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Kreyszig - Problem Set 10.
03 :Fourier Series for Period p = 2L
(p.540)
1. °ü ¥½ {ý ½õ u . ³, p = 2L = 2.
−1, −1 < x < 0
f (x) =
1 0<x<1
©) s 2 sÝ$ù ¥½ L 1Y °.
periodic extension of f(x) with period p=2L (L=1)
1
f(x)
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1
1: f (x) sÝ$([1)
1
R1
a0 = 2 −1
f (x) dx = 0.
R
1 1
an = 1 −1
f (x) cos 1nπx dx = 0 (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .).
Z 1 Z 1 ³ ´¯1
1 sin nπx 1 ¯
bn = f (x)
dx = 2 sin nπx dx = 2 − cos nπx ¯
−1 1 1 0 nπ 0
2 1 2 1
= − · (cos nπ − 1) = − · ((−1)n − 1)
π n π n
4 · 1, n = 2m − 1 (m = 1, 2, 3, · · · )
= π n
0, n = 2m
1
u ½
4 ³ sin πx sin 3πx sin 5πx ´
f (x) = + + + ··· .
π 1 3 5
÷L 1: 2(_) {ý°¨é
4 ³ sin πx sin 3πx sin 15πx ´
P (x) = + + ··· +
π 1 3 15
°.
Approximations up to 5th(red) and 15th(blue) term
1
p(x)
–1.5 –1 –0.5 0.5 1 1.5
x
–1
2: {ý °¨é P (x) ([1)
÷L 2: æt u¢ {ý½ x = 1/2õ Â 8
π 1 1 1
= 1 − + − ± ···
4 3 5 7
ú u°.
2. °ü ¥½ {ý ½õ u . ³, p = 2L = 2.
1, −1 < x < 0
f (x) =
−1, 0<x<1
2
periodic extension of f(x) with period p=2L (L=1)
1
f(x)
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1
3: f (x) sÝ$([2)
©) s 2
sÝ$ù ¥½ L, 3Y °.
1
R1
a0 = 2 −1
f (x) dx = 0.
R
1 1
an = 1 −1
f (x) cos 1nπx dx = 0 (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .).
Z Z 1 ³ 1 ´¯1
1 1 sin nπx ¯
bn = f (x) dx = −2 sin nπx dx = 2 cos nπx ¯
1 −1 1 0 nπ 0
2 1 2 1
= · (cos nπ − 1) = · ((−1)n − 1)
π
n π n
− · ,
4 1
n = 2m − 1 (m = 1, 2, 3, · · · )
π n
=
0, n = 2m
u ½
4 ³ sin πx sin 3πx sin 5πx ´
f (x) = − + + + ··· .
π 1 3 5
÷L: 4(_) {ý°¨é
4 ³ sin πx sin 3πx sin 15πx ´
P (x) = − + + ··· +
π 1 3 15
°.
3
Approximations up to 5th(red) and 15th(blue) term
1
p(x)
–1.5 –1 –0.5 0.5 1 1.5
x
–1
4: {ý°¨é P (x) ([2)
3. °ü ¥½ {ý ½õ u . ³, p = 2L = 4.
0, −2 < x < 0
f (x) =
2, 0<x<2
©) s 4 sÝ$ 5Y °.
1
R2
a0 = 4 −2
f (x) dx = 1.
Z 2 Z 2
1 nπx 1 nπx
an = f (x) cos dx = 2 · cos dx
2 −2 2 2 0 2
Z 2
nπx
= cos dx
0 2
2 nπx ¯¯2
= sin ¯ = 0 (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .).
nπ 2 0
4
periodic extension of f(x) with period p=2L (L=2)
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
5: f (x) sÝ$([3)
Z Z
1 2 sin nπx 1 2 sin nπx 1 ³ nπx ´¯¯2
bn = f (x) dx = 2· dx = − cos ¯
2 −2 2 2 0 2 nπ 2 0
2 2
= (1 − cos nπ) = (1 − (−1)n )
nπ
nπ
4 · 1, n = 2m − 1 (m = 1, 2, 3, · · · )
= π n
0, n = 2m
u ½
4³ πx 1 3πx 1 5πx ´
f (x) = 1 + sin + sin + sin + ··· .
π 2 3 2 5 2
÷L: 6(_)ù {ý°¨é
4³ πx 1 3πx 1 5πx 1 15πx ´
P (x) = 1 + sin + sin + sin + ··· + sin
π 2 3 2 5 2 15 2
°.
