AN INTRODUCTION TO ‘THE COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY OF INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES R. V. JAHAGIRDAR, ed (London } Member ofthe Royal Asiatic Society, London. EO06%00 POONA THE ORIENTAL BOOK AGENCY 1932 PREFACE Allergy, sre one has sid is oly undated agri: ed al ext bck, one might dd, ere plagriam ‘ly not be detected. The objet os teat bak i two fl, (es soot he sade with evlble motels tematic tally erage nd (2) 9 act en tthe. pra dy ‘The eset volume makes an humble lim to ve been sertan wih th hee sist in wow Aso he otras | [aie fal down on ll avaatle and sthoative form: {San Te tht repect | am ndabed more han o any bank or tthort Prfesor RL Turner, ofthe Londen Unive ‘Seder wom Id the privlge of staying fo tvs ear In the tewtment othe IndoAranlangngee especely T have ‘merely arpa in the ld heb lene Ast the orange: ‘ment and conan exelanons (asi the sodacory prt) Tine am rerponsie. In Part 5, Part 1V ad inthe Appr: ‘Bene, om the wile, reader wil find is ad interpreta tio which hve Bean edooned fer he it tine and for them {he eather elon i rept "Wile orga Gens need no excuse text bon sand i poe ot only of exces bt of hitfcaton The prosnt ‘ole rproatly the fe stage to cnt the Tn student nt oly wth he principle f Comparative Philoy ‘btw the tary ofthe eomrative growth of the fo. ‘Arjan languntes fled.” Throhoat the bosk the Ido ‘Arya languoges have beer sued and ised wid al ome deal ‘One thing will have to be specially explained here_In the last prt the book many tens might ed the nara ti rer hare. There ar re root Te fit ‘place aubacative infermation on eamparave mepho-tet npn ne ts a Pt tarddhbieternens gto ie ee ees eta Soaking mice teeters roecteae eee ratts cat Soreos a a aremeite eatin og een ge a Se mao etree eras a ae ten es onto ara wore rate Rete ee ee nee Siete rear aki Ee Slee Fee deep ey yg muse here Sale rs eee irorideceetras serctat ieee rice atest ao inane ir AE a Sesractcer ieee tea eee Breermrerpt Ta vac eAeen} RV, Jasacnoan eee CONTENTS: Poaos PART 1 lntnadactry “AY Langone Secon 127 (roth ela) 115 (8) The IndoAman Family Sectnen 818 15-30 PART IL Grow f Language (Ay neal er Sete! Say Section 16-25. 31-37 (8) Indo Europa Phoncloy ete Sean 26304 3849 PART IIL, Modem Indo Arn Dios (Cahora suey) ‘Sctons SS-AL 50-76 PART IV. Maem Indo Aran Dalss ‘(A sructural sve Sectnos 42:63. 76-129 PART V._ Morghalogy Sectins GATS 130-145 CONCLUSION =. Seton 76 APPENDICES sD 1 Phonec Lava, 17 Indo-Aryan and Dravidian, 19 ML. The Stay of Language — “Ancient Mader, 154‘THE COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY OF INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES fd export eouch ve only evened tou the fot at the toe woh, res moch rel a we do rt now ‘Tite owe tok ad te eve te er em, ‘Til then dln wo be he lent Slee wy woe sanding tne ‘We dsr ethene remarks ploy fra temp: {ng deine Lingante "Tore omld be ns ron dfs FT Leegune tere me anges thr va many Tre ‘Flmetnges nthe we hun orpens League ih be the expan tout by seecammde ef Sweep 1) feat apne den igen ch Vedrsen pL fines roy bowel fined rt the spr fromthe [ixtners pnt of aw. Bat Ven: sel ped the vena ew pant sands the fat shat Langage rn lige Trae el oaraminem of preninne n hi T wed tbe oa of pace ty empinine at tmenonen more a fcpreesun nthe datnaive, Wnt the herr. Tin goer and teliptoiy ns aur qe an args ore fantom expen that by apecchnunds, thee wd be to arenas nx the memory rd po ictnarn x the money ofthe tant andthe pox. Bet muta! milgiay teed ered eral ceneosincwer Langue wth the ‘en shat the dam of Langage ed nt by to snl ile erect nr by on wrconlale doops bys \neficent and orgie dpwehy-2 STUDY OF THE INDOARYAN LANGUAGES 2. It Origin nin nota cay, ever to determine th iil Lane uage min define ts Grseinicn "The qunion of a (hae of Han Spech wil never be solved. aed wie mm (ietninied wth mang ss phenomena widow tempng to ‘Tol the ineplable The mary horn Ut hve bom ‘rural rage fom he pins tlie that oped was Untelycofoned on art he cride sverige ht tod ‘rh all heir poles of eau Ure nite power of ‘Simin the ont sy difeentated ean hee oon {rua eve fo the ets and howls at pre ‘anh in commen wih been Thar thoy wach be Ione nthe ecltenay schol otha mde of te 1B Cn ty, sureties eer athe bow wow they ‘re eae fr TBA by Ma Mle” ("Adc SY Osher Wnde'yBarne Wace) Th ur of he ‘ere probaly itnds wo magn th difaduer urway ‘Welae seh rae nr pun pty ad cry, however, revo andthe ne tanta baka): nar wo rine the "Never They ofthe Onn Large, ‘Soo the sential ot he od pb seston uny sanety in being taki woh by Stermaie al largunge I th gavture language coher han he apchen Iingunge rice cere have ey hvu re se om gow? Eve canparave sy of languages, by it at geo prt re crnanct smn pane, aeoet expan Un oni of Langnge dg may Rr puta sample an earetseed for ‘3 Ite Growth “To fellow our meted, However we hve tole ide ‘the quescn ofthe ong ond ted at ef the grow ok Longue Inthe weld we ie we ind arn angen, any ef them gly developed rd enguned Sues Comparatve Phiclegy have teen lle te ana then other nga ech Tami cease! Packt te gemmin acer Thon fr crates eh the. hee Ertipen Farniy, the Drenthe Sethe Bana scan How ental oe lingune ame to develop and se 9 many oem, diferent and donc, te jet Fody of Compare Pho An tert oe ye lowintpacs ond the mare n rele one rep ee the IndoAnan.. When and f the mime de or lon Author apa he floc abr th nr om {A ethan nnd then nly cold we he og the rn TWetave refered shoe wo cernin arp or Farin of languages te wel she roping of afar Mnganes te enablnh #poontand child slap, seen thecal and the sulneqent lningon Thre ch loonie. NeLnfoge treed fom ate orlar Tenpege, Te rter ane evga! langage ci math sumer dll form doe to perinr fr-eriron, ‘Sommer imwention wd wre sch actin In Tan respect Tittimge can tow be compored to rver A rare Sire o water athe mount tp devel ngs cane Ian mig eer wh nbuanen In pevang rah i Foret ele ahs» diferent car and gens leer tte, Lik he iver, ton legate res dv laser (Sounds and sks deeper iso Bat une the er,4 STUDY OF THE INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES lenge sey mls ne Th td trctphipae cle mc nhs med Tyee ah edly SSS mck cs ng ow 8 Soaked pc wk tc opt ir Reeee"Terpoetines as age W one Cann Un ote das dein STL GA TSI) “Biase sem et Dr een ind eid noes? 1 Come of Change Ur enamel, cane Wade who she salon nee oly et ONT tinier er ve thcloeldn foe Beg wef wag SnD tye he pig pon wtalnctpnardacpeene Vac pegs C2 SOLON Seba tea "Wie tn Soins schasinng: een lps Sewn cmc nage se es Shorea Ne eal ie om dap. dy de Doe intent ean Tr ef aca Lange? Wing rald tom hn oa shee tarts semis Sgn al eral 25 Seatac te ey tee lo SOAR det bane oe wae ecw fo te gen, Ea Sain tie com wes he pak a. Ek en Execs soe gang We de fot ow an serthing ene hat inodues changes in lngunge Noman fan pafice wade stay wear tame of anther man [No cid can ste wid alte pefocton the seus of iteporenin Ie wher he deca atempt to reproduce fray anther men's sc Unt Teed to bg ches ‘Betchus ttvcced the rey etsy sw ba seat under conatan il corm. Th hd ir ‘Kiss ss mang naman nec cancer all the do true Only the that we soon wh ther mere tf the ncety oe fener ete tht deve 20 aqhly frente nord a he alder genera eh rach, ‘pert Bonde: there the. pslemy of uch An ‘rdivdual suartin tot eng ellie tether dean ‘riable del So iho" the rel cane sd nad ange Sera tbe enguss ae fre Us Ie the vk the ‘anges dst core lor they oe ellen hy ene ther fais analogy et (See bebe ‘Simply ns her enane of nd change" Coenen says Geran" tod remare th he Tat Bhtc ‘Sage ner al ceumsaees” Language mow a ment ‘Srend Toe cl thing the milters a ea" Language than scoping 9 seedy pret sold te be crpmanest a sper oe Leg me en eat {he Imoner noe dent pric athe unde be ple A wave hand mt convey rth cand ihe ode ce: Bra ponad of alence might cotain heme logan ccm By nate ton economic a Fale ponphmas or laaras). Wheter ie fllows the Principle {Ftet Acton blaves with Ried hat mca er ‘helo of on fin roverhlne a a fet chat man ‘weld rater iy aur over he sun than speak io dint {ame ds ope ached bah nape Teo pendent ‘semtetha pane Whom. fr example, we hear he sande ‘ota dee ay one hoa to understand tan eile 16 1 andes Renthe pane, whl 2? ein dat ch lethargy (or sy 22> ‘on that we rd lnguages hing eel words ores {agund thes neg he ternal endings ‘Umefe ffs» word av wll The more # word i wd the lew ameste x uni Fury leaden np Icels indifference. Ie changes f exci ‘The perceal poms example, tea form that sed machen we eerily in ay lange seen have Shared anata wry tony cage Ske hom (tt hee spl ham Head The formate mmom crane may! (Rtn ne). mh CE Tice) sof Sk chem hve bpd Math to bave Cy Tithe wine ang The Sond phase teh 2 fens wes, bese jan in rey bt ene fined trme fmm inthe Reem flan Sich ages are omega at ‘There wi temkesy tee i ad Alt sounds, nVehefeceraple we find een gue of veo Perma am other italy sn temcon towels et (ibe ders Aran Lnges thee he Een steed ‘momnted. erate sei doped. We sal hve tmee thes an ahora [Acer seca fat that ingedaces sand changes le ureung» pclae yale he sper des ‘rerthc shar wah the oot tha he weenie lle a Sikes weakened o entry appears Unally te ble (posting the nent weakened andthe ne Talowing ally dre iat (ck Turner 1B AR 1916 Vad d Vern oe the bt nunca of Una phenatneon Barring tis fur tht canines changes in ‘he bamowng langage Todt weds bed fem ferent ie belnging 9 2 afferent Far) inguage ds no alec the arate othe barower. Bat # tethering Tngnge might fect ven morphology and syntax PHONETIC LAWS , ‘A liguae belonging oa pre cate fect that of heifer: airy wcnturing race anes en of langage on Ue tngse ote conquered. In bth hve cases the changes woul be due anew gh, esr cones foreign cack, Even bore dvd words booed ‘bet ote phantc laws cf the boroweng guage.” But Sitenever he fence peer aad damint we Fd thatthe fein rhe eonered fected rah ity ent tal linge Por example, Idan wh ly gl oman feviy age andemtnue's inter othe niet of het athe tang re found be macing new sod ri ers ae ase inthe cnn dale Inthe revere, Renaanee ‘te many verculan ths phenomanin canbe nly Soci ‘Above ll hare Aly ta infarc the Fane ‘menial sore and plays aes pat infecting» ln tune Phony Moro nd Stax By mrolyion ed evellog Anlogy-false analogy, 0 be me sare" ‘ty cantnbutes tongue Sages” 5. Phonetic Lawe ‘Wal the ove dacinion nr min we sal ae ins camden or send gue, se, Ie thre ere Cede hee knganse chugs?” Fos an emer under ttning hat lls waldo eter So att wah (grevee example. Take the flanag ro rng mde Eng iret Se prthoms (eee) ant Mar putt (ten, "The ined sondsin thee ten vende eile ona wha rer los Now an amar of fac langues rey ‘cory rela beet winds and ha mening Sond (peru ert cece by ony abt ke In he Slain werd prethane eet thre nag sn tends ht would x ane save wpa den festne" To eanSTUDY OF THE MOOARYAM LANGUAGES sere Semi tne (et) aig iherly ‘rer ts eno S we nd wend he "Se preh ( ): Eng fi ‘She pyetas (geo): Aves pa ("he aka"): Lat pare: Honk pon, Ble oe) dag: Ge ben Se rh (OW sm are 1 Gk hes ‘Se mr (i (Lam: Ge i: Laon: am ‘She sts CWP) (thy ew) Lat it ‘When wets find at inspite of the niques of linge phsamana "(ie sence of ry secomary Hele \arwoon sound ard snse) hare are ln unl ever snl dale (ase 4 Sk and Ge gan ang ars sove ) ‘8S cachet would te dat Inoganges dar ‘geesertan ar snare way or er related ian tntber ‘Scratinestheppene at ly siden we ind two lrgungee ‘prong tn ame de by the ame suns” (See Mal Tarp 3b Thanh unde” brad” im bath the Engh tnd he Porsan come. the sme sere, Tia, a» Prk Mei ayo ny “ead a nate” Though “ei Stee "(Mellen 95). Thar snem though tmpaned Feenly as ry cer ston, tot trmted whale dal fra oe nda to ataher Ach, when be Inte ldo, don mt atm state parca ond ‘eats gmp se tcc of nds The" ere sage ie there ie cds bain whew erdeavnnog to ropedice icinpieeen, Aveo tld hoary, for stance, the sand gah (Sk br c,h fr sn bi ban 9 ra ‘opal of he parcaar animal. Bat ip atempng to "feat she might fer no bash ete. That makes no ‘Sheree, Bath wl el can wi the ws” ‘ease. Ths a ly prticaar att bl om imple to (ch aig tht edt yh fect tht makes Fganic devlopnact crtnaty. Imprenon sand erect His « lghthnoe wie exprnsena Flak out 1 ifleent etme 6. Pamilios of Languages ‘What i the sic tn nse thi opr sed the cet?” Wo know that hare no necemey ‘acon Uenwoon snd and eae and ete fd ferent {Ses ropevrang th on dea by ser sone. We10 STUDY OF THE INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES. Nor ant be id hat the resemblances are nly in pices snd freaks we have wen se that» piven Tanguge with {impeceple vara ows ent fam gene wor togemertn There em rea panes of When ape llth we scree crore nga ong Silane ot nl bend saline btn ate eta Uae Cdvsam cae ald be tht the lrg in ase, ine me thread iy ewan" Fram the suerte sl fests Hike wniqcre,resanty td contin Titi ath aes tha cep fom of longue. Tommnge related toe aether form famiy aed sare langues te dsb elted one arte hen ‘Sul dh wifey evel fm see aed the tare Inmcuge pen acer (ef. Mell. 3). Ths we spk «dla langage te the TnerEsrpenn Drea, ‘Scrmtns Bante ams, Wan ary self ay mere tron sel ener n sinter aod aveve Ue ‘Sitcom fre sons omy tof fay” fr Ststume th dy As fay whch 0 feed om le ifantescodved tt the Veh the later iol nd (ler ctor the Und »Earpo fay Snlcy moon Inning ay rea over men but the smnraons and cevcrmt ny abe oman fr epee Tinga wd nas ste a 0 padi a nepart [em Ann sich ces soak of dlc 17. The Indo-European Family of Languages Sifarweliave dewrivedin general tem the soah of Lange sd rl a ets to the mi ctor td fates ofthat pews Wah the shove suey av our fding prc ne sal make w atemye ie fling are tay spre grup eld Arn bre [Beloe coming dead sao tho nec under on “tderton i wold be Utero nuvey the ars beck {rom the pamuve Indo European tenes. ‘The Indo-Aryan ‘THE INDOEUROPEAN FAMILY OF LANGUAGES. 11 langunges far a importa ancient ranch of the Indo+ Ebopean fray and thro hw bck, wheter fo il rman. lotro, ar efiratn, «ference ote er ‘meres ofthe nde Eampenn fry wuld ot sey be ‘sie ut eva,” Soa peer ah af the Ph tre Inds Barpean would ke tue al nthe etl ages Sowrstaly Indo-Earopes ‘A ounker of lngues wish fins pene Ky ba I fmf the en the Allene ‘wet ad fry Sins inthe wv the Medan inthe wath weno ry fore coment de Engages int hae boon fret frm af oad the sae gute spon Faery these are the Te Tass {he Arman he Bsr Svat Alama the Grech the Fes the Clic ad the German Tsk ‘aralTongnge scaled the Tn Banga ie fw teas fled iy warner a» Arya ra ad Cal I {German ec. Encn rwthe Gare nor tv In Germanrch)‘Whncver x degen the Langue fpocly hype my dnuieriany eelee see feet ere farm. Iv sery defini scan be see pelea Ilys tthe lene ight i Eng frmed, eve wn 9 ne, ne crm Tang. Sal ha seme they recalled Inds urges. Other ene "any lange nd Earp wl ts woe ina gven race and witha en Jepe sherton tt exmtaten bythe soon re. the pone 8.) wich thes canner in nintemapel dn, the Voae tee 1 isrmeem repeneiaves tr for trample, French Ech12 STUDY OF THE INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES or Hind, recog ely two seeder. Even canidenes (really ave nt worth mach nas eget for voxabaary Inmere le tobe aflanced by lnroning Iki bower, ‘a ral dele th one cul hope rd be fed to oad tnatwortycvidene. The bes frm prod can be fund in nuch examples ‘Senne (ef) a, Gk ei . om Eo LES ees Gh eis Os su: Ee ‘Thom (err VB, 1). tec Gk ‘Soh ©. lor tot be wn: Eng tobe: LE thew, ‘Skt wih eee Gk ple Lt hed: Archer. ‘Skt hn Ct) Tle Cate: Eg Srey mt nce) Ch cme Lat Eng SAC soya (eee) Eo Sk. rnb Cepek geo: Lat She pnkeh Crem fen): Gh, ene Um La Tn gene any lange IY the wird bee mt ae prevagly the me thn wich appr tir Indo Gere Ca Te Vise 2) ‘he manner wich san nd ere fod frm theve bvenn that wach appro mor Ino Gara tremor (0) the changes wich wer under toexpress a a lato wd te tence wet ae dean Indo Gorm longing (Ge, ai thn that Iinginge can be sonnet the Indo Bavpean fai. But wo arth eatin how nd Eumpeanlangsges uw the ight metoned above.” Beads these the lent sen: Boge “THE INOOEUROPEAN FAMILY OF LANGUAGES. 13 own 1 document rte lay tablete—found a Bagh Kem Th approsimae dt abo 1008.0 (81 Vat Ep 721, Conan delernons, crane! Form and ihe parcalars appa the asamp et he language Fe alee belong othe LE lamin.” Fer cxangia. we Faves wo ede" menang weer whch hea gee stole "els" (ce Vee alae (eG) we ok spl mneh 98 gen sel We haven nonce fe tubs ta the comespiding ter Br, ws, Se ati (ene) whe il ot Bloat ome) ‘The Italic and the Celtic ‘tte kfitely omen dcmants ove the in, the Grech an th ne Cale al er el» con res fewmre dielpment! ‘Them separa mane of the feds Cle grup Lau whch orginal bead i Hees tie Ron ey 201 ec we Tor the sn, OF the shes othe Cel son wea dhe Gain Saves endpaper few prover mone acl Trlance lvne oa tbe oh sesry Wath: Comm no the er ent Germanic German: len meuniere chet dt For Galsea varsure othe Bile ele the 4 ie The Nery Garret sme Tecan; None sel Das nis tmocrtnm dng ck he Sed Cet A fe le the Sricw dvaventd the Won Gert sliced by the High German of the ih Certary.Th cake ltr of the Law German tlongs i the 8h Cntary Maer {German gies bck toe ld High Gea and meer Dutch tihe Low Gonman Bewdee High and Lam Geman, West (Germanc developed into Fran ond Engh (Far lonher dain trad th iin we Me14 STUDY OF THE INDO-ARVAN LANGUAGES Greek arse ha the Hal Cele tthe Germanic ate the Grek deaents he eres of which go tack tthe Tih Cinuny Be lana Atv, Dvcand Kae (aunded on the ‘Aie) re the cel Grech dfecs The lst none has ‘reigns mele Gres Balto-Slavonic and Albasian In contrat tthe Geek stand the BaloStnic and the Allein won wn deeuments eck sey 9 Fee entire Ain ct howl te the 78s Can funy Ah eis ww aphen nthe NW ofthe Balkan Pen la” Albion ha etrly changed is loneve Inthe Balt Slaven tot pope cn Te abnered “The lng able swe sana dovlopmente Bale Take Sttiie Lataanin Sel Prin q f Lida Leth \ : wlan Sem Sai (1 OigSlovnic (SFC and ieee hag ee Seer ge ea,“ Eier Osman te The Bali, Litany the mont abc of all Tt as ponerse even this dy Tor He xt (Seat) Tela ayees( Sk foeh (OR) we) Bath Lahr and Lass are documentary now ely ra the 1th Centry 10 wiile a tmoeavon a he Bile theo Slvr ex ek the th Cony ao Armenian ‘Armerian i kro ere han buh the Bali and the Alen, “Tigre stn Arron radeon othe Bis belonging the ih Conary 8 ‘The Indo-ranian “The rd ann sos he ns hee dep senteinin Pera nl the eke Tce Th ee enka ah thee langune wre pis tron Ae Exdonce noes lnk to dl du the fn mathe Ts stn a oe de wand Po Devlnck tom eoker finn Evan ubat whe genie pa ‘Mlteem io tel Porn eneenng Or the Sh eve bier the imengtin kane Darn {hs Coney he, tne mcr 1d the in Borgen frie When the Bi Cty the Achomsrad dynty as sented Wythe Sa tj the ld Peron preed x Pablo tater Veg insane” Msn Pera ometr can test's Yea fromthe he Conary An Thovalar ceo ts re eaves of Mantes the wut whch wo ied on 2 [nb The matory oweser ae oie th he tents ‘Sin ts waved rom the angnge othe hi Mo Tau he deveined rate Avesta the oe te Gin 8. The Indo-Arvan swe mentioned above tat the Ind Faian fad sw Aieem deveLpnons One, sala Lon andy deer, Savile Perna, The ther wer the diet the ih overated and gradually spend ener pacially the whecf the aubcominet of Inte. The eet documentos free“Kncwn an the Tedo-Argar-re the Tyran of the Revedsthogh the orien ded documents tre te Askar Tascrpons the rd Cotary 8.6. Even the Inginge of the Vets lymra ewe provide the ete dec Tt Kphlydoveloped and prenanes aa caer stage Maeoer, thor re mss af more dan ne lect tbe veda alt ‘hou on the whole, hat Veda can be sipaned to have loa weston noe ofthe det then erent The Asin Inncton shaw as wells sate ef much dali varaonn [Avropands the Pas he ely documentary evidence docs ‘try fone tha the fo sale of fret Hy Brats ompoped in Sorat dramas” Ths, i shold bo tnaleclorin the begeing. te erry documents do not ovile wm wnth fice maton toreconact he fay (Fie ado Ayan brash roms fit days 8. The Three Periods Shlae have found it oovenint to dde the itary into ver paride This dvs a thor one of Sage thn of Pare, Argh tly Merl sod redone (ow dy mach anor The Et the Prive Ins Suge, {ow the Vee tae ote lnepuons of Asn The Mile Idan Pero opens sh” these lntar owen, cna tute the Pld the Paks sad ends wth the Agee ‘Wrens mentored by Hetcandea, The Modern Peed Vpn approsimetely at about 100D 4. 