Microwave Link Design

AMA Computer University
Quezon City Campus
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MICROWAVE LINK DESIGN
DESIGN
SUBMITTED TO
ENGR. ANTIPAS TEOLOGO JR.
IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SUBJECT
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SUBMITTED BY:
CALDERON, Leonard Andre’
MANALO, April Gray
MORTALLA, Anjo
PEGUIT, Jan Anthony
3nd Trimester 2009-2010

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARY PAGES:
Letter of Transmittal …………………………………………………………………………………………… i
Approval Sheet ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. ii
Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………………………………………….… iii
Dedication ……………………………………………………………………………………………….………….. iv
Company Logo …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. v
CHAPTER 1: A. Objectives ……………………………………………….…………….…….……….… 2
B. Foreword to the Design ……….………………………………...….............. 3
C. Scopes and Limitations ……………………………………..………………..….. 4
D. Significance of the Study …………………………..…………………….…….. 5
E. Review of Related Literature ……………………………….…….…………… 6
CHAPTER 2: Terms and Definitions …………………………………………………………………. 12
CHAPTER 3: Factor Consideration in Choosing the Site …..…………….…………..…… 20
CHAPTER 4: Site Description ……………………………………………………………..…………..... 25
CHAPTER 5: Path Profile ………………………………………………….……….……………….…… 41
Microwave Link Design

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CHAPTER 6: Link Budget Calculations
A. Conditions for Putting Up a Microwave Link ………………….……… 44
B. Topographical Map of the Site ………..………………………............... 44
C. Frequency Plan ……………..………………………………..………………..….. 44
D. Azimuth Computation …………………………..……...……………….…….. 44
E. Antenna Gain ………………………………………………………………………… 44
F. Free Space Loss ………………………………………………….…….…………… 44
G. Received Signal Level ……………………………………………………………. 45
H. Thermal Fade Margin ……………………………………………………………. 47
I. Net Path Loss …………………………………………………………………………. 48
J. Effective Rain Path Length …………………………………………………….. 48
K. Rain Loss ………………………………………………………………………………. 49
L. Rain Attenuation …………………………………………………………………… 49
M. Atmospheric Losses …………………………………………………………….. 50
N. Water Vapor Losses ……………………………………………………………… 50
O. Flat Fade Margin ………………………………………………………………….. 51

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P. Reliability Calculation ………………………………………………………..… 52
Q. K – Q Reliability …………………………………………………………………… 56
R. K – Q Reliability of Terrain Roughness …………………………………. 57
CHAPTER 7: Conclusion and Recommendation ……………………………………………. 62
CHAPTER 8: Equipment Specifications
A. Antenna Specifications …………………………….………………….……… 64
B. Tower Specifications …………………………………………………………… 68
C. Waveguide Specifications …………………………………………………… 72
Bibliography …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 73
APPENDICES: Appendix A: Curriculum Vitae ………………….…………………………...… 75
Appendix B: Picture Gallery ………………………………………...………….. 79
Appendix C: List of Tables ………………………………..……………………….. 81
Appendix D: List of Formulas …………………….…………………………….. 84

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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
March 27, 2010
Engr. Antipas Teologo Jr.

College of Engineering
AMA Computer University
Project 8, Quezon City
Dear Sir:
In view of our requirements in the course Communications Theory 5, we have
prepared documentation on “Microwave Link Design”. In relation to this we have come
up with a proposed repeater, receiver and transmitter location with its equipment and
specifications based on the design we have made.
We are hoping that all the expectations were met with the completion of this
design. Thank you very much.
Respectfully,
_______________________________ _______________________________
Manalo, April Gray Calderon, Leonard Andre’
_______________________________ ______________________________
Mortalla, Anjo Peguit, Jan Anthony

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APPROVAL SHEET
This is to certify that the group have designed, conducted studies and
documented important parameters in this microwave design which was prepared by the
group entitled MICROWAVE LINK SYSTEM DESIGN, and that this document has been
submitted for final examination by the oral examination committee.
_____________________________ ____________________________
Manalo, April Gray Calderon, Leonard Andre’
____________________________ ____________________________
Mortalla, Anjo Peguit, Jan Anthony
As member of the oral examination committee, we certify that we have

examined this document and hereby recommend that it be accepted as fulfillment for
the subject COMMUNICATIONS THEORY 5.
______________________________
Panel
This document is hereby approved and accepted by the Electronics Engineering

Department as fulfillment of the design requirement for the subject COMMUNICATIONS
THEORY 5.
______________________________
Engr. Antipas Teologo Jr.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We give our warmest thanks to the Calderon and Peguit family, for welcoming us
in their humble homes during those sleepless nights of labor and hardwork.
We also give our deep gratitude to Engr. Antipas Teologo Jr. who gave us the
opportunity to gain the knowledge we need through practical applications and designs.
We would also like to thank our parents who have supported us emotionally and
financially in making this design. And also for letting us go through with the series of
overnights to make this project successful. Your trust and understanding has given us
the energy and lessen the pressures that we have.
To the group, this would not be done without the trust and the cooperation
within our group. And this whole thing would not be possible if we never believed with
the capability of each other in doing our best.
And most especially, we give our thanks to the Lord Almighty for all the guidance
that He granted us in times of need. He unselfishly gave us wisdom to carry on and
finish this project. And we owe Him the strength that pushed us to continue in all that
we aim as a group, a friend and a family.

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To our PARENTS, FRIENDS, LOVED ONES and THE LORD ALMIGHTY…

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CHAPTER 1
A. Objectives
B. Foreword to the Design
C. Scopes and Limitations
D. Significance of the Study
E. Review of Related Literature

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OBJECTIVES
• To be able to design a reliable Point-to-Point Microwave Cellular
Communications System
• To be able to design a “fully-operational” microwave link system having the ideal
reliability of 99.9999%
• To be able to know the general principles in Microwave Communications
• To be able to come up with a project that will help the students grasp the idea of
microwave design more comprehensively
• To be able to provide the students a material that will serve as their guide in
making their own microwave design

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FOREWORD
This paper describes and provides guidelines for the design and implementation
of a two-hop microwave communications system in Nueva Ecija, Philippines. Adherence
to these guidelines should allow significant terrain and propagation dynamics as well as
cost savings to be made for the pursuit of a highly reliable system. The suggested
procedure and considerations are presented with the fundamental components of
microwave path design: determining whether a proposed path is "line-of-sight",
evaluating path clearances with regard to refractive effects, evaluating path clearances
with regard to Fresnel zones, considering path reflections, deriving a power budget and
the fade margin as well as the path reliability.
This design focuses on a Microwave System designed for cellular communication.
The system link’s Site A is located on General Tinio, Site B is located on Tampak-I, and
Site C is located on Bongabon. A 13 Ghz operating frequency is used for both Hop 1 and
Hop 2 and in each relay station in an SFN (single frequency network), the coupling from
the transmitting antenna to receiving antenna causes loop interference. The
interference must be reduced to an allowable level in order to avoid problems with
distortion and oscillation so a Coupling Loop Interference Canceller was used.