4. °ü ¥½ {ý ½õ u . ³, p = 2L = 4.
|x|, |x| ≤ 2
f (x) =
0, otherwise
©) s 4 s Ý$ù Í¥½ L, 7Y °.
1
R2 1
R2
a0 = 2·2 −2
|x| dx = 2 0
x dx = 1.
5
Approximations up to 5th(red) and 15th(blue) term
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
6: {ý °¨é P (x) ([3)
Z Z
1 2 nπx 1 2 nπx
an = |x| cos dx = x cos dx
2 −2 2 2 0 2
³ 2 nπx 22 nπx ´¯¯2
= x sin + 2 2 cos ¯
nπ 2 n π 2 0
4 1 4 n 1
= 2 2 2 (cos nπ − 1) = 2 ((−1) − 1) 2
n π n
π n
− 82 · 12 n = 2m − 1, m = 1, 2, 3, · · ·
π n
=
0 n = 2m
1
R2
bn = 2 −2
|x| sin 2nπx dx = 0
u ½
8³1 πx 1 3πx 1 5πx ´
f (x) = 1 − cos + cos + cos + · · · .
π 2 12 2 32 2 52 2
÷L: 8(_)ù {ý°¨é
8³1 πx 1 3πx 1 5πx ´
P (x) = 1 − cos + cos + cos .
π 2 12 2 32 2 52 2
°.
6
periodic extension of f(x) with period p=2L (L=2)
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
7: f (x) sÝ$([4)
5. °ü ¥½ {ý ½õ u . ³, p = 2L = 2.
2x, −2 < x < 2
f (x) =
0, otherwise
©) s 2 sÝ$ù ¥½ L, 9Y °.
1
R1 1
R1
a0 = 2 −1
2x dx = 0., an = 1 −1
2x cos nπx
1 dx = 0.
Z Z 1
1 1 nπx
bn = 2x sin dx = 2 2x sin nπx dx
1 −1 1 0
³ 1 1 ´¯1 −1
¯
=4 − x cos nπx + 2 2 sin nπx ¯ = 4 · cos nπ
nπ n π 0 nπ
4 1
= (−1)n ·
π n
u ½
4³ 1 1 ´
f (x) = sin πx − sin 2πx + sin 3πx + · · · .
π 2 3
÷L: 10(_)ù {ý°¨é
4³ 1 1 1 1 ´
P (x) = sin πx − sin 2πx + sin 3πx − sin 4πx + sin 5πx .
π 2 3 4 5
°.
7
Approximations up to 1st(red) and 5th(blue) term
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
8: {ý °¨é P (x) ([4)
6. °ü ¥½ {ý ½õ
u . ³, p = 2L = 2.
1 − x2 , −1 < x < 1
f (x) =
0, otherwise
©) s 2 sÝ$ù Í¥½ L, 11Y °.
bn = 0 (n = 1, 2, 3, · · · ).
1
R1 R1
a0 = 2·1 −1
(1 − x2 ) dx = 0 (1 − x2 ) dx = 23 ,
Z Z 1
1 1 nπx
an = (1 − x2 ) cos dx = 2 (1 − x2 ) cos nπx dx
1 −1 1 0
³Z 1 Z 1 ´ Z 1
2
=2 cos nπx dx − x cos nπx dx = −2 x2 cos nπx dx
0 0 0
³ 1 2 2 ´¯1
¯
= −2 x2 sin nπx + 2 2 x cos nπx − 3 3 sin nπx ¯
nπ n π n π 0
4 n 1 4 (n−1) 1
= − 2 (−1) · 2 = 2 (−1) · 2.
π n π n
u ½
2 4³1 1 1 ´
f (x) = + 2 2 cos πx − 2 cos 2πx + 2 cos 3πx + · · · .
3 π 1 2 3
÷L: 12(_) {ý°¨é
2 4³1 1 1 ´
P (x) = + 2 2 cos πx − 2 cos 2πx + 2 cos 3πx .
3 π 1 2 3
8
periodic extension of f(x) with period p=2L (L=1)
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1
–2
9: f (x) sÝ$([5)
°.
7. °ü ¥½ {ý ½õ u . ³, p = 2L = 2.