08 The develop: tao the Clases Sana longa tthe Middle Pei. ‘We dont propane hve dul ether with he Phonetics or wih be Sroctre ofthe swe languages A deal we enpaatine soy tthe name wil be ce ner cn. Hore {he ere fetres ond the mata elas of hse dialect {rom the Ved tothe modern nes will be reviewed ander Senge iit of Ht evden, 1h Chae tredecion 10. A Linguistic Chain ‘The dalet ofthe Revednconnuey wth minor devia tina tagh he ober Vedas wpa the Banter nd the ‘Sethi The fe nonalechangos begin to spear in he UUpmieiie ard Pal stage, nd bythe tive of the Assan Insenpons ad the Gren Epica mary these changer have ‘eon eoaned and mourned When we sone tthe art tage, we snore hat ot only thre a ta opin formant arscure Yatwcen the, Vac aod Pat bat tht the Pak oe show ach vrton to wart the en tence of diferetdatess Bhat enumerator seven of wich dines org acta {Sete ere wer oe we Torbeae Harmcandrs adds Pat ad Las. Maat thee have india berry amos ae have develaped ints he modern fdo-Aror Tangingess At the fevet time we ave inthe core the sbscinen, he Hind ern. Toth oh and mathew iste by {ied wo the monk ty Noyes. Sindh and Cat ae the {eobig grape of weno India As we Bo tthe sh we (ewe Marat Oute the nacrinent proper, Sighule ithe spa andthe Romans langues of the Eases Cpe ‘elng tothe rds Aron sock AL, The Early Invaders Hore aa an stop wil ue made, et of alta inosine the gene fntures of she waioae dalect But tie tha h nd of nny wild be led ino ace fad ow fr the saal end pata ie of «people won fect the woth and development of i lngunge Thm boon mentned above tat the fymns of the eed eet wen ne nt wd,M4 STUDY OF THE INDO-ARVAN LANGUAGES langue fhe hymns reposts more thm cre dale. As 10 the par of the Cantey layin wach Ss es woe compo clam do not are eer io hfs ‘Beles word the question Prom Cont! Asa to the tak fhe Ganges every probaly har been sagged, fovchedorsppled” ‘There weld be no Rear howe ‘yet dabceving the prin suggewion tht te whole (Fike Rave ws compen one ple or during oe prod. ‘Witnat ntening tothe deta ofthe dscanaae, odd le remsnnbl ts ace the view tht "the bull at leat of the Rigada was pobebly componed round boat Sara, suthef Medere Ambala” e179), Catron ‘Sislialy comets be own athe idle. Coury he [Madiyn Deva wd beans the env of Brakes lire ‘a leareing (Maou IL17-18.THevethe Aryan odes — ‘he more aibentuus among thence and etl It ould atte spot d hie mach to Tn eo The mbes the svating wes let bend some ef esr town tetver~those Jaros fn early selenite Sete nthom rpm and sented stay an well oe iy ‘Shenced, the ong ben. any in all deci Toe Inger fost sim agreement wth the "wedge heey” Hearne The Darke group bers wien oe fot tte pple who speak them tckng to the cldetiveding tren, ‘Fim abriges were othe oly enema the Aj the veda we fd the early Aras fahtag among hemelves ‘Thawtatder were pataly Lough beeen the yrs the Iter and he Aron their of Unies Meare, scr ta the pany clam ance i aetled down in the (Ger Mile Coumsy at to camoldate a tn and ‘moon ie doniaion By hele of me ee ditance Frm ‘Bo help mente ithe Arjun the Middle Cory 1. Ch she opnde lh ut Ton Kenge RV. VIL 18948. 2. GL Monce nrea tein asin slant ty cloeeet heen Vit). [EABTWAND AKD SOUTIFEARD rent the me wile nd adventron sala They tok ‘Spm. plop. spr and secrfice ll opulent are of iedaencs und nlference he fori apace ta fn “Thor were, however. cari clamets that retsinod the 1d marry Habe nod loved the al adverse way ‘What wonder ty rseted the ely arsenal aaa imgty sod gedenc dominos mtn tho ‘enka of Pann th Vasighh and’ Vivien Toh te Praly-—a fg tn wan ol ogden ido thee felt ef the Kysrgas agit tbe pry lnc? ‘Theo tyes were ltr ated by eterno taes-pobaly theanccin ef PiphvesHoving Pugh the jr they red on thor advance whe ent sod the nash There tre ne emer to dae tat herbelin laments fered {Grove were manly composed the Kiera 12. Enstwerd and Southward (cure al his hapened ame eight ceturin bene cow ee. Tor setrnedvnce nome to have boo weer {ee ear hon the storm, fora cory othe wth ‘runy 8. we find Gene adver, people—ike te trim Father of Moy Flower 300 yrs ier eva ine densrate prncplies the east (C101 Yor Glan Vit) Tee seated sdvane el set an mech ‘Sei il the maninery antes of Epon”,‘As Blin ot ie andere pound in Inia the Bud Bhs retred no whaayonfao Co th wh ae {oTksrend Gh inthe noah 13, Clic Sanat and Pai ‘Those evens hd get ifuene on he ee of nisi devapen Inte Mie Coty the Bkanc ‘Slice was ured and muted by the ply cay pte phlnpicl snd sbve all. sncrda wee ‘Res rel he dct of the Madi Da was som thy ‘comderatin sly the Inrry Pris eve. it of them ‘Se Malwsns (A), Smuatns (3), Magda Me), Ard: Moga (ACN), Jin Maison (MC) and Jan Srsen (BS). OF those he. fiat thee maghe be termed "dramatic" Pra dings them fo the bee re hich a hey have ben only employed by the. i thor ane! etize ay be called the Canon Prof, (Ofte sc Mis the Pe por exalnce "The Prat sranerans tom elabertely ony tha Pak dmsing the ‘hor for ning» Tow pacar, wh he re 3 Arrifen "erie eveything he vane os in Mala” Ivar atjuned ne the thurs Dap spel of Me ‘erage art Fg nth deamatc emt Ine apeneng Saat ning i Matarses Miconentaly« yal dale Pak epee de Gastavabo we eviten the det” Son the oer Ine Bal othe Modiys Dese, It newest dlanicl Swart Hence, drama Lira, wo Fed Srled by ered ba ilteran characters the laos (Fike upper daw oe the Brahmin foo Toone tense le 1 ine Karger major, oven the kin sean As eopn- feito ba and'S Mga se a ales ployed by tae Towane pose Ivi del « Pay fhe om Ineonrmt to the above sted the jan Paes The lectin noch the olde Jun Sms wore comgoad Eon as Ardha Magadl itv based en he alec spt ‘etwnen Seommana sod Mapadba (about Ouds) In mae Sdepende ef Sankt and hn more wave of older pear ike the Hindus the Joos wo dona ser to we hele ‘ald fer lipos wo: bao he dalek of ther ‘canner fren Les Lo wo the Jo Maitrnt nd ued by he Jans of hm Swear aon Cconorrions CHANGED 2 ‘The Digumber bad thir wm dict An it rommblon Seimei rpr tan ten ely ere Ue th dlc ofthe Asan nse ee ris Pras though much ater ge fer om he Ved re the shone thn cn the morphological or wana ‘The stomac change in than dlc show that they were scully employed in every bf: ths coclnon analy si! bythe few reroll sed sysctl sorts, ‘wil be explained a anata place 17, Conditions Changed The next canvenint geval isthe Apabhrmia tage Roly spning extends (und Bares) fae 60D 4A,Te00 10 4,T. "One raft hn pond the ots developmen ofthe varie dese imts the Foren of {he male nor Anan Vermeslrs The quanti of te linguini des'opment peer wil be decor a anaer place. "He bowever reed sgh dient nr Sew othe pal snd wal cn of Iai arom ped Tis nt nly tereting bat rom ar pat few Eiken! wndlumenng (Onthe dcine ef the Gope Empive ithe Sth Centary 44.0 threat avon age aright» ever Be Sib lia Tro, Hara inh i th Tk Coty 1B balt ap an Empire Hargadon ee fond enly tthe nrry prof the puny Unive Aes, ‘lrg nd Len rocenfaliycalenged by 4 shar a Plain I The Engie of Hage was more = prea thers ratnal or mtu mem." ad ded wth it founder. "As mater fact tus inp nthe voy faire things at Harts dypany wold ner EnpreIn iat de Grd Ave, "King St Haye serpted to popsarse Buln by prvaing Three saan‘ely showed tat he was 2 god Bait bat a bade ‘an Badan wes nt csee Toda. ind td strngly reamed ial. Nether power nor Fomane of Ene could now be naked m Baddiom Hre's Eve couldn urvive: other Empires ‘woud et ries” Owing to th fc the absence ef ane Pamencant power, here wns no ore my se Best for ‘ramp the Magasin the days of Aue oad i Fleece, parmante end prearanai. Even te once poplar ted power Malco aod Starman Uecame eglge s ths respect ong oth econ ail rev Sas Jen.” The rr wa imental Under san ety Kings the van diet founbed independents. One oat ih procem in ratherimparaot. People appear to have tego owe tbe langage of every Her on Oe che band: he lg langgs fad wat been omit {© wen ihe tern dpe weal mt publ wet have Sraeq tell” Ono ber and cull tat tom. be mene ‘Stifcoly explained. Though Langage had to chan bod ‘hanged ond hd ben changing the cloner d ose elle need (except by» ow grammarane I cat nly when terry cpa =anen Prt nd he her Inthe then care! daee™ere placed ide by nde the the ctl of the changer wat made oil. Th oder, the oil ‘wos the Pkt orth bce andthe changed eu Age Trem e.erptin, Why sold be made orm be pine a opted? Tee athr crc bt ely 2 spel tehiume pacology and Hindu religon mgt snwer ck ‘renal procen "ta ommend the pot and depress Ge rot” Whatever that be, forthe fin ie oda toy “proil”appers pote Fre daring is pei, "Ths ends the sor The pera under review wine {Be camisaton of he Anan comoblasen of India Seme {20 years ago the Vote tbs vad lod. Thy wore ‘ole ce They ard everyting befor hers The aan ral nkaiants of lain hey mslysetered up the moun: {on down the valleys, tothe Forhermat comer he mb ‘aninent They cane enunred and colioed, They deve [oped greet rigoon deop sche of poopy. vst and owerl ensiren and a pos Hts No eregner cold ict hom wah socom impunity But now! Tei an od, ‘yi ada The tders conan thes bo el 3 le cnqueed tenses by that rat The Aran i the old Tid pad and watered. The mare hey spread, the more they seer the mre they neater the ore they. wore ‘slanted Afr DD years me nd them pradad Saad: ‘iD nto lon, epeited to ctr and embed pe Fngions. We have n dear, mochlen ay shor tres ‘aso the damn of the stan bn thee searetancen (re would endude, changed the cana cf lnguane deve Tepment. The annus dese were rw eased fra and ‘ndepeneot the mata ferences became fr preter than ‘ar othr pol hl the Acdan dala and te vas Palys differed ence themeaves monly nor rnpete But fram the Aptana ped mura waranceextanded to mersboogy and nas at well ina mar of oenrday (xpurance ht Marah speang map cannot. derand EE Bona rer, arcana Bengal fellow a Sapa! ‘There were, ns pies factor to accra. mach ‘cee Ae the pol opens Freign canara sr king {th ates of In patent td Ue peace of the oo. ‘eid Aen nd to rpone irae rion and langage? ‘riya Pa wae aly sopoped bt iret Pee. ere Tay Siler heat Write oye wee apes ok18, Scope of Comparative Grammar Bat inp cf le difretnflannes Sy have nde gee, a apue te log darton othe mparte xtc, Ivete the ifrece inte ope, tbe eet the are (Slaven the gis oir Inert, wil now hard to fe athe deca ae cnt dad at a aro Ei, thor siummia see ove and sue” For howe ‘ver vans terre ange hy develop semen te Til Kirsten dete doesnt ment in wrten ord We ‘thought ded: rea longoge i end The lg luegunge te apcen langage he lrgtnge cf eer dy este lnging ht sors the bere. otemry emer af son. Kn na ging et Fra ibe eon of man sh man pace anda theielectn money Sy Choate ot import toner of Compaave Crt far He may ate hin supped his ence Lier {esa book x pferene ef tile Un spake language ig marae "Comparative Graarwoud be vb eve if coal anlymive the ple olga devant Ba i ope rt raliy 30 lrted. I complement and mppiemente Siler Sener I hp upto recent the pt ant fll Inman a wap in cry. The phe the adverts he Ely Man, beanie vg elas saad hat Feliu to Netrersuch ond me robles are wb al. ci'ecce a sccorieIetay ef the pst could made» Source nortan fr he ature. Arcee, Acceigy, “Rebrplog Rumen Scape tos are sce te ‘rertiary Scecen ns pola and iene. Campa ‘he Gromer tn ia lm snd shld ta soar ‘eihcorhneet abree ef PART ll, GROWTH OF LANGUAGE (A) Internal or Structural Study 19. How Sounds Are Produced In the forging sectisns we made an ater to fallaw the cause of lrg slog hore Ines Frey thi ex Aemal spect ef lng developen, we ball tas 10 Mo ntenel erste, From die pct ew Langage tay be ined asta oats wards ot nie ‘ume, spur of pups f ricte name” the (rodecion of thne ttle yo,” gy Dre Gil, the een are the log. te comes a the moth od the me nd the is eth tne nd palates ‘The ae in & ‘ral crlaginaas bora the pr he wind ie The upper Sad thet open into the bak of the mouth" Acory {he mile of dha bo te old ef mucoua mene atch tends he crv ne rom the ident whch they area. eds In the centre ait let betwee hem The ol tebe are the wea shir the at which mle betwen ‘Bem thegltin, "When tne hs ane ighened bythe (mined te emacs, thy pret father mde he ore Tie tana ter tne, ad inhi ten codon cee rode by the sting acese Ur edges whic, hove ‘Ten rei pvll to cach ater and unc them to ee ‘Sous of Afferent varity, length depth ete ae the resale of ane iba. Bat the pimaryclstiaton of ‘Soe ound conan ned vowel it that ‘he productn of which the pssege of the in bec ‘mith whore it inna A'vowel has bot defined ont Siied com mesmpaned by fee pomege of a thgh 1, Sher Maal of Comprtve Piller 87‘he moh, and oot pralucing aubible fin” (Engh Phonucs by Dane! Jans) In the cave ol coments the fac atl. Tree ae, hwever, coin sande the production of which oduuon (ice reson) nao sh {hat thow toundseldhe deme nether > eonsonans Do vowels They oe se stops (op esmaant) stay ted we ally termed von vowal Theft by Beer, shown as Pra. Verge says. tha the diference between Tovelsand comets diference at esses appre (elva tooatemes 20, The Occlusives or Stops Occasion or obstrcinn tthe pasiage of nt efoctad swath ide th ip the tang othe eth te When the ‘Sur of bau aatacted by ging it on th ie, the weshing sound pb erro be labial. Whee {he foo ake «prominent prin the eecliin deval are trodcod The Suet sade tds tare exumpls of the ‘onal wad be ey once © conan diferece bet ‘wows dhs lb andthe devel ctesn Ths former tes Fhe ene and nly ane pain, ha my, nse bythe Ep i pom encpe by closing thrm tpt whe inthe ewe ofthe dal oclacon the pa frac of the {pele unpse an he wont an, snd diem hf to moe thon one place, fat explain hy labial sounds lie pb ‘ere the sme nal el he Inguages. Avo the dea sop thre is van Ith tage tates the tnt inet Ihcen tom dental nds le Sra French fd rx {ke tings but down he ollow of he seas Chih faled the ave) ound ke ht of in Bagh words ie the weet" or of Un won le hi, heh toe rodced id when the tp of te tngue in greased ac ‘wards asia th perp fhe ttl Sarr sound Tide ae prasad Ths later ar ald cari 1 Qty Dr Sdbewar Varma 8. Lewes thre apni vr he velar the paul sande be olan ox le aero ‘neha propa sound ke Saath st ae produced; whan however, the sun aes ace err par he ening ards wad the Te Sl fort. Those later ae cad pales nocenary to fot out here ht Unies hve noted above, thre ng {Sheth exam of nance ateredny Sat or eelnon Thee cel ie Ue ono lh SES or inmitly scared ‘We have ete above athe wl chr nen he olan of thes sunda Diforet sme yee. ‘Brod Un tatan alk erone "When havin Sia nods Kee htc p oe we prea Tio ore ermal bathed or ace! wipe” When he wrt ie ten the sea mde are Hout ite ln ech ler Srueoa wands ke ds bose, Thee, conor es Fated ope, Aci Indian” pammarns have’ sey ‘rsced ths diferens Thy dsigushed them Id an Sed) nat (ncad | Wah coin langues on for ‘Srl o Suri kare apaen tendancy elt Set ‘Ba breuh in pring cern sounds withthe ma at ‘econ roca n thve gunn sos called erat, Goeraning othe sop thn pcs reece hy hoe orroced le th dk here 21, Deratves Let cri cae war he clio hrc ciety. Forge tenon ld he pepe of oe ch Tote coolly pond There cago ait Gorira ore pomage of a, latch chommimoes the conn policed cad more ply be desl mo eratiee ‘Sotto tay hae een ao eed a frat, apse toe Thee i tacer comple Innis (ioe sopping reuh’ nor saen expan (ie lung ow of eh)[34 STUDY OF THE INDO-ARVAN LANGUAGES Beside. the mrccclaion cal ake plac in ary poston ‘yraca oft ie th eth he tongse ec. Ava rma, Re ewey sop, waned ov wvcced, septs or espe, ‘lar cr pial rnb or dente, we have carespond IResprne Thos the Engh ft demolobl, + dena, ‘Strat! and patel and cerebral respecively. ch (3) ia the German word Beh velar and soon (cranny the ene espns» weaker than in the ops mesa above: he producto of cei sounds Foweven it atl weske "Such are the sands 9 aod foe staple. These we te sem vowel fone to above OF ‘he, ne wld be jedoch. “semen rel "Wesel se ter on how sunly 3 ond to ere ‘ho mel ape ove second elemento dohhanes Wah vowels there mo ceclaon all They are cl fed as welar In or pltal scouring ae the caret of ‘ren ie forced ot rm the back othe mah, rough the [pec Frm aut heron er plate, The ber presumed so far hatin the produton of all the stands dese above, the aa passage would rena ‘dosed. Bt when» cern portion ofthe mle ou oe the ose naa ae produced." The nual puso could lepton daring he production of ny und, There cad Dermal vowels as wells taol sop of etch and every ery mentored shave 22. Length Bones tht of wie oceloien and nay, both vowel sd eonmenta deat of 2 diferene lng Roughly ‘Syeking ry und creed lng fin prada, come ‘eravely ore ine 9 requ ha sul, So vowels aod ‘Seorata can be ding a shor orang. Voss Ect or Bae ng comespodig sh vowels Small «double omeonant woud beth errno ling ‘om dn nngle aneonane"Hwoul be chered tt coe GROUPS OF SOUNDS OR PHONEMES 3 parely reef ine ) is reguied to pronosnce Ti io." conic of dapat semen a te chide ecnsonanal grap ke Mpc wach cad et be a leva frm of ony corresponding shor cons Hard hb se dflerent Infor enmele the pte econ at (Sts thied from on a aother place tht 0 a. the "eal" Emporio oo kis he imple seurd ip the ‘wovp Ht) and the" Lcalty "cf the explnca’ (as! he ‘cod exploded ) re differen. But in prose bh, {Se aber hand, the scelanon rene the om pice a 1 for lager time tn hn ange Th dineton ithe lengh ws recoil as ily atthe vie dee 23. Groupe of Sounde or Phance Language canst nat of mare canta ba of groupe ch scands orf hatte clled the phnenes "A pre ‘Pip sands which ae related in charac war ich {tno ane them ever occur the sae posts 2 8 vot porislar language" Ad Vesirges remain, ected st Uy a ynem of pmenen Tk Sem, therlore, move hn ob tomer thet for ve Pre rt ely a aac bt a metal sty of "Th sll the aie rcsgised grup of snd “There viene nh sdet crate wach oon rove thot cnr han word Av a rator Tac epee the tine the tse wan int kaw or ince, ‘la wen te oly atin ich sonds were eanred and (Bove Ne te Set ward", meanest ‘The diferent neues od tho Vedi hyena depend for ther dence, engi ee nctcn » mamber af eters or ord ta ‘Sain inter pony ) bt entirely on the nue fyb 1." Bao sh Sl of Ora Sain Va‘lnng where tafrt wale ond ond the esond begins therncent apd he made grammars par wm Azza tna tbe former Avinthe fit and “KA the seco ble Bano we ow thatthe rencoion of 0 ike K ex staf evo dunalydocemile ages otf nplonion when {he bss hed nad ha of explosion whan the rete [etou. Ths eonepton of an plone snd an explosive K ‘sade io te clei hot bt these sons carmak Fen ve a the sme lable The better end more res, ‘ate xtleaton wld be that he wand gop AKA ci evel lable ie AK end“KCA where Repent Che tvalncn al Ke explo of the ound We wad {hen bea potion tm thet ap spoon ends one and ‘sresplnin begs acer late. From th pant wr Brot Meili dies ble a9" Ta tranche compres ‘es temes extnes des mivements dower et de Te tree (97). 