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SCOPES AND LIMITATIONS
This part deals with the scopes and limitations of the design. These categorize
the reach and restrictions of the microwave system which might be useful to the
readers of the paper and on the people of Nueva Ecija.
The scope of the proposed project is focused on:
• The system is comprised of one transmitter, one receiver and one
repeater.
• The designed microwave link system is to operate at a frequency of
13Ghz for both Hop 1 and Hop 2.
• A circuit called Coupling Loop Interference Canceller is used in the system
to avoid co-channel interference in the transmit-receive process
The limitations of the proposed projects are as follows:
• The distance between sites of each hop is limited to 40 kilometers.
• The system is comprised of only two hops.
• The designed system is only to be used for cellular communication
purposes.
• The microwave link covers the province of Nueva Ecija only.

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Prior to the advent of commercial wireless communications market today, most
microwave designs were destined for profitable applications. Because of the fast
phasing of technology, there is a need, for students who are not yet in the actual field of
their studies, to cope up with the technological advancements.
This design will be of great help to the students to practice everything they have
learned theoretically. This design intends to introduce the basics of microwave system
design to the students who are required to take up this subject as well as to those who
are interested in the field of microwave communications.
This design as well will serve as a reference for students who will take the
subject in the future.

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This part aims to briefly discuss the concepts of microwave communications
system, the design considerations and the components behind a fully functional system
that would work under the conditions of being a microwave communications system
design.
From researches about Microwave Systems, it specifies that there are so many
factors to consider in designing an effective and efficient microwave system.
Urgent Communications, Official Publication of IWCE
Microwave communications path design poses many
challenges. In addition to static gain and loss considerations,
terrain and propagation dynamics can play a large role in
determining whether a proposed path will have the required
signal levels, clearances and reliability.

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Electronic Communications Systems 5th Edition, Tomasi, 2004, p.1021
The free-space path is the line-of-sight path directly
between the transmit and receive antennas (this is also called
the direct wave).
If a prospective path is not line-of-sight, then an alternate route is considered.
The transmit and receive antennas in a microwave system should have a line-of-sight to
be able to transmit the intended signal and data.
Determining whether a path is line-of-sight can be partially accomplished with
the aid of a topographical map. This type of map will show the various elevations along
the length of the path between proposed endpoints. Plotting these elevations at
intervals will produce a path profile showing terrain relative to the antenna elevations.
This graphical representation aids in determining not only whether a line-of-site
condition exists between endpoints but also in measuring clearances between the
center of the path and the surrounding terrain.

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When evaluating a proposed path, the path profile should be developed first.
This will identify path obstructions from terrain features. A field survey should follow,
which offers the necessary visual confirmation that the height of man-made
objects (which are not indicated on a topographical map) will not be located in or too
near the proposed path.
Communication Infrastructure Corporation, 2008

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Figure 1: K factors describe the effective Earth radius, e.g., the radius of a hypothetical
Earth for which the distance to the radio horizon in straight-line propagation is the same
as for the actual Earth with a uniform vertical gradient of atmospheric refractive index.
Less obvious barriers to microwave signals include the Earth’s curvature (k-
factor) and atmospheric conditions, which differ over geographic areas and change
locally throughout the year. In coastal areas, for example, changes in atmospheric
density due to temperature inversions, rain storms, and normal diurnal fluctuations can
vary the Earth’s effective curvature from 4/3 to 0.5. During the year, a typical
microwave path might experience a change in clearance by 20 feet or more. As
atmospheric fluctuations cause the beam to bend, the signal strength can easily vary by
20 to 30 dBm. (See Figure 2) In order to account for these fluctuations, the engineer
must carefully calculate the Fresnel zone clearance based on the likely range of k-factors
for the region where the microwave path is to be built. Thus, Fresnel zone clearance
cannot be determined through a visual LOS survey.
The entire path survey for a microwave link system includes four details
according to a microwave communications company and these are as follows:

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Communication Infrastructure Corporation, 2008
Detailed microwave path surveys include:
• Accurately locating the tower sites.
• Plotting the tower sites and deriving an elevation profile.
• Traversing the path on the ground to identify potential obstacles.
• Determining the antenna heights and performing a reflection
analysis.
Microwave link design covers a very wide range and field of study. A well-
planned system is very much required to reach the objectives in putting up a point-to-
point LOS link.

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CHAPTER 2
Terms and Definitions

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TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
Adjacent-channel interference fade margin (AIFM) (in decibels). Accounts for receiver
threshold degradation due to interference from adjacent channel transmitters.
Antenna bandwidth. The frequency range within which the antenna performance
meet specifications.
Antenna gain. A measure of directivity properties and the efficiency of the antenna. It
is defined as the ratio of the radiation intensity in the peak intensity direction to the
intensity that would be obtained if the power accepted by the antenna were radiated
isotropically. The difference between the antenna gain and the directivity is that the
antenna efficiency is taken into account in the former parameter. Antenna gain is
measured in dBi, i.e. decibels relative to isotropic antenna.
Branching losses. Comes from the hardware used to deliver the transmitter/receiver
output to/from the antenna.
Fading. Defined as the variation of the strength of a received radio carrier signal due to
atmospheric changes and/or ground and water reflections in the propagation path.
Four fading types are considered while planning links. They are all dependent on path

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length and are estimated as the probability of exceeding a given (calculated) fade
margin
Fading Margin. Number of decibels of attenuation which may be added to a specified
radio-frequency propagation path before the signal-to-noise ratio of a specified channel
falls below a specified minimum in order to avoid fading. Allowance made in radio
system planning to accommodate estimated fading.
First Fresnel Zone. Circular portion of a wavefront transverse to the line between an
emitter and a more distant point, where the resultant disturbance is being observed,
whose center is the intersection of the front with the direct ray, and whose radius is
such that the shortest path from the emitter through the periphery to the receiving
point is one-half wavelength longer than the direct ray.
Flat fade margin. In an analog microwave radio system, the flat fade margin is equal to
the system total Gains minus system total losses. In a digital microwave radio system,
the "flat" or thermal fade margin (TFM) is calculated from the system total Gains minus
system total losses.
Free Space Loss. The signal attenuation that would result if all absorbing, diffracting,
obstructing, refracting, scattering, and reflecting influences were sufficiently removed

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so as to have no effect on propagation. Note: Free-space loss is primarily caused
by beam divergence, i.e., signal energy spreading over larger areas at increased
distances from the source.
Fresnel Zone. Circular portions of a wavefront transverse to a line between an emitter
and a point where the disturbance is being observed; the nth zone includes all paths
whose lengths are between n -1 and n half-wavelengths longer than the line-of-sight
path. Also known as half-period zones.
Figure 2: Fresnel Zone in relation to distance