3x2 , −1 < x < 1
f (x) =
0, otherwise
©) s 2 sÝ$ù Í¥½ L, 13Y °.
bn = 0 (n = 1, 2, 3, · · · ).
1
R1
a0 = 2·1 −1
3x2 dx = 1,
Z Z 1
1 1 2 nπx
an = 3x cos dx = 6 x2 cos nπx dx
1 −1 1 0
³ 1 2 2 ´¯1
¯
=6 x2 sin nπx + 2 2 x cos nπx − 3 3 sin nπx ¯
nπ n π n π 0
³ 2 ¯1 ´ 12 1
¯
= 6 2 2 x cos nπx¯ = 2 (−1)n 2 .
π n 0 π n
u ½
12 ³ 1 1 1 ´
f (x) = 1 − cos πx − cos 2πx + cos 3πx + · · · .
π 2 12 22 32
÷L: 14(_) {ý°¨é
12 ³ 1 1 1 1 ´
P (x) = 1 − cos πx − cos 2πx + cos 3πx − cos 4πx
π 2 12 22 32 42
°.
9
Approximations up to 3rd(red) and 5th(blue) term
–1.5 –1 –0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
–1
–2
10: {ý °¨é P (x) ([5)
8. °ü ¥½ {ý ½õ u . ³, p = 2L = 1.
1/2 + x, −1/2 < x < 0
f (x) =
1/2 − x, 0 < x < 1/2
©) s 1 sÝ$ù Í¥½ L, 15® °.
bn = 0 (n = 1, 2, 3, · · · ).
10
periodic extension of f(x) with period p=2L (L=1)
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1
11: f (x) sÝ$([6)
Approximations up to 1st(red) and 3rd(blue) terms
1.5
0.5
–1.5 –1 –0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
–0.5
12: {ý°¨é P (x) ([6)
1
R 1/2
a0 = 1 −1/2
(1/2 − x) dx = 1/4,
Z 1/2 Z 1/2
1 nπx 1
an = f (x) cos dx = ·2 f (x) cos 2nπx dx
1/2 −1/2 1/2 1/2 0
Z 1/2 ³ 1 Z 1/2 Z 1/2 ´
=4 (1/2 − x) cos 2nπx dx = 4 cos 2nπx dx − x cos 2nπx dx
0 2 0 0
Z 1/2
= −4 x cos 2nπx dx
0
³ 1 1 ´¯1/2
¯
= −4 x sin 2nπx + 2 2 2 cos 2nπx ¯
2nπ 2 π n 0
1 n 1
= 2 (1 − (−1) ) · 2
π
n
22 · 12 , n = 2m − 1, m = 1, 2, 3, · · ·
= π n .
0, n = 2m
11
periodic extension of f(x) with period p=2L (L=1)
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
13: f (x) sÝ$([7)
u ½
1 2³1 1 1 ´
f (x) = + 2 2 cos 2πx + 2 cos 6πx + 2 cos 10πx + · · · .
4 π 1 3 5
÷L: 16(_)ù {ý°¨é
1 2³1 1 ´
P (x) = + 2 2 cos 2πx + 2 cos 6πx
4 π 1 3
°.
9. °ü ¥½ {ý ½õ u . ³, p = 2L = 2.
0, −1 < x < 0
f (x) =
x, 0<x<1
©) s 2 sÝ$ 17Y °.
1
R1 1
R1
a0 = 2·1 −1
f (x) dx = 2 0
x dx = 1/4,
Z Z 1
1 1 nπx
an = f (x) cos dx = x cos nπx dx
1 −1 1 0
³ 1 1 ´¯1
¯
= x sin nπx + 2 2 cos nπx ¯
nπ n π 0
1 1 ((−1)n − 1)
= 2 2 (cos nπ − 1) = 2
n π
π n2
− 22 · 12 , n = 2m − 1, m = 1, 2, 3, · · ·
π n
=
0, n = 2m
12
Approximations up to 2nd (red) and 4th(blue) term
–1.4 –1 –0.6 0 0.2 0.6 11.2
x
14: {ý °¨é P (x) ([7)
Z Z 1
1 1 nπx
bn = f (x) sin dx = x sin nπx dx
1 −1 1 0
³ 1 1 ´¯1
¯
= − x cos nπx + 2 2 sin nπx ¯
nπ n π 0
1 1 (−1)n−1
=− cos nπ =
nπ π n
1 · 1 , n = 2m − 1, m = 1, 2, 3, · · ·
π n
=
− 1 · 1 , n = 2m
π n
0t, u ½
1 2³1 1 1 ´
f (x) = − 2 2 cos πx + 2 cos 3πx + 2 cos 5πx + · · ·
4 π 1 3 5
1 ³1 1 1 ´
+ sin πx − sin 2πx + sin 3πx + · · · .
