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This is to express our heartfelt gratitude to Mr. Abdul salam Sait, faculty
in-charge(knitting technology) for his constant guidance and support
throughout the course of the study. We would also like to thank our
friends for all their help and assistance.
AMALESH DEKA
KALPANA
PREETKAMAL
(APPARELPRODUCTION-4)
NIFT-Bangalore
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1. INTRODUCTION........................................................4
2. KNITTING CAMS...................................................7
3. USAGE OF CAMS IN VARIOUS KNITTING
MACHINES.....................................................14
4. ANNEXURES.............................................18
5. BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................19
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The transformation of one of the simple motions, such as rotation, into any other
motions is often conveniently accomplished by means of a cam mechanism. It is a
rotating or sliding piece in a mechanical linkage used especially in transforming
rotary motion into linear motion or vice versa. A cam mechanism usually consists of
two moving elements, the cam and the follower, mounted on a fixed frame. Cam
devices are versatile, and almost any arbitrarily-specified motion can be obtained. In
some instances, they offer the simplest and most compact way to transform motions.
A common example is the camshaft of an automobile, which takes the rotary motion
of the engine and translates it into the reciprocating motion necessary to operate the
intake and exhaust valves of the cylinders.
There are different types of follower but they all slide or roll on the edge of the cam.
Follower Configuration
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1. In-line follower:
The center line of the follower passes through the center line of the camshaft.
2. Offset follower:
The centre line of the follower does not pass through the center line of the
cam shaft. The amount of offset is the distance between these two center
lines. The offset causes a reduction of the side thrust present in the roller
follower.
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All needles have a reciprocating action .In knitting technology cams are the devices
which convert the rotary motion drive into a suitable reciprocating action for the
needles and other elements.
The needle displacements necessary for knitting together with the closing element
displacements in the case of compound needles and the sinker movements are all
derived from cam systems that traverse the machine and are located within the
carriage.
In essence the butts of the needle are caused to impact with the inclined plane of the
cam system and the reaction forces cause the needle to move in the required
direction for the required displacement.
The angular knitting cams act directly onto the butts of needles or other elements to
produce individual or serial movements in the tricks of a latch needle weft knitting
machine. The knitting cams are hardened steels and they are the assembly of
different cam plates so that a track for butt can be arranged. Each needle movement
is obtained by means of cams acting on the
needle butts.
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The needle butts pass through the stationary cam system and the fabric hanging
from the needles revolves with them.
Clearing cam
Stitch and
guard
cams
Upthrow
cam
Guard cam
Cams
provide the
track for
the idling
needles.
The cams with the yarn feeds pass across the stationary needle beds.
In weft knitting, the yarn feed position is fixed in relation to the cam system.The yarn
feed moves with or remains stationary with the cam system ,as do the yarn
packages and tackle.( except in the case of flat machines where the cam-carriage
only reciprocates away from and towards the stationary yarn packages and does not
revolve).
In the past, most garment length knitwear and underwear machines have had
revolving cam boxes because changes to the cam settings during the garment
sequence can be initiated from a single control position as the cam boxes pass by;
also the garment lengths are stationary and may be inspected or removed whilst the
machine is knitting.
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Knitting cams are attached, either individually or in unit form, to a cam-plate and,
depending upon machine design, are fixed, exchangeable or adjustable. In the last
case, on garment-length machines this might occur whilst the machine is in
operation. Elements such as holding-down sinkers and pelerine(loop transfer) points
are controlled by their own arrangement of the cams attached to a separate cam-
plate.
At each yarn feed position there is a set of cams consisting of atleast a raising cam,
a stitch cam and an upthrow cam whose combined effect is to cause a needle to
carry out a knitting cycle if required. On circular machines there is a removable cam
section or door so that knitting elements can be replaced.
Raising cam
Guard cam
Knock-over cam
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1. CLEARING CAM
TUCK cam – a modified clearing cam that raises needles part-way to
clearing height such that the old loop remains on the opened latch
when a new loop is taken – technically known as tucking in the hook;
miss-knit cam – a modified clearing cam that causes no displacement
of the needles at the point where clearing would take place so that the
needles neither clear their old loop nor take a new loop into the hook.
2. STITCH CAM
Stitch cam is that cam which displaces cleared needles to the knock over position.
The stitch cam controls the downward movement of the needles by adjusting its
vertical movement. If the stitch cam is raised then a shorter loop is drawn below the
sinker level and a tighter fabric will result. With lowering of the stitch cam, a stitch
length will increase and a flimsy fabric will result. It controls the depth to which the
needle descends, thus controlling the amount of yarn drawn into the needle loop; it
also functions simultaneously as a knock-over cam.
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The upthrow or counter cam takes the needles back to the rest position and allows
the newly formed loops to relax. The stitch cam is normally adjustable for different
loop lengths and it may be attached to a slide together with the up throw cam, so that
the two are adjustable in unison.
4. GUARD CAM
The guard cams are often placed on the opposite side of the cam-race to limit the
movement of the butts and to prevent needles from falling out of track A guard cam
when used in conjunction with a stitch cam at a feed in latch needle-knitting
machines, which, with the stitch cam, provides there between a confined path of
travel for the needless in their stitch-drawing movement and which, by itself,
prevents undesirable needle overthrow and provides proper paths of travel for
needles moving at the tuck and welt levels. The guard cam is adjustable in a
direction at right angles to the direction of adjustment of the stitch cam whereby a
fixed distance may be maintained there between.