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Gas absorption. Primarily due to the water vapor and oxygen in the atmosphere in the
radio relay region.The absorption peaks are located around 23GHz for water molecules
and 50 to 70 GHz for oxygen molecules.The specific attenuation (dB/Km)is strongly
dependent on frequency, temperature and the absolute or relative humidity of the
atmosphere.
Interference fade margin (IFM). Is the depth of fade to the point at which RF
interference degrades the BER to 1x 10-3 . The actual IFM value used in a path
calculation depends on the method of frequency coordination being used.
Line of Sight. An unobstructed view from transmitter to receiver.
Link Budget. The accounting of all of the gains and losses from the transmitter, through
the medium (free space, cable, waveguide, fiber, etc.) to the receiver in
a telecommunication system. It accounts for the attenuation of the transmitted signal
due to propagation, as well as the antenna gains, feed line and miscellaneous losses.
Randomly varying channel gains such as fading are taken into account by adding some
margin depending on the anticipated severity of its effects
Microwave. These are the ultra high, super high and extremely high frequencies
directly above the lower frequency ranges.

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Microwave Link Design. A methodical, systematic and sometimes lengthy process that
includes
• Loss/attenuation Calculations
• Fading and fade margins calculations
• Frequency planning and interference calculations
• Quality and availability calculations
Miscellaneous (other) losses. Unpredictable and sporadic in character like fog, moving
objects crossing the path, poor equipment installation and less than perfect antenna
alignment etc.
Multipath Fading. The dominant fading mechanism for frequencies lower than 10GHz.
A reflected wave causes a multipath, i.e.when a reflected wave reaches the receiver as
the direct wave that travels in a straight line from the transmitter.
Multipath Interference. When signals arrive at a remote antenna after being reflected
off the ground or refracted back to earth from the sky (sometimes called ducting), they
will subtract (or add) to the main signal and cause the received signal to be weaker (or
stronger) throughout the day.

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Parabolic Antenna can be used as a transmit and receive antenna with both Single and
Dual polarized feeds available. Frequencies from 1.7 to 23.6 GHz can be accommodated
just by changing out the Feed assembly. Various mounting hardware and accessories
availably. Dual frequency and specialty feeds are also available.
Propagation losses. Losses due to Earth’s atmosphere and terrain.
Rain Attenuation. Attenuation of radio waves when passing through moisture-bearing
cloud formations or areas in which rain is falling; increases with the density of the
moisture in the transmission path.
Receive Signal Level. Receive signal level is the actual received signal level (usually
measured in negative dBm) presented to the antenna port of a radio receiver from a
remote transmitter.
Receiver Sensitivity. Receiver sensitivity is the weakest RF signal level (usually
measured in negative dBm) that a radio needs receive in order to demodulate and
decode a packet of data without errors.
Receiver sensitivity threshold. Is the signal level at which the radio runs continuous
errors at a specified bit rate

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Refraction – Diffraction Fading. Also known as k-type fading. For low k values, the
Earth’s surface becomes curved and terrain irregularities, man-made structures and
other objects may intercept the Fresnel Zone. For high k values, the Earth’s surface gets
close to a plane surface and better LOS(lower antenna height) is obtained. The
probability of refraction-diffraction fading is therefore indirectly connected to
obstruction attenuation for a given value of Earth –radius factor.
System Operating Margin. System operating margin (SOM) is the difference (measured
in dB) between the nominal signal level received at one end of a radio link and the signal
level required by that radio to assure that a packet of data is decoded without error.
Thermal fade margin (TFM). In db, is the difference between the normal received
signal RSL at the input of microwave receiver expressed in dbm and the receiver's
threshold ( given by the manufacturer) expressed in dbm (TFM = RSL - TH )
Transmit Power. The transmit power is the RF power coming out of the antenna port of
a transmitter. It is measured in dBm, Watts or milliWatts and does not include the signal
loss of the coax cable or the gain of the antenna.

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CHAPTER 3
Factor Consideration in Choosing the Site

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FACTOR CONSIDERATION IN CHOOSING THE SITE
For many wireless carriers, microwave is becoming a popular choice over wire
line transport. It is an attractive option for many reasons, especially as radio equipment
costs decrease. Low monthly operating costs can undercut those of typical expenses,
proving it more economical over the long term. But before you move forward, make
sure you understand all of the design considerations that will affect your deployment.
First, it is important to understand the relationship between capacity, frequency
band, path distance, tower heights, radio equipment and antennas.
Frequency Options
Wavelengths in the lower frequencies are longer, which is important because the
wavelength determines how the atmosphere affects transmission. The atmosphere may
refract longer waves. Refraction can reduce the length of the path, or microwave hop.
Microwave Systems in the 2GHz to 6GHz frequencies can transmit over longer
distances, which make them more suitable for rural areas. High-frequency systems are a
better fit for suburban and urban environments.

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Terrain and Weather
Because line of sight is a microwave requirement, terrain such as mountains,
hills, trees and buildings can block a microwave signal and limit the distance of a
microwave path.
Capacity is another important consideration. You can configure radios to carry a
certain amount of traffic in a specific frequency. Based on capacity and radio
equipment, antenna size, tower heights and terrain elevation will play a major role in
how you plan and construct the system. These four factors also will dictate system
reliability, multi-path fading, fade margin calculations, fresnel zone clearance,
interference analysis, system diversity and long-distance specifications.
You will use a large antenna (low frequency) when the path is longer. Large
antennas require large towers and have higher wind factors. As a result, you also must
consider existing tower loads to ensure that you can implement the design on existing
or planned towers and structures.
You also must take into account attenuation, the reduction in energy as a signal
travels through equipment, transmission lines or air. The term often refers to the impact

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of rain, or fog as well as normal signal loss in the waveguide and microwave system
itself.
Path reliability normally has to meet the same standards as the rest of the
microwave system. Reliability objectives are often stated on a per hop basis or end-to-
end. The objective applied to each hop is limited to a distance of 35km to 40km, having
a ratio of 2cm : 1km.
Fading mechanisms considered include fading due to multipath phenomena,
obstructions, and rain attenuation. Equipment and power-source reliability demands are
dealt with through a combination of highly reliable components plus designs that
incorporate redundancy and protection.
Equipment Selection
When selecting equipment, determine the amount of power the system uses to
transmit and receive signals. More power usage equates to higher operating costs.
System planners should perform path calculations to establish fade margins and system
gain, taking into account an estimate of system downtime for the locale of the planned
radio (average rainfall). Fade margin is the allowance made to accommodate estimated
propagation fading without exceeding a specified signal-to-noise ratio.