π 1 2 3
13
periodic extension of f(x) with period p=2L (L=1/2)
0.5
–1.5 –1 –0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
–0.5
15: f (x) sÝ$([8)
÷L: 18(_)ù {ý°¨é
1 2³1 1 1 ´
P (x) = − 2 2 cos πx + 2 cos 3πx + · · · + 2 cos 9πx
4 π 1 3 9
1 ³1 1 1 1 ´
+ sin πx − sin 2πx + sin 3πx − · · · + sin 9πx .
π 1 2 3 9
°.
10. °ü ¥½ {ý½õ u . ³, p = 2L = 2.
x, 0<x<1
f (x) =
1 − x, 1<x<2
©) s 2 sÝ$ 19Y °.
14
Approximations up to 1st(red) and 3rd(blue) term
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
–0.6 –0.4 –0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6
x
–0.2
–0.4
16: {ý °¨é P (x) ([8)
1
R1 1
R2
a0 = 2 0
f (x) dx +
x dx = 0,
2 1
Z 2 Z 1 Z 2
1 nπx
an = f (x) cos dx = x cos nπx dx + (1 − x) cos nπx dx
1 0 1 0 1
Z 1 Z −1
= x cos nπx dx + t cos nπ(1 − t) d(−t) (put 1 − x = t)
0 0
Z 1 Z 0
= x cos nπx dx + t cos nπt cos nπ dt
0 −1
Z 1 Z 0
n
= x cos nπx dx + (−1) t cos nπt dt
0 −1
³ 1 1 ´¯1 ³ 1 1 ´¯0
¯ ¯
= x sin nπx + 2 2 cos nπx ¯ + (−1)n t sin nπt + 2 2 cos nπt ¯
nπ n π 0 nπ n π −1
1 1
= 2 2 ((−1)n − 1) + (−1)n 2 2 (1 − (−1)n )
n π n π
2
= 2 2 ((−1)n − 1)
n π
− 42 · 12 , n = 2m − 1, m = 1, 2, 3, · · ·
π n
=
0, n = 2m
15
periodic extension of f(x) with period p=2L (L=1)
0.5
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–0.5
17: f (x) sÝ$([9)
Z 2 Z 1 Z 2
1 nπx
bn = f (x) sindx = x sin nπx dx + (1 − x) sin nπx dx
1 0 1 0 1
Z 1 Z −1
= x sin nπx dx + t sin nπ(1 − t) d(−t) (put 1 − x = t)
0 0
Z 1 Z −1
n
= x sin nπx dx + (−1) t sin nπt dt
0 0
³ 1 1 ´¯1 ³ 1 1 ´¯−1
¯ ¯
= − x cos nπx + 2 2 sin nπx ¯ + (−1)n − t cos nπt + 2 2 sin nπt ¯
nπ n π 0 nπ n π 0
1
= (1 − (−1)n )
nπ
2 · 1 , n = 2m − 1, m = 1, 2, 3, · · ·
= π n
0, n = 2m
0t, u ½
4³1 1 1 ´
f (x) = − cos πx + cos 3πx + cos 5πx + · · ·
π 2 12 32 52
2 ³1 1 1 ´
+ sin πx + sin 3πx + sin 5πx + · · · .
π 1 3 5
÷L: 20(_)ù {ý°¨é
4³1 1 1 1 ´
P (x) = − cos πx + cos 3πx + cos 5πx + · · · + cos 9πx
π 2 12 32 52 92
³
2 1 1 1 1 ´
+ sin πx + sin 3πx + sin 5πx + · · · + sin 9πx .
π 1 3 5 9
°.
16
Approximations up to 3rd(red) and 9th(blue) term
0.5
–1 –0.5 0 0.5 1
–0.5
18: {ý°¨é P (x) ([9)
11. °ü ¥½ {ý ½õ u . ³, p = 2L = 1.
π sin πx, 0<x<1
f (x) =
0, otherwise
©) s s Ý$ù Í¥½ L 21Y °.
bn = 0 (n = 1, 2, 3, · · · ).
