsL;¶Syf0g'eJ@ tpPvmrfbmomwkd@ygyJ?
'Dru
dk &ufwu dk af Z;&Si;f twGuf tJ'h , D Ofaus;r_awGu ql;ajimifch vkwrf sm;vm;?
olwkd@&JŒ tpOftvm,kH=unfcsufwefzkd;awGu b,favmuftwkdif;twmtxd &efvkd
'kuQay;EkdifovJ? tem*gwfrSaum b,favmuftxd quf[ef@wm;xm;OD;rSmvJ?
uGefzsK;&Syf0g'
tpOftvm uGefzsK;&Syf0g'[m 'Drkdua&pDqef@usifa&;jzpfw,fqkdwJh t,l

tqtay: b,fynm&SifurS odyftxGef@ rwufygbl;? pHawmf0ifw¶kwftkyfcsKyfa&;ykHpH
rSm vlwef;pm;aemufcHrcGJjcm;bJ pmar;yGJpepfeJ@ xl;c|efola¶G;xkwf+yD; &mxl;cef@xm;yg
w,f? okd@aomf pmar;yGJpepfeJ@ vlppfxkwfOD;awmifrS &mxl;ae&mtwGuf vl&nfc|ef
44
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olaumif;ðypepfu 'Drkdua&pDtwGuf tvkyfjzpfzkd@ cJ,Of;ygw,f? ppfbuft&m&SdawGukd
olwkd@t&nftcsif;eJ@ óud;pm;r_a=umifh &mxl;wkd;jr‡ifhwm rSefayr,fh/ b,fawmhrS ppfwyf
[m 'Drkdu&ufwpf rjzpfovkdygyJ?
pHawmf0if w¶kwfuGefzsK;&Syf0g'eJ@ ol@vufcGJrsm;jzpfwJh ukd&D;,m;/ AD,uferf/
pifumyl/ xkid 0f rf/ *syefw@dk u qifyh mG ;t,l0g'awG[m wpfO;D csi;f xuf tkypf u k dk tav;ay;
w,f/ vGwfvyfr_ vpfbmwDxuf tm%mykdifr_udk tav;tay;w,f/ tcGifhta&;xuf
wm0ef0wW&m;ukd tav;uJygw,f? uGefzsK;&Syfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm EkdifiHawmfqkdwmukd
usm;uefxm;Ekdifr,fh vl@tcGifhta&;awG csKdŒwJhygw,f? EkdifiHawmftwGuf/ trsm;tusKd;
bkHtusKd;twGuf acgif;pOfatmufrSm wpfOD;csif;tcGifhta&;awG paw;ypf=uygw,f?
tjrifoabmxm;uGJvGJr_eJ@ ,SOfòydifr_xuf o[Zmwjzpfa&;/ ajyvnfa&;eJ@
emcHr&_ adS &;wk@d yJ vkcd siyf gw,f? txufatmuftqifq h ifh trde@f ay;r_e@J ¶kad oukid ;f ¶_id ;f r_uydk J
t"duwefzkd;rsm;tjzpf vufcHxm;ygw,f? tkdif'D,mjiif;ckefr_/ tkyfpkygwDrsm;&JŒ yËdyuQ
awGukd tE W&m,f&Sd+yD; w&m;r0ifbl;vkd@ ¶_jrifygw,f?
ykdta&;}uD;wmu uGefzsK;&Syf0g'rSm tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfolukd txdef;tuGyfay;
Ekdifr,fh vlr_tifpwDusK;&Sif;rsm; r&Sdovkd/ w&m;0ifcGifhvnf; ay;rxm;ygbl;? tpOftvm
w¶kwfjynfrSm avmuDudpPeJ@ emrf0d^mOfqkdif&m pnf;uef@r_ tm;enf;ygw,f? EkdifiHa&;
w&m;0ifr_ Legitimacy u aumif;uifbkH&JŒ tyfESif;cGifhtay:rSm wnf&Sdygw,f?
aumif;uifbkHuay;tyfwJh vkyfykdifcGifhtm%mqkdwm EkdifiHa&;rSm ukd,fusifhpm&dwW
aumif;rGefr_ukd qkdvkdygw,f? pm&dwWaumif;olqkd&if vkyfykdifcGifhtm%m tvkdtavsmuf
&&SdwJhoabmyg?
tm%meJ@ ukd,fusifhw&m;u wxyfxJvkd@ ,lqwma=umifh tm%mukd
xdef;csKyfuef@owfzkd@ w&m;0ifcGifh r&Sdygbl;? orm"d&Sdol vlolawmfawGom tm%m&ap
vkd@ uGefzsK;&Syfu rdef@xm;ygw,f? tm%m,lxm;ol[m aomwmyefrkd@ oGm;rxdaveJ@?
okd@aomfvnf; taemufwkdif;t,l ‘tm%m[m t&d,myk*~Kdvfukdvnf; ,pfrl;azgufjyef
apw,f/ 'ga=umifh tifpwDusK;&Sif;qkdif&m uef@owfxdef;nd‡r_ check and balance
vkdtyfw,f’ qkdwJh pum;eJ@us *GwD;*Gus jzpfukefygawmhw,f?
w¶kwjf ynfr}uD;rSm 'Dru dk &ufwpftpk;d &tawG@tóuH vk;H 0r&Scd yhJ gb;l ? taemuf
&JŒaxGjym;wJh 'Dru dk a&pDudk axmufc=H uwmu tpk;d &eJ@ oabmuGv J qJG ef@usiw f hJ vlenf;pk
tkyfpkyg? olwkd@taetxm;uvnf; 'Drkdua&pDom atmfayr,fh uGefzsK;&SyftpOftvmeJ@
t"duaomhcsufwefzkd;awGukd ausmfvGefazgufxGuf&Jwm r[kwfygbl;? ynm&Sif vlpD,H
ykdif&JŒ pum;eJ@ajym&&if acwfopfw¶kwfjynf xlaxmifolrsm;[m trsKd;om;a&;
tajcwnfwJh uGefjrLepfygwD rsufESmzkH;pGyf ‘uGefzsK;&Syf vDeif0g'D’ awGygyJ?