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With careful attention to link gain power, antenna height, receiver sensitivity,
free space loss, attenuation and availability requirements, you can integrate microwave
radio effectively into virtually any wireless system.
Population
Sites A, B, and C are located at towns in Nueva Ecija where the population is not
that large, to avoid so much of external interference, however, the population is not
that small as well to attain the objective of providing reliable information signals to the
people.

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CHAPTER 4
Site Description

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SITE DESCRIPTION
Province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Founded in 1705 by Spanish Governor
General Don Fausto Couzar, he named the province
after his homeland Ecija in Seville, south of Spain.
The province has three cities: Cabanatuan, San Jose, and Palayan, its capital.
Nueva Ecija has a total land area of 550,718 hectares with 29 municipalities consisting
of: Aliaga, Bongabon, Cabiao, Carranglan, Cuyapo, Gabaldon, Gapan, General M.
Natividad, General Tinio, Guimba, Jaen, Laur, Licab, Llanera, Lupao, Muñoz, Nampicuan,
Pantabangan, Peñaranda, Quezon, Rizal, San Antonio, San Isidro, San Leonardo, Sta.
Rosa, Sto. Domingo,Talavera, Talugtug, and Zaragosa.

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History
Nueva Ecija was created as a military comandancia in 1777 by Governor General
Clavería, with the capital at Baler (now part of Aurora). It was formerly part of the
province of Pampanga. From its humble beginning, its land area grew to cover almost
the entire island of Luzon. Spanish Records in the Philippines recognizes 2 Spanish
countries in the Pacific-- Las Islas Filipinas and Nueva Ecija. Poverty was the only reason
why Nueva Ecija was not given recognition as a separate country from the Philippines by
the King of Spain in 1840s. From 1777 to 1917, Nueva Ecija's territory was however
subdivided to give way to the creation of other provinces. The Province of Tayabas (now
Aurora and Quezon) including Polilio Islands, the provinces of Palanan (now Isabela),
Cagayan, the province of Nueva Vizcaya, the territory which became part of the
Province of Quirino, and the province of Manila north of the province of Tondo in 1867,
and the District of Morong (now Rizal) were among those created out of Nueva Ecija.
The Province was named after the old city of Écija in Seville, Spain. In 1896,
Nueva Ecija became one of the first provinces to revolt against Spanish rule, and one of
the provinces which declared its independence in 1898.

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Geography & Climate
Nueva Ecija is bounded by the provinces of Pangasinan and Nueva Vizcaya on the
north, Pampanga and Bulacan on the south, Aurora and Quezon on the east, and Tarlac
on the west. Three mountain ranges bound the said province: Sierra Madre on the east,
Caraballo on the north, and Cordillera on the west. The rainy season is from May to
November and is dry the rest of the year. Most of the typhoons occur during the months
of October and November. An average of six typhoons visit the province per annum. The
mean average temperature at 27.3 degrees centigrade. The province is the largest in
Central Luzon. Its terrain begins with the southwestern marshes near the Pampanga
border. It levels off and then gradually increases in elevation to rolling hills as it
approaches the mountains of Sierra Madre in the east, and the Caraballo and Cordillera
ranges in the north.
Population & Languages/Dialects
Based on the 1995 census, the population was recorded at 1,505,827.
Cabanatuan City, being the center of economic activities in the province, is the most
densely populated area. There are at least 41 languages and dialects used in the

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province. Tagalog is the major tongue, followed by Ilocano and Pampango. Other
languages and dialects (2 percent) are those coming from Luzon, Visayas, and
Mindanao. There are also tribal and ethnic groups in Nueva Ecija composed of
Dumagats, Ilongots, Ibalois, Kankanaeys, Kalingas, Kalanguyas, among others. They live
in the mountain ranges of Sierra Madre, Caraballo, and Cordillera.
Modern Infrastructure
There are four major roads in Nueva Ecija: the Maharlika Highway, Gapan-
Olongapo Road, Cabanatuan-Tarlac, and the Cabanatuan-Aurora Road. There are 104
concrete and two temporary bridges with a total length of 4,500 kilometers. The
National Food Authority compound, Camp Tinio, Fort Magsaysay, and Nueva Ecija
Grandstand have airstrips that cater only to small aircrafts.
Commerce & Industry
Trading activities are agri-based mostly confined to buying and selling of agri-
crops, farm inputs, and small farm machineries augmented by the wholesale and retail
business. The main industries in Nueva Ecija are as follows: wood and other forest

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products processing, paper manufacturing, construction materials, mushroom culture
and processing, livestock and poultry production, cattle breeding/fattening, and dairy
production. Other industries are swine breeding/fattening, broiler production, egg
production, inland fisheries, agro-processing, onion dehydration, cucumber
pickling/relishing, citrus fruit juices, mango juice, tomato paste and juice, garlic,
sericulture, seed production,organic fertilizer production, sack manufacturing,
bran oil processing, export industry forhandicrafts, trading services, agro-based
enterprises, and other manufacturing industries like furniture making, construction
materials, and metalcraft.
Preferred Investment Areas
There are eight investment centers in Nueva Ecija: Cabanatuan, San Jose, and
Palayan cities; Gapan, Talavera, Guimba, Sta. Rosa, and Muñoz. The preferred
investment areas involve trading services, agriculture, construction hardwares, and
manufacturing.

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Tours & Transport
There are various tourist spots in Nueva Ecija. Some of these are: the
Minalungao National Park (Gapan), Barrio Puncan (Carranglan), Hot Springs (Rizal),
Burburayok Springs (Talugtug), Pajanutic Falls (Carranglan), Palasapas Falls (San Jose
City), historic Barrio Labi (Bongabon), Camp Pangatian (Cabanatuan City), Dalton Pass
(Carranglan), General Luna Statue Marker (Cuyapo), Pantabangan Dam (Pantabangan),
Diamond Park (San Jose City), and the Rubber Dam in Llanera.
There are many transportation facilities in the area. The Baliwag Transit Inc., Five
Star Transit, Ram Transit, RL Bus, Royal Eagle, Arayat Express, Sierra Madre Transit, ABC
Transit, and Danilo Transit are some of the buses playing the area. Mini buses and
jeepneys can also take you from one point to another.
Water & Power Supply
Majority of industrial, commercial, and domestic water users using ground water
are supplied by local water utilities or privately-owned deep well pumps. The
city/municipal water districts and the National Irrigation Administration - Upper
Pampanga River Integrated Irrigation Systems also supply water to the municipal and

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rural areas of the province. Napocor and Masiway Hydroelectric Power Plant of
Pantabangan, and Bitas Power Plant are the major sources of power in the province.
NEECO I, II & III, and San Jose Electric Company are the electric cooperatives which also
extend electric utilities in some of the barangays The historical Freedom Park which
include the in the province.