R1 R1 ¯1
¯
a0 = 11 0 f (x) dx = 0 π sin πx dx = π · π1 (− cos πx)¯ = 2,
0
Z 1 Z 1
1 nπx
an = 1 f (x) cos dx = 2 π sin πx cos 2nπx dx
2 0 1/2 0
Z 1
1¡ ¢
= 2π sin(2n + 1)πx − sin(2n − 1)πx dx
0 2
³ 1 1 ´¯1
¯
= −π cos(2n + 1)πx − cos(2n − 1)πx ¯
(2n + 1)π (2n − 1)π 0
³ −1 1 1 1 ´
=− + − +
2n + 1 2n − 1 2n + 1 2n − 1
³ 1 1 ´ 4
= −2 − =−
2n − 1 2n + 1 (2n − 1)(2n + 1)
17
periodic extension of f(x) with period p=2L (L=1)
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1
19: f (x) sÝ$([10)
u ½
³ 1 1 1 ´
f (x) = 2 − 4 cos 2πx + cos 4πx + cos 6πx + · · · .
1·3 3·5 5·7
÷L: 22(_) {ý°¨é
³ 1 1 1 ´
P (x) = 2 − 4 cos 2πx + cos 4πx + cos 6πx
1·3 3·5 5·7
°.
12. °ü ¥½ {ý ½õ u . ³, p = 2L = 2.
π x3 , −1 < x < 1
2
f (x) =
0, otherwise
©) s 2 sÝ$ù ¥½ L 23Y °.
an = 0 (n = 0, 1, 2, 3, · · · ).
Z Z 1 Z 1
2 1 nπx π 3
bn = f (x) sin dx = 2 x sin nπx dx = π x3 sin nπx dx
1 0 1 0 2 0
³ 1 3 3 6 1 ´¯1
¯
=π − x cos nπx + 2 2 x2 sin nπx + 3 3 x cos nπx − 4 4 sin nπx ¯
nπ n π n π n π 0
³ 1 6 ´ ³ 1 6 1´ n
=π − cos nπ + 3 3 cos nπ = − + 2 · 3 (−1)
nπ n π n π n
³1 6 1´ n−1
= − · (−1)
n π 2 n3
18
Approximations up to 3rd(red) and 9th(blue) terms
–1 –0.5 0.5 1
x
–1
20: {ý °¨é P (x) ([10)
u ½
³ 6´ ³1 6 ´ ³1 6 ´ ³1 6 ´
f (x) = 1− 2 sin πx− − 2 3 sin 2πx+ − 2 3 sin 3πx− − 2 3 sin 4πx+· · · .
π 2 π 2 3 π 3 4 π 4
÷L: 24(_ ÙÛ) {ý °¨é
³ 6´ ³1 6 ´ ³1 6 ´
P (x) = 1 − 2 sin πx − − 2 3 sin 2πx) + · · · + − 2 3 sin 7πx
π 2 π 2 4 π 7
°.
13. (Periodicity) [1t u¢ {ý ½ °üY °:
4 ³1 1 1 ´
f (x) = sin x + sin 3πx + sin 5πx + · · · .
π 1 3 5
½ ¨ s 2 s¥½ú Å.
19
periodic extension of f(x) with period p=2L (L=1/2)
3
–1.5 –1 –0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
x
21: f (x) sÝ$([11)
©) sq ½ C n¨ù g (x) = sin[(2n − 1)πx] °. 0t,n
1
2n−1
1
gn (x + 2) = sin[(2n − 1)π(x + 2)]
2n − 1
1
= sin[(2n − 1)πx + (2n − 1)2π]
2n − 1
1
= sin[(2n − 1)πx]
2n − 1
= gn (x).
,ù g s 2
s¥½ú y¢°.
n
14. (Rectifier) Find the Fourier series obtained by passing the voltage
v(t) = V0 cos 100πt through a half-wave rectifier. (p.539,Example 2 ÷S)
©) ¥½
0, −L < t < 0
v(t) =
V cos 100πt, 0<t<L
0
{ý ½õ u 8 ý°.
p = 2L = 2π/100π = 2/100 t¿ L = 1/100. V = 200 L, s 0
2/100 sÝ$ õ ý8 25Y °.
Z L Z 1/100 Z 1/100
1
a0 = v(t) dt = 50 v(t) dt = 50 V0 cos 100πt dt = 0.