45
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1980 jynfhvGefaESmif;ykdifrSmawmh w¶kwfpD;yGm;a&; tvsiftjrefwkd;wufr_u

EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_awGtxdvkyfzkd@ awmif;qkdr_awG wufvmygw,f? ausmif;om;/
ynmwwfawGeJ@ òrdŒjyvlvwfwef;pm; tkyfpkawGqDu 'Drkdua&pDaºuG;a=umfoHawG
qufwkduf wufvmygw,f? 'gukd uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifykdif;u enf;vrf;ESpfckeJ@ wkef@jyef
ygw,f?
yxrenf;vrf;u xkdif0rf/ puFmyleJ@ ukd&D;,m;wkd@&JŒ tawG@tóuHtajccH,l+yD;
‘tm%m&Sif0g'opf’ oDtkd&Dukd vufukdifðyygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_ ZmwfckHay:a&muf
aewJh w¶kwfvkdwkdif;jynftwGuf [efcsufnDnD qufwkd;wufzkd@eJ@ zGH@òzd;r_aemufquf
rajz&Si;f Ekid wf hJ jy\emawG xde;f xm;zk@d tm%m&Sipf epfu vku d v
dk tdk yfw,fv@dk ta=umif;
jyygw,f? 'kwd,u aemufawmh acgif;aqmifykdif;u 1989 aEG&moDrSm 'Drkdua&pD
v_yf&Sm;r_ukd =urf;=urf;wrf;wrf; òzdcGif;ypfygw,f?
w¶kwf&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_u 'Drkdua&pD qef@usifa&; ,Ofaus;r_ tm;
aumif;atmif wGef;ykd@ovkd&Sd+yD;/ trsKd;om;a&;0g'eJ@ uGefzsK;&Syf0g' jyif;jyif;jyjy acgif;
axmifvmygw,f? xkdif0rfeJ@ ukd&D;,m;wkd@&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_uawmh 1980 jynfh
vGefaESmif;ykdif;rSm 'Drkdua&pDtajccHawGudk jzpfapcJhygw,f?
pifumylukd=unfh&if a&eHwifykd@r_r&SdwJh ‘0ifaiGjrifh’ EkdifiHjzpf+yD;/ 'Drkdu&ufwpf
Ekid if aH &;pepfvnf; t&ifu taiG@awmifroef;cJyh gb;l ? pifumylacgi;f aqmif}uD;uk, d w f idk u
f
uGefzsK;&Syfwefzkd;awGu taemuf'Drkdua&pDeJ@ qef@usifbufyJvkd@ a=unmzl;ygw,f?
vDurG , f u
l “tar&duefawG[m ygwpD /Hk oabmxm;usr/_ aqG;aEG;r_/ tajctwif jiif;ckef
r_eJ@ yËdyuQawGukd óudufw,f? yËdyuQxJurS todynmxGufvmr,fvkd@ ,kH=unfvufcH
xm;=uw,f? 'gayr,fh qDavsmfnD!GwfwJh todynmxkwfvkyfr,fhtpm;/ aps;uGuf
tkdif'D,mawGu t"du¶k%f;eJ@ aoG;xGufoH,kdyGJawGqDyJ OD;wnfaew,f” vkd@ qkdygw,f?
“EkdifiHa&;t}udwfte,f,SOfòydifr_u *syef/ w¶kwfeJ@ tm&S,Ofaus;r_wkd@&JŒ
enf;vrf;r[kwfbl;/ 'gu tjiif;yGm;r_awGeJ@ ¶_yfaxG;r_awGyJ ay:vmr,f? &efvkdwJh
EkdifiHa&;rsKd; pifumylvkd vlrsKd;pkH vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGuf ae&mr&Sdbl;? usKyfbmom
qif;csifqif;oGm;r,f/ qGJcszkd@awmh b,fol@rSmrS tcGifhta&;r&Sdbl;” vkd@ vDukd,fwkdif
ajymzl;ygw,f?
1980jynfv h eG rf sm;rSm vDu ol@òrdŒjyEkid if aH v;rSm uGezf sK;&Syw
f efz;dk awGudk t"du
OD;pm;ay; ykd@csjzef@csDygw,f? oabmxm;uGJol/ tpkd;&rl0g'a0zefolawGukd ta&;,l
ESdyfuGyf/ rD'D,mawG ydwfyifygw,f? 'ga=umifhyJ urBmhcsrf;omwJh wkdif;jynfrsm;t=um;
pifumyl[m tm%m&Siq f efwhJ uGezf sK;&Sy0f g'eJ@ pcef;oGm;cJyh gw,f? ok@d aomf vDe@J ol@om;
46
trSw(
vD&SdefvGef;wkd@ EkdifiHa&;jrifuGif;u aysmufoGm;csdefus&if pifumylrSm uGefzsK;&Syf0g'u
qufajcukyf+rJ ygOD;rvm;?
1980 jynfhvGefawGrSmyJ xkdif0rfeJ@ ukd&D;,m;ESpfEkdifiHu 'Drkdua&pDqD a¶GŒvsm;
cJhygw,f? orkdif;a=umif;t& xkdif0rf[m w¶kwfjynfr&JŒ wGJzuftpdwftykdif;wpfck jzpf
ygw,f? xkdif0rfukd *syefu ESpfaygif;ig;q,f=um odrf;ykdufxm;+yD;/ 1947 rSm a'ocH
aexkdifolawGu w¶kwf&JŒ xdef;csKyfr_atmufu ykefuefxGufvkdufygw,f? 1949 rSm
trsKd;om;a&;0g'Dtpkd;&vnf; uGefjrLepfawGukd ¶_H;edrfht&SufuGJ+yD; a&mufvmygw,f?
