_____________________________________________________________________CHEM 100 LECTURE

Unit 10. Physical Properties of Solutions

I. Types of solutions:
Saturated solution - contains the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given
solvent at a specific temperature
Unsaturated solution - contains less solute than the capacity it has to dissolve
Supersaturated solution - contains more solute than is present in a saturated solution

Crystallization - process in which dissolved solute comes out of the solution and forms
crystals (precipitate)

II. Molecular View of the Solution Process

The solution process depends on the following interactions:
 solvent-solvent interaction
 solute-solute interaction
 solute-solvent interaction
• If the solute-solvent interaction is stronger than the solvent-solvent and
solute-solute attraction, the solution is favorable (exothermic, Hsoln < 0)
• If the solute-solvent interaction is weaker than the solvent-solvent and
solute-solute attraction, the solution is favorable (endothermic, Hsoln > 0)

III. Concentration Units

A. Percent by Mass mass of solute
percent by mass of solute   100%
mass of solution
B. Mole Fraction (X) moles of A
mole fraction of component A (X A ) 
sum of moles of all components

C. Molarity (M) moles of solute

molarity 
liters of solution
D. Normality (N) equivalent s of solute
normality 
liters of solution

IV. Effect of Temperature on Solubility

A. Solid solubility and temperature
• generally, the solubility of solids increase with increasing temperature
Fractional crystallization
• separation of a mixture of substances into pure components on the basis of
their differing solubilities
B. Gas solubility and temperature
• the solubility of gases decrease with increasing temperature

V. Effect of Pressure on Solubility of Gases

Henry’s Law • the solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the pressure
of the gas over the solution

Effervesence • evolution of gas as a result of a decrease in pressure over the solution

(not as a result of a chemical reaction)

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