2L L −1/100 9
20
Aproximations with 1(red) and 3(blue) terms
–0.8 –0.4 0 0.2 0.6
x
22: {ý°¨é P (x) ([11)
Z L Z L
1 nπt 1 nπt
an = v(t) cos dt = V0 cos 100πt cos dt
L −L L L 0 L
Z 1/100
= 100V0 cos 100πt cos 100nπt dt
0
Z 1/100 ¡ ¢
= 50V0 cos 100(n + 1)πt + cos 100(n − 1)πt dt
0
³ 1 1 ´¯1/100
¯
= 50V0 sin 100(n + 1)πt + sin 100(n − 1)πt ¯
100(n + 1)π 100(n − 1)π 0
= 0 (1 < n)
Z 1/100 ³ 1 ´¯1/100
¡ ¢ ¯
a1 = 50V0 cos 200πt + 1 dt = 50V0 sin 200πt + t ¯
0 200π 0
V0
=
2
21
periodic extension of f(x) with period p=2L (L=1)
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–1
–2
23: f (x) sÝ$([12)
Z L Z 1/100
1 nπt
bn = v(t) sin dt = 100 V0 cos 100πt sin 100nπt dt
L −L L 0
Z 1/100
¡ ¢
= 50V0 sin 100(n + 1)πt + sin 100(n − 1)πt dt
0
³−1 −1 ´¯1/100
¯
= 50V0 cos 100(n + 1)πt + cos 100(n − 1)πt ¯
100(n + 1)π 100(n − 1)π 0
³ 1 ¡ ¢ 1 ¡ ¢´
= 50V0 1 − cos(n + 1)π + 1 − cos(n − 1)π
100(n + 1)π 100(n − 1)π
0,
=
2V0 n
n = 2m − 1, m = 1, 2, 3, · · ·
( , 1 < n) ³
, n = 2m
π (n−1)(n+1)
Z 1/100
b1 = 50V0 sin 200πt dt = 0.
0
u ½
V0 2V0 ³ 2 4 6 ´
v(t) = cos 100πt+ sin 200πt+ sin 400πt+ sin 600πt+· · · .
2 π 1·3 3·5 5·7
÷L: 26(_ ÙÛ)ù {ý °¨é
V0 2V0 ³ 2 4 6 ´
P (x) = cos 100πt+ sin 200πt+ sin 400πt+ sin 600πt .
2 π 1·3 3·5 5·7
°. (ìC¿, V 0 = 200 EÍ ÿ , °.)
22
Approximations up to 3rd(red) and 7th(blue) terms
–1 –0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2
x
–1
24: {ý °¨é P (x) ([12)
15. (Transformation) s¥½
−k, −π < x < 0
f (x) = , f (x + 2π) = f (x)
k, 0<x<π
{ý ½
4k ³ 1 1 ´
f (x) = sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x + · · · (1)
π 3 5
ú NL °(p.532, Example 1). ,ú Ì s¥½
−1, −1 < x < 0
g(x) = , g(x + 2) = g(x)
1, 0<x<1
{ý ½õ u .
23
periodic extension of f(x) with period p=2L (L=1/100)
V0=200
200
100
–0.04 –0.03 –0.02 –0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
–100
–200
25: f (x) sÝ$([14)
Approximations up to 4th(red) and 9th(blue) term
200
–0.01 –0.005 0 0.005 0.01
x
–200
26: {ý °¨é P (x) ([14)
©) v = πx L 8 x = v/π. gõ v ¥½¿ ÃL f L ¢°. ,
g(x) = g(v/π) = f (v). :,
−1, −π < v < 0
f (v) = , f (x + 2π) = f (x)
1, 0<v<π
°. (1) q (k = 1 EÍ)
4³ 1 1 ´
f (v) = sin v + sin 3v + sin 5v + · · · (2)
π 3 5
t¿ (2)t g {ý ½
f (v) = g(x)
4³ 1 1 ´
g(x) = sin πx + sin 3πx + sin 5πx + · · ·
π 3 5
õ u°.