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SITE A: GENERAL TINIO, Nueva Ecija
General Tinio is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Nueva Ecija,
Philippines. According to the latest census, it has a population of 38,640 people in 6,878
households. The town is at the foot of the Sierra Mountain Ridges adjoining the Fort
Magsaysay Army Reservation on the Eastside. The municipalities of San Miguel, Bulacan,
Peñaranda and San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija abut the town from its South, West and
Northside.
Barangays
General Tinio is politically subdivided into 13 barangays consisting of:
• Bago (Barangay 6) • Palale (reclaimed from Palayan
• Concepcion (Barangay 2) City)
• Nazareth (Barangay 5) • Pias (Barangay 3)
• Padolina (Barangay 1) • Poblacion Central (Barangay 8)

ECEG11A – EC
• Poblacion East (Barangay 10) • Rio Chico (Barangay 4)
• Poblacion West (Barangay 7) • Sampaguita (Barangay 11)
• Pulong Matong (Barangay 12) • San Pedro (Barangay 9)

ECEG11A – EC
SITE B: GUIMBA, Nueva Ecija
Guimba is a 1st class municipality in the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
According to the latest census, it has a population of 96,116 people in 19,207
households. It was incorporated by the King of Spain by virtue of a royal decree in 1897.
Barangays
Guimba is politically subdivided into 64 barangays.
• Agcano • Escano • Saint John District (Pob.)

• Ayos Lomboy • Faigal • San Agustin
• Bacayao • Galvan • San Andres
• Bagong Barrio • Guiset • San Bernardino
• Balbalino • Lamorito • San Marcelino
• Balingog East • Lennec • San Miguel
• Balingog West • Macamias • San Rafael
• Banitan • Macapabellag • San Roque
• Bantug • Macatcatuit • Santa Ana
• Bulakid • Manacsac • Santa Cruz
• Bunol • Manggang Marikit • Santa Lucia
• Caballero • Maturanoc • Santa Veronica District
• Cabaruan • Maybubon (Pob.)
• Caingin Tabing Ilog • Naglabrahan • Santo Cristo District
• Calem • Nagpandayan (Pob.)
• Camiing • Narvacan I • Saranay District (Pob.)
• Cardinal • Narvacan II • Sinulatan
• Casongsong • Pacac • Subol

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• Catimon • Partida I • Tampac I
• Cavite • Partida II • Tampac II & III
• Cawayan Bugtong, • Pasong Intsik • Triala
• Consuelo • Yuson
• Culong

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SITE C: Bongabon, Nueva Ecija
Bongabon is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
According to the latest census, it has a population of 73,639 people in 10,184
households in 28,352.90 hectares land area. It is the leading producer of onion in the
Philippines and in Southeast Asia.
Each barangay in Bongabon has its own fiesta. The town fiesta, celebrated
annually on the 1st to 2nd week of April, is known as the Sibuyasan Onion Festival.
Barangays
Bongabon is politically subdivided into 28 barangays. The number following the
barangay name in the listing is its population
Population Center Rural area
• Commercial, 597 • Antipolo, 3,077

• Kaingin, 2,222 • Ariendo, 723
• Magtanggo, 1,287 • Bantug, 820
• Mantile, 980 • Calaanan, 1,622
• Palomaria, 1,377 • Cruz, 1,434
• Rizal, 2,605 • Curva, 2,742
• Sampalucan, 1,390 • Digmala, 762
• San Roque, 2,226 • Larcon, 1,285
• Sinipit, 1,806 • Labi, 922
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• Sisilang, 657 • Lusok, 1,657
• Social, 630 • Macabaclay, 1,770
• Tulay na Bato (New Era), 1,578 • Olivete, 1,735
• Pesa, 1,682
• Santor, 5,088
• Tugatog, 1,502
• Vega Grande, 5,029

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CHAPTER 5
Path Profile

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CHAPTER 6
Link Budget Calculations
A. Conditions for Putting Up a J. Effective Rain Path Length
Microwave Link K. Rain Loss
B. Topographical Map of the Site L. Rain Attenuation
C. Frequency Plan M. Atmospheric Losses
D. Azimuth Computation N. Water Vapor Losses
E. Antenna Gain O. Flat Fade Margin
F. Free Space Loss P. Reliability Calculation
G. Received Signal Level Q. K – Q Reliability
H. Thermal Fade Margin R. K – Q Reliability of Terrain
I. Net Path Loss Roughness

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LINK BUDGET CALCULATIONS
A. CONDITIONS FOR PUTTING UP A MICROWAVE LINK
Path Length (Site A – Site B): 40 km

Path Length (Site B – Site C): 40 km
Reliability Requirement: 99.9995% - 99.9999%
B. TOPOGRAPHICAL SITE OF THE MAP
The Scale used is 1:50,000

Hop 1: Sampaguita, General Tinio, Nueva Ecija to Tampac I, Guimba,
Nueva Ecija
Hop 2: Tampac I, Guimba, Nueva Ecija to Larcon, Bongabon, Nueva Ecija
C. FREQUENCY PLAN
For Hop 1:
Frequency Band: 13 GHz
Frequency Range: 12.75 – 13.25GHz
For Hop 2:
Frequency Band: 13 GHz
Frequency Range: 12.75 – 13.25GHz
D. FREE SPACE LOSS
FSL = 92.4 + 20 log (fGHz) (D)
For Hop 1 & Hop 2
LBF: FSL = 92.4 + 20 log (12.75) (40)

= 146.55 dB
HBF: FSL = 92.4 + 20 log (13.25) (40)
= 146.86 dB

ECEG11A – EC
E. RECEIVED SIGNAL LEVEL
RSL = Po + AGTx + AGRx - CLTx - CLRx - WLTx - WLRx – FSL
For Hop 1
LBF: RSL = 26 + 41.4 + 41.4 – 0.5 – 0.5 – 11.51 – 12.66 – 146.55

= -62.92 dB
HBF: RSL = 26 + 41.8 + 41.8 – 0.5 – 0.5 – 11.51 – 12.66 – 146.55
= -62.92 dB
For Hop 2
LBF: RSL = 26 + 41.4 + 41.4 – 0.5 – 0.5 – 16.11 – 12.66 – 146.55

= -67.52 dB
HBF: RSL = 26 + 41.8 + 41.8 – 0.5 – 0.5 – 16.11 – 12.66 – 146.55
= -67.03 dB
LINK PARAMETERS
Hop 1:
Computation for Low Band Frequency (12.75 Ghz)
Parameters Value Unit

Microwave Radio Output Power 26 dB
Connector Loss (Tx) 0.5 dB
Waveguide Loss (Tx) 11.51 dB
Antenna Gain (Tx) 41.4 dB
Free Space Loss 146.55 dB
Antenna Gain (Rx) 41.4 dB
Waveguide Loss (Rx) 12.66 dB
Connector Loss (Rx) 0.5 dB
Power Input to Receiver (RSL) -62.92 dB
Minimum Receiver Threshold -91 dB