tJh'D¶_H;edrfhr_a=umifhyJ xkdif0rftrsKd;om;a&;0g'Dacgif;aqmifrsm;tzkd@ [dwf[ef
rsm;wJh uGefzsK;&Syf0g'ukdukdifpGJzkd@ rjzpfEkdifawmhwm awG@&ygw,f? aemuf pD;yGm;a&;eJ@
vlr_a&; tvsiftjrefzGH@òzd;r_uvnf; ¶kd;&muGefzsK;&Syf0g'ukd tm;enf;apcJhygw,f?
xkdif0rfom;awGrSm tefx&my&maESm vkyfief;&Siftv$may:xGufvm+yD;/ uGefzsK;&Syf
r[kwfwJhpwkdiftjynfheJ@ jynfr}uD;&JŒ v$rf;rkd;r_atmufu vGwfajrmufcJhygw,f?
xkdif0rf&JŒjzpf&yfu w¶kwfEkdifiHa&;,Ofaus;r_rSm tajccHusus ajymif;vJr_
jzpfcJh+yD;/ w¶kwfjynfr/ ukd&D;,m;/ AD,uferfwkd@rSm 'grsKd;rjzpfcJhovkd *syefrSmvnf;
b,fwkef;urS r&SdcJhzl;ygbl;? xl;jcm;wJh xkdif0rfpD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_u uGefzsK;&SyftarGukd
ðywfxGufoGm;apcJhygw,f? orw vDwefa0S;vufxufrSm pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ vlr_a&; wkd;wuf
r_a=umifhwufvmwJh zdtm;awGukd wkef@jyefwJhtcg ol@vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGuf wjznf;
jznf; EkdifiHa&;wHcg;zGifhay;&if; ajz&Sif;cJhygw,f?
ukd&D;,m;&JŒpHawmf0if ,Ofaus;r_rSmawmh a¶GŒvsm;ajymif;vJvG,fr_ mobility
eJ@ omwlnDr#r_ egalitarianism t,ltqwkd@ yg0ifygw,f? 'ghtjyif tm%m&SifpepfeJ@
vloefvpl mG }uD; strong man tkypf ;dk wJh tpOftvmyg0if+yD; 'Dru dk a&pDrvkv
d m;wJh uGezf sK;
&Syft,ltqtcsKdŒ aygif;pyfxm;ygw,f? ukd&D;,m;ynm&SifwOD; ajymcsuft& “jynfol
awGu EkdifiHom;tjzpf olwkd@tcGifhta&;awG usifhokH;zkd@twGuf rawG;=ubl;? txuf
trdef@apmifhzkd@eJ@ &yfwnfa&;twGuf c,zkd@avmufyJ vkyfcsif=uw,f” vkd@ qkdygw,f?
uGefzsK;&SyfxkH;pHrSm tjrifrwlqef@usifolrsm;twGuf onf;cHay;r,fhae&m r&Sd
yg? vrf;¶kd;a[mif;eJ@ pmtkyf}uD;xJu zJhxGuf&if opPmazgufygyJ? ukd&D;,m;bmoma&;
tpOftvmrSmvnf; aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_eJ@ tay;t,ltavsmhtwif;vkyfwmukd vlr_pHE_ef;
wpfcktjzpf rowfrSwfygbl;? tay;t,lpum;prd&if &efol@t0,fcHwmyJ? uGefzsK;&Syf
ynm&Sifrsm;[m b,fawmhrS ‘tay;t,ltavsmhtwif;’ pum;&yf rokH;E_ef;yg? 'g
olwkd@ pdwfjzLpifatmifxm;wm? tJh'D &yfwnfcsufukdifxm;rSvnf; ,Ofaus;r_ oduQm
wufw,fvkd@ ,lqygw,f?
47
S f
'gqkd tay;t,ltavsmhtwif; compromise udpPukd b0aeenf; [efyef

wpfcktjzpf vufcHxm;wJh 'Drkdua&pDukd ukd&D;,m;rSm b,fES,fhazmfaqmif=urvJ? 1980
jynfhvGefrsm;rSmawmh òrdŒjyxGef;um;r_/ ynma&;tqifhtwef;jrifhvmr_/ vlvwfwef;pm;
qkyfqkyfukdifukdifzGHòzd;r_/ c&pf,mefbmomvkdvm; wGifus,fysHŒESH@r_wkd@u uGefzsK;&Syf0g'ukd
tm;enf;usqif;apcJh+yD;/ uGefzsK;&Syf[m 'Drkdua&pD&JŒ cvkwfuefoif;wpfckvkd@ ukd&D;,m;
rSm jrifvmygw,f?
1990 ckESpfukd=unfh&if ta&SŒtm&SrSm zdvpfykdifuvGJvkd@ vlxku a¶G;cs,f
wifajr‡mufwJhtpkd;&rsm;udk ygwDwpfckwnf;u qufwdkuf }uD;pkd;xm;+yD;/ tjcm;ygwD
wpfcu k dk vlxu k a¶G;cs,cf yJ gw,f? *syef[m 'Dru dk a&pDEidk if jH zpfayr,fh ygww
D pfcw
k nf;uyJ
t+rJv$rf;rkd; tm%m&,lxm;ygw,f? *syef&JŒygwD}uD;wpfckwnf;uyJv$rf;rkd;wJh 'Drkdu
a&pD armf',fvfu ta&SŒtm&SwcGif wGifus,fysHŒESH@aew,fvkd@ ynm&SifvlpD,Hykdifu
axmufjyygw,f? pifumyl/ rav;&Sm;/ xkid 0f rf/ uk&d ;D ,m;wk@d rmS ygw}D uD;wpfck (ok@d r[kw)f
!Gef@aygif;tzGJ@wpfckuyJ umv=um&Snf}uD;pkd;xm;cJhygw,f?