24. Word of Phrase ewan rminind at the very opening ofthe wore hat Langage rota ti delat cmvey imprewaone. A furl rage formed nthe Iai whch in eked ot ‘de vile by 2" verbal nage 30 19 8h. A verb [mage an exer couterprt sf an intemal ipeeon. "Tolaner might be and to be conveyed, commented, trashed or expressed trough the former The Farm, howe ver. under which he verbal ageisexpese, pretend ‘Seintod, the sound gros Lnown a words or aes nl the alae,» word, hugh aap of ibs, conot be phoetaly defined. Of a slale 1 cad bo (Sd tat imploamn ended ene and explonan commenced ‘other ejlale. Ie camet Hewve be ld down where Shree begins or where word ends There ae, however ‘svn onus wich ar thon of nord Fo example, Sound othe nal oa wend undergoes 2 pec phonetic {tenent kt develpa na diferent way thin the see sod ithe bay fe wort coy tne theres The tnd ‘ut is ly the weakest pre the word To Saket, fe ‘ramp (as wil be shown iter). estoy atthe end snot ie Same porancatin (or actin) at these Feces ie oly ofa word. The old gman ‘ll ue that he Fed rein sch ess re HEN expla” Bee in ‘Balcts Uke the Vk and the Grek the fal od ‘asthe cna Soret gan he Send lee aft theta ofa word. Nevertheless word cn ony be defied SAP es meh Iman sheet, Sacha word prme playa dil mie." On the coe Inn itrepevet en ono the et inte te rele fan btecn vertu dem. Thes nn exam lie hd {el Rama pas mbt) the was ea a oR represent firey, diferent ieos of» pra pereng ‘rnc, an dik’ respecovely aod secon by he very Cometic) form arent the relstane of the die ‘etrdenthench aber These to differnt le of ond Ce lnown arsenal! mod morphol andr dy Semantics end Morpangy espectivey. Semantics dala ih words when they express onde end Morpelgy when tBey inate the rlston between tose ferent em ‘Wards exprening te plat betwen voc ius oe Ison se Margen" and wars when they expos mere ‘du ae" Somaniemes(B) Indo-European Phonelogy 26, Phonetics Now that we have gne or awever by, the gone- tal pnaplsct poston woud be powble to ge an ule of te phology ef the pimive LE dieet Alzow. ledge ofthe ar geese or dete wy of Indo Aran lngsgen tis important a the beckgound cf geal rowledge foray Bry. thos teen mentored aoe that the primi 1d lec was nly paste, “We know no more at ri rsrctare han wt old be reomansted Vy cpa ‘ve study of th earn wn lest this ranch ‘Thewe dale ae the eight meninoed above Te moto be exmece tnt an gle ne of them eld clan to Ue clin af the thers 1 represen the psi lat ws oor nest in pester deta! 27. Consonants ‘The E tnd sre of Ibi and «erie of dental tn thew oinde—h fee excepine—tave been fs fal epesned bythe varnor alec aw the fllong cele wilh Te, ‘Shu petit), Ge Pati: La. Pain: Lah patie Sioa: Asn iG ‘She pb Re: Ln Bide 0. Ten ‘Siebel (MY: Aves. brn Arm, Bem: GE yes Lat. fra, iti, Se mine (Gk pode: Lat pedo ‘She dhamah (Gk ths: Lat, fom ‘0. Saw dame. ‘Serre (eC) Gertie: Lat reer Temight be mandoned nh cameo that mb Ee dale: dningacen any seveced eaprte fr the coe. tending worsced uve; e. cvewonding to At ees The are mph het” Sent the ly exept in thet espe but een Sana ews nat epennsthteanviced ‘etc with any fecuency, ph ee nat commen, in Sart ay B, db In Ave, a in Grn. there are Sits Jp eae to Sait hth, he “Se bat (wah) o lap: Aves san Ske, phair (er: Gk oa et The Volare Url the ails nd the deal he 1. velar fave et been represented with any nergy Av smi of ce wo dtc development cold detested the ese ELE vel *Ke,*Ge os Ino gprs thes frets withthe ror ht Latin. For nso bon for Inthe aber gop E she. sgt sic have become slo ‘satacls lr Sure el thee a's wld denlopment (Fauch ample guturls The Sent onimen of op {22 depends on the following vowel. "These LE velar ae ‘eprsered in Sekt by tual excot tor apna Jana vowels where they boom plata sods} ete Examples ‘Sit reloh Ce), Gk. Tajo: Sk. rin (fem), Lat. linge Gelli, Si recs FG ee, Se erat (Cote): La. eid Ge bat Seed (FotoPondng plsel shan Th LE *P>Sie 9 TEL Boosh. ELE thse tehee Examples GE Ht, La i), but Seta Cm. Ge ante bot St sine (OE) 26, sibilant Whe ich in tps or cmsonant a desebed hove, ti extemaly poor in contigs or focatven At ‘rer of ft the oly one ach porn, the alan, S51 uesment. however, inte sare dec con cated enough van asowding 12 the pontion of Saal Steck ote proong end flowing vam TEI LE "s in peered exept nah rnin, ‘Anoesian, Gres od Brite dalects where i becues ee ‘She sanah (ere) "ad" Lith snes, Lat sees, Goth nt (oldest) bat Arm in ote 2 tn cern pono tis proved snl nngge, esily between rial and 1 6 "Se out, (Wa, be drones irl.” Aves so, Ge fat, Lae wet Si lneber postone Le Ete hue undergmnedferen hangar is teresting to noe ts connection tht hee ‘Sanger spread over a canis ren staan Thon ‘Sferkin Sends (Indo ranan), mene end Armenian: ‘rb and en Sanit (Indo ranan) ad Slavery ad heckirctande i Sanit (Indore) sone orga ‘Recess later aga change ty on Sane 6, ‘She salen eee) “Isl peak" Aven. oosige ‘Se eat (ORR) "he ity Lh tn wte 4) In font of eiced sands" hearts vied "zinta tam, haces" under he mae Sees sae becomes" In Suk dhe 82 Ges tos ba Tosca he end of word and loin the male of » wed free a ced Bat tho leon ce receding vowel” 29, Cerebrals Sear nat ward has been sid abou the cerebral and {his for the ple rest that Indo-European dale show fe trices cf any eel creak” Enon the prec ime, reine 1 E family he oxntecn of the crease 8 dence charstnsos of oly the Ind Argon anaes “Though he modem Narwepian fa 9 sod fou ely sherar urd. Inno cee LE langnge there ay tel independent cores not fund Frely Samet ial where coral ly eco incon pains ae wer pote ‘An Explanation (2) Welave eon sbve how bE telecame in Sant I theligt ts fac cereals nthe Sr hve ben ‘sng a lle Te change of (and) 9 shenonds (Le 2) ater the ante rad he cnsonont gee ack prof to 8 ‘Salsa vention wit the fal nd ena © the ‘tad the do ann erty she SieBot ed. "The ek wom sti ot ‘Sisute stnt-the nclogy opt epeon te ot et (pista (ninth Veprer) Aes mer of fat (rent elon bet ted Th enti hie Toe bE FEU iets la af dane tS the {acinar onde Sonn Seotts ibe ot“Ia Saas, brwom vowels, thane sounds appearing ae ‘ware datinged frm the desordat of the LE plata opens'j feb bore saps ath deeoped nthe sume tee ie and) An deal seat lowing these sounds became in Sense exrespodig cea Uikderdh (zee). Ofthe groupe tan armed fond oh remained in Sart whe te and "eh baae dood Yh ‘sh Be eatheing oa preceding abo owe other an * Fut mi preceded inthe sare ward Cot work nap) by yor ebeber edit or a2 tance prod fo sand invalngecuaton wth tngue up mare, feeane “Lin (and preceding stops che thn, Sal, preci andpsiatlyFeally beam | (and “Thos cold be scone fre Suse | 1h¢ dh and (eneea). The fect thatn Sonint itl cobra ae {ew and far between lends further support £9 the bore steed aig (or explain of te cea 30, Sonants 304! m and» ‘The | Ea ich in sonans anit compen ie wesument. But fr ot purine, summary of Prof, Male [ied demon wold be sffesn (On the whol fw ferent weatent of the Estate ould be daar according tthe pte ty ecapy i oe ‘oly of'e word in ay eas, they are ee owels cnso- 1) Ancor they sod {o) atthe ini of eward below a vowel or ener Sooner © Sie abt Pt) Lt ear, Avo. yar: ‘Se rah (Ue), Aves 8 Lat i tes Pe Rb Bera, LAS 10 op 3881 (8) beeen 0 vor 6 ‘ec npn me Lat en. Gk emma te. or (c)_ betwee samo prope nd a vowel: ‘Ske pve |). 0. Slav. loess Set madiys (#0), Lat med (2) Between vowel nd comonare (proper oF 0 an) the snare he eid len of 2 along, (i St (Anes ot amen, St fen () Ge paso, Se nlgat (EY) pct ee (G1 Bein ahora ste ae corel Ske pele (a) fram an sere. ln uch ener dhe sna Denes eed vowel plas ihe conven element represent ‘Ge Ba, Se. 9 (Prt Ch Voie marisa wt > esd ate (thn marti) fo the mee S(O) aly nest of connate between to fran tnt ented ae nel SH pth 2. Se vanah (mt) Ge bs 31. Vowels Fora lang ine he. E vowel wie appoted to hase ently perv by Samir (ce Te rian bane) cy. "Buti has now Sine br deste that Grek hl Latin ae more ei in prosring te LE. te 208 ‘Whe Shoe (andthe Indra bandh) confsed, the Tres ongnal “eo teal one We have seen above hw nthe wate of the [Eelam Sons shows traces (dm caie och cogs the niga Slr > ‘alls blr ran wel Enamel se Sle asa (A), Ck ep, Lat seit S8 Ske rahe Cou Aver, Lae ae fe. SEL (orm, Aves ex Gof44 STUDY OF THE NDOARYAN LANGUAGES That te 0% hd loa Ieuth can be seen fom the falowing exam 7 Ske (a eaative priv parle , Ghent 2 Ske dina Com), Lt dim $2. Sina we), Ge mar, Lat. tre ‘Thae me hmever, outer her fr Senet Grek snd Lan swan ‘She pi (fm), Gh ptr Lae. pater Sku hah (Re). Ge at, ee From sod stances on ident sod i opped to have susted inthe prinave LE Ths sound ia ded ty 22 Th site din rm a ism the later ‘eprcted main the Ind ben group “To num up, priv had vowel *» Ya (shoe rng) and 9, sont 979 1m which wre ete ‘vowels in ceria pion and ay conznann in cera ‘Shen bse En cool to mach on ft Dosened vel ltl a fab ands dental ene: wae, ‘oe he aly phneme of acura! arco 32. Morpholory Surveying swe have dane thesound ptm of he pie ‘ive LE dae, we might a» well go bly oer he rare fis sand rps or wer an salen a thee later wold ‘eracenay before we clo his pao ur aa Tf we compare the words ina Sait sentence wihthowe fan idenl erence in ey of the mse Ind Ayan Tngunges te Fit hing wuld tke un would be te ener" complexity" the Sosbrt werd By" came: 2s ean tt feof he Saat wordy wich Ie Srorones th part playedby iuelfin a nenance by Ie very [ex end nto ry adem verasdar by the Potion (eovps a sentence, Tha Serle word ie Sm, ‘Raman, is i oll iit one the part plop — MorPHoLocy « inepecive othe pion in which i is pce within the Up of vrtence To ptt in generale, Se wo ‘edetes aa (c. he prt plas nesters) by 8 mere change nite farm. Ths we have diferent Tome ike (Ge. ca Git ee toldznte rift mlaions wih the ‘he words inthe erence. Mier wena insu aren thar here «canst lament (si the above exale) ltd vavable cement. Ti ner giver alt the word ‘This voable cement ht exprnss he pot ployed oy the words the number, the gender the eve te) sella the Terminwicn or flexes. ‘Thesontable’ cement peed the temionio the em Inthe awe instance the stem, vie Rama iv «complete sity tel Bot thee ae ence there the see wend ‘drt olfuthoraalyse‘Take the Sankt word Datrem (Gomee) “ngver” (ae ng) Here the trian mand the sen inde) But this stem oe Cermponad a wo pare tie d2( 1) exgremiog the Hen a (Beings eC) the sulle. Thus we lind 2 word lke ‘broom ee) dail ode element, (the not Sete be' empl Bur the demartsthonslice te not ‘Ketchtl, or do they ext io sition, nor convey any seme ty themselves "Th onderf thse laments toni fixed os ret, ali snd teiontion, The pcan af the TEs word htt ‘Shia ely se rt toe termination, bat wale werd ‘an conta a indie numberof oli Root "Ao LE rot has erin phone esictions () No UE mot begins aed the mame ine with se scnpimied sap Ton we can everest iad.42 STUDY OF THE INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES rh enbhe aA Skt rt ke ad (speak, could nly Toe trwing attendee ay well a begin ith an ura: este op {Ti aould be remembered tat Saat ally reeves rigal sspinten, though n cane an original word Fat prates Seri ede ito ere 15) "Ross beprang wth vce spats J tend in vied and ee o}Nomenanlabie rc end eth em! ‘Satis "Ao IE sls primary o secondo scrondng a ated othe rc fw soon (ote) rt tbe sr au Trocarlilgel- Merener sme suze ore added only to arcuate the alice the wot in dee {See seton 34 Inflexion TE eto vari of infleins (1) ane fr the ver sd (Bene forthe non. ‘There tro have ely ane eaegery ‘Riommun cis the number sna. plural dal The ‘erin tlle, indate tne pen re the sear, the {poker tr the spake Nou olen nates the cone Petiwraion othe noun th the sero eer ends inthe mene 33, Accent Lie rt, land termination the LE acento mercial sleet minh a Cte tn alo of frond sa erteace "Inde Vac yrs, every word, with 8 {ie exception, resines atone The lace he dat ta ths unwieldy deermnes nan ese the character of Sidhe par olayed by a word othe allowing examples Rar ei See rthman (660 «sng. ‘Sit Bea's (we «pot Seeman Haw Nenina Adonis ‘Nomina Aves \VowEL GRADATION « Grok sae in thie pect with the Vali to he eet even he nretel lee ‘Se arch Wee Ge teste Naming Aton Ske tar Gk fms e-Newine Ageia Skt plooth a beatin by the pce ef ts ace, & ‘amin eee wile Gre bs retened he maning cit bea rig, rom he same vost an Sra athe awe cfs Ved var the ncn dermis the charac ofthe lane ie ent may be ntl that, ie ‘noah the eene of weet wn pho lement Ieasmch (inthe Vee for eerie Jan secret verb (Sooners pial laws ands unccentad sutarune, te 34 Vowel Gradation Lethe scot and lvl reload ala ove, sen ng pr E iy Brn {Be LE the Sone branch ls vowel yada ad oat ‘deo mare fey than the ort wold beter have ‘ler der ts pheorsoany tafe te srne fi {inple. An Asie ross emry chartered by sense ata The vowels ther ey serve to determine the trmcal freon a the rots afar, he arb ged [Brnsenence and oon Thur the Abie otal tol, hs 1 pois (active) tle, pee (pose). inpeect {cetve) yl, mperect(paive) yeaa ands or, Tp thane form the exmosans ronan the same et se the vomel hang nerd to the pater mation, ‘Amlar phormenon Sai i the Ed t won Aare shove a abla or vowel gion. The LE wot» ‘Srvell chrsctara by connate thee later Sat Snes CRIN be the rma Te the vn ha ‘eer theparcalar pe Farman nd bad that the Srvls dy no alfec the rose Thowsh the vowel alone “SNE hey do sont ney ui the Artie, te44 sTUpr OF THE MDOARYAN LANGUAGES hove, The vrtion ois somewhat fixed Thus awl seerte vary wth nr ie ae dropped. Every mrbologeal Clean in comtnine «ved which appears fo (sive me (r') orm. "Thar we have the grade te oe Sr atematng wih eerorade. ef Tarede ade — Ge. poms Gk ptamet Ge einen ‘Ske pots Cem Se tenon core) Se pot) Sic dodo Coq) Set saya me) Sk edb (OL) Stse dest (Oe “leo skemate wath ro Sk fr ke tai Come inc be seen tht lng ond oon theses ard Inthe cose of orignal ghthngs ton the stem of rotation he same the zr gade, hawever,rpessting Sivihe seam clamentfthe dphiong, Thus we hve, gog t Examples Full Gade Zerorgnde epithe ‘rhe pe ptimen (Were) (Hemted) (Crore) Law fide fortn fae Sle Beem Age) Bieta) iat ( ‘Ske Bidhayai (ef) bubdhal ee) Bachna) Sie jie CRW) les CB) ere CE) {ean be lal see ram the stove examples ht hare ‘ardatzshipbewers th galiy «vow wd the Ble fhe scoanThn the fllgrde is cet, Se owes cRaparion ° Bhagat (Gent (ANA), strom (Be). gob (ore) (ae The soorgade os umaromtad, ef Sut joe (WP), Fret). poo (om) ‘Bastar teers (8): 0 (5) ae down nt ex blainall vel chroesn There ore: Er etna, me ‘Sedma sss (on) Sec a ee) ehh fem) Ske dont (ow) Sieat (Rn) Ge catmt ates whee Sit 'vnies whi, Tht wat meioned shore: Unies LE ant Shc des bck te engi 8 ore Soe hive potas qradsn *8 9019 0 at ii nah vowel ange” Othe Educa bavedaanone BPangom of sch raion Ta ater toe te leon oe & toa theme Sithiethe wel pada n dhe LE Ingstemn tn the ceo Sindee ast loon grammars have fotzed Us phony neve Bulag wo dey da dee alsforweonoavave ays oe vod not be spied ec ntrgtnt befor” To them he vowee Te Sor ine the mrs graos epee Shona. vowel "iets ete ware th gna orld (7) othe Bute ‘owl tha ar were th orga wel Gh Sar THUG Cied tem bub meme Jord att dw tronly tn mr rth weak pads othe engl wre “Ts ting ae tothe ond of owe sree Teas to bo Iwi ond od.” Batt all ict ene fo ou fom a am echasnve staly of ba Indo ryan bom Te ‘mney fr ths oho an ds fh Gace get Txeceat ond the srt veiw of te Ee dc theforegine pvp farm ths bck gruel Weems to the Teds: Arjen tramPART I ‘The Indo.Aryane 35. Early Home of the Aryans! Ia molar dewendant ofthe exon Aran vader ia Ida wen ih he help of something. lhe” Wel ‘Tine Masine, ts eansfer him the dye of incest, is Effily wot bein sesing a parindar ag on yeae” Nor ‘Sede, wore ee all ime int a Shan dou an Man and Serv, find hi hata ot yon Cold he ent Aiph Drenolend wth te India hes Ing 9? Nos ot trang ab wos mel Cathe Dream tardy man ed Ingle of seep ov rd feats, In ot ely be Ids,” anys De Gilen”for reer Fey ne Fanaa Sse ove by langage characters of dan area Where ‘Sen elt Drs land bet "Tas eamparin de pole hit ofthe cae Indo ampere (or the "Woon os Drs ies ts come ‘any chtened hess) 5 « Dreamland would peat app Gebers is sbeualy no sere of ora aboot Titi "Sthier am wranmam my n ding ond ne ‘ty ifenng. Neverthe tbe following amin he ay Se deve to be nin Sapa Se ef tobe Vat ic Pope [EARLY HOME OF THE ARYANS « 12) Secondly. heres th view lik tht of J de Morton ‘wtih le the signal bane of the tras speaking the ‘See lds Earpen dlect in Stain “G) The sate of Astonomy (on cul be nad fem the ene nd Eipenn documents and. erate) maken {Be mmr ld Exopean a cmp ofthe Polar Baw Ta) De Cie, th other banding ws mentonad howe th fr ed fas ered inthe ait erature, ‘foal es beck the clan Europe, Tether he asa, ry tot of Exp wich ember paul ond cord ‘cunt in cle Coane. bik erin cretion bt lw iyo pins natal ot rota gra an nck upland fstre ete for locks sds, sod nthe nS Fees and birt of the character lendy dacred?” toon anwar Thee i aparety sly ane tah ae oe Exon, the ara which ie branded tsa sle ye (Caromtian on i bth th las ie westem de bythe Amin Als andthe ner wind and onthe moh 1 the Braga sd te manta wh ak heap oth eCarontans* (Gy Lay maybe mentimed the view or vii, 08 seed ror by hina nner han by evince ira Force ta make th event rk Europea he stn Fi om carey. ie ch be mad clorox fn» pel iets pl view, oly twa of he aon Ive edd Sette scien canvirain: the view Profs Oe ‘Sredr ad has cf