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Computation for High Band Frequency (13.25 Ghz)

Hop 2:
Computation for Low Band Frequency (12.75 Ghz)


ECEG11A – EC
Computation for High Band Frequency (13.25 Ghz)

F. THERMAL FADE MARGIN
TFM = RSL – MRT
For Hop 1
LBF: TFM = -62.92 dB – (-91 dB)

= 28.08 dB
HBF: TFM = -62.43 dB – (-91 dB)
= 28.57 dB
For Hop 2
LBF: TFM = -67.52 dB – (-91 dB)

= 23.48 dB
HBF: TFM = -67.03 dB – (-91 dB)
= 23.97 dB

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G. NET PATH LOSS
NPL = Power Output – RSL
For Hop 1
LBF: NPL = 26 dB – (-62.92 dB)

= 88.92 dB
HBF: NPL = 26 dB – (-62.43 dB)
= 88.43 dB
For Hop 2
LBF: NPL = 26 dB – (-67.52 dB)

= 93.52 dB
HBF: NPL = 26 dB – (-67.03 dB)
= 93.03 dB
H. RAIN LOSS
For Hop 1 & Hop 2
LBF:
M = (log 12 – log 12.75)/(log 12 – log 15)
M = 0.27
k = log-1 [(log 0.0335) – (0.27 (log 0.0335 – log 0.0168))]

k = 0.029
α = 1.154 – (0.27)(1.154-1.217)
α = 1.17
HBF:
M = (log 12 – log 13.25)/(log 12 – log 15)
M = 0.44

ECEG11A – EC
k = log-1 [(log 0.0335) – (0.44 (log 0.0335 – log 0.0168))]
k = 0.025
α = 1.154 – (0.44)(1.154-1.217)
α = 1.18
I. EFFECTIVE RAIN PATH LENGTH
Do = 35 x e-0.015 x R0.01
Do = 35 x e-0.015 x 180
Do = 2.35
DE = D/ [1 + (D/Do)]
Hop 1:
DE = 40 / [1 + (40/2.35)]
= 2.22
Hop 2:
DE = 40 / [1 + (40/2.35)]
= 2.22
J. RAIN ATTENUATION
Hop 1 & Hop 2
LBF:
γ = k (180)α
γ = 0.029 (180)1.17
γ = 12.62
Arain = DE (γ)
Arain = 2.22 (12.62)
Arain = 28.0164 dB

ECEG11A – EC
HBF:
γ = k (180)α
γ = 0.025 (180)1.18
γ = 11.46
Arain = DE (γ)
Arain = 2.22 (11.46)
Arain = 25.4412 dB
K. ATMOSPHERIC LOSSES
o Oxygen Absorption Loss
Ao = [7.19 x 10-3 + (6.09/(f2 + 0.227)) + (4.81/((f-57)2 + 1.5)))] (f2 x 10-3) D
LBF:
Ao = [7.19 x 10-3 + (6.09/(12.752 + 0.227)) + (4.81/((12.75 – 57)2 + 1.5)))] (12.752 x

10-3) D
Ao = 7.79 x 10-3 dB/km
Ao for 40 km = 0.3116 dB
HBF:
Ao = [7.19 x 10-3 + (6.09/(13.252 + 0.227)) + (4.81/((13.25– 57)2 + 1.5))] (13.252 x

3
10- ) D
Ao = 7.78 x 10-3 dB/km
Ao for 40 km = 0.3112 dB
o Water Vapor Loss
AH2O = [0.067 + (3/((f-22.3)2 + 7.3)) + (9/((f-183.3)2 + 6)) + ( 4.3/ ((f-323.8)2 + 10))]

(f2 x α x 10-4)

ECEG11A – EC
LBF:
AH2O = [0.067 + (3/((12.75-22.3)2 + 7.3)) + (9/((12.75-183.3)2 + 6)) + ( 4.3/ ((12.75-
323.8)2 + 10))] (12.752 x 1.17 x 10-4)
AH2O = 1.86 x 10-3 dB/km
AH2O for 40km = 0.0744 dB
HBF:
AH2O = [0.067 + (3/((13.25-22.3)2 + 7.3)) + (9/((13.25-183.3)2 + 6)) + ( 4.3/ ((13.25-
323.8)2 + 10))] (13.252 x 1.18 x 10-4)
AH2O = 2.09 x 10-3 dB/km
AH2O for 40km = 0.0836 dB
L. FLAT FADE MARGIN
FMFlat = -10 log[10(-FMthermal/10) +10 (-FMdiff/10)
For Hop 1
LBF: FMFlat = -10 log[10(-28.08/10) +10 (-28.08/10)

= 25.07 dB
HBF: FMFlat = -10 log[10(-28.57/10) +10 (-28.57/10)
= 25.56 dB
For Hop 2
LBF: FMFlat = -10 log[10(-23.48/10) +10 (-23.48/10)

= 20.46 dB
HBF: FMFlat = -10 log[10(-23.97/10) +10 (-23.97/10)
= 20.96 dB
M. COMPOSITE OR EFFECTIVE FADE MARGIN
FMCOMPOSITE = -10 log[10(-FMthermal/10) +RD10 (-FM Dispersive/10)

ECEG11A – EC
Considering a dispersive fade margin of 70 dB with an average fade
occurrence factor equal to 3, the computation for composite fade margin can be
done.
For Hop 1
LBF:
FMCOMPOSITE = -10 log[10(-28.08/10) +(3)(10 (-70/10))
FMCOMPOSITE = 28.08 dB
HBF:
FMCOMPOSITE = -10 log[10(-28.57/10) +(3)(10 (-70/10))
For Hop 2
LBF:
FMCOMPOSITE = -10 log[10(-23.48/10) +(3)(10 (-70/10))
HBF:
FMCOMPOSITE = -10 log[10(-23.97/10) +(3)(10 (-70/10))
N. RELIABILITY CALCULATIONS
Hop 1:
Distance (km) Path Elevations Path Elevations Squared

0 0 0
1 0 0
2 0 0
3 0 0

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4 47 2209
5 38 1444
6 0 0
7 0 0
8 0 0
9 39 1521
10 0 0
11 0 0
12 0 0
13 0 0
14 0 0
15 0 0
16 0 0
17 0 0
18 0 0
19 0 0
20 0 0
21 0 0
22 0 0
23 25 625
24 0 0
25 0 0
26 26 676
27 28 784
28 28 784
29 0 0
30 0 0
31 28 784
32 0 0
33 0 0
34 29 841
35 0 0
36 0 0
37 33 1089
38 37 1369
39 37 1369