'Dru
dk a&pD&@J yxrqk;H pHcsed pf EH e_ ;f u Ekid if aH &;ygwaD wG=um;rSm rJtwGuf vGwv f yf
r#wwJh ,SOfòydifEkdifcGifh&Sda&;jzpfygw,f? twkduftcHtkyfpkawG&JŒ v_yf&Sm;aqmif¶Gufr_tay:
tpkd;&u ruef@owfzkd@eJ@ taESmifht,Sufray;zkd@ygyJ? 'DudpPrSm *syefu tprf;oyfcHEkdif
r_awmh &Sdygw,f? vGwfvyfpGmajymqkdpnf;±Hk;Ekdifr_/ owif;pmvGwfvyfr_eJ@ oifhwifhwJh
a¶G;aumufyòJG ydiq f idk rf _ tajctaeawGu *syefrmS q,fpEk pS rf sm;pGm &Scd yhJ gw,f? cufwmu
vGwfvyfcGifhtwkdif;twmeJ@ 'Drkdua&pD yDjyifaeayr,fhvnf; ygwD}uD;wpfckeJ@ aqGpOf
rsKd;qufrsm;u xdyfqkH;&mxl;&aewm cufw,f? *syefxufqkd;wJh tjcm;tm&Swkdif;jynf
awGrSmawmh a¶G;aumufyGJòydifqkdifuGif;awGukd ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm wzufapmif;eif;vkyfxm;
+yD; tpkd;&rsufESmomay;cH&wJh ygwDu }uD;pkd;xm;+rJygyJ?
1980 jynfhvGeftqkH;ykdif;eJ@ 1990 jynfhvGefwavsmufrSmawmh tajctaeawG
wkd;wufajymif;vJvmygw,f? ta&SŒtm&S&JŒ ygwD}uD;wpfckwnf; }uD;pkd;r_pepfu 'Drkd
ua&pDeJ@ tm%m&Sif aygif;pyfr_toGifykHpHxGufvm+yD; twkduftcHrsm;tay: csKyfcs,fr_
awG wjznf;jznf;avsmch say;ygw,f? 'DypHk u H dk 'Dru dk a&pDtwGuf ueOD; a&SŒajy;vkt d yfcsuf
rsm;vkd@ ,lqEkdifayr,fh taemufwkdif; 'Drkdua&pDeJ@awmh uGmjcm;ygao;w,f?
taemuf&JŒ EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;eJ@ !Gef@aygif;tzGJ@awGrSmu tm%mtwGuf
vGwv f yfr#wpGm òydiq f idk Ef idk ¶f rHk ubl;/ tm%mukd wvSnphf &D Ekid pf rG ;f vnf; &Syd gw,f? ta&SŒ
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49
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qef@usifwJhtiftm;aumif;wJh twkduftcHuvnf; tpPvmrftajccH0g'DawGygyJ?
1980 jynfhvGefaESmif;ykdif;rSm jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;jy\emrsm;a=umifh tpPvmrf
wkdif;jynftrsm;tjym;rSm 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;jzpfpOfawGqD OD;wnfvmcJhygw,f?
tpkd;&awGu twkduftcHawGtay: zdESdyfxdef;csKyfr_awG avsmhcs+yD;/ a¶G;aumufyGJrsm;
50
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q,fEh pS cf k xde;f csKyfxm;Ekid yf gw,f? 1989 Ek0d ifbm a*sm'f efEidk if aH ¶G;aumufyrJG mS tpPvmrf
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&Sdaew,fqkdwm vufcH&ygr,f? okd@aomfvnf; tJh'D azgufxGufzkd@cufcJw,fqkdwJh
tqkdðycsufawGukd ar;cGef;xkwfwmawGvnf &Sdygw,f?
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rufpfa0bm tjrift&qkd&if uufovpfwkdif;jynfawG[m y¶kdwufpwifh wkdif;jynfawG
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51
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vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;&JŒ xl;jcm;wJh pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_ t"duta=umif;t&if;cHu uGefzsK;
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pDeJ@ tHr0ifpHr0if tm%m&Sifqefqef t,ltqawG &Sdaewwfovkd/ uGefzsK;&Syf0g'rSm
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The Third Wave by Samuel P. Huntington
52
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tm&S 0¶ke;f oke;f um; 'Dru

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'Drkdu&ufwpf r[kwfwJh ajcvSrf;rsKd;awGeJ@ r=umc% tajymif;tvJ vkyfcsifwmrsKd;awG
vnf; yg0ifygw,f? okd@aomf tpkd;&opfeJ@ 0ef}uD;csKyfopf b,favmufcHrvJqkdwmawmh
aA'ifq&mawGeJ@ avmif;a=u;'kdifrsm; tvkyf¶_yfae=uygw,f?
,ae@tcg xkdif;vkd tvm;wl tajctaetusyftwnf;trSwfrsKd; tjcm;
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usif;u u|wfvGwfcJhwJh tm&S[m tck 21 &mpkrSm 'Drkdua&pD vqef;&ufrsm; óuHóudufcJh
w,fvkd@ qkd&ygr,f? jrefrm/ ajrmufukd&D;,m;uae vmtkd/ AD,uferfeJ@ w¶kwftxd
tm&Sa'o&JŒ tpdwftykdif;rsm;rSm tm%m&Siftkyfpkd;r_awG &Sdaeonfhwkdifatmif/ +yD;cJhwJh
q,fpkESpfrsm;rSmawmh tm&S[m tjyifyef;tm;jzifh 'Drkdua&pD tawmfoef;cJhygw,f?
vGefcJhwJh q,fESpfausmftwGif; tm&SEkdifiH 20 rSm a¶G;aumufyGJawGusif;y+yD;/ +idrf;csrf;pGm
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53
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'gayr,fh 2008 ckESpf wESpfvkH;rSmawmh tm&Som;trsm;pku 'Drkdu&ufwpf

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tvsiftjrefukdyJ ,kd@,Gif;csdeJ@ EkdifiHrsm; failed state tqifhqD acsmfxGufoGm;ygw,f?
rav;&Sm;rSm aumif;rGefwJh tkyfcsKyfa&;ykHpH good governance tm;enf;r_ukd
cHpm;ae&+yD;/ a¶G;aumufyGJusif;y¶kHeJ@ usef;rmoefpGrf;wJh 'Drkdua&pDtwGuf raocsmwm
jyoaeygw,f? b*Fvm;a'h&Sfu 'DZifbm(29)&uf vlxkqENrJ&vm'faumif;awGeJ@ ppf
wyf aemufcHðytpkd;&ukd awmajcmufarmif;xkwfzkd@ tm;xkwfaepOfrSmyJ/ a¶G;aumufyGJ
vGeftxd w¶kwfawGu rGef*kdvD,m;ukd a&Smhcf0ifapygw,f?