Dr. Gils. "Tha the fo bed ‘ily philly wile the sce allan thes of ther tienes lke geslogy ete bah werk tack fram he (defo 17) hv the owe. "Th fate knoe the ling Alcatel fom the eight eaiy Ind Europe eect Itrmere impact than tse ae the impos othe ‘Mita and te Hite witenof Ait Minn The intr oe it Comte Rr of ads Vall poarpa i Indo Earpenn and he innrinione Wome ‘SP eppoedtobelont tho 15h onary BC, Phe quer (Son wad ari, tow lan Tad Earp tbh ae Hatten bape tsnch his prof Asa Main the mela ike seond raleniam 867 Arsrding to Prefer ‘Solved tho sae hes wandered farh ty arate ‘the Gain Se and thn toring sherds they breed Sl ig we, oe tring extant nt Toda and he ther ‘xesPor nd farer on But ths te Dr Gilera ‘hector nd on tht the rote a ‘bone of the popnad mipainn would have been impose lepine men movin wth tr emis, he Tels ted ir hardy wad nv th wh one" the Capi Sat, ‘sel oath eer th nh ad ede in an aren of fempt and gues wale a an euler poral hich fariapr however des nt anand that of the migration ‘open fart the est nd clade! wis eat (Rel and posbly macht tho lo ine pains ber I, now, bis ter conjecture be cect the Vos ar smo be cngatlted oe gied emery ot fie wowed,” Per we poise fr # mnt 1 he Vedi Ie ‘oe, we find hate eons wtred by Dr Giler {he prt round boat the Caspian Seu tay. ar by an ‘cid, wih Woe tnt beset the ew marty bets rer rote Lato tke rexel, ym um pre ‘fTndn. While Varun is os aha wer and he ‘er othe Idea red peli he inter oly. The "pla onan tat he aor kon nt oo 8 ‘ore elton nd ok ose of gt denen ‘hey ween cant ued of bl. brave and tera. ‘nda andor" Tia laos andor Index noo to hve ‘eyed wid sweet fddra who lod ne Arya eli ameonr in thaw oniy mrtane The inden, ‘Seta telnet ovr wend pecs veo vaaa eo dena th rats ha ly bre hi OF all tho dots of Iecha th scented (and mented ays th a groups The madre ‘Arya versace fil tcc 49 as, ncn ‘oa palen in compat as of soury almatoxaly er ‘mepmding we ts wet Madhyodoa wd the ter sr Taming tin tree unter fa cle bepaaing a Flare {a the Pua and rang through tie westom Panay, Sd ‘So Mts cone, Conan, Ore, ihr Berga ond ‘Asan p-117) The former be clo ha Ter Salar td he tar he Outer Sabancs Tas ner and Outer ‘yi bse co he pial iat of fai bo oot Tela aio," wa central poole nuroune at Be ro oth sa ent by satin “Ao ain. however, would promatucly Jad» w the ‘mater Ind Ayan diac we tall ame the naman ot {be Arjon ewan ite Indi” It was id above that whe ‘he Tndolranana were sll 9 Porn fow tikes were4 sTUDY OF THE INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES sdvancng into aeithbouing regime During one of sak ‘usar tothe north nt wan soured the eomty of Dar- isan "Thoe eos tn cary osepied the ranged cana ‘abel the Hlikashacem to have teen ute bid and ‘wire ‘Son thir ny enone lang the Inara to the ind dhe Bre Rivers Yours srwarls when the Uedornins fram Ahsan purl int nia hy bed sxcomer ber ort we beter Web otro Se Dec rmtsiner, rose! wd ederim choad, hoa elogina wth ue stk be Sr! by them ater comers ity nda who Bad sendy cultmted te beef opm ‘atvly me plac fe Even in xl Sanat erate ho Dane canuorors ae refered atest. bacon vel (cul) Sillter they were clawed wilh the ton ‘Anas on Pistean Hoeven, the eae ncuron vet that of he Dad comaerrs an even now Sah ida. and western Pont Ds woo cald be et 38, The Arrane over India! In court the adres hn ey re ove the Pamir decaf the coetry nth tte Hiden, the ‘zane fom Alghinsten mirted nt Ind. menioned stove then he Kul sll, By 100) we: the new ‘rors at hae et ein large mato nthe ne ba, {er thedue ofthe eampiino he bak ot Revol cane ‘be bolt lower ha 100) RE, wa coud be ese ‘wth om amoato deiritnee sn the ba of Reda ‘rn compone Idi sll” That the Vedi tbs seed Fmt i the Pais sven fo the err mtn the lero of th five ier tbe Via flu the Aaa (be Ghat, the Porat! (Rai the Vin (Bens) he Stadt (he Sag) Teeny, Bower, the county round aot bra ACY “THE ARYANS OVER INDIA » Sarto (“the moder Sar midway between the Sut toa Jimes Keil that played nn opeant parti the Foy of thse invaders Great events tk pace bree was hore wll tat he Veo tes sed peor ‘eins and bo deelp wt and Karate and prnpred. ll ‘ound. ‘Tho best pat fhe near fod the val conn ‘ad ade atwmps ord nisin To Farther a ‘atin, That hve new stl, cine wet om tsk de Brand watod pasate oven tse newly edoted domale ‘Sud be son fom pages ke eeceperaereromee een G8 ered we tec sore Tet ervey meer ‘The ives Sar red Dadra re vin: he ted tha lis fen them (a) Sie re rtd Ly Goat itiseled Barr “The mor code handed dav rele scot in. that coy B acede paper (al) he cant and nab fe (hws of Mase TE 7-8) ‘We sy tht the ites permanently sled bare we nly rm dns es choise nae ni eae for Terher sng ce migrate and tat 29 2 ese they Tot thew edveataray haba Butin yp sll ty wer em balled move over wider aren Move hay i by apread fey weswards end sathords slang and stout the mndom Rijpain The Vndiya moan n te uh and poly the onpia inhabits the wet ange fda) mat have checked ths eawer fal expansion Bt whareer iy went thse detaenr of Beahesvar, intend of nrg ‘Remeles wh da nd inne. for Sat pps © selternpated soni of supraniy and cplceny. They Indeed tamselen wth ha metpisialecledrawn by @ Prosper wan.” Th pend. ton ses ie a ex ang eli. the cea or saring one beng BabarSTUDY OF Tm moO ARAN LaMEUACES ‘eh arte «thee of Bron}, The scm dle Te (ly fed othe Kurs. the Matos he Pablo ‘mad Scrvrne thee fo ihe Bekman cory aan Braver "To ce ent othe was Gewese eer | seght eesotee we ‘The cant Known mr the de County, Letween the Haat od the indy masts tthe es of. Viasat (bar Sarat dinppear, nd to he west of Pay” ut. 3n, tithe eter cple won the Arta, seas feat tera cel ‘ended bythe cm th cand west an yng betwen Shee woe Hint Vy) namin a 3) The rise Arjan tht developed th wea one ‘cn ment potatiy an ondurbed arc, fre they ce mak Scott wth any ater ra abun ohare. It ths woreso we Cald eanly sndemand the grap of the Langues n tis pre Inor Subtanch of Si Gerge Grersn kennex poset the andar det ‘hot developed ar i lance! Soe nthe ther bam enined in Seaton 12 shove here wer thar sat wee mt contant to lad wh ‘lac fa andwontarted father extwards on advert Sipeitans no wnenplrd ans, Tiny rnd to Mog “da (oder Bi) sd frm Magne we can imagine to ‘rach ligt two ifferet rae, soe forthe ent [Menge (made Bengal) a he cher that tare th ts ‘Ye Oran ouey sd thn die wos ha ring at et ‘sec Vind ny reached the Arian Seu Th asten Hin, Bihar, Oy and Marth woul rach, hr ‘shan ence sd, waco the cher je nthe st Eaw tem Hind, Bihan, Bangali wnd Acorns woul ered te ‘Setherchia. That all thw dlects gre ane them Ssteorin pao difrncs frm theo the Avr ‘sede ram the fas tne Sir Cxrge Grtron, hime ‘Se mudora shoe dasa ssid be oma clog them athe Oster and the Ine, cle dale: mapa, "Ash is tthe lac ier props pew teen ee to erpine id ces, wa ld oly renin fo ite {har wld eed coe 1 the coclaion sagged ate that from Easrn Hinds 19 Marth in the sothiwet Grog Bh and Oia and > Avnet va nang i ae Banga we ind ven rego iste chon: and pang ack ‘nlite the Esser rats to rm Ardha Mega to Mae tarts form asain opr and socom Ike Tih fe agree with Boome tht Syien or pt sing vedere the herare of tho onsen lnganses. oe tape deste nef the modern" en ha see Tanger cased Ue Outer Langeaes {Benga Bsr Orgs, Mars I shuld be comidered vanciet' ie ame erage ncoiran tthe sonpe-tho Inner Cela inmgee weno Find. Ga Marvods ta 9 which wou {ened ie welldeveloped* The irene in deve lopment i de tothe fact tht the beso hw Mid Comyn deseo ane, were stad and eral tsrher tian toe de et {a} "Thelin omen, nto ay of the easern tres that heen wero mach ange tan dr eta Waar wold ot hove onan get ov that of he later, Wes towever lane they cme in car cet wat then: Aryans eangueel thm wd sted to «noma ie, ELS vat teetaia wan gute tobe expected that heir stk of words should lear blow ther need. Hence pbably they had oben ld words dies fom thar ecient spend” whle wah ‘Sei wet thon the words ad wdegiow a atra d ‘opmt." Tint sich the ewe is bee ac by Beamer Shoye loa general way it may he mid the the pe atin of Telus words ratest in Ben Ori end [irs les i Fad aod Cost and least Pariah and Srl” 1G) On p19 (i L.$.1, vale refered above) Sir Grote Grito bs died the Tangages (rd Imted he sare wh map) 9 whch Te the. harcterie ‘Fibe pou paces "On pal be says Thin Tomi fie ther cst aly curentover te hse the Eat [Ann Ind bt reasies hrogh annem cin fin {eo sllineercepty sing ff ito each eter, cm he Arson So. snd hence srdds it Ga sad Sindh bat ping som Lalo, ns Dard cy ‘Finie Kibtan: Ths lourative of th imate rele ‘hip wich cxseasen el hese Outer Frm of specs te we int add nine othe Mga Merah ‘einthery raed ahve, foe bea int the act ‘dot (Ean) Mages Pt nan dala xcllnce We Sit rand dboome (@) Lanty may be mentioned the eaten in Pate tthe Sans iotrocc ops. Speaking geowaly the we ene sagen the Seveopment of sop in this pion ‘oi bea] feng, (0) far weaken snd (2) ta ‘Tetopearace Staring fon Sara sen Ar Mand fd Bind down Malte were wthexacly ht, ‘Mould be exces ening in Sern fre wk 1, Tica erated iat dion sno dem dp“ ugh pence abel ed FORE spel ci ete Tone “THE MODERN INDO-ARYAN VERNACULAR a nga the Easter Prikts (as the lhe papetaasare-y {Be} ad tal dasppearnre ia Mabie eg ‘Ske Saas handed” Sour Sade, AMad’ See, M, Sas [As we woul bearing fa Fam aor bec ot hia stage we dal wd up the dncumion by ang that wl Telfer ple and tll vn forher recone ‘Therein, however, ove pnt abe mted in xonactn wth the dffrnce tote te Toner aol Outer lngingee Tie Iror orleve ian ofthe freeing discus, While ‘Sener longings developed many wilh and aronn the ‘Ryans the One sngunges were hand coal bythe na ‘Adar Urmahtunder the reay of the Aras The df (are between the two ould be ter onary cindy, realy the vane nthe fence bet en, a, She Eg (FEngand ed te Engin of Bt oi, ‘Ti atone emo we nd the seven Pit oe Sct 1) ‘Tat thy aval have been spent sme Sine or ther ele tnt the Pe er te kes pe mam hardy probe Fron the few sample Mehmed writen Pika inpiaile 0 arive a any ‘Seclnion, Aer he Prt fllowed the Aptem age {er Seton Uh. ‘To clone ti Bsc! rv we ve ely {badd bol doom of the moder nd Ary language ‘Phe Frontier Growp By het dr ry are meant tne. Langston dale that are hs renl thediect.develpment of the “Silnter dlc opm ver mde lie By or bent reloe fom the aehowet” Staring fom the soracecomer thin probable rite oth nly Indo-Arnn: oy ‘hos we mac athe wry tinal re poops ie (0) ‘he Katrin Koto, (2) the Khar in Chal vale. td (3 ihe DerdeItwos sagaosed above (Sosa 37) ‘han the ber soeking owe dea gre ented ‘much ater than te (shar) Vedi be. Bat nveilue (Callen fe dvatel tht dhe tn ined togeber ue 9 lone ‘Se in Algae alec ot or removed Fas tech ther Those mourn dec tt, ler con ‘Slay from ter csi ln Arjan lect era india hiedan tothe fast tha the apenkem cf Pass dient. tiny were ltr clei have teen ever sieved tly ace” On the cor band tae Srv ivnt bes ben ab to proseve many of thee dae Toi dee neon aeiac form Teeter cramp the swf Kafvsan sce even tndsy 6 pvme Ble ‘Smeaue Pure wren, wit ich vero he resned ‘onthe coetarinaisn of the erie Sanat phe ‘Sonnheye tah, hewn of Suna” A wtr of fc, All the diets ths nw show archi ano 2 par. ‘in wih he Vedio and ta sbneront dle in nda one ‘Wold jsod in nclading hese Fe dicts the Indo-Aryen grup. OF then tires the Kat aor dala Boshen, Wat Pashatand Wactven, Theme jpn lett Dutra are he Kas ara Steere Sieemore thse arp i Koh, Mayand Trad Uitede ned Sindhi ‘Coming whl we hase the Labo Ween Punish pate bya poplin sont seven lane tc Farber drm lng the ndan wd on ther eo te Sat soc claims half ming speaker othe Labo Laid ‘Senora areas det ably eying fem cach ter, ‘ne Lng Serey ely en: hve boar meds Sedo the aber rd nyo Sale ct diet roomed, Th sander la, hse at evolined fo tracy parpsns ithe Vie spoken in Cara ‘Stuhr whle Seat dlc ft nr i oreo lame 8 any Vie Ar oppced tthe Sit or the noern {Ber tethe La othe lot of aver Sn Betwern the ‘Cera nd he Laer lect ape, th Senta Lae Bela the dolar Lin which reprers w Wanatonal age between Vico ad Lara Tut eat inte dese ate the Finung wits of Tags whote Gilet in koown an The Ln Kost ax spoken Cnc, imine of Sin and Gara esol be mtd in ths croneson thatthe ad ind gramaran od sesoprind in hn prt Pa di Inet aled he Vacada Aparna Rajasthasi and Gajeati To dhe eat of Sindhi spend Kotha, the lnewage of Rejpatsm and Coral ld thre oe momeroos toward serve Gonrallia we indon or rai woo troupe i, Weta Hind and lar onthe ath Eastern Punt These Ser ‘aim betwen than abo ify mars of speakers of Sham ner re for blag be Fit group Beton ‘Sehind nthe Pola and Alaa in the Usd Proves Ith five dnlecs f W. Hind vi (1) Bile tthe noah fest of he Pub, (2) Findon. rund beat Deh, (3) Kenn and) Bra Bote naa (8) Bude ‘nth su OF thse Bry Bins a lect spoke in he Vou cn, the home ots Sermon Prt, we he indo ht bas now sind dain av The Tne {franca t maser Indin "The E- Pana, a rae denote. ‘rainy confined othe caters bal of the Pun ough {compeen inthe tri the southern al ef Jorma and the ant the Seo Blane In thee oxennens tte ‘anh and south, iti elled the Digr, while tht ofthe E- isis she sandarddalece Marathi ‘South ofthe Narmada is Marti exening rht acrm the Pernela tis gery seppned to bes dict dest ‘cerdart a he Makavanor Pale In the mer ngage {ear min dle coald be renga: (1) Kens along te ‘cuthem bl the west ot ren Milan nthe er to ‘Kerwar ithe sath (2) the Konkan undo lng the ee ther hl fhe west ta fn Raina Dear (3) De ound out Poo, sd (4) Nagpur dace of th Central ‘Prove, Berar aod pata of he Nines domo, E Hindi ‘The cam half ef the Conran is covered by fie “goupe tin, E. Hind, Bihan, Bengal, Assess and gain {he souh.” Of the, HindguesbacktstbeAvdho Nig ‘Soeied: the Ava the Bagha ond the Chang Bihert ‘Bir ia» lngwoe vpshen ner large pan of the radom Unied Provinces of Att and Ouch It cover ‘pani arn, he err prt the country whore Mach Brake wos psken The Modem Baur has thee dalec (ibe Mai with Dathangs art centres pon sna. ‘em Monghyr: Biagio and west Pare (2) the Magn in ‘Seuher Ba and Choy Neper nd(3) the Bhp in west, (3h Bir ad the castor dat othe United Province Beogali and Asamese ‘Bene the lange span ve the ares. of oder Benga No dala ss sch fave tno recprned hae. ‘capt Standard or tbo Bel ed by the dead and {he other at employed im the ory speech of the. iar ‘Tothe exreme nor ena spoken the Avamese nd ox. pt fre fac that cha an nly Martie of i ‘Seilered no more han saeco Bengal. Orin (Oy in eihbouraf Marth the south ard is p>: aw say over the ares f nde Orin Tha Faber Grane the languages mentioned sbi, there sche Indohie oe sang ws sono tnt ek(8 STUDY OF THE INDD-ARYAN LANGUAGES. - ithe Himalayas tena able comes fromthe word Pay, meaning, ail fot.” There are thee mb groups hay (I) the wester Pay boeing tothe wes on the. ‘Purib (2) easter Pai or he Nepalese spoken nly fn Nepal, and (3) imbetwoon the two the Gna Pa Indo-Aryan Languages outside India “Though the IndoArgan language ef the modern days eth mninly eon othe ssn there are sme (Gouge outa nda altogether Such ae the Subaane [Regunge fsauhorn Calon ad the Roman languages of he Swundoing aypion of Aas. Frnt ae the mannan of Drone, nd ltr a the vloante followers of «pene aden, th Badin fda veld ober san Csi st appear. rs clined by sme Bucs wit tbe rev dat over prt ofthe ialand we find on Todo-Acgn Tinwusge. A alt of the Sihalse Wall span i Mtgcy aod the Maldive land Early Literature . Ie woud ot be expe that each and every language or dale metned shove shod havea litre A ‘ttre Tot nthe whole the moder Indo Aryan angsnges (Suld ot boat of any ierture Tor along Get cae. ‘Thogh the ew hteray saps hve al been msl supe Uyrlgan the erat wa, sarge enough, ne solar orator "Variety wd sce athe Iter of the days Iavelienwndly cncomseried by relia nlc dough tu Tina tha Preis Risen of Chand Bars compra in {he Mw lect of 1200 A, elaine to hia in purine bat aor bernie i exscton nd calor, eat ‘eal imparance i jot ts muchas tht of the eater Pan ‘ut severoles is nly in the Rote aed the Aree _pevpe tat works of asonal or malar character could be oan Ge ano shot of Res ln span Som thi pin view, Aa entire shove the gamma Hramacondra wos aie of Gui Frm bis works we get taiden fhe angge that branched off ltr io Marte Set Gaia But af seinen ae wo. work the ‘Magdhvcbedhamaaite ood Gonarstn's Kip ran sora’ fopetwo Sant panna the Teh ertry. A tay sevwriten nthe Gato hve doy thor stra vale for the study ct that langage cau mot beri, Generally sean the Terry carer the adem Indor ‘Aran langusgon begins ely ate a the 1h century AD. {2 ane lanavoes ied Pai Sindhi end Labi re iss entre bye ballads wd fle scogu Te oho, thongh the Terme in scanty and many region, ere ‘could be fond some of the fest gene” Sach we. oe ‘cuple, i the Ramigara of Tabs Dis ao ned Ineo the Tah cenry. Is opel undiminied ven to day Bough tists ina dale of E Hind, Exally kw ‘awork of he same name by Sir Dan who lied inte ‘dle of the Teh centr od rte i the By lect EW. Hd, Likewae Begs Bian, Asnamere and Ore, {EV dain lier weer anal or trans Seong back othe 15 canton ‘Moral ian eregptin into ropes. Ofte ome and tis the erin ofthe made Vado Ayan lenges tate employed for ecay purpose dn th ther Bae ‘cops Ieratre. Au ery a tho 2h cenry Fanner ‘wots a arto ring commentary he Baga? (Ba. The sr aes boat ofthe fact tt be bar wren the'wotk in pre Mara. ‘There ar Merah Incipio, tan, dating oc othe Lh entry. "There were er grat fects well io flowed Jade, lie Nev, Share, ‘Fede snd Rams (eth contrporaren of the Crest Sui) wd Maopant (1720 4a) Like Samet, the Indo-Aryan, Vercors are very pce in prose err Be ithe Soke complerer the Tove of unc nd tye, er{1 STUDY OF THE INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES theca of comping dewtonsl on or conveying may tro the ac sclera the grove ope wan vary Inte ‘Elon. Beyond few Inseptana aad prea sange there i hardy any grove the erly development ef the trode Id Aryan Tangngen Ie an nytt Hid ‘tach ery etre »Gatntive claim athe ing fone of Tin dole the ltt be mpaped for areypurpone "To comple the suraton iis peesery to add tat dg the a iy years 2 Renainance han be sweeping ‘ver odin and now ever language ip growing 9, ermine ‘eothy of consideration the pln, however. wll et be ‘revel to Bengal ond Mart (aod qutercently Gat) ‘wich san show best make every rancor, ram hin Fete 40. Pali Inman have bean ried hat 2 ang pracy thing ta ben sid abut Pal the langue of Bult Canes: ‘The sence wan delbemte” Palo bagin wih e's purely herr Tneange afar a» we raw se Wiile mon of rk conld be found fre prnet. monly in wrt of tec tr ke dame eter Pal i toed rly Cy, {Sly hr rigs purpotenW wold not have bea ‘mesma od tht Pal enya brary Pak Te gered above Seton 13 at Pa and Clase Sara: Lettre ade by ode An a mato at, ene or 8 For ‘Phones vrintons nd an forma Palsy no, cena {rcs of vergence frm Cane Samet. Pa spe served