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40 0 0
SUM 395 13495
AVERAGE 9.875 337.375
STANDARD DEVIATION 15.49
Average Terrain Elevation = M = 9.875
Standard Deviation of the Elevations = S = 15.49
Hop 2:
Distance (km) Path Elevations Path Elevations Squared
0 0 0
1 0 0
2 0 0
3 0 0
4 24 576
5 38 1444
6 0 0
7 0 0
8 0 0
9 39 1521
10 0 0
11 0 0
12 0 0
13 0 0
14 0 0
15 0 0
16 0 0
17 0 0
18 0 0
19 0 0
20 0 0
21 0 0
22 0 0
23 58 3364
24 0 0
25 0 0

ECEG11A – EC
26 0 0
27 0 0
28 0 0
29 0 0
30 0 0
31 0 0
32 0 0
33 0 0
34 0 0
35 0 0
36 59 3481
37 0 0
38 0 0
39 0 0
40 0 0
SUM 218 10386
AVERAGE 5.45 259.65
STANDARD DEVIATION 15.16
Average Terrain Elevation = M = 5.45
Standard Deviation of the Elevations = S = 15.16
O. K-Q RELIABILITY CALCULATION
U = K-Q x fb x Dc x 10(-FMeff/10)
Hop 1
LBF: U = 1 x 10-9 (12.751.2)(403.5)(10(-28.08/10))

= 1.34 x 10-8
HBF: U = 1 x 10-9 (13.251.2)(40 3.5)(10(-28.57/10))

= 1.25 x 10-8
Hop 2
LBF: U = 1 x 10-9 (12.751.2)(403.5)(10(-23.48/10))

ECEG11A – EC
= 3.85 x 10-8
HBF: U = 1 x 10-9 (13.251.2)(40 3.5)(10(-23.97/10))

= 3.60 x 10-8
R = (1 – U) x 100%
For Hop 1
LBF: R = (1 – 1.34 x 10-8) x 100%

= 99.99999866%
HBF: R = (1 – 1.25 x 10-8) x 100%

= 99.99999875%
For Hop 2
LBF: R = (1 – 3.85 x 10-8) x 100%

= 99.99999615%
HBF: R = (1 – 3.60 x 10-8) x 100%

= 99.9999964%
P. K-Q RELIABILITY WITH TERRAIN ROUGHNESS
U = (K-Q/S1.3) x fb x Dc x 10(-FMeff/10)
Hop 1:
LBF: U = (1 x 10-9/15.491.3) (12.751.2) (403.5) (10(-28.08/10))

= 3.79 x 10-7
HBF: U = (1 x 10-9/15.491.3) (13.251.2) (40 3.5) (10(-28.57/10))
= 3.55 x 10-7

ECEG11A – EC
Hop 2:
LBF: U = (1 x 10-9/15.161.3) (12.751.2) (403.5) (10(-23.48/10))

= 1.12 x 10-6
HBF: U = (1 x 10-9/15.161.3) (13.251.2) (40 3.5) (10(-23.97/10))
= 1.05 x 10-6
R = (1 – U) x 100%
Hop 1:
LBF: R = (1 – 3.79 x 10-7) x 100%

= 99.9999621%
HBF: R = (1 – 3.55 x 10-7) x 100%
= 99.9999645%
Hop 2:
LBF: R = (1 – 1.12 x 10-6) x 100%
= 99.99988%
HBF: R = (1 – 1.05 x 10-6) x 100%
= 99.999895%
Microwave Path Data Sheet

Customer: TELCO
Project Number: 3
Frequency Band Used: 13 GHz
Low Band Frequency: 12.75 Ghz
High Band Frequency: 13.25 GHz
Equipment: Digital Microwave Radio AT 9900
Site A: Sampaguita, General Tinio, Nueva Ecija
Site B: Tampac I, Guimba, Nueva Ecija
Site C: Larcon, Bongabon, Nueva Ecija
Hop 1 Path Length: 40 km
Hop 2 Path Length: 40 km

ECEG11A – EC
Site Information Gen. Tinio (A) Guimba (B) Bongabon (C)
Longitude: 121’ 02’35.9” 120’ 47’19.8” 121’ 09’44”

Latitude: 15’ 21’32.7” 15’ 37’20.6” 15’ 38’15.9”
Site Elevation: 0 0 0
Antenna Height: 80 m 90 m 120 m
Equipment Information
Transmitter Output Power: 26 dB

Receiver Input Threshold: - 91 dB
Connector Loss: 0.5 dB
Waveguide Loss: Site A: 11.51 dB
Site B: 12.66 dB
Site C: 16.11 dB
Antenna Gain – Low: 41.4 dB
High: 41.8 dB
Path Losses LBF HBF
Free Space Loss: 146.55 dB 146.86 dB

Atmospheric Loss: 0.3116 dB 0.3112 dB
Water Vapor Loss: 0.0744 dB 0.0836 dB
Rain Attenuation: 28.0164 dB 25.4412 dB
Fade Margins Hop 1 Hop 2

LBF HBF LBF HBF
Thermal FM: 28.08 dB 28.57 dB 23.48 dB 23.97 dB
Flat FM: 25.07 dB 25.56 dB 20.46 dB 20.96 dB
Effective FM: 28.08 dB 28.57 dB 23.48 dB 23.97 dB

ECEG11A – EC
Path Reliability LBF HBF
:
K-Q Reliability Calculation:
Hop 1: 99.99999866% 99.99999875%
Hop 2: 99.99999615% 99.9999964%
K-Q Reliability Calculation w/
Terrain Roughness
Hop 1: 99.9999621% 99.99988%
Hop 2: 99.9999645% 99.999895%

ECEG11A – EC
CHAPTER 7
Conclusion and Recommendation

ECEG11A – EC
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Microwave link design is a specific sort of engineering in the broader field of
communications. Most installers know that clear line of sight is required between two
antennas, but there is a lot more to it than that. To have some certainty as to whether
your wireless link will be reliable, an RF path analysis needs to be performed.
A clear understanding of the microwave network build-out process is essential
for the successful implementation of a project, whether it is a new system or an
upgrade/expansion of an existing one.
Upon the completion of this design, we were able to meet the needed outcomes
and conditions regarding the design. We were able to make a Point – to –Point Cellular
Link System design having a 99.99999% reliability.
Due to the importance of a design like this, we highly recommend this paper to
the students who are interested in microwave communications system design and to
those who are required to take the subject Microwave Engineering and make their own
link design.