1986 ckESpfrSm tm&Sa'o&JŒ yxrOD;qkH; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_awGeJ@ tm%m&Sif
rm;ukdpf udk ðzwfcs+yD;/ pifay:wufvmwJh zdvpfykdif[m r=umrDu ta&;ay:tajctaeukd
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bl;vkd@ ,kH=unfvm=uygw,f? ðywfusoGm;wJh tm%m&Sifa[mif;rsm;&JŒ acwfukdawmif
vGrf;woo jzpfaeygw,f? 1997 pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;t+yD; ajrmif;xJxkd;qkduf
qif;oGm;wJh ‘tm&Swefzkd;’ ukdawmif jyef&Smvmygw,f? 'Drkdua&pDpepf&JŒ xdef;nd‡a&;
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55
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jzpfzkd@ vkdygr,f?
59
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60
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'D&mpkopfrSm pdwfv_yf&Sm;wufºuGzG,f a¶G;aumufyGJwpfck &SdcJhygw,f? 2008
ckESpf tar&duefa¶G;aumufyGJygyJ? tm&Swv$m;u EkdifiHom;awGuvnf; olwkd@EkdifiH
uk, d pf rD mS tajymif;tvJawG o,faqmifay;r,f/h wppDjzpfaewJh vl@tzG@J tpnf;ukd uko
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armfrGef; tbf'lvf a*,Grf; [m tm&S&JŒoufwrf;t&SnfqkH;acgif;aqmiftjzpf
ESpfaygif; 30 =um armvf'kdufu|ef;EkdifiHukd tkyfcsKyfcJhygw,f? 2008 Ekd0ifbmrSmawmh wkdif;
jynf&ŒJ yxrqk;H ygwpD aHk ¶G;aumufyt JG +yD; tm%mukd +idr;f +idr;f csr;f csr;f eJ@ pGe@f vw
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tvif;&eHŒ*sme,foŒkd 'Dru
kd a&pDavhvma&;/ Edik if w
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tD;ar;vfjzifah omfvnf;aumif; ay;ydŒk Edik yf gonf? ay;ydŒk &mwGif pma&;ol. trnf&if;ESihf
qufo, G &f ef vdypf mtjynft
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P.O Box (294), CMU P.O, Chiang Mai 50202, Thailand

E-mail: <zawzawhtun@dpns.org>
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taemufrmS uyfaewJh jyifopfeŒJ t*Fvyd ef ,fcsŒJ ESpEf ikd if &H ŒJ &efukd a=umufvŒkd ygy?J 'ga=umifh
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tJh'D 0ef}uD;XmeawGrSm toHk;ðyzdk@ ynmwwfAsL¶dku&ufawG arG;xkwf&ygw,f? 'Dht&ifu
ausmif;wd@k / aumvdyw f @kd qw kd m bk&ifrh sKd ;EG,pf 0k ifawGeŒJ rSL;rwf olaX;olºuG,af wG&ŒJ om;
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rltwdkif; jzpfaew,fqkd+yD; y,fcsypfvdkufjyefygw,f? tJ'DaemufrSm y&D'Dtay: uGefjrLepf
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twl ppfwyfwefcdk;xGm;vmr_[m obm0twdkif; ay:aygufvmcJh+yD; EdkifiHa&;rSmvnf;
ta&;ygvmygw,f? aemufydkif;rSm bk&ifh*dk%fom;awGusqHk;+yD; jynfol@ygwDbufu
tompD;&vmcJhw,f? bk&ifeJŒ tpdk;&t=um; yÉdyuQ[m ydkrdk}uD;xGm;vmcJhw,f? tpdk;&
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63
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wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ jynfol@ygwDtwGif;rSmvnf; tkyfpkESpfpk uGJjym;vmcJhw,f?
t=urf;zsif;tm;jzifh t&yfom;tkyfpkeJŒ ppfwyftkyfpkjzpfygw,f? t&yfom;tkyfpkudk y&D'D
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tm%mjyefvnf&,la&;óud;yrf;csufawGudkvJ &uf&ufpufpufEdSrfESif;cJhw,f? bk&if
Oa&myrSm&dSaewkef; bk&ifheef;awmfudkodrf;ydkuf+yD; bk&ifhyHkawGukdvnf; trsm;jynfol
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tmeENmbk&if tdyf&mxJvufonfray:bJ aoqHk;&wJhtcsdefrSm tm;jydKifr_ txGÉftxdyf
udk a&mufcJhygw,f? tJh'DaoqHk;r_[m tcktcsdeftxd tajz&Smr&ayr,fh qDeDeJŒ bk&ifh
bufawmfom;awGuawmh y&D'Dudk pGyfpGJcJhygw,f? tmeENmbk&ifaoqHk;+yD;aemuf ol@nD
awmf ,ckvuf&dS bk&ifblrdabmudk xD;eef;tyfcJhygw,f? 1947 rSm ppfwyfu tm%m
jyefodrf;+yD; y&D'D&JŒvlawGudk z,f&Sm;cJhygw,f? y&D'Dvnf; vufrwifav; vGwfajrmuf
oGm;+yD;/ 1949 rSmjyefvmcJhygw,f? tJh'Daemuf qD&Dxdkif;tzGJ@0ifawGeJŒ ppfwyfxJu ol@udk
vdkvm;olawG&JŒtultnDeJŒ tm%mjyef&zdk@óudpm;cJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh y&D'Dbufawmf
om; a&wyfu tm%modrf;zdk@}uHpnfwmtygt0if tJh'Dvdk óud;yrf;r_awGtm;vHk; t¶H_;
eJ@ &ifqkdif&+yD; y&D'Dvnf; yxr w&kwfEdkifiH/ aemuf+yD; t*FvefrSm jynfajy;tjzpf ouf
qHk;wdkif aexdkifoGm;cJh&ygw,f? 1947 ppfwyftm%modrf;r_rSm zdbGefu ¶kyfjytjzpf yg0if
vmayr,fh bk&ifeJŒ bk&ifhbufawmfom;awGbufu yl;aygif;}uHpnfw,fvdk@ oHo,
&dSaeolawGvnf; &dSygw,f?