24
÷L æ® uù ½ , ìC¿, g {ý ½ Pì
ù v = πx/L, g(x) = g(Lv/π) = f (v) (t L = 2) :, f ® g Â
ÿ {ý G½ ° Ú °:
Z π Z L
1 1
a0 = f (v) dv = g(x) dx
2π −π 2L −L
Z Z
1 π 1 L nπx
an = f (v) cos nv dv = g(x) cos dx
π −π L −L L
Z Z
1 π 1 L nπx
bn = f (v) sin nv dv = g(x) sin dx
π −π L −L L
16. (Transformation) f (x) = x2 (−π < x < π), p = 2π {ý ½
π2 ³ 1 1 1 ´
f (x) = − 4 cos x − 2 cos 2x + 2 cos 3x − 2 cos 4x + · · · (1)
3 2 3 4
ú NL °(10.2 [ 7). ,ú Ì g(x) = 3x (−1 < x < 1), 2
p = 2L = 2 {ý ½õ u .
©) v = πxL 8 x = v/π. gõ v ¥½¿ ÃL f L ¢°. ,
g(x) = g(v/π) = f (v). :,
3 2
f (v) = v (−π < v < π), f (v + 2π) = f (v)
π2
(1) v ¥½ v {ý ½ 2
π2 ³ 1 1 1 ´
v2 = − 4 cos v − 2 cos 2v + 2 cos 3v − 2 cos 4v + · · ·
3 2 3 4
°. 0t, f (v) = 3 2
π2 v {ý ½ (p.543 Theorem 2)
12 ³ 1 1 1 ´
f (v) = 1 − 2
cos v − 2 cos 2v + 2 cos 3v − 2 cos 4v + · · ·
π 2 3 4
f (v) = g(x) t¿ g {ý ½
12 ³ 1 1 1 ´
g(x) = 1 − 2
cos πx − 2 cos 2πx + 2 cos 3πx − 2 cos 4πx + · · ·
π 2 3 4
õ u°.
25
17. (Transformation) s¥½
−k, −π < x < 0
f (x) = , f (x + 2π) = f (x)
k, 0<x<π
{ý ½
4k ³ 1 1 ´
f (x) = sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x + · · · (1)
π 3 5
ú NL ° (p.532 Example 1). ,ú Ì s¥½
0, −2 < x < 0
g(x) = , g(x + 4) = g(x)
2, 0<x<2
{ý ½õ u .
©) g̃(x) = g(x) − 1 L n÷8
−1, −2 < x < 0
g̃(x) = , g̃(x + 4) = g̃(x)
1, 0<x<2
v = πx/2 L n÷8 x = 2v/π. g̃õ v ¥½¿ ÃL ,ú f L ¢
°. , g̃(x) = g̃(2v/π) = f (v). :,
−1, −π < v < 0
f (v) = , f (v + 2π) = f (v)
1, 0<π<π
°. (1) (k = 1 EÍ)
4³ 1 1 ´
f (v) = sin v + sin 3v + sin 5v + · · · .
π 3 5
¿Ùâ g̃ {ý ½(vè)
4³ πx 1 3πx 1 5πx ´
g̃(x) = sin + sin + sin + ···
π 2 3 2 5 2
õ u°. ¿Ùâ g {ý ½
4³ πx 1 3πx 1 5πx ´
g(x) = 1 + sin + sin + sin + ···
π 2 3 2 5 2
õ u°.
26
18. õ î¢ fut :Û ¢ s
(Interval of Integration) f
2L s¥½L ¢°. f {ýG½ :Ûuù (Euler Wé)
:Ùuù £ 2L fu÷¿ ÂX £ ½ üú &.
©) £ 2L fuù [a, 2L]® vèý°. :,
Z a+2L Z L Z a+L
f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx(x = t + 2L, dx = dt)
a a L
Z L Z a
= f (x) dx + f (t + 2L) dt
a −L
Z L Z a Z L
= f (x) dx + f (t) dt = f (t) dt.
a −L −L
Z a+2L Z L Z a+L
nπx nπx nπx
f (x) cos dx = f (x) cos dx + f (x) cos dx
a L a L L L
(x = t + 2L, dx = dt)
Z L Z a
nπx nπ(t + 2L)
= f (x) cos dx + f (t + 2L) cos dt
a L −L L
Z L Z a
nπx nπt
= f (x) cos dx + f (t) cos dt
a L −L L
Z L
nπx
= f (x) cos dx.
−L L
ù ª÷¿ °üú N ½ °.
Z a+2L Z L
nπx nπx
f (x) cos dx = f (x) cos dx.
a L −L L
27
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