ECEG11A – EC
CHAPTER 8
Equipment Specifications

ECEG11A – EC
Bibliography
Books:
Ampoloquio, J. (2005), SUPERBook Electronic Systems and Technology
Blake, R. (2008), Electronic Communication Systems – 2nd Edition, Singapore: Delmar
Freeman, R. (1991), Telecommunications Transmission Handbook – 3rd Edition, Canada:
Wiley & Sons
Frenzel, L. (1994), Communications Electronics – 2nd Edition, Singapore: Mcgraw-Hill
Rule, M,. Fundamentals of Microwave Communication with Microwave Planning Guide
Tomasi, W. (2004), Electronic Communications System – 5th Edition, New Jersey: Pearson
Education Inc.
Internet:
http://digital-microwave-radio.at-communication.com/en/at/at9900.html
www.electronicslab.ph
www.wikipedia.org
www.ydi.com
Publications:
Urgent Communications: The official publication of IWCE
Young Design Inc., 2002

ECEG11A – EC
APPENDICES
Appendix A: Curriculum Vitae
Appendix B: Picture Gallery
Appendix C: List of Tables
Appendix D: List of Formulas

ECEG11A – EC
PHOTO GALLERY

ECEG11A – EC
ECEG11A – EC
ECEG11A – EC
ECEG11A – EC
LIST OF TABLES
Microwave Radio – Frequency Assignments
SERVICE FREQUENCY (MHz) BAND

Military 1710 - 1850 L
Operational Fixed 1850 - 1990 L
Studio - Transmitter Link 1990 - 2110 L
Common Carrier 2110 - 2130 S
Operational Fixed 2130 - 2150 S
Operational Carrier 2160 - 2180 S
Operational Fixed 2180 - 2200 S
Operational Fixed Television 2500 - 2690 S
Common Carrier and Satellite Down - Link 3700 - 4200 S
Military 4400 - 4990 C
Military 5250 - 5350 C
Common Carrier and Satellite Up - Link 5925 - 6425 C
Operation Fixed 6575 - 6875 C
Studio - Transmitter Link 6875 - 7125 C
Common Carrier and Satellite Down - Link 7250 - 7750 C
Common Carrier and Satellite Up - Link 7900 - 8400 X
Common Carrier 10700 - 11700 X
Operational Fixed 12200 - 12700 X
Cable Television (CATV) Studio Link 12700 - 12950 Ku
Studio - Transmitter Link 12950 - 13200 Ku
Military 14400 - 15250 Ka
Common Carrier 17700 - 19300 Ka
Satellite Up - Link 26000 - 32000 K
Satellite Down - Link 39000 - 42000 Q
Satellite Cross - Link 50000 - 51000 V
Satellite Cross - Link 54000 - 62000 V

ECEG11A – EC
CCIR RECC. 530 method
Frequency kH kV αV αH
1 0.0000387 0.0000352 0.912 0.880
2 0.0001540 0.0001380 0.963 0.923
4 0.0006500 0.0005910 1.121 1.075
6 0.0017500 0.0015500 1.308 1.265
7 0.0030100 0.0026500 1.332 1.312
8 0.0045400 0.0039500 1.327 1.310
10 0.0101000 0.0088700 1.276 1.264
12 0.0188000 0.0468000 1.217 1.200
15 0.0367000 0.0335000 1.154 1.128
20 0.0751 0.0691 1.099 1.065
25 0.124 0.113 0.061 1.030
30 0.187 0.167 1.021 1.000
35 0.263 0.233 0.979 0.963
40 0.350 0.310 0.939 0.929

ECEG11A – EC
LIST OF FORMULAS
EARTH CURVATURE: (d1 d2 ) / 17
GROUND ELEVATION: Path Elevation + Earth Curvature
OBSTRUCTION HEIGHT: Ground Elevation + Allowance
LINE OF SIGHT:
LARGER 1ST FRESNEL: SQRT (d1 d2 /(fD))*(17.31)
0.6 LARGER 1ST FRESNEL: 0.6 (Larger 1st Fresnel)
1.5 LARGER 1ST FRESNEL: 1.5 (Larger 1st Fresnel)
CLEARANCE 1ST FRESNEL: LOS - (Larger 1st Fresnel + Obstruction Height)
0.6 CLEARANCE 1ST FRESNEL: LOS - (0.6 Larger 1st Fresnel + Obstruction Height)
GRAPH LARGER 1ST FRESNEL: LOS – Larger 1st Fresnel
GRAPH 0.6 LARGER 1ST FRESNEL: LOS – 0.6 Larger 1st Fresnel
GRAPH 1.5 LARGER 1ST FRESNEL: LOS – 1.5 Larger 1st Fresnel
FREE SPACE LOSS: FSL = 92.4 + 20 log (fGHz) (D)
RECEIVED SIGNAL LEVEL: RSL = Po + AGTx + AGRx - CLTx - CLRx - WLTx - WLRx – FSL
THERMAL FADE MARGIN: TFM = RSL – MRT
NET PATH LOSS: NPL = Power Output – RSL

ECEG11A – EC
EFFECTIVE RAIN PATH LENGTH: Do = 35 x e-0.015 x R0.01
Do = 35 x e-0.015 x 180
Do = 2.35
DE = D/ [1 + (D/Do)]
RAIN ATTENUATION: γ = k (180)α
Arain = DE (γ)
ATMOSPHERIC LOSSES:
Oxygen Absorption Loss
Ao = [7.19 x 10-3 + (6.09/(f2 + 0.227)) + (4.81/((f-57)2 + 1.5)))] (f2 x 10-3) D
Water Vapor Loss
AH2O = [0.067 + (3/((f-22.3)2 + 7.3)) + (9/((f-183.3)2 + 6)) +
( 4.3/ ((f-323.8)2 + 10))] (f2 x α x 10-4)
FLAT FADE MARGIN
FMFlat = -10 log[10(-FMthermal/10) +10 (-FMdiff/10)

ECEG11A – EC
COMPOSITE OR EFFECTIVE FADE MARGIN
FMCOMPOSITE = -10 log[10(-FMthermal/10) +RD10 (-FM Dispersive/10)
K-Q RELIABILITY CALCULATION
U = K-Q x fb x Dc x 10(-FMeff/10)
K-Q RELIABILITY WITH TERRAIN ROUGHNESS
U = (K-Q/S1.3) x fb x Dc x 10(-FMeff/10)

ECEG11A – EC
ECEG11A – EC

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AMA Computer University

Quezon City Campus

ENGR. ANTIPAS TEOLOGO JR.

OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SUBJECT

CALDERON, Leonard Andre’

MANALO, April Gray

PEGUIT, Jan Anthony

3nd Trimester 2009-2010

Letter of Transmittal …………………………………………………………………………………………… i

Approval Sheet ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. ii

Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………………………………………….… iii

Company Logo …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. v

CHAPTER 1: A. Objectives ……………………………………………….…………….…….……….… 2

B. Foreword to the Design ……….………………………………...….............. 3

C. Scopes and Limitations ……………………………………..………………..….. 4

D. Significance of the Study …………………………..…………………….…….. 5

E. Review of Related Literature ……………………………….…….…………… 6

CHAPTER 2: Terms and Definitions …………………………………………………………………. 12

CHAPTER 3: Factor Consideration in Choosing the Site …..…………….…………..…… 20

CHAPTER 4: Site Description ……………………………………………………………..…………..... 25

CHAPTER 5: Path Profile ………………………………………………….……….……………….…… 41