5. RETURN CAM
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The raising cam causes the needles to be lifted to either tuck, clearing, loop transfer
or needle transfer height, depending upon the machine design.
Sometimes, swing cams or auxiliary cams are placed between the rising cams and
the stitch cams to change the path of the needle butts to form a raceway and the
needle butts travel in this restricted path according to the different stitch
requirements.
The swing cam is fulcrummed so that the butts will be unaffected when it is out of the
track and it may also be swung into the track to raise the butts.
The bolt cam can be caused to descend into the cam track to control the element
butts or be withdrawn out of action so that the butts pass undisturbed across its face;
it is mostly used on garment-length machines to produce changes of rib set-outs.
Separate cam-boxes are required for each needle bed or associated element bed
and they must be linked together or co-ordinated. If the cam-box itself is moving from
right-to-left, the needle butts will pass through in a left-to-right direction.
On circular fabric machines, the cams are designed to act symmetrically arranged to
act in both directions of cam-box traverse, with only the leading edges of certain
cams in action.
All cams systems are a compromise between speed, variety, and needle control and
selection systems.
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The needle tracks through the cam system as shown by the blue line in the following
diagram.
In purl knitting machines, there is a cam carriage which moves from right to left and
left to right alternatively, above the needle beds. The carriage has cams which
activate the needles in knitting action.
The double cylinder machine, has divided cams with internal holding down sinkers
and stationary cam boxes. The dividing cam is an internally profiled cut through
recess in a flat plate attached horizontally and externally to the cylinders at the
position, half way between them. There is a recess cam position for the top cylinder
and another for the bottom cylinder in a different position in the same plate. The
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1) The delivering slider advances with its nose so that the nose of the slider
enters the profiled recess of the dividing cam so that the outer hook of the
needle contacts the hook underneath the head of the receiving slider pivoting
it, out of the cylinder but it immediately returns.
To intermesh a newly formed loop, the needle hook in which the new looped yarn is
trapped should rise high enough to clear the old loop resting in the closed latch or
„needle hook‟ by raising or clearing cam acting on the butt of the needle. The
clearing cam is the most important cam in the system because by simple
modification or adjustment of this clearing cam, a float (or miss) stitch and tuck stitch
can be formed in addition to a „knit stitch‟.
If the needle is not raised by the clearing cam it does not receive the new yarn and
the yarn goes behind the needle. The yarn remains behind the needle and appears
in the fabric as a float .The knit loop not cleared is called the „held loop‟. When the
needle is raised on the subsequent course the new knit loop is pulled through the
held loop only.
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If the needle is not raised to its clearing position or not raised at all but is partially
raised by the clearing cam so that the old loop is not cleared from the latch of the
needle but the feeder has fed a new yarn into the hook then a tuck stitch is formed
when the needle moves down. In this case the new yarn and the held loop is in the
hook of the needle. This forms a „tuck stitch‟ when the needle moves down. The held
loop and the new yarn-both are in the hook.
In order to produce tuck/or float loop, the clearing cam must be modified. One
common way to this is to replace the solid „clearing or raising cam‟ with an adjustable
swing cam. Tuck stitches may occur singly or on the same needle at successive
knitting cycles or across adjacent needles.
For knitting double jersey structure either a four cam tracks in cylinder and/or
dial or many needle selection and controlling devices are required to be
provided on a weft knitting machine. These machines are complex in their
mechanism, just as dobbies or jacquards are, for woven structures.
For non jacquard machines cam tracks upto four tracks in cylinder and two
tracks with swing cams for dial are used. The needles used are not only long
and short needles but needles to work in different cam tracks to form knit, tuck
and float stitches in the same course. With float or welt loops generally
narrower and elastic fabrics than fabrics comprised entirely of normal knit
loops are produced. Tuck loop fabrics are generally wider, thicker and shorter,
than plain-knit ones.
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The single knitting cam-box is symmetrically designed for knitting a course of loops
on both the front bed and back bed needles during a right-to-left traverse and a
second course during the return left-to-right cam box traverse.
The cam system on a v-bed machine reciprocates and therefore the cam system
must allow the needle to travel through in either direction. For this reason v-bed cam
systems are essentially symmetrical.
The needle butts will enter the traversing cam system from the right during a left-to-
right cam box traverse and from the left during the right-to-left traverse. For each
needle bed there are two raising cams, two cardigans cams and stitch cams.
In the direction of traverse, the leading raising cam is responsible for knitting and the
trailing raising cam acts as a guard cam. The leading stitch cam is raised out of
action and the trailing stitch cam is in operation. In the reverse direction of traverse,
the roles of the two raising cams and of the two stitch cams are reversed. A raising
cam lifts the needle to tuck the height, but if the cardigan cam above it is in action
the needle is lifted to full clearing height. Thus the cardigan cam is taken out of
action if a tuck stitch is required. To produce a miss stitch, both the raising cam and
the cardigan cam are out of action . To produce a course of tubular plain knitting, a
pair of raising cams that are diagonally opposite each other in each bed are out of
action.
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DWELL when the cam rotates but the follower does not rise or fall
THE RISE that part of the cam that causes the follower to rise.
CAM NOMENCLATURE
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