'Daemufydkif;rSm ppfwyfu bk&ifhbufawmfom;awGeJŒ eD;uyfvmcJh+yD; tpdk;&
xJr‡m 'Drdku&ufawGtrsm;pk ae&m&vmygw,f? ppfwyfuawmh uef@vef@um aemuf
uG,fu xdef;csKyfaecJhygw,f? aemufydkif;rSm tpdk;&tzGJŒ &mxl;tay;t,ludpPtygt0if
bk&ifhtm%mudk wdk;jr‡ifhay;zdk@ 'Drdku&ufwdk@uóud;pm;vmvkd@ ppfwyfeJŒrajyrvnfjzpf+yD;
1951 rSm pwkxˆt}udrftjzpf ppfwyfu tm%modrf;jyefygw,f? tJh'Dvdk tm%modrf;r_
[m qGpfZmvefuae bk&ifblrdabmjyefrvmcif wpf&uftvkdrSmjzpfcJhwmyg? tJ'Dwpf
}udrf tm%modrf;r_aemufydkif; ppfwyftm%m[m ESpfaygif; 20 =umatmifwnf+rJcJh+yD;
ppfacgif;aqmif wpfa,muf+yD;wpfa,muf ajymif;vJtkyfcsKyfvmcJhwm 1970 ausmfwJh
65
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txdygyJ? 1963 rSm ppfacgif;aqmif q&pf oefem&yf aoqHk;+yD;aemuf oEGef uDwDcc|ef

wufvmygw,f? oEGef&JŒtkyfcsKyfr_[m 1973 rSm xdkif;wuUodkvfausmif;om;awG&JŒ
qENjyyGJay:aygufvmwhJtxd 10 ESpf =umjrifhcJhygw,f?
bk&ifESifh bk&ifhbufawmfom;wdk@ ae&m&vmjcif;
'Drdku&ufwdk@u bk&ifhtm%mudk wdk;jr‡ifhay;vmwmudk rauseyfvdk@ ppfwyfu

tm%modrf;cJhw,fqdkayr,fh bk&ifomv#if EdkifiHudkwnf+idrfatmif wnfhrwfay;Edkifr,f
qdkwmudk ppfacgif;aqmif q&pf u odjrifygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; bk&ifudk jynfolvlxk
a&SŒrSm yGJxkwfcJhw,f? bk&ifuvnf; wdkif;jynftESHŒ wdkif;cef;vSnfhvnfjcif;tm;jzifh
jynfolvlxk&JŒ ,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_udk&,lcJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif bk&ifheJŒ awmf0ifrdom;pk&JŒ
qif;&Jom;yaysmufa&;pDrHudef;awGa=umifh befaumufòrdŒeJŒ a0;oDacgifzsm;wJht&yf
a'ou jynfolvlxktzdk@ bk&iftay: =unfndKpdwfawG ykd+yD;wkd;yGm;vmcJhygw,f?
wcsdefwnf;rSm bk&ifeJŒ tm%m&tpdk;& qufqHa&;[mvnf; wdk;wufjzpf
xGef;vm+yD; 1973 rSm ausmif;om;eJŒ jynfolvlxku ppftm%m&SifpepftqHk;owfa&;
awmif;qdkvmwJhtcg bk&ifu =um;0ifjzefajzay;+yD; ppfacgif;aqmif oEGefeJŒ taygif;tyg
wdk@udk jynfyodk@ xGufoGm;apcJhygw,f? 'Dhaemuf zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'topf a&;qGJ+yD;
ppftm%m&Sipf epfut dk qk;H owfr,fh t&yfom;tkycf sKyfa&;acwfukd toufoiG ;f cJyh gw,f?
'gayr,fhJ 1973-76 umvrSm xdkif;uGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ ppfa&;t&+cdrf;ajcmufr_awG }uD;}uD;
rm;rm; &dvS mwma=umifh ppfwyftwGi;f rSm uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &;pdw"f gwv f nf; }uD;xGm;
cJhygw,f? 1973 qENjyyGJr‡myg0ifcJhwJh ausmif;om;wpfcsKdŒ uGefjrLepfygwDeJŒyl;aygif;+yD; vuf
eufudkifqefŒusifwma=umifh wuUokdvf0ef;usifw0dkufrSm r,HkouFmeJŒ apmifh=unfhr_awG
&dScJhygw,f? tm%m& t&yfom;EdkifiHa&;orm;awGudkvnf; uGefjrLepf odk@r[kwf uGefjrL
epf vdkvm;olawGtjzpf pGyfpGJcJhygw,f? tJ'Dvdk pGyfpGJcH&olawGxJrSm aemifwcsdef0ef}uD;csKyf
awGjzpfvmr,hf c|efvdydkif eJŒ tmeefyefnm&mc|ef wdk@vnf; yg0ifygw,f?