eight othe tn tenses td nots, whence it fellows {Gat veul forme of ten wer then cen ithe npg il, therefore, repent mile Sato one Bat ‘realed daring the pesod between the mpi of the Besos and Yada or Pai ond mane here bap to be Fremad dring tht_penod* Te wl have to be. added, (0) Shanda Win Pll Lee Ik area, hat wile lasicl Sara was ied by gamma, ‘Bl. esitrpesried only temp of poling the Prks fer ier prpene, we ore lst: ‘All his wold be merle fr wane o affine de ‘kiss tht Pub, o» = fnnguage. is used reinly by the Bodahis and slly for Babi ( 1 religous) Ita: nites fact Profesor TW. Riss Dood hs the Flowing ema: "tae Chis adoted or thir propaga, no ‘Gel Gres the Gro te King, he varying Sct ‘eran tug all cots od lands of the Eases Meditersean lich thy found rnd otros 20 Bathe rd hs followers aot ths coramen farm ever ‘lar sgech verging rods om dart et, Sthch they fund vedy to ther hands. "The parca Tor (Fibs commen spc in wich the Pal cana nano fend, ws almost erty the Fr hn a cent 2 est" Io teas gation two propositions have een sage, sin, () hn Pai was vermcular speech bd 2) tht the meal Pali wat Avant Import ay thee fects would be tor htrin of he an Ingunges there i, unary, ‘muh amply or unin aceptet than Scale Eargree!” Olenber. for xaate dan that "the home of ‘the Pali Ianguage mst bela er more othe sot a tothe nord the Vindiga pontine” Asorden Fran, theveialtome af PRL "wena ney or Pole tg (sent tetwom the muddle ned the wetrnVindyan ‘Thal. Wied bebeves thr Pal is pbshet Magadhy Paki that an ben embed fr terry porns ad, Inlloonend ty Sarr mei ther Terry Tanase ‘timed dale To the ves might be ode tht of Joer ‘Black who Binks tht eectally Pas note homogeacss 1 HE Vailanguage and tht Ui sme plein the wate part of Ted ant be probable ame init of ch dt iw would be amped t Tock farther into the qunion Toute ea nga seg il hve emer ce hat centri lapsed before the sings Buddha wore commited owing and before cormenasos fedetgontine ane All th later ateote ave bot ‘snveyed trough dsm ow known he Pal ange Hw did tha name come tobe applied to the language the Badd ene? Cold the langue of the Bode ard ‘hat ner Budi writings be ane and the same? Ts cont daubed tnt Se Bodh biel enveyed hin menage tug the dlct of own province te Aller prevag i» Maga. Decl hed to rm SIL part af India OF thw evry day teu not be ad ‘hat the various dec were diferent fm each oer at ta be mutually nite” Prom whatever pr of India they came tet dcp cold fallow their teacher Bat ‘rien these piste converts carl the Mevsage back Tid thomeles, we on ex igine em nly pourag ‘rote moses in ir nlc ch, probaly, reseed piling of Mgahins "Ts the Teachers Ienage man caved haut the length and beth Teasdale ode, Buddhas row pacha in Alea Th stuaton cntined fora lang ine ner the ctmoulnon racing powefl stacks fm aude ‘ead an felt to comm tn L's ying © wemate trent form. We low thn tear and we know the Tengsege is which they are ompoed: and we aloo kw that dhs auld happen ly lang after he Buddha ‘Where dd thierry activity take pace T To anower ‘his qunton the felling remarks of Sir Gesge Grae ‘woul be mach Blu "This (the Takgais) Univer ‘So ee famed in ery Baht times. Acorn tote fuses it wos ihe nly ret Usivenity in Indie, Nemeous ‘eps wet to i fom Easter In, Tram. Mapadha wd ‘Bicares ‘The Butdha incall, an 2 Bolhiatn, sued ‘hee several previo hain mary emen he wnt there informer bdo one ofthe numer ne of Bele Hing of Benare, and in ihc rhs he wo een a poser there Infact peas of th aa hw that the ‘tad in which they were composed Tear wer cided {5° be he only plas nnd shee = Bud call et 1 complet eduction nly in Jka 228, the Badia Sareprveted ms ig of Tale Tne ligt of the ewdece t would not be enh tohald meray thatthe werk of Bddin wring mnt probly tek, pace in some bi ceives of len, bt ene weld be fasted ogo Farber and preeme ta ont the rst past ‘ Badehat Campin ok place and about Talat this were a, would been to understand and explain ‘many tinge IC Pal, for exampla in mined langage, ‘hing ould be more expected than “tat the mation enploed sn comenon snd for puro conmen, by write tlie fom fren pats of Inn sewld oa” Pane ‘Sie Gere Grierson see (p13). chely Sced h Pitt Press not bectheine aah coety and ‘Shout Tabgais we the home of thee Pact Salen Tt ul iter) an df fom ober Pas ei ere ‘ach we cn mage that band of Pl writen hg hard {Sal keen on intron, ochre and” Magadinme to {Sve dr or lo ef nny Anny Pa a we nd Sana rpreunt any partelar Prt or an t sn dret decent fom Maadh At bot Pal reorments on ‘efcal ary pe, hence the lary. Unlike Cie ‘Stns, however Pais bed on the shen aay, we can ala say why the fangs, wot called Pal. Tescorm me thn probable that on the ‘catia of14 STUDY OF THE IDOAARVAN LANGUAGES Indi proper noir work wa underaken in comes seth Bodaom Te won pass le Takailt and Colan (Bathe Badd wring were coment“ the legend Kin and Avghons santa val, hon tight leadded htt nr west of Ine Leng contin be Uhebame of Buddhist aon and Itemture Aho, ‘wouldnt be wrong to eeme tht Pale rte eid (ets the ple of Voi ie on Badia) Aryan on The nehtoarhood of the abner of Indi "Tn tht cane Pr woud quite rly» ighborng dala Ment Protaly wast ‘The word Pll met be derived tram Prat do kets ada wd then bya change dnt [No pala wp Ith above agpeston wre old grand the word pl would obec a Sk pale or elas mas ing sigh, neghinrhod. rn’ te Bat teping ait st woud be beter with be pent evident Epitome . ‘This rings ut the clan of ot id survey, From thr home in Pena in dw mile ef the nsood allen IAC, we fallowed thee strdy rots of ernest Earope tne Agha and he ina India aon the Pai te ied sk sod the Kabul ly. Kenn Peri tht the tribe took for thenslen the fmaue eof Arana Lo Todi. as Indo-Azo, they spree south, cat nd south vee tnd within Sound years thay etched hi ny ‘rath tne of nda Rare rom each oer by ine {od dane. the early tbs hd mo etbed tomes fo many poly procialtin speaking me many Galan, Nessa, though ful at inthe pote ore dha ‘expan nd ovr loi as bem docieed nove. Wit ‘Stefan our mind, we would now tr wo anatber m- frat side ar the, th itera development ‘Relmeineesend dna thee ery adore a. PART IV MODERN INDO-ARYAN DIALECTS 41. Indo-Aryan Phonoloey nth foreging cs we have tempted to tac the enka oft fed: Aryn lunge 9 the vgn hee thdiecdovally the probable route ae drops he "tigation wo supteted The portance of sah a revi in the snd of the Indo Aryan language sant he beter ‘exphned thin by a lato The ver th Ganges Ire bebeved tbe bly and, ppc, we wan ony sm Itvwe know the sce the Ganges aed the prs f Tin ‘over wach the Gangs ha owed wuld mich ee farts aalreundentand sod exp ie water. Whet vee cannot undertand fom the place where we sa, we ‘ait be ale to expan wit refers to anther Pl ‘What we canst me rm he all mht be tore clear fom the scarce. ekewie the devlopent ofthe Va langage fer the cosiomt of Tada cold be wralynad wih tne Innccursey and me reoun i we coll all ty ail the sincl dats” The tthe te terme would be mare ‘evident when we turn 0 the alto say ofthe Ind ‘Rey lange, the polo nd meron The Vedic Sound Sytem Fram the purely shonatc pit of vw ight be id tha here ha ben procicaly nochange fm he oly dye tothe pean. Inthe fac of ecole changes tun ‘ne wih the bly of sod: ps mich a tere ih ‘Soper sarling Tenly ean however, that hugh soe (Se: hive changed the sander rene euebily te ‘me. Vowel scorns a the same bat theyre ‘the meme vowels and the mie connate of the erly{18 STUDY OF THE INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES digs: onthe ther hand the lter ene ae evolved fra ‘pec caunes and parle posters Ten been explained above thet he egal IE had the sorta "eta 20 (shor on) and, es me ich in sms (corsenant and vowel) snd stop wile dere won nly one atl "The Vai, ha vel 8 oF (ahrt or an). doable development ef he LE ears tie utr sd palatal wo well a9 the Labial and eal tops tesla and, what more, wpe an of ‘eres ‘The soar sod the id, ton ae renin ‘Thoth the soend-vytem af the Vedic is praca the same shat ofthe cri LE we sal row te the prt ‘eve themeles bev bean tied 42, The Veale Vowele Sle socte, Lat seer, Lah Seb Skt irks Gk shoo terior ‘Skt cata Gh ley Shc Se cid La eid ‘Sk ries,” Olea Tee? She Ska gorh Ge bars, Lat grain Sit fat Gk fate ‘er> sla Sesh Ck bi Seek Skt ah Ske dint, Gk bres’ Skt flnnth Gk phon, teek> Seah Ske heat Gl then. Sit armga, Gk erm et. ‘Soar nthog has bom sud sbost Sanit uncial ‘woe ie ch thand ph as thse ss are ot di ila thi distinction, they are ery mre ‘44, Sanaicit Navale Or the ive nal sn Samknt and w go bac to LE mona) snus tm and? ‘Sennen, L ‘The cther tno ins Rand are mere psitnal de. edapmenis ns They never oncot at the bepaning of ror Susi ¢ Glows gaturls. becomes helare Palatal apd bore cena 45, Sanvkcit Sibian Secs as Ue iba i ad ¢ Of thee the development tained Epa top Keg. ‘Se fen, Gk foon Lat conn ‘Ske oa'ah, Ghana en, ee ‘Scrat s and ate tol Ey thee in that ike’ Ater hy Vand i bases tin Saree Gi tro. nog on ah Ske anes Ghee te 48. 9.6: rand I Sansheit rod “has senats ae Yh vols ad come seownte nthe orginal Ie Es dalect To Sst, however, Ske madigeh Lae meds, Ske im. Tae seer Ske areal, La ace ee ‘Sry 1 Er bcres rin Som wile *1 bcos citer 7 1 Cin Vedi however *F>r le ot Vee 9 alc wile Clanical Sant an al ‘Ss edhré—, Lat rele,” erro Vert (Cas. Tela Lat Tings, Gk i. 47. Corsbrate ‘Tt we find tha though sands hee undergone hangs ‘ovina to potion ase ete the capeiy the Inde ‘Exepene in prevention ut ied nsec he sme scons es bron proeved Is moe owing tthe eee tt the grownce of now ca ef oundo~te_ cor ales Sek i ot oly surprising bat exrernaly Aerening. "The odat frm of do Aran he langage of {hegre is dated lm te let fr fan, the lane of the Avesta, chilly by the presence of 6 ‘seond penn ef dat lotor. the” socal onebals “Thee say on ermal import part tho devel ne Argun in fo rebsequnt pasen. Thay ore feregy te IndoEarapeon langue reverted they. are care Aerie of Dread We tay cinclede, then, Wet thecaer fam of speach, by which Indo Baopean rs sa fra the varoan saps pores frm ha Nace Went oe predomioanly Drevidan "An explanation we ‘azerted shore (Scie 29) tan Sait ere wore tot new or ported es they appeared aly incon positon {Bu when weed thet thee cress “ply reese impo pa the development of Inder Ar be: ‘gen plas the ove explana seems to ony © ‘tatu acon mprbable, oe. "Whore, frame, ‘Sue funda xpos fer the fet tt ee ‘dna fe Sot othe varoin Pasa» well on tte smo tndrAryn Verna he cereale not ory be {Semis rue bl bear i al potions? The Drain "SibntatsneThey™ appensmare reine ax the ‘etna Prk evertly reset Frm ef lect apken meer The tou fhe now Agr nt hove hd ier ne enen ty, thve cert snd wh mare TRetvesy at sedan” Perhaps the Vedic Anne wore Gescam thifact hen they elem to the Dasjur a= aca”. sping hecho broken word” Bu thoy eld no more poses the stion of thee had ‘under vm spon dle The waves of the ‘Morlow thoy a pd bane beeen “Aya od ‘avAryane rote fr ord etrenar and Kine Cane sed ‘ror wating, ‘Thee nang sng in nich phere ‘menan, The moder spans o Drv dle ape and tne the aprted nope undo th inflaence of Sark, hota the pure Cle ial) Droid has tot sls ‘ovnted sop in so plonloy. Sealer, wader Indane Jinoot without an ecversetce or hesitation the sound 7 der dhe nience of Baglin he place of genie ph Pili and Prékrt Sound-System 48, Vowels From Vatc to Pat and Pit tage, sprang bray. ‘he vowel changes cannot be sud tbe sudden wading Monto them ar ndentandae fom the pont few of spake’ convenens. Vowels by temalen uch re bave Sam Sayer no diy fr promt,” Same {Shes however re meet whchontes dae the pation ofthe fel orth place the acento iy ewerd The {io ele | ore univerallywbndoned nh eage. Eve ow we ae ature a he exact way te which and | were frnaucal in Soret. That there were re thn ne wa ‘be tely anerid rom the fren develope a ved TKiwould be beter it we beep before vs 8 pamage ia lation we ae dealing withthe one! sytem nl the ‘esd wim ot general) Pah and the: Pass The Telowin eck Ee Il (Gre vers of Kin Aska ‘eet Fat ere erm rem | Tene ee ae cory feet oe ge we eae wey cringed fey ieee ae Serge et eT eam ara Foes gee Seedegen ere sang ot xe ery sete rece sreent ny fe Fe ge sorcery se Trenton — King Pda, the Beloved uno Gods se thu “Taare sear have psd ne | wea crvmed All ov 1 have conquered and now commanded Land Menor: Reverse Offer and jen! to g> on tour very five years fords purpose ois to giv instruct nD as 1 Fits Coast boo intrrted senting to Pr, phlei Ane”well for ther prpoaes Atendance on (oes) mother {dah ago uel ord negoitncen aed ‘atone unto Brains nd Mendicants aoa (end tor ving bran wd god a well sony {i expeme an frtre andthe Counal wil command ve Revanse Officers tery (raxee?) asndng tthe sit td be eter (this comand) Tn she Tint pce, the vowelspstem, onthe. whale, sppears abe nearly the same ia ( short or ong Md" Thoagh such be the case we mighe notice at ‘racybere tev vowels rent the drat develope a ‘atl coespnding Sone vowel ‘Short Vowel (1) ToPaiand the Pes, Sant a, and ae retained ae shart wolf ‘Se wd Pak eodla, Ph. oo PA aod Pi. oa Pals aod Phe eh Pals and Phe pie Paced Pi rath, Pal, mathan, Pht make te (2) "Tn Pa and the Prats Sensi vowels cle ollable (iia rent os comoantl group), if onal Ting become sro Pa. conte Pe bate ht, dete Pil. Yona Pal maton the coneson meron shuld be mae that Pal sad ‘he Plt eve developed wo birt woe net Sankt, ‘hore and short ln Salt ead ere always Lng. But {he lndancy of shrening eng vowel in cle nas. es ‘Sfsed these Sekt sowcle ih the rv tat here srshrt 2 od sh 3p Pal and the gts Like Sk fees Sarat andor end opaard ee (wich barme, © ‘Sole repectvey in ew lngunges) have undergone the sas deeopnat under iar crcumetanom” Forde we indie terdeney afecing cass where the lng towel = fellowad ony by «sine conan ts ater nace thought lang vowels aboeered the Tally consent Sn doubled to enn the qui of the wile & ‘Sea, Pal and Ph. ie Sk, soem, Pal oven. Plt am, Skt mate, Pa moe Skt, coaren-, Pai bom See sass al and Pl. sie Sie iscere, Plt weer ‘Ske pine. Phe inde Se. mr Pls tae ‘Soatimes ¢ and 3 re shed to and © remove. 24 Ske prime Pal pomae (3) "tn'the Fral oston orignal long vowels re ally shorened inthe” posae (rom the. Asan npn edn me ve ‘Sk cetat Skt toneagi ‘Sirus umastd ln vncle om chat in ‘he aime pooage we have nena St ning,” nde (0) "Tn Par somatinen wo met wn canes wher a0 ‘xsi lng vowel allowed by cepa gre. ‘Nortened doe te serabtol og ‘Se lane, Pal thine Ske dom, Pale dslom Se a Pa Set Hine Pili and Pl lon (5) Sku eis rpreetad by a or 1 Cand a). Thin hanes ld nou and we bac ta erly athe Rig. ‘rain Ths «word ke cate wan probably an extn ortestain side by side with ta, Yash. wiho has. bere Gi Imari, mage Gre. tons dah MIPtt ion, AM haat, cup balang ib facan lsenpoone ‘he Ent al Noth Went andthe Soumseni aed Maga Page et She (Arstan Ha, Sour Hid, Se mts (Roca } mite, Sour made Ske fale Mei site. Long Vowel Een then tandng a the end of «word ors 8 se or voted slate, Sant ng vowels ave vend it Pal wadthe Paks ‘Se ae, Pb and Ph dal. Sie, Pal and Pat ma ‘Se prehine il pein Ske Garam, Pl end Pht bro, Se vals Poland Plt nla or mae ‘Ske fade shove). Sometimes Ste lang represented by shor i The reas sts be ht the dire batween and 1 ‘Bette en batween ard the qa ong 0 bing ay much ota long a6 Sk akan, Pat. ial: Sie ponga, Phe pine te Skt lng and lng © (oh the expo menionel abo) ae vaained. ‘Se ae Pale Pa dw Ske die. Pa and Pa deo Ske sto, Pa. gel, Ph gelto Teswan shown above that in these det andr rosea he short forms of lang & a lng The’ one heist ae wallreand te eon frst on Crepe Pe sajem Pee bene Phi tn PR piles sab nd the Pras Teng and foc to Sk Aotthngs (and alo ae) and 8 (anda ae) repe tees ‘etalon, Pht tle. Se pute Phe pte Ske Steg, Penna ‘She pivtotite, (Gx ur pr ais, Sic sertage=,” Paband Phr wit Ske (hurt eae dite, Pa persia Visargs ‘By the time of Pa tage tas Ssopeared slonaer andi to be found inthe Pacer" In the byl ‘word itis ssid w he llowing tp wl he eet {eed iis geared to (shoo ong) on he any of aoe where nl zag in Salt bares ole or Saeed wope ee ‘Ske deem, Pat and Pt dalam, ‘Ske ponsh Pil ond Phe eva. Ske dock Pa and Ph dite49. Vowel-Combinations tn Samo tne omel ome ogter whiting combined” ‘Thin, bower, seems to be m lter re of ‘ranma ad indo represents a orginal sate of ‘sen In Rigveda (or erumple,imanees con be found ‘hore ely the fal vowel cal ono combined Sih ihe stl vowel of allowing word Ut even i ea Prdd form (wih we: the ects sould show ely (Ge rd Jrowels came tgaersithot being combined we Teseaserens mide aye misfnah (ICES kr fdr arn hire Share bess Bhovatom hrs (¥ 69 veh fo the metre lean ald ares 9> Aria 4. rao Arta a pt (VA) wha own for he mae the wo word ud eet Bevend sept In Bhapacd fo ceample, we rad addy aati abhe arta debt (130) whee Jaithe ‘tl ah aro cond. Ths rns am bot Sra tay mht reve ary more reuct ene the Land” Such» crcumatance imposble a Chins Sale ‘vor ereae regu rls gave the compulsory coms atone the vowels. Even nthe Lady of» wordt 8 ‘erode ae hare wns swe th. ter were the aici fsck a proces revealed by combinations ‘ewig in sounds hard to esnounca "Ia Pa sd the Pa Ire onthe oherhan, foul vows a word nt combine, sha rl, wah denial vowel ofthe fling word. Thos in Gis Bock Eat | weve ‘Sern ce ad ei He oe a el or take Pan pam fe ae ered orm OF CaM eve eC ee SSieted(Proting Nabe of Basa, Act V- But win We Rody 6 word though wend sone 10 the cary it ‘he Pk passage cuted above, vowel coming one were ‘enetine combined Wht Btamala sy in cane of cone Snants ory ea be applied gre rl The combina {Se or athe spree ot by ey nde exept ee Cre ‘rence of the ser cE og we PriieePratace ia) In ene hore x» combuatin, tire vowel nly gives lng sone & Pla andlora, Sk enhabara where bin ie Pa slahivorte, Sk, selebbaopaidhe All ese combinations happen only the tie of word where ov the terse ps doappen, two vowels ome ‘optic "When diour mee cme oper vibe ateds at8ch, reer wd won ee Phi sen, Ske Feyas( Svan) SLC Secera> eee ‘Shaved Pi peat, Skt parse Pra cath, ‘Scoot Pt mie Sit mage Pi fe Ske lesen Pet malin, Skt mia sauaoe ote Consonants 50, General Fesares ‘The ancint Indian gramarinos gwally held that com sonans were dependent om vowels Ine neme tho iv oe ‘The xplnin the conocat mne ule od atonger Ibdore vows The wake bn of the lable ton mn * reel the exmparive 1 De Vann Phont Churatins of Ite Orommeron,19 STUDY OF THE INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES ‘nit eonorans have bam retina in Pal and hie Pa betwen vowels the comsoant fmt at srg niall ‘Barwon two wel the tender of eansonan i ard \wenumilte he sharers of vowels” Ie Pk tnd the Prats we see ony the besungs ofthis tendency. The oval sage tha poco tre (I) an emvaced sner ‘ale sop is wien, (2a voced one Sanged to 8 > ound which very weak ad wih the Indian romero Fe natal a lathe prasatnrare-ye-kire, and