'gayr,hf 1976 ckESpfrSm jynfyxGufajy;oGm;wJh oEGef uDwDcc|ef[m bkef;}uD;
0wfeJŒjyefa&mufvmwJhtwGuf ppfwyfudk rauseyfwJhausmif;om;eJŒ jynfolvlxk[m
'kwd,t}udrfvrf;ay:xGuf qENjyvmcJhygw,f? 'Dwpf}udrfrSmvnf; ppfwyfeJŒ ppfwyf
u ausmaxmufaemufcHay;xm;wJh vuf,mpGef;tkyfpkawGuEdSrfeif;vdk@ ausmif;om;eJŒ
jynfolvlxkawG aoqHk;cJhygw,f? 'DjzpfpOfrSm ppfwyftjyif bk&ifhrdom;pkyg ywfouf
qufEG,faew,fvdk@vnf; pGyfpGJr_awG &dScJhygw,f? 'DvdkaoG;xGufoH,dkr_awGjzpfaewkef;
rSmyJ ppfwyfu aemufwpf}udrf tm%modrf;vdkufjyefygw,f? 'Dwpf}udrfrSmvnf; aemuf
xyf q,fpkESpfwpfckausmf =umjrifhcJh+yD;/ ppfwyfwGif;u aemufxyf tm%modrf;r_awG
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oHk;}udrf jzpfyGm;cJh+yD; 2 }udrf atmifjrifcJhygw,f? atmifjrifcJhwJh ppfacgif;aqmifwdkif;
wdkif;jynfudk 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf tkyfcsKyfygw,f? aemufxyftm%modrf;r_udk róuH&rcsif;
tm%m+rJaecJhygw,f?
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l mEGef tm%m&
vm+yD; ol@vufxufrSm EdkifiHa&;wnf+idrfr_eJŒtwl pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_vnf; t&dSef&
vmcJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh ol@&JŒtm%moufwrf;tprSm ppfwyfwGif;u Young Turk
vdk@ ac:wJh t&m&dSi,frsm;&JŒ ykefuefr_udk óuHcJh&w,f? tJ'DykefuefolawGxJu wpfOD;u
awmh aemifwpfcsdef ppfOD;pD;csKyfeJŒ 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvm+yD; uae@xufxd EdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHkay:
rSm &dSaeao;wJh csmAvpfa,mifcsm&k'f jzpfygw,f? Young Turk awG&JŒ ykefuefr_udk
óuH&wJhtcg y&if[m bk&ifeJŒtwlwdkif;cef;vSnfhvnf&mrSm vdkufygoGm;+yD; bk&ifhtum
tuG,fudk &,lcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh olwdk@&JŒ ykefuefr_ratmifjrifyJ y&rfomv#if tm%m
+rJaecJhygw,f? y&if&JŒ 0ef}uD;csKyfoufwrf;[m 1988 ckESpfxd &SpfESpfausmf=umjrifhcJh+yD;
ol@vufxufrSm EdkifiHjcm;&if;EDS;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; tvHk;t&if;eJŒ0ifa&mufvmcJhw,f? bk&ifeJŒ
tpdk;&&JŒ cdkif+rJwJhqufqHa&;[mvnf; ydk+yD;odomxif&Sm;vmygw,f?
azgufjyefaom tm%m& EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;. acwf
y&ifwifqv l mEGef +yD;wJah emuf 1988 ckEpS rf mS ppfwyfuae t+idr;f pm;,lxm;wJh

EdkifiHa&;orm; cswfcsdKif; c|ef[mAef vufxufudk a&mufvmcJhw,f? ol@vufxufrSm
‘ppfajrjyifudk aps;uGuftjzpf ajymif;vJa&;’ qdkwJh emrnfausmf aºuG;a=umfoHudk
us,fus,favmifavmif [pfaºuG;cJh+yD; jrefrmtygt0if tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHawGeJŒ pD;yGm;a&;
t& qufqHr_xlaxmifygw,f? ol@vufxufrSm oltygt0if tpdk;&tzGJŒtwGif;u
EdkifiHa&;orm;awG&JŒ tm%mtvGJoHk;pm;vkyfr_eJŒ udk,fusdK;&Smr_}uD;xGm;vmwma=umifh
1991 rSm ppfwyfu tm%modrf;ygw,f? ppftm%modrf;AdkvfcsKyfawGu csufcsdKif;eJŒ
ol@tpdk;&tzGJŒ&JŒtm%mtvGJoHk;pm;vkyfr_awGudk ta=umif;jyayr,fh t"duta=umif;
&if;rSm tm%m&t&yfom;tpdk;&u ppfwyf&JŒ toHk;p&dwfawGudk uef@owfzdk@ óud;pm;
vmwma=umifh jzpfygw,f? tm%modrf; ppfAdkvfcsKyfawGu National Peace-keeping
Council trsdK;om;+idrf;csrf;a&;xdef;odrf;r_aumifpDudkzGJŒpnf;+yD; pDyGm;a&;avmuu
av;pm;&wJh tmeefyefnm&mc|ef udk 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfwifajr‡mufcJhygw,f?
tm%modrf;ppfaumifpD&JŒ }uD;=uyfr_atmufrSm zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'udk
jyefvnfa&;qGJ+yD; ppfwyfu ausmaxmufaemufcHay;xm;wJh EdkifiHa&;ygwDudk a¶G;
aumufyGJ 0ifzdk@jyifqifapcJhw,f? 'ghtjyif ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;eJŒ yvJeHyoifhwJh pD;yGm;a&;
67
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w,fvDzkef;vdkif;twGuf CP ukr`%DeJŒ +*dKvfwkv$wfwifcGifhudkawmh tJ'Dwkef;u pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;&Sif vuf&dSjynfya&mufaewJh 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; wyfcfqif&DSem0yf wkd@udk csay;cJhyg
w,f? 'gayr,fhvnf; 0ef}uD;csKyf tmeefu 'Dvdk vufoifh&mpm;awmfac:wJh udpP&yf
awGudk qefŒusifvdk@ ppfaumifpDeJŒ tmeefwdk@t=um; rajyrvnfjzpfcJhygw,f?
1992 a¶G;aumufyGJusif;ywJhtcg ppfwyfu ausmaxmufaemufcHðyxm;wJh
prwfcpfoefygwD tEdik &f ayr,fh ygwaD cgi;f aqmif 0ef}uD;csKyfvyk rf ,fyh *k Kd~ vf[m &mZ0wfr_
ndpGef;aewma=umifh tm%modrf;ppfacgif;aqmif qlcsif'g u,my&m&rf udk,fwdkif
tm%m,lzdk@ jyifqifvmcJhw,f? 'gudk rauseyfwJh vlxktajcðytzGJŒtpnf;awGeJŒ
ausmif;om;xk/ tvkyform;xkawGu 1992 ck arvrSm vrf;ay:xGuf+yD; qENjyyGJawG
qifEGJcJhygw,f? tJ'DqENjyyGJawGudk +rdKŒaeynmwwfvlvwfwef;pm;awGu axmufcHchJ
+yD; acgif;aqmifuawmh tJ'Dwkef;u befaumufòrdŒawmf0ef vuf&dS PAD tzGJŒ&JŒ acgif;
aqmif csrf;avmif;qD&darmifyJ jzpfygw,f? ppfwyfu qENjyyGJawGudk t=urf;zufòzdcGif;
cJh+yD; csrfavmif;udkvnf; zrf;qD;cJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh vlxkaxmufcHr_[m avsmhroGm;yJ
qENjyolawG wd;k vmwma=umifh arv(20)&ufae@rmS awmh bk&ifu csr;f avmif;eJŒ qlcsi'f g
udk eef;awmfudkac:,l+yD; =um;0ifnd‡Ed_if;ay;cJhygw,f? &v'fuawmh qlcsif'gtygt0if
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csKyf jyefvnfcef@tyfcJhygw,f? tmeefu a¶G;aumufyGJudk tm;csif;jyefusif;y+yD; tEdkif&wJh
'Drdku&ufygwDu c|rfvdydkifacgif;aqmifwJh tpdk;&tzGJŒudk tm%mtyfESif;cJhygw,f?
c|rfvdydkif&JŒ 'Drdku&ufOD;aqmifwJhtpdk;&tzGJŒ[m ol@ygwDwGif;u EdkifiHa&;
orm;awG&JŒ tm%mtvGJoHk;pm;vkyfr_a=umifh v$wfawmfxJr‡m ¶_H;edrfhcJh&+yD; 1995 rSm
aemufxyf EdkifiHa&;orm;wpfOD;jzpfwJh cswfxdkif;ygwDu b%f[efqDvfygtmcsm 0ef}uD;
csKyfjzpfvmcJhygw,f? ol@vufxufrSmvnf; tpdk;&tzGJŒ[m a&&SnfrcHbJ v$wfawmfwGif;
wdkufyGJawGrSm ¶_H;edrfhcJh&wma=umifh 1996 rSm csmAvpfa,mifcsm&k'f tm%m&vmcJhyg
w,f? b%f[efeJŒ csmAvpfwdk@vufxufrSm wdkif;jynf&JŒpD;yGm;a&; uarmufur jzpfae
cJh+yD; tajctaetm;vHk;[m 1997 aiGa=u;tusyftwnf;qDudk OD;wnfaecJhw,f?
tpdk;&tzGJŒtwGif;u pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m0ef}uD;awG wpfa,muf+yD;wpfa,muf E_wfxGuf
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odrf;r&jzpfaeum tm&SaiGa=u;tusyftwnf; qdkufa&mufwJhtcg csmAvpfvnf; E_wf
xGufay;vdkuf&+yD; twdkuftcHacgif;aqmif c|efvdydkif tm%mjyef&vmcJhw,f?
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aumufyGJr‡m c|efvdydkif&JŒ 'Drdku&ufygwDuyJ jyefEdkifygw,f? 1998 rSm w,fvDzkef;eJŒ
+*dKvfwkqufoG,fa&;vkyfief;&Sif olaX;}uD; wyfcfqif&Sifemm0yfu xdkif;&wfxdkif;ygwDudk
zGJŒpnf;+yD; EdkifiHa&;e,fy,fxJ jyef0ifzdk@ ajcvSrf;awGjyifqifvmcJhygw,f?
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pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnfOD;armhvma&;tpDtpOfawGudk cg;oD;vm+yD; c|rfvdydkif&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;
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xdkif;cspfwJhxdkif;vdk@ trnf&wJh xkdif;&wfxdkif;ygwDudk axmufcHcJh=uw,f? wyfcfqif
tm%m&vmwJhtcg a¶G;aumufyGJuwdtwdkif; aus;¶Gmtkyfpk wpfpkudk bwfwpfoef;
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vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azgufr_awGa=umifh vlxku vrf;ay:xGuf+yD; qENjyvmcJhw,f? tJ'D
qENjyyGJawGudk OD;aqmifol PAD tzGJŒ&JŒacgif;aqmifawGuawmh 1992 ckESpfwkef;u
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tEdkif&ayr,fh qef@usifolawGrsm;aewma=umifh azaz:0g&D(24)rSm v$wfawmfudk zsuf
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('Dta=umif; bm;rm;wla'; rSm (http://www.burmatoday.net/) taxmuftxm;
awGeJ@ oGm;a&mufavhvmEdkifygw,f) eJ@ rtm;rvyfjzpfae=uawmh 'Dvdk olrsm;EkdifiHawG
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armif&if
ud;k um;
http://www.adb.org/Documents/books/ADO/2006/mya.asp
http://devdata.worldbank.org/wdi2005/Section2.htm
http://www.myanmar.mmtimes.com/2007/property/317/b005.htm
http://web.worldbank.org
http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfmid]2958&l]1
http://www.adb.org/documents/books/key_indicators/2006/default.asp
http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/
armif&ifbavmh*frS “[dkbuf+cHu rD;xdefxdef” tydkif;(2) udk jyefvnf az: jyjcif; jzpfygonf

<http://maungyin.blogspot.com/2007/06/blog-post_2994.html>
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(Norwegian Burma Committee) . &HyHkaiG axmufyHhulnDrSKjzifh

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