lly itiveninly dropped. Sch a tendency in vile oven a8 tary asthe Vobelngunge Thos se by aide with Tom Urls we have hoster or toed we have soe ‘there the aspirate Tet” Slay the Fat eon tural orate mal sould be adhe.” The canton, however ofthe price can te (ond nly the Pes srk the intergai stope hive he elas thir wen (St eandiinn The cane of the fal stops = more dered Eeon an aly the Raveda Pra Sthya fr’ ope were sopra vedo ebindkins Le naruto, ‘Theluar Indu gates have lew tced the peer imganve romerplde," ote more nate, Morever the tea sew of Indian gamma tht» cont flowed Tyr vowel whether self inl or cra well go oth the receding vowel Themen tha the lint consonant ‘hough ints cme gues wih he peso owe an swallow us which sul depend for tx xphon or ‘laton The te of sch censmant oo oppret ‘tly dropped. By the te of Pa and the Aas Isp ‘op fal comenants have dmped out Thus» word te ‘gel beeen rin bec aad 50 en Even the Vai langage me have sore such examplen The rin ee perf dices wou dns bat the fil“ bing “too weak pontondopped ot lenving the form se 1 t 11. Inia Stops (1) Gorey speaking Sanskrit ingle conorats ‘re retind in Pals ond he Pan Thos Snr = Filed prand brea Sk erat, "Pe For, Ph. Bred Skt keine", “Asan haem, ‘Sk dame, adv. "at wil Assan Kaman Sk hb Bhs bt) Sk goelt, Pa gues Ph. gece Sk fel, Paland Phe gala Se seis, Palin Pl gehe. She fant. “Ashan”doreniyom above Skt corer, Pat wd Pla ewe Skt cal al colat, Peale Ske mt al and Pa js Ske jen, als fons Pt joea ‘Sk pate, Pa and Pu. pote. Ske srl Pr and Pht at ‘Ske tadoyat, Pa and Pe ded Sk deck ul and Phe dows Ske bole, land Ph oh). Ske Bodie, Palvand Phe beh. (D Aafer he agit has en Mertpad above shee Se teas“ ee ‘Ske Ana, Pi. Kanai, Ph than Ske hater Ph tho. ‘Sk chordal, Phe eat ‘Skt phelon land Pi, paleo Boss the erin itl eprtn Pa andthe Pre Iveta apyatn where Sul has ether conan spevn began wha slat rae anil Afi (monaral oups are goealy suas tone sound, Wher however ban 8 member of the sroup, the ther nocd, fan asap in spied and the ban‘imate tthe ater. la Pal andthe Pts the asa ons complete Buta some of the Asan lnscptions, a2 Inthe Grote ves, the group slant+ op rama. et. ‘ut ston Pal and Plo bhomhe Vee spat Poland Bat plor(ca™) Sie sthpesat, Pb and Pa. ped ‘Ste stan Pal hg, Anka. the Si sth, Pa nd Pa thd Seva tial p> gies iil spite Bat here the devlopmat i twofold Ia Pal ard Sauavent rte Se {i toms ki whlein Mabaages Pak becomau eg. ‘Se bars Pi ire Se be, Pata, tf Mod. Mae “Thre are one iatance where Pl orth Pras do ok oppor to vain an sual epirte For ero the Se word het appear Beir =n. Ba inal an apart ‘xcrton Bron in Sanity the ile of Beg thre tron hve bear form lie "bai Both would go bac {© a fo hopin’ bt Supt inal dos rot rein more than oe expr inthe body ef une ed thee ‘od fm "bhai thre ze wo pate fre (1) hain ad (2) Mbghis note cert the Pk aint lire ‘Soca fom theater ‘Thus the general rule ha hen (el eopatr te retained doe st appen to here bern oe Tae the Pl and ri stone (3) The are however some iostanon whee the pe ‘alias pnton hs affected ths gered rle. ly nooming ‘he Saco phanslgy wesw ow a following vowel cold Meets waar sound "Te sme phan sins some {isin Pali ed he Patra niga gta flowed by 1 pal wwe il plained et ‘Se tthe Praland Phe athe Se kate, MPR elie ae (Therese aloo mime ecliie words A. word for ccanale lhe Se foe! become doe in Pao men ‘Sle, Bhai bese od in Pas Sk. o> Ph is and ‘trad Ske Hits, ad “inde bene ln Pa and {be Pata They went 0 mach exceptions othe gral ‘al wr raaardevdoprnts of regular conditions. These are ‘he ted word ands idm Poe 1 the more word ‘ed the low pol np the speaker nt opr ‘ilar or an craln prnsancng thee ne word (©) OF tefigenaal nape 4 and » do ot at ll npr italy in Suet. ‘They ie not independent we 8 (ebm whch later oon in ll postion" Laly they ae tenia Ue other stops Only laerary Bayi an Jn orks nid wesc na iil ey however mt changed ‘Se sina Pal, wi pom Skt arya, ale wor, P. se Ske mare Phe era Sit mathe", Palband Pk. me or mae Ske montreal, Pals mon Phe mented (6) Jon inal appears 4 in Herr Plas inal and appear corbealoed ccaverally «vento serly apn Pal Thon Sha oat becomes dont sn Pal Se hit bth dat! sd det To the Pkt to. ‘enciralnation in the cane sf inal and becomes noe Fegan has bom suggested on explana fr wich tora cine of craton hat tbe PreSuark there Swen tendency for back sounds Or sendy, och words ‘mht heve bon tre fren dls where coral stot ana or the tender to cerelrlie sae! might hace ee fled bythe Dadi anges (7) Like the stops the semiwowels 9.8.7 and ae sen ana re, mitined italy" the cane otal J Ged 6 however same. pecariy” should be cberved ‘Tie peelrty_ so nated by the Prison Thar De Varma guste fren Valle Siasoe esd = tmrests sree cn AOU toot we et yahould be pronounced an) nthe bepning of 8 Iaith nthe aging o's word eset ap, raher te eufraie! oberwite man tobe penal Tania mme Prk we fod i Sabie 9— ‘The sane the ese wih» wick rh ithe Mga, alt wl the Kale, Dosk sd Jeune Rock Et of ‘oa ital oppam a eg ‘Serpent iba Ask. (K D4.) lpn Sita,” Phe ond Pause See, Pathe eid Sse, Beefs Si ont, Pe te Si teu) Ph ne Seccauts” Pant Pl od, az {Gy Silane: Sonkoe ar ve fe se ane, ad he isn The Brey ef development te ler Sale se of siphiaion, stays The tee Senrt ‘ible and reall ergo io one sn PAE and (Be Peal dete Pa bn ried ely det 9; te ter Pas als hve erly one oi se deal ‘which ents Prats have merged all the thee io = Jelscly. In the Ack Inco to ther diferent pron re dacerale "The lesions ef Mapan ave oy ada hne tGine ve bath sod le Inuie Nath Wes ven ll thee set tc ¢ cre ‘Tooth inthe stmt i bod ctl the fe orint which apet males sly mere sord ‘Fact eles tartare shold be wndertd ‘enueiong «har nd fst reo elton Top pi ‘ke satel Me. Ph ssela Ske soenderse, Me Pht sender Sle Fehipeyer, MP sodaedt, Se sal, Pht sate Set sn he sl aden ah Set Sats Gear stom, Sha sok Set sresonpa, aly soniye Sec Vile (pndy ld) Pal. wna, ne vie, Sec urthotla, Pah ates ee (9). Consonant-roupe. Even in Sut te chice the member of = eamonwal group tthe being avordic lied, That wedo ut hve gape lie Ipnnk, bdo at the been wher ath de men em ae sips ‘The only weeps pole in th pt ine tee whoa ane meer Ba tensed Bk Toeattmye the fut ora Th venom cbvinn Whe Stomivowd or fazaive % i cmb wih stop ‘heerplan of he later ease than i were combed ‘wth anatber ‘This sly we can have only groupe The be ty pros ty te. The four vanisomely by the very ‘natre of ther mala, re forte prevented {rom bang the fr tr some up. he ea: they, on the ether bard, bang coin aod stor in a tslaion than 3.0.7 I could be ft wombs auch Pio. ‘There iitel si a, we tz Dat li ‘The devopment of ths ital coment grup can review unr heads) when the nop the fe ‘emer and (e) when # (18 wat sen) the fe men “Gh When he op ith fn member the oul tt smertin Pak and the Pats sp to aimte the llwing indo the mone ‘Ske post," Palband Pt poset, Ske pai. Puland Pet pos‘86 STUDY OF THE INDO-ARVAN LANGUAGES Ske Ait, Bal. Atmel, Ph, med Sk tt Pi tn Sie grime, alan Pt. gma Ske Srey, Ph. deed, Sometimes the crwonantl arp sili by mene of sora Se se, Pa and Pile Ske bit Pal lane Ske deren Pa dil, a, Sons when 9 the seand member = poup tke 4p and one pray td dhs the flow 3 ‘mnie the preedin op 0 ‘Ske aaj Phe (lexiedt Sec digs, Auckan jipyiaie tbe bare, Swe the gop dels ham wofeld. delopmat, one where 9 ait to the dena and thee hers ‘he dna sain. sives Taba, Tn the Gene Toros of Asha th group del + © charges to deta + Nesmesponding labial ‘Sir dear “Gente, dbs, Lnly igh be ted the group sop ratel whee be sop it nua tothe later ep Shei al Asckan and Pl ‘The ou br ha bee ted above Gite the gop nent has bom sendy goed that the bln» lted wo he sp and hat ‘hela, nthe mene ian unapat, aspeed The ‘poip ile + nel oly simplted by arable « Sante TP sch Skt sms Pal is Sie erat Phe tomer ete ‘Osherrisem sich group the mln i nly aimed o {be Flowing sound ef ‘Sle tors ek, Pak onahe “nes own Ske Frese,“ Pals socoie Po, sae ‘sie, amene. Pl supe 52. Intervoclie Store (1) The stay of thee iter tops es bly and wendy saat nha law vsti Thue thy are weaker thon then stops andthe tendency Tr thom ito et ‘weak and weaker a Pala the Aula alt, they are Til ine in dhe Pr, heer ne thi tendency ced bch to vero sagen tothe shame od aharanb Pa repeats tbe lant stage bere all itr socale tops ve dsappewed. In ther Paste untced Topo oy woe Tin besa pbc SP and -b-ropetvdy: ek So tate PUL dala an ble Ske te, Pak Phe a Sk tater, Pl. Sjota, Pe tad and ae Ske wt Pal mete Pl ma ond met Sec inn, PL pes, Be. a ‘Ske papeytt, ale pops Ph. poe Ueeheuld be oted dha an itracale pe fit iced sd then tibet weaker t= (2) Interac wie pe tn are reinedin Pali ond the Arskan det, wl the Page roprsen the all ABewstagen Beare» vced stop cheppenrel i pmed trananFlemacenci, atthe lghroteatrarpora © he sade, nee ndIa the corer seis though the rid are eed ia ‘wae vowels they oe rarely dropped 6 ‘ke holes, Pal balla, Pi. hoes Sk votelite, Phe sfodin te “Th introclic-j+ represented inert ees by“ ‘Pub white tm reamed oo “Prin the Paes Tis a Fores appears og beck othe etic dlest whch i Saket where ford and dh we have and fine ‘Sk dat,” Pa. ptMbut al nlc Ved ile ‘Ske, Vede ale Palle Sk delle, Ph dade.” Vedic drtbe, Pa lowe. (3). The suervocac spies bith voice nd nied, wile tained by Psbave loa sotily the celeson i igs nd we cg sil I Skt mathe ik mabion. Pat maha, Sk hither Pai iat Pu likes ‘Ske meth Puls mike. Pat mth ‘Sk ebhate Pal fled, Phe ihr ‘Tha caabal-th- and“, however, bath rman 9 dhe Thee are sme inanees where Senter the iicSetenbed oe She pethome’s Pht phame. Ske sith, Phish te nthe it nance, at we all sein onneion with he (geuprrt deal tne cereal noch to undoand ‘Fovthc cond and uar anon tas baer saggoted hat ‘Saal by the side of «wed Ike thle thre most ave ote fo ike Yoel fam a root He saan hat ethene ofr ended wo crcbrase the dena. Ths = lion many came of spree cmebreliation (8) Of te five pal 8 aero aifely as they have heen alrndy shows not to be ‘ndependst sands, ‘Thy aproe ely Walrus palatal pe rapes I. ethene pre ly tina in PO ad te Pains ee ‘Ske pane Pood Pe gi Sk hina Pu sed Pe fe Ske Koma ds "awl Akan. mem Ske autaes, Pl and Phe pra Ske kom, sod Pa me Interac however ngedtonrin pence sltche Poke Bain Pas the on dees Ieaged unchanged ‘Sede Pk denen, Pt dene SI Paced Aan mene sol Aon, ens Pi. joo. Palit Phe ne pte Pas which ely dp a“ ‘un even te Piet + and ocr acne ‘las appr thatthe ae regened esse” “pend bepacvely. Sameinn merce ae esah he sg agrsatatararelinn tf ‘Se dete i eto Stpepetion, Phe pre Sen. il nd Aa, de See dimer, Pak. dowee Pk diem Sk deck Pi dew.” Peed Seat, Phe ats Se salen, Ak palon Phe pilom ‘Sk diem. ‘Met Pt dln, Ava ela Se sia, Pla edi weBa $e. digete M. Ph di. ‘Sie delcore, Phe belcare ot Inthe wotemlix mayo of Sask Pala well in the Pet the 9 at bt the ealtng wel pelt. ied “By analogy the charge i coral toe “yeh aloo the gas rot ai the eave of Skt = ‘Ths, Sit dipragert alu dpe Pe dip She noyrert Pal. Ga Ph (8) meld: ete (6 Sian ‘Theimercaey-~-and- ae not dating in Praia the Param tal 2s and er ne her retest no diferent fr when they ave ia. Tas in then cyan intercessor To Pond {he Wom Prk alte tae sre rede to ne dent te Aclas metptons of theca thee & only oe ‘bins at Garba and. the eater Paks has al ‘di the ones al th tee re dtd. Ska Pala! Phe den Shc adimt, PRI nm Sei dremly Pl. dno, Ph. diya. Consonant Grou 1) Daabe Casas Acros the Saat tensa double coranans wo vost eon be ding. (1) he rail daub corm ‘nts sd 2) conan dled du to mdi or oer ‘viral facts Than the ference betwean the dole ‘auaet ns word like Sle batch ad tht in 8 word AE SoCo chad be mated In the secod exam boule“ fr dueto the enteral slfix-Ye-" Ths ine {on coma thane flected io mary cae the development of ‘Bide sound Tha the view ofthe Vgesenet Prete ‘Bat tere double comocans shold be Prnaunced os single cnnat be seceted woth! queining, seme 6 ‘Stan pail th When desing” with the. vere ‘Gable Sracant nd he development inthe meder Ind: ‘Arye oneages ve ball pont ot wince wich appa fo ‘ow tat ntenotlc opin due consonants (ay thee) were pramunced single conan “Afr the rire ofthe dae sonemact it we sgt chin Pat lta thy er ony lone ements or Thsvemo tat the development ofthe itera double nsonants hw nflanced, ad hs been inflsnced Bs the ‘guy ofthe syle. After ng el onsly they re Srotened Ba evens Sans dbl memantine ‘angel are ser rae.” Altera abot wwel the et there ofl, she hy re sesne an Pl sd st tf the Prk they ae shore wd the previnun vowel leone trtin the suas On heater ha the Paks we find eae tendancy where antenna commit isretaned ba te” peed vowel be Sonesed. ce, ‘Skeaytiezat, Pht. anced aod anno Ske hablech,” Pak faitte. Ph abba s alc pela, Phe poe Pal edhe Pal and Pha biome. the uesploded ki cried neuer tft the expon Tha inal sch case the exploded sop always sas tunes the unexploded one In Pl ond the Prk this (tvral vale Inthe group stag, the cond op wich expel ancien the ft “Se le Pal and Pl. te Si ala, lad Ph mata ln Pl at. Pil od Ph an. Slt mathne-, Pal and Ph mabe Paks Ps ae hs soa Pla aBblors, Pal abblor. te (9) Sip Nest Sway the naa is rinilated to the op 09 0 lw ore mlb in the cave ofa np ain ae Bur wteve ana lls awed sop whch ode in the se place nthe fone the sop meat tothe mol ek ‘St lagna Pian Ph. oat Ske ah Pil nnd Pe age Sl sha Phi ahd te but Sit ojpeya, Phe enna Sk inom, PA etiam, Seve (9 wd) Seana ee lathe up dea ap the lk nae the develope istwofal iy oe wou edouble deals the rst whe tate ther adalat comercoding to the dental mop) ponte) Sk et a, ot rap Sims “de becomes ether “mor (10) Nase + Sop le Pl this group remains wochiged:_ nthe Pas, nthe ater nd oo ieee developnents can be ss (Gute. Inthe poop sotal enone! top theater ved; INTER ocaLic STOPS ms soci the rp nel vice tp. theater anima {e'the maul But even in the Paks ely the mee begin ings of tse wo teadecien ae vibe, The can where {hotrou noe sop romans changed far tne tone ‘where any change lec 6 ‘Skt antes "aspee” Pal ds. Sk lite Pal it, Sh. nn Pak pnd. Set entaloprs, Pt entloera or andere Set pate, Palin Pl ates Sa tran, Pia. ona ee, Ins ou of corjnet crsnens where 2 nal is he fit mane aly one cs onset the group m7 Thowhinsealtamtourel Slater soaated ene. rally tthe lamer te troup mt ras & peculiar dereop ‘Dentin he Pats ee tem lily exploded wt the fel thts snd between m andr Lasly au the Bs show no favour to tramn of coments seth more Ske dare Pl (Mf) amb, ‘SH mopar, Akan. tambopnt (11) Spt SemiVace! (Sie) From the frgsing t must have beon mtced that the evelopnnt of conjunc consonants depends on the depres of {hs pl the vars members| Whore dhe pls ot the same level or non avenger the second member ‘imines the precdig Where, on the aber hand, the oson i in dence order the lowing ound ani lated othe precaing, Than sa he grap wap semiaowel the laters tual scinlate tothe omer & ‘Ske par Pal and Pl ete Ske ile Ph pase.Ske ene, Phe anna cane Ske ogre, Pil gee. In thn grap, however, wo ees sbsuld be nated oe ‘rob isthe pe +9 and roc rater deta 9 and eats. Thee ove ccs ve bow belly ed in a roves sect In the et group bole 9 oid {0 the preceding dental plas: the later in he ‘cred group # as, sometime, ele being, avamlated to ‘he preceding dnt gives theater abil aol. "Se petgte, Phe pce, Ske ise, Pht secon, Ske doe Pal and Pe oie, s Pl Bina, Pa biel Plt and Pu pobhe ae In Pal we have inancs ware th gro deal +r has dented toe dotle-linan between vowels Tansee 1 ‘ueunlyadalact vratn and duc tthe fact tht sone alt hanged the Saree rap ‘Se Shade, A bai, Ske an, Pak alls, In the oeap to hl the ne of b+ ba been ‘used above under Men pr, nines + before beng ‘inated wp dentine ater Sa igor PLL Ieee Int aon the ter ba the dena oly Paltained bere» iad ‘Ske st, ‘Bs evcha Sle manera, Pht mecha (2) Sexi sove Sip Te his pou goer the nerve i sated to the sep (Be los nt cme ang ise cdg ede “Sh ire. Pl and Phe motte Ske eli, Pal tle Sk ples, Pht phot. ‘Sk harms, Pal and Pt femme Ske grt Ph ese Ske ferbe. Pal end Phe gabBho te le thie erect ony the poop deel he tobe eed seca This group aso twofold development none cme {her covbralne the deta tad then we bine» double ‘cca sond whe inthe tbr the denial tenement alone takes places The cereal ectment ser to Delong 0 the East, "West and) Noth vert though the ree boremng bem vars diets ker imposible ts the oe Ske or Phe cotf= and ote, Pct. Ske sarartes, Pal sable et The group sila + sup ban the same vesinert i texwoan the owls sally. Thos bee ready snrnned a this gro only thee are be nated ein rv. re, sand ot gelnthefint tris eumlatel toy tad @ vapee ey. When y and» ave heme, it woe noted shove {hey we pronzanced a jandB respectively. Thrloe 7°39 renin andcrteim-tb ek ‘Se bie, Pali and Pl. edie Sk aruptre, Pt ejeat Skt sore, Pil end Phe abbe, te 49 the ater esi ts and tharcre © a8 ‘shea sounds prnainced os be She hensasa, Phe Batt, batabbe, ete 58. Final Stope ‘Astor heal spe in Pat and the Pres we have one Beine othe a oft word nd wnerplded, the fel stop hae duappnored in almort all nen ‘he ide. Par and Pee st Se pet Ph je.In wme cwesenmcly ia the tours and the prent msl the al tpe aerated nto al Th Se ernie led‘ the efor dn ‘mal Sle tera Pls bret, Sit porn Phe pero Si. eee Pht gent Se ache, Phe eheden ete “Ts the Sanit stops underwent chrges ia Pal and the Pals scomdng to ther poston sa ord nally they were strong and retin Tul ey were Nene weak td discarded while icbeween vowel they were ody tendo nan strength to wenknesa "The nny the Sa Et stind sont yet complete "We have ow 1 Tok ito ther penn inthe wade Indo Arn bogus Phonology of the Modern Indo-Aryan Languages 54 General Features Pras tothe malem Indo Aran Ings changes eer hielo ar pat tall ew. sweeping Spacey On heer bed, the emotn or comers Mom the Penge we geraally mated. Like the Prat the sade veraclos do tot rete. Sanson vwowel les changed to, (a01 serv td the foals ‘ine dsinguhed Tabet the otapm helo Inthe male Indo prod re le well the med ‘Theta oe renin The al sry loin he eva yt reed, ht question dost site nner fee tthe ging ae Under cmnertn, Wain the oly wods theres the saul dovelpmnt af fer \wethecina where the inter sale soe oes at the Paes, the reuhing vowels canyon alter a thet te confined in the moder languages in sen wage 55, Vowel A dail sady. however, wl oval neo new tendenien Thos nthe Jevelopent of the mde Indy rowel the acon will b shown bom mld ape flys gree pole the Pres the fel vowels were Fetied. "Bat the very pontine atthe en word fed hence extemal) wk, has fee ha evelpme o the moder Ingingex Final loag somes oe shen Bertone re wually droped. the inter dea. tment depends onthe pata. othr pontine Fora lent ‘Sderstancog he vowels col! bested der or diferent fee 1. Vowels in open acon sla, I Vowel in sed lise I Vowel in uosceted yes nd IV, Vowelsconing togor ser the uappmranes of ‘he mile Ian iterate stm Vowels in open accented sll ave anally tana vere “W) Slae reprsmted at in all the modern dete ‘excep the Romany which have 4 shor ef ‘Sle sedis, baba, Gay. ota Bob. Pls harm, HLM, Gu tor, Eu Rar Her Set otto alle M. Gop pede, HL pore, Er Rom bro." he fl (a) Sets appear ain Reman: aense rea cdehewbere ek ™ ‘Ska hie. Hans, ML hin Goi hit, Sov ba Ske rome, Phe tine, HM. foo ‘Ske laa, HL a, Mas, Sar, Rar le.Sle te, HL Ben. ti, Gait, Sin tre Go) Sku Ske lire. HLM Gu: Br, Sin Ake, Sop ive Sk Moke, Mid ‘Skt dpa” Hedi, Me dior, Sau din, Sop dow ee ‘Anas bee lend explained und? eo Sings ‘tin nerd en Soot. ig) "Sees ‘Ske ele Hal, Go Al, MLA, She mesic, Hemel) Mimmal a i) "See Ske dota, HL sn, ML jus, Gu jot Ske mls H mila), MGs mal. Sg. le (6h) "Slee ano are vetned nd th Skt dings toda which have seady become e and on Pl and the rie ae reamed as « and via the moder dieses ‘Sk desk, Phe deel HLM. Ge de Si de meth, M. Gu mak Ske flsateh. Hh. M.ghads. So. gtr ‘Sk teil, Pk tlm, HLM tel ete Ske fea, HLM gi Gas tr. Si re Seg. fr, 1. Tem sh sow ht Pl athe Ps og, ovals incl ys wore uly chrtened Bute ‘he moder legge thi tndeney ofthe Palen ‘relly ined, In Sabi and’Liknda, fr ero, the ‘Eitreton betwen orginal lng nd short owen i clnod ‘lables mined Tn Mara. Gara aod the cin Penal acts the shor vowel ofthe Prt» nthe tthe fllowing coment yout athe ame me si ted Inthe Pana n the other andthe tery to Fetam dole conan st here flange proce, Some mee ‘St sion Spe Seen, SSeS nah So ded vows we Ske umes, HLM Gua ‘Ske feria, HL pin, ML gain Set alr” Par rata, HM rat, Se supdie-, HEM Ga dedi Ske marge. Pani: mo- Si mig, Gu mip. ot, IML. Vowel in UnaccetdSilaber Asalrndy mentioned before even, Vedi word, ence ‘afew arpeives ot hod an acent The nature of oe a ‘ent however. tot esy to determi Even the ations Eranavanabeld diferent vow Dr. Varn say: "eth above face nda tht accessed I dian gemmarane, war pedo ea nro une: Iptha sone shen tnpliel by secon cobinnon of ‘ah mal and seme cent” Fra the pai er toe in sme moder dct a» Gat, Sd Panes ‘Shghalwe aed Bengal lot appears nit sranonatle 13 I tht there ana ses ascent by the de the mana, Even early the Pt singe Jacobi adnts a sent a ‘aot inthe Prk wile Pchlpcs fer backhoe ‘Talestardyesexamplee Pa fr flaca the Vac sccert Thon snes ke thefalowion sre haben tn Pak phamlagy ae ered by hint the Ve aco (Gy) otaccenal long vowel sborened. e 4 Sk enile, Paonia St svete Pht ark ee (5) preasoental ong vowel are sovtened and ee ‘ines ase ononnt flowing i doubled ‘Shamir, Pee Kamer” Sk mir Pk. maja ‘Skt dam, Plt oven” Ske prema, PRL pea, (G) “Ameo afer re ancntl sort vowels double; 64 Sk re Phe es Shes. Pept. Ge) ‘poecrntal 8 becomes Ske tei Pet tameBurin site of mach examples in seems daubl if dre ever wos an idependo aves scant. Even ithe modern TRaqonges os Blok syn, the ses depends on” wn hme romans quant” Ths soon rt, a8 Sir Cre rian bates» new ses que idepennt ote elder tone Tes yw ference toh tee soc that the Arana SG on gute by Dr. Verma (166), 9 "Th iral lable os word the low ascent if the ph rate ang bot hat te igh accent f the. parlate e Shon” OF the moder languages Gara Sri, Pasa Hind, Shale and Bengal appear to descend Tram Tangune or lange which pone he penuhimte rene Mart, lwever theses shows th feted» revs Lina (ie mal acco of Sankt Thos Sk mori rare etre ie Gat vbich sromen the pelo ach hw wth where the qotity of ia or longer then orl The zt fhe ace bl sully ried. ‘ain the ae of wacceatd yes thehange depends 20 ‘wer they proce or fallow the nese The eke las the one smeditly following. we the nent steaks isthe one imedintlypecaing, the sven” Thor ling vowels lore the seo are shortened, while ort ont tev reined mindeterinne ore ‘Sestak, Go oh ‘Sle saubhiqyon. Gat eh, Sou ai Ska dhe, H.dberal to ‘Theil shor wel when vncentd ine. ‘Se ohystjonmm, HE Bit, MBit, Ga Ske erashtte™.” HLrelet) M rahi Se ariasem, M Git ran se Inthe conmerion shold be ted how the quay of ‘he sul deormines he place of the ascent Iy the St (rics for exemple, the wccent ce the Fal (ad herders he weakest) lal is hited tothe preceding lo vowel Stary nth modem vorcaars could be fot watanees re the lng vowel of word is choened i compnd Sr lctvaive frm fom tier Beamer mentions (Val 152) examples ie the allowing. TMB our). bor Bi (a). Ge Bodh ‘st Shik Mth. blebs MLL rou), bat dmted(doninve Inthe lle fellow th tee whe a ean, and sare changed a. Tesbold be mad dat on chm pation me rea ce pronounced as (ke the lich aacoentl wnt Sk hen ‘Mo bees, She minal, Got man ‘St Kinetom, Mo Ga haa Teword ning more than tree illest woe probaly secondary sree In such caso hotel owen the min nd the mcanary stem lot ef Ske dai, Maal <* Vedi reli ‘Sk cbreloh, Hy cobs te The above dacuion couldnt le supped ws wachide ll eases or epi ech and every peculiar Hone change ‘Thaw oe ther faaur lfacing thee gencrlaaans Araogy browia or the peur tale oa Syl in tines go abi the place of the seent To Sara, for fram the cent fll sly the rot lable af she thera vein wd omens onthe formative ait ale [bite ca ct te sthnne verb the some ello the tere ‘minaton or ster on the mt the Pkt there was ‘Satwng dency to reac thera by thant sein ‘ealapealy the place fhe serenaded Tod on he otal Th Skt. Bnchimi wo changed to Be Gini, Se dito edt nod v0 on Like sabony. sls112 STUDY OF THE INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES tami the ascent It on acs of ele that = p= ‘Siar plaid word sowed cme thet wale fo {eletsbe epeilly important Tor the comprehension of the see erveyed by the whole word, IV. Vols Voces Whie dicosna the iterocalc single op in the rake tage wan obseved ns sale thatthe vowed Hope ‘pat ou. Owing 10 th Tonture the vowels in the Pals areto often hitteThe histor mach I ot ‘erie bythe moder langage. Is reoved in wo wa (Up eontag the two wel and 2) by seeing he 9. AAs erate vowels coming togther rele ina sng wwe Sihaelind “Than sr (bath shart oan) besos + (bah aor cg ice ed aaron nme ‘Ske antbeare, Ske nagar, Planar Se, dit figs "Ean Sage aatiges Pe Bie Ata ss Ph altars Ma ctncamtretean Tie harp hn he are pera Chine Soh pepeneow arin. Sayan Palanan Wat Se er St meshes ne, SRE Witt Skin wie Tec wal ce wager th cotinain et wider the ies mig hon nd) Ghivaleyagaces an (a Sos Gah Bos (i) She stale, Mile, Gui se. Se A IE spe ae Ses Ma RS (8) See dtarddha, Pl dinldha, HL deh (Gi) Sea, Peele,” Ml Ske yetim ME, Fla Pa teimiam. Mian Ske desloge, Pha deans, MEd A pecan af Gas ete th cen, While Mara Hind and miner thor madre be pegs conti the Prikt esi and 4 io at aed Gratin ike win Eng” man) and O (ie 9 io Eva, fl repecind Suc moira” Mh wise, Mp, bat Ci Ske ewes MB bat Gi Bee. Se eeona's, NH Iu Ga code Emly ere and pre rove cand evopernly ef ‘Ske twos Pleo, Hos Mbt at AAcmustunalabave 9 and are stines evened 0 svoid he Hue ‘Sic Ais, Ph, bile, Ga aye, Ot bait te V. Laaly there ves conan ech hack canal be trolained or luk under ory of the, shove inde Newericlen dere wold be mo need cr baton tonsunesuch maamcer ny arbw.” Wah ow of then tome neal clad phate development would le fae Sone Thc seca, ee are expan ot ‘hangs ke the fellow ‘Sona, Hae thr san frm Hk ote om st yest thr stn whee te has plata Tied he all ning nel, Marat ha (ee then or ‘espimealy thas foe erselest Sk oa hah tere {i ho plat fence i the ator cose ts change it (3) Final Vowele "While nally and inthe intern of ward vee ve a ‘nde resined, the final vl of the Pal andthe Pret fhter reer bet nl he aden vera.Pests, Moot, Hebi Pease, Mag Hua, Phe rat, HM vat_ et Flr and-mof Smit ae reduced 40 an ane Jn the Bre tha anurans he moder longoges ce Sit dela, Phu laram, HLM. ther Sk nin Phe desig, HME dew es 56. Cononante Ina pevour etn the corsa of satel development fhe uops hn bon lotrel. The de thing be noted Sethe parca poston of sip the wor Tally Ht tong hee aly aed ally wee wee he rovl ht gate cari haw copped t+ ond been vel tats ta adil procens of weskeing Tht [evra racine develpent hel aod x ell in the fea thermolem veracaars ain tat of Pl ad the Brakes The objec of hs an he llovng serine moe to ilsrate ot pce than repeat the gener fees oted above and the nme tie, ew pose would Teexshined ‘51. Single Stove (A), ily, single stops ore sully msitained in slot all he ors Impuage. Example kK Sle. dora Pht dares HL arn, Maree, Sie Sop arne, Kol. hran Ske bloke, MUEgn Ga bie, HL ki a, Skt hapole- Hila, MG” hpa ote Skt tee, ods lack", Hoa, "NE Bia, Sia Kroete, nm Slo tila, Hot, Ml, Sin tir, Sop talaste Sit fpaps, ML. tot, Se ei, Sag eran, Keim tone In sama cases there i portnesscerebaition oi til tle decals This stslated, sxodng to Gram ‘moots theory oa general endeney of the Indo Anon faethe pronation n favour of ercuain in the neigh urn of he palatal arch" "Though nly the waned den tals are more requemly cereale tan the sae, ine ances ofthe ltr ar ot aching erties agente thatthe Indo Arson weed dents wee pronounced farther back thn the uncied one But one woul be tempted ‘lev dat the whele sr of Inde Aryan dental and in fronton ilfleren lcs, we nme ad oak sounds cera Though ibe ee baring bate the vrs ects render iia oad th {he bck pouncitenbelngs to Hind and the ester da iene ‘Ske hiako-, HL ky, Pani tha. Mt. Goi tle Sk dard Hh dala, Mi dead Pp Ske pongem, He poi, M pap and soon Phe peed, HL poem, MM. pon TE the existence of 9 varity of pronunciation of the ental oly pobabliys at of the. pla ested Enter grammarans of the Prk ke ‘Vara and Mirkin fve sleody noted ths* Ta the nar ond orn the ain palate we retained an noc, in ef of Bl Tarver" Cserlon min ue LRA 191.9031{yp sTupy oF THE INDO-ARVAN LANGUAGES Marsh ithe wouh and Sindhi io tbe west, che palatal xcept bere palatal vowels, have become. dentopalatal ete ponouond a ct wen Rien’ end att, ‘novi kee welge between Sd and’ Marth and in Scainese the extreme aout the palatal have been spi Scie, Hew, | Miter Sle cet“ mallsime”, Mare, als Ske eal, “ovens Metal Aepiratee (nth etna of India ov whale atiaes have lon their seni Inl apint, tout read the Seren have Tost thr span ia the spaken dale Kevin inthe sonh hv soced spate le Saha ese inthe extranet ll pata. Tt Gye doles, however ved aipiteshivb lint te vse while el have become opr Uke x. pf ete The itech becomes ser + in Marah aa # oe Bin Shain ef ‘Se aiuiows Hrd, M. tho, Sn thre Keim gam, Rom lara Ske Kher, Hibkaer, Mi Blanne, Rom sone Sot bese ‘Sk. chandapai, HLekapa, Maine ‘ow: helm” Rom cde ‘Sit plalom, HL pel M. Gu pal Sin per, Soe tale Ske dhe, Hi dla, Sn dharans, Kim dar See darvay_ Rorn er Sho Maton, HLM. Bit, Sov bata Km Bate te Voiced Unuspirator ‘These ops re wut retained, The rose teeny sf hanging dn tod hs been already rere In Sac ‘line there a pec development of the ginal iad ‘onapintes standing single tbe besoing of » word, The ‘Very ariulton a changed ard the new aeande se now Li fearsoen = Thar pte arlene or fellows en ‘ently ater the selision by lips or tongue and pate Ka ben farmed, te gti alo x cloaed The las t lowered and there considerable general muscular tension ‘Tela not opened wt the ip or true zlasin hoe been reo that ome mri sacked back to cond the fat of cclasion ‘The the slats is opened wo permit the Formations ice. [ess pouable thatthe slate again closed before thefllowag vowel pronounced” Examples: ‘Sk gloh, Sin nae, HL te. M. gals te Ske nth, Sie dnd, HM da, Sag data Ske Kam, Sev bra.” HLBil, Mb Soe bl Ske jonah, Sina, Hijo, MLjon ce (8) Iatervocel ‘Ac cry asthe Pa ard Pats intnceai sige sp. so aeendy shown were wenkeing ad in one of the Paks Sie Mahirge! they commie daappenrel This pene ‘Fveakein scree lth tine of the modern lado ‘Aryan Vernctlr,” On the wel, tances sogle ope te otely lat wale the niece miter ave lot thar ceision. Tn some Ingingessospated lols are ‘Sanged nv and father nr of snk lathe ‘Sku honblokice, Membr Ske celestial Pl caters, M, Gu cass. Siocon Sau jak Hye. Sie, Rom jes, ee ae ‘Skt. mum, H mae Sim mu, Sep-mee, Rom. me Sk the, ML Te, Soe gona ee. 1 Pr Be Tore $.0.8,B, Va Mh pp 308,18 STUDY OF THE INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES —— ‘la Inayat (re lg" pat gehen. eigen. Sg lo Ske sagan, HLi8, Mia. ‘Si jars Sou 9 ‘Ske gore, Galena Mer (ree abone rae Honth Sivmile, Sop. me M pi ident, H pon, Nep pone ‘Ske "bain, H. Bon, NL bain, Ba ben ‘Soe bi Sk 86, HLM. Sin Ske een, Sin deo. Skeraji, Patra Skt hom, HL bis Ske iriver. Ph tj, HLM Ske glam, HLMSic Gut ote aie “The Remon lets alone among th ld Aryan branch retain jtrialic deal Thy are changed. however t= [the Barman and trai the Soman Roman doles © ‘She tees Bar Rone al Sy Rom, girs Sec talon, Eww Romar, Hoan, Mev, Skt weth, Ee Rom, joo, Sy: Romer ae Se taotha, HL sok, a, Rom. sees Sk gin,” OH gly, Sk aia Ske nal, Mngt, Salt, So. She rd, HEM a ‘Sit bade, HLM olin Ben. abet, Sou bir Se dad” HM. ete deb Ske aadla, OW aig, HL deke, Sin wae, Ske diah, Hidist. Mati), Soe dnb Sind. Ske Tapeh, Moo, Hi fons Set tee, ML oe, Kc oo, HL Geen, Sina I ‘Ske iba, HM Ram il) Nep lens Sit peabla, M’piols? a Sie gabe, HLM. gai Ski Bie MBs am Bc ot Inthe Singles interac =e reais a9 acl tio, bt pire nb tat eas be tl pin a Sk ela, OU Mf ut Sg. oba Skt obhe Hohn, Mh, Sin Taya, Sop labo In cotront the above ps the creas seer sally tamed icbaween vowel They hr tt, bower, ‘espa the eects fa weak pouton Thun inthe fink ‘lace, he unwed have bot safened wk wae Sle Bote ME Beda Sim lar, Sog- fale Ske ahiabo-, H. glo, Mginle, Siw thro sto Min Hebe ‘The ene of rtresicroced crctrae Ya fhe smovecomplated Tn the to soathern angunges Marat ted Silene,” and lange “Fath whe '2' Sindh. Labia, Panis. Hm Beni, Nepl and Kas'min they or ean. Vedic dill, Me dil: but H. dr, Sn. de eT lai Str eli mt ne barn oe ‘dale otberwine HL dtr could tbe expe, ‘Boba art hd fon. acl Sabet en Eck tothe ner I sound, Butte Hinds ard Sind Forms pre: ‘type nd go beck form dad.)Hi recan. Sin tara Miter Sibel Ben ajar Nova See dale Soo fre a. SA Navale OF the five nals, 4 Rand» 9 ented in econeson wih he Prats re rot idepenot sound.” They. appear Reamtinntin with» sop of thor own lane and bance ty owt forndinall ports wale w and m, tke the aber ‘ope, appear aly, fly apd vbwcween wowele Like ‘he top ion, they ae lt aly by dhe time of he rade ‘rvaclan. (A) Hal 9 and Althebeponng a word they ee renal, A foe ‘anes wore snerved i the Pik wbae tial nov cre atued Tho extralnatin seo tol celine ly to the Ina top af Paks To the der vera mach 1 tendeny i oops yi alnenc.”Pesups, ven at the ie ef the Pra ntl os not ead ithe token ype cf dale Sk naka, HE ness, "Pas el, Ben pe ‘Ske ene, Haigs, Menigt Sea age, Roms nga, Ske net” Heats Mt,” Sra ate, ‘Sle mtnueh, Mme Sin minha, Sg. nie ‘Sk. arate. M.marna, Sin mores, Kolm meron Sk ming" wseek ME mga te (@) Iatervoeale rom snd = Samlrtitereais-t— appears as “rin the Pri, ‘This later=pe lee wold devdopenent i the modern Annguages. Ths dle n whch it i retaied poet the a swodassvaarde onthe rate the Noheveer ee Bengal Stang fm Sinan the extome th esi andthe onto the Flys» Nepal, Hi Ianituthe uth and Benes furor ent al the dace ‘hinge Pha =r=to-a~ Cato hs ne tthe Spread th gine Lad Sindh Raa, Gara and Marth were the Bet =r etaned,” Owtside Toda Sine alee and Romar belong tert (te) arate ‘Ke dhanam, Kem den, Nep dan. Sng dina, hn Sin. dhe Ske jonah, Hjem, Rar jeos MC jon So, frm She emanat Laan Rm an,” Ror ena Bose) Moca: && Besides thon from Sk -a-, Pelt nd ether =n, shih cul be Sine fay the fet ether UWecnsne comes fam Skt) “r= The develpeent othe ginal inthe sda anges on interest cm flsned. The dete that nin the secondary =r cf Pk fee hep he orion ta vell ruhanged. Bot the ster group where knee ft PRt ore) ruined an SATE Panini Nepali ond iar chage tho cid ceabowe ek ‘Sis priea Sin prara, Sa. parvo, Gai re Seg eros HE porns. Nep prin Ske plarah, Sin plas” W. Pa phan, M.Goh poi, Seg name, HL nen. ‘Ske viel Ber boi, Si wane M. tel FL ania ‘Se inervcale me is tained inthe Palen, Bat in sda ing he aon pac © edly ‘weaoing Like ther abl stops “mele tended to be Gperedand te ret war's smuled labial spit. Oa. ‘Sie lndiaSoghsinerenios introcaliom- wile in the Fern dale tn changed oom 6‘Ske ime, Rom nae, Sng nome: Hint Mc ate, Sioa Shu grinah, Pht ine, Se. game, Rom. fat. Mew. ‘She somaepagots HL sates. Si saute Neste Ts Gaen the wontment of otercealic =m” depends co Aheacemt When =m is imei preceded ty ree comune of Sk. Gs, nan Ske gmk, Go. time She fmol, Gat sl: bu Sh santas Gui spt 59, Semi-Vowel (A) leally 9o.e7r [> ate nitinol unchanged swith ew expo soma of which ae sey vile in he alge stages Thon change inary modem versace Iie de Soda, Bengal et up Sly os changer tobi Sand al the esto Tangs fran. Pn to Otpa inthe soath and) Anmese in the ext. Outide Ind Sughileve and de Rosset Unless ace the Euro. pean Reman soain es ee ‘See yeh FEL Kine i Skt gene, Hilese | Siejae Sign 98 Sk sirignd, Meike.” Sin ira Sog iki, ‘Ben ik. Ea Ra. Bea. 1H Ben. bo Hie Meme She rab; Murine, Soy rating, He rab ‘Se fone HEM Gan yj. Sng lade, Roe I ‘Sk, Tesra-, MJ. Be as ‘Se ig, Rom lon, (8) oyna ead lebeween vowels “jm and “e, though reined ‘weting soma mers Td Arye lngunge, ae ery ANTS. mm weak wien ther they have nvely dopped out Inter Trowke ie ainnined wl terse“ choged to “Eon Ona: Binns E Hindi andl hve dale here Te ieahanged tome lp Sindhi -Fchanges toro ‘Se wivekara Phe aura, HAL poe Ske blesom Gu. bo, See deseh” Mido, H. des, Sin des ‘Ske wowaroe =. Moat Hest Ske Badhi, HEM boli Ske cali,” MGyvele, HLbsl, Sa en, Ske palm, HL pal, MGs pal. So ele. Sie lara Sle le, H.Ja Sin. bor, Bon il, Safa 60, Sititants The tendency cberved ithe Pecos of meriog the three Stk sible, ania ope iv enpced the ‘moder semacdan. On the cite ll the thts are food ton Outide Indi tena undency note len Sashalse whore the # Cuber pening its A Eves nthe consent th wenkeniny sits Bal be ced, In Sats for examples Inthe exten toh Sin sll dos ASogshe ll the ce lular of Saat we Kivi Taine + cod moms eral and 7 tos Eurpean Ferman ho a ‘umlar treatment to Kein whe Spr Romani reais (She) but changes Ss and'# > A fas berated expel 'no dls doting betwen inti an interoralie ane Skt vara Heaathn, Metals, Sop: sie, Kin Take, ‘Sina fuko, Bar Rem oi ‘Skuta, Histon Ken heh ‘Sku das H. dae, Sye Rom don, Bar Rom dex Meda, Sin date Sk rH vot, Ear Rom sts, Saga,Ske toqi, HL Math, Sin sth Ske areas, Hager, Mester, Gui sara ‘The change fs ob regent in be Snghalee ea ly reget onthe continent Sins ond Pa, The ‘Beamer (Vel. 7259) gives instance ke the fallwng ‘Se herent Sin ator, Ban eer, M her ‘Skt serara>, Sou pire, anja Ske oma, Sm athe,” Punk sth, ee eis ot however, ey to gee wth Beamer when be sys that iin complete eomenpondence wih this ancien ‘ange (sit in Ave) at we find the propeaiy 10 Fe Places by hexibng ul in Fall fornia those prt ‘india which i naaou tothe ran rer net Pn nd Sindh" (9.29). Thechonge of ba the rons shows dat Sind and Panay lke aber eon onal lnganges, dining between iil, (ic they Ten) iterseealiea- (which fentines ay change (wok). Ths duncan tinting tte, = lo ‘inna bythe Dar rp. Thus i Sia fo name, ‘le ital wists re ondange asin the above nance, beeen vowels they re vied. ef ‘Sk mismah. Sion mom. Ske maton, Siga meee Perhuon oe mentioned in Secan 37, the tendency of Sindh'and Punbitoatoguih betwen intial ard tte ‘ovale alka oe othe ce tbe fluence of enky Darke vedere 61. Conjunct Consonants In the Phas, a aed strated cnet consent wersinially spied. These snglecnenara ae ested {eve mer longuges ike leer rial inital cons ante "The coef itrccac common groupe very ‘imal, ll pose grove consonats. inthis postion (ro ected and dled The edema lnganae, here> ore, ae oot tall concerned with any contra guna taep the ineroca doable coer a the Pe ‘Theirdevlopment thee ld: (0) Pris and Labels they are mains undnged, (2) in sad and Saghalone ‘Be double euant i abrened i: roced to angle er ‘comin (3) snail ther gang we the dale can. ‘pn shorend the peed vowel lengthened. Sir hos other pocliny, ready mae Interna vie doce teovanante are trated ke intl angle wed cms Te they are pronounced a recaies ef ‘Skt etetch Dk otlela Pus bdr, Sin ob ‘e.g able. HLA. Ske la "Parti fo HLM. Gu Sie. Baas, Sov ile, So ed Stop St Sex mathanch, Pi metne, Gis maton os She yoke | PRC ratn Bang ral HM a8 Set Fabia, Phe sade, Pam sul Si sein iia Stops Nose Skieguh, Phe egg Simos, H.M.Goi ag Sku htnsai, PH oad H. Bnei TM sincing, Gay sae. Stop Seno Ske aaiye Pe secon, Pun) see Sn HG oe, Ske adpa, Plt olin, Posie. Sin om HL May ‘The group dada ro hod a twofold development nthe Paks ae a doble aba os dole dent. Inthe modern Tiguage the maxing up har Boo oo mh 2 ding the Lisa aed the desta gaps Marts, Singhal sod pro tly Kav'nin have the desl westmct whle Goat, Shull, Hind, Bengal etc Haven dvblelabal,Sia det, ML di Go be, Sin. ba. Hie as realy Towed the orm 4 from the ther rou Sha Sndara, Sop deen, HL bira aloo borowed by Maa ‘There ental aw leo. dilical vaition, ta he eat and mt wan th dental cereale before ia (raid tot whe in he wea the dtl rein Singha. Kreme cerelralng dies ‘Sit ctu, Sin eal, “Gu cath, MH. cout ‘Bench, "Kim eth te Tete Soa ofa SiC south” MC” EL” Sog ey, ee Inthe wou deal +e Sindh aleve retical fn a the ne ine arb the dental arene Sid Pat at NE pe Moa Sin ute Plo tin, HAG on Sito ot Sion + Stop Ths grup sino in the Prkts hyn aspirates Inthe adem lange ts piote ha the same deve ied aber mpi diced swe, ef ‘Skt slenilor, Pls Ehembla, Me ASGbe Gu: thine Ske imctake-, PLL maton Pont matte Gyms, Skt itale PC” Gay abe Heda ust di Kin Mary Pt became hand in Sooraen Hh estar met! nthe me ape Te ‘Marg xe change tos Sis at Pheer and lS Gi 3hh, Sgt Ske ihe "MG a Halk orth Skt ti, Hbhe Meret ete CCORJUNCT CONSONANTS: um Noval +Stp Tn the Pa ond rake toe this group. on the hal remained undianged The beginigs, owever 2 panble ‘ange is sicme of unvted tps, ve alteady been ted. This nln scared much further i the tide Glnlece.esenevrtilen tendency cofined nly to cer. a) i Unsied Sap ‘To the wow, exteme noth west and math he voiced stops weed nthe Dr aru. Lands, Sin, Psi akin Nepal whl in he lngsnges a cot, eer tect wuther nia rerum anchanged_ Yn the’ Reman alee as wel the nvaced eyed afer 9 sol eg ‘Sk. Kiana, MG flan. HL Ben felon: Sin ent Ki hasan Siete =, Mak. Gu ahi, Hana, Sin. hg Ske fetes,” HLML Gu Bon. et pai ‘Sn Pom pe Skt favlake MEM, Sn bond, ‘Sit. grontham, M. fthez_Ke'm gard. Sin, gan Ske danteh, HM. Gu df, Sin done Ske hemp, HLM.Ga ap, Se, amare Ski vonse~ HL bie. Mea, Sn oan (8) Noel Vaced Sop ‘The dnt th retinshe sewed witou any change lao wtain he wsdl n the oer proup the woed stp Is ‘stated tthe preceding tsa Sea apgen, HLM gs Sin eng. Nop a Ske. pitjiras, Ga sie: So ini Ske. umbels, M Bibel, Go, tule, Sin. omens, ret Par hema, ‘Ske onde, H. Bide: Port. bane Sk ran.” Airs Sim rape, te,62, Spontancous Nasalization In some of the mem Indo Aran Langues there {na pocior mtd a simpliying the double consents ot telered insofar Atte tine ofthe exon te ae Ieee ths the nasal pantoge wh the elt tt sted a dubla sng we haven mana op Ta Skt, mug Bec nota in Ph, but He the orn eng Ta sch tendancy x ery onthe Prt evident fo the {etn Mirkandey> oer smtances of Pic Troe ie faba stead ead, Wak rlaroncet forme ie thee Block soy Satin 90)" Toste ple end dee Topper usc rsinance auale "Ths view des nl 0 mach trvls ss deco the phonmenen. Tht the neat ‘Sse previo rl cng that Wend {he Prise sete pebble. The Laeary Paks ler mo valine i ones. it publ that thesplendlete Bimal atop natn of nda ep mone rey? TE the Ineury doeuments fT Aja lcs a they dis door fori evienes. fineoning 108 Oak inthe Brida banc tse meihad tpliying date ‘Kon tat, ered and ante om erst arin ed a Kin bts, ami and ead Tami tint, to coc (ane) aca tama) ee. ihe spalon ef Prise dar “epntateny ssn” gull be appl nd 9 the Dravida ae Buen? Foethe greet however x wuld be coy ‘cons ¢vone tht ie mde Tad Argan longoger hove Sone the ‘Set atreacamel, Mast. Ph altho Sk eb, Medije, Pi sabe 100, Snore Reade cpp ‘Ske pat, M impo. HL pel. She poe Mpa 63. Summary “This, in inthe his ofthe wand ym fromthe ‘olsen on preset days In spite the ape of more then 20 year the speedh apa of the Aran inves Jasna wilrgne war coiderble change Te towels re the sane, conerants ae the same: bat the complony ombinnon nbn sake and ili. The tendency to amply not cine’ ony tothe phonee spec af he Tnnginge lip vtle even the mergbaogy and tat ‘erionatetion wold now be deedPART V. MORPHOLOGY 64. Language a hus boo suggested athe very ‘ing i both a presen and on exprsin. The fit ferme or half corain verbal press td comvey tobe. Lanked ot fom ths piste view Innguae bso proceses — coe raya nd Ua sgptheie ‘The fern impress Frned win (dthe peer chow the analy! apache ‘Thee impronions we combined tafore they ae canvyed. Expreuion isthe phate aspect Thee language Bt el spaking, not mere word bt groupe of words and Ferber the words are nat goaped ephow bat in way at octave one whale, armani pictare In other word, Ttngstge nosis event of tematic word-cambinaons thre later we termed wn sentences, iy lit woremotoct * ‘Aa gal ese needy tate io mire gut (Se Satyr we od ke ile at ‘re th ar de word ion “Gt Bor impact an nh perils ad coe inal we the al changin the or nd rte of ‘rorce—noan svete Ths hang weasel ‘Shatin rina sed the pntan othe se The (Sr Inds Epaan dle ly a furl ely Titiaen Theva elem ae he of eve Sey rte iced in Fore pce Tw change scar ithe wnt nd pte cet Ths ‘Seri remo, eben ech, feb cue stem the wk ond nd eB odstins—hatherdacensinal oe conjuationl—have no ‘tence spar fom the stmt wach they are appended, ‘ae ceadyerinad, the tee sleents fat ld Tie terminate cent la i an important morpho sical clement. ‘The stance of nonin econ and nonin stein quote in antbr part are and lstratons Seer: inthe Velie dialect a vetence charctrad by som ord abnece onthe vr An acened ver nts (Sabine othe seme of accent make the ce: ‘matin the vcaive 17. The richer and varity hinted tin the Foreing parpantenaf the nb European morphology has ot been Fintnined is aubaeque pve in Ind.” The rain sen nthe obvious onemetthe endo t simpiy. the Tendon tovomalice, Thur whe the Vette and’ Sak dale od eh cam ard tree munber in tbr Deen: Sina ynem mt ofthe moder Indo-Aryan language hve trip two sand two une The dal aumbr wae the Selena beast Even origi it appers tht the doe! ‘umber was at 20 mach a dnc merpbologal element {batter he amend "two" ‘Thus he doa ee ‘mowdy sed when two things were already refered to ot ‘then the ality wen obvi To hn way” deal ad fe cra pi eye ry u adah,"Tha e "owe". Thes inthe Asskan Insertions we have forma like” dase" intra, par "by two "dave rr.” mome lor." pica” ete Even oo curly asthe Rigvede {elf plrel socal found where due! expected © ‘Sim fees wie de woh Seine bed one In the mae Ind- Aran Tange the numeral "t" ti etl anlaced the dil member (68 The more imponant of the od Indo Eanzean mobail elements athe case gina. The vannae Feltons beeen warns expresnd by chaacrned endings ‘These endings or ermine two kindeone for the sms and one fore vt, "Th LE noun hadi cates with move ls iferent todings_ By the un of the moder Indo Aryan Tange these eit areonly reduced to nly to, ie the dred the mominativegccntve and the bie. The cases of tha, tage ae twofald: (1) phetic and (2) he presence Acowory words. Termiatins coming es they do. at the fda words ae the most ntl to phonetic changes We [ve seen inthe previous setios he fal pr 3 word forms phoetaly he weakest The Fal vee Toes st ‘genni, the fal stop and Vserga are opred and o> co Sich proces, ml be explained uth eb confsion ets tke for example the She oerd dea Cw. Lesing the dal aie, he forms of the et cases we a flows ‘sna lar Nom diva eth Ace dem rote Voc dew esa, Tenia Stine eat or deeb Dae date ‘srbiseh AS deo deetinek, Ge dioeze orm te dice et1b STUDY OF THE INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES (Of de above forme the nam sng shown elaewbere, ‘ay bea. arya the al and Pra stage normed at diss "The mam. and oe ple. temain deo, the vag ‘depping oat Simlry. dye and dt toy became sir ply diol the yun one cane damppearng though weak em andthe smoxploded = alsodrapiog out in the other (eh more glance we find that owing 9 the Bonetc changes the nom and ee. fer end the dal ond ‘hat sing areal reduced to oe farm.” To de over ach Aifiesea ond eof Pa had teoarse pra feng. Thos Son dc) Pasha disease aod dom for the sat ad oblong. rexpectively Instance of wach it he mld at wile theca of eine ides, fr exo, we ind Ut sey a the By Tapa he dt and fms sing have been conned ito one (ae the date) Fra wradaly srg dang aris, blond en sing. boca ri) ee. 168 Changer Me thows waa make dic odie tingsth various are forms nd this the. flees rletene Betwoos words couldnt her expressed or unertand swith ccarsey. Even in Sant nlf ght cetera os cold nt express many 9 ce diinction. Hance we Fd conan ccemary words ke madige, ert te aed for orphslpcl purpiees"™ For intance wo have sone Ime." (the mail ofthe forester one Le ing (Eons afore Frarmi dain ee bavetaay abana {adartham te "for (dhe sake) han" Bender tach coe tory mods hee werecertanetherening tt expressed cae. felsic flor Somlrt wos wed ms an sbletve cue: Terman od relaced the reqsar termination “Bin the Brak sage ahora, Shu gra, frm the house,” ate "70. Tse wo factor, the phones changes and the ve of acenty words, have ray allected the eae: 1 Gh mae int Aan a Bhar rie esc ae ope pS forms ofthe moder Indo-Aryan lngungen‘Thouthin Pai td the Pit be Seskt (1 ori ) age forms were then reine withthe repr panei charge he endo {ope acemny words-or port oon a they we cren= ‘euytomed “a more reueyrnble” Bat thse pent o ‘Satin the made Vemcolr ave aided tthe ld exes Forms they were phonetically handod dove, Av sid sve the Nonintve sd the Acute, though confor int one, Ive far nesosay retained insrach tei ale could emu dicty somprehended wun sentence Poste ‘ostons wore tos raed iva her cameleon han thetirinve. The Taurmetl igor nd pra, ower, have Leon nied wth the neeary ones Gages 19 umber ef modem Indo: Aryan Vera The razon ot sSoouPawuve sanction the ret ht the autre’ cane Torme were proversed The endigveet Soret wor tre frou on the sen Indo Aryan Vercaar the signal Sant tee ‘th dten: enlngs were namaladto noms inca “The dees, lato and nie ese wre ledbod 9 ‘ne fam and later on pat ition were add to th a ue fom Ae tthe ona othe oblique form of the ple Indo Aran lngunges tere re to pins one Swick trans he aie bck tte entice athe other, Tainained by ale Bc, bling Uw ld die a the oan ‘Fihemodem olan. The endings of the later are -2 and 5 sing lar eopmcvl An forthe plural are would ‘elie heaton kg bak th Sk fen lr. nding136 STUDY OF THE INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES ‘endings re -Tha and tha. Aa thee could vot be photic filly taken back to Skt #90, Black beves tht oe Simerad nthe former ony to avoid the histun. lo the ‘rts dealing wih the panei stay we have seen that to trod hat inthe Iangungen er comiderton the ae Frequent tendency weno tet "9 or-a- than “ho Been, Forma rom some the moter [A Inganges g> to aa5° ‘seta the mom sane orn derives fom the. Sankt {rate od oot the atte Inthe Khan scp, for ‘ctl he gendie fre end inane the “+ epreseiog gaal merece sng -o~ That there ware getioe fcding orn (ethane +) seems nore than rot Elites he Romanibes the ending wer gen, sag. (This lal charges e abown eloewhere short Ske to ¢ but [e'Skt ange, Plt vam, the would not be shot | Ewe {234 thee Cc the poor alo the Sans geioe ‘nec even ate uly days expressed 0 many case ‘elation. tbe soclnion tht the made cbbqie~snglor ed parel—goes beck tothe cigoal feice would spear ‘roe rononable "Fir jus a2 oo0n with the cane termination indian the part dveay played by iulf within « nntnce the verb, ten iain dates he reason ol he words ‘mvione ith the whole ean elec verb inden the ‘pesie (Fist perl the patent (necned person and the spaken of (third person) The Inds Earpean ver tecered eit es maly with he eto, wos capable of ‘persue va free tthe vow anes of tha ‘Stone inl rial tary or repettve tr Thos ac fds Earpean verb could hve ene or more Present and ‘ovat sma Poet soda Fate sem. Each of he ‘tera mitt lve te Five mond i he Inde, the ln pemtve the Ininetve, the Sujuncive andthe Opie: Chee te PE am dia, gute sve aed i te Besides thre were tosis te express the wo differnt rel of the Sujet with tke Action And lastly ech verb ad ive Persna and each Penn had tres number Biv all ths ichnem of expreninafoushed only 2 the comet simginty Idd na sursve Inger its but atm "The Vedic dale sich rth the nite complex ‘tam st dveria.Bat by the tine the Bananas he Teenie mood alone was lieky to rorave enchant the ‘Saljantive wns les foquntly employed and then too oly ‘wih he Prot sd Ari sen whe the Opttive od the Imperative wer tobe found ely th Preset sem. The Teiunavepactealy dawppearel.Aurther dfn sible inthe Epan Except the Indeative all ther mands ar ang. {tovnd and the farmers aiog on self ew uno the nt ‘ands, Evo in the fdatve ones Uke te Pat are Ing (rary of her fame aed popes have uurped the "ale Inthe Mile India Pein the wef parca fos ba: caine more freuen and fared wih the eral ha iny Sep deo nA dlc el betmnd ck "72." In exreing he various shades of meaning ough ‘veal form two, mophslgeal element played ons Dotan partie he sf and the terminator. The se tren addd thers nd th ne form wan thee the Atomintona wee added tthe stam tov formed Bere ‘rplanng fare the one noteworthy exception hs tbe enone te. the mgmen ef tbe prt tbe Aart andthe Genoa formo—ihe nly cate athe Indo snp lalate where rf ple 8 oro le “Satcn were nt eded wo ouch and every In-Ear eng rst ne ante character uit ofthe hero thaw wide rae ore elle vere tn the Ves sod Sina benden we Bave nape in bthasat he tals: etapa oe pe> ain dodge ayy ea and tometines a msl trim Bend, Bahontl etc In the‘ae th abr ven he rot ital foe the sam ‘ch termine wore added Inthe Indo Aran ong 1 toner. earer nous ile replce berate by ‘hema ern Thus een Sana ve ve example thetilowings ub cee, tsp amate, ie third perm lel sft But on Ue slay of forms lke goeck a= (Sed ain): gaeilalren (3rd lar) sifeSo- 1h sites (the Sodsing, hos ee rented new hes nen the ont sce wor themes The tendons was nota elated one but a roglr par of the ap onsale the vara tn Thus by the ine of the Prats we find tht ot only ae the athemate replaced by theater bat Erber he sary sie of heater fe mec tothe -e- oem of theme yeroe Thonn Bea ei ke tthe lfc nam wen pat of the root ond thus a pow stm jy evolved whch cout Tike alleder thematic vet Tha supposition ogy spre tthe ft tat any of the mer Aran Vercors have the rot ap to brow «Maw pron Hi"jsnnt The Prk ow a momar of examples whore the Seren sli re bought to hat i penides Skt wpnirayen Pe piace Sit sage Pi enondion, Skt nu badh-a-onti, te 73, Tasigh the rumor of safes th relic in later ln Arun dln wal be nosy to rember ‘hatin Vek and Sos the li played wn mperant mor ‘haope The fermion of the Cunt sd the Ps. Sie lor an apt ilourtion In Sask the catative Sens wan exposed by ang the aft -age-to the rome “Ths gom-aye fom gam te. my-aya fom toed, and sean Though the sli wat pera =) Saves $s Kot hough the Middle Parodie mtreting As ten ‘Sine above al he afe inthe Pee wor rods to he es in rot ie gamete The Cassie wi open, to, hd to abit ot ate So the Saat nf -o8- ot {ale Portanataly thre wer other ass esecily roots ‘dag nan whch ad the Cannes pent Sune Sarre ations fom ah to sted, dopey fom ato fee ee. Such instances provided sew nf apd camaily (Sughd-pogacas taken ae 9 llc the Pre ae the ‘mote Indo Aran linge ne Consaive sls 2 acd dso tom ths -dopeyon e.g. Pkt ipopaoeds, Skt, ‘lticpey, Mar lar Use. Sit liray ce ‘Slash sary othe Preven elawial Son seitthe sfc “yo wae added he ane to give 2 pave tm. The teapot ald thin stem we Aininepads) egex Is Pat rats sch pnive farms ore revered the they (Sena ecreplarm the Paki ov Pa Bot tw oo etre mee sendy a wok compat the stun tne sere) the lara the Atmanopad ermine reales phan changes Tr the ety Indo European diets the middle sori fies sere ditingisel fom te acts -e.Porssnaiods). ‘The value of the frm wos pie, he acti denoted sre always wh ference othe age This lene ‘when ved athe Atmanepads mare the Wes ale "es {2 foreamehing fr oneself dadeomd-ns, ging lor wae aE (i'e receng } From i the mide enous Carmel pave erimpencoal meaning’ the ext ge S$ Gk phoro-na, Lamcarisd In Toda, hmever. bythe line of Pal sede Paks the middle terminations were les Pebapr dhe pave sufi p> andere the ale of the mide wrninatons Thos een thane nse wich al trated te adil termineonein Saat were come 1S Parsnipad rns in he Pas Phe satin Skt sore Pl. peti, Skee Pla toes Se‘This ow af the Remanepada terminations fected she rowel the Pauive forme. For example, in the Pate UMecxperiened a sow of cofasen A oot-ke Bad, Weking the aur “yan, would hve the sane form. se dei fr bth th waive ad the pave nna.” Hence the ater langnges wee owed of a ew panne. Thin es supplied os the cs ofthe canine, bi rot ending 8 ra ip Sem he ial Bcf thee rote ged tt be: Tere he posive wil -y— eat, sta aig eed ting po 4, ge, diepe-te: md, omaur ost: Jove ete Invuch forms pan war suposed tbe the pw Srixon tones ded on tall he mote «6. BLL {ilien, pane elthiyed, Sith, Ps, sme, paasrged Shas et When we ene tthe toler Todo Aven Vermacalars the prem of mpliinton and norman it fe mich futher Ar mentioned ve he oe of perth Pil form boame nore req as tine wt Tn the Ft tere even Saat tk. the pares bed plc: fl the eral Farms The wasn podully extended 10 ther tome: fateh and ten tad pes pr. Shles ef geme tot. ee oud more rue han nd fa (nce e-fathat ea In the mem language ll be thown beim those paces provide mare sts. In the Soe, to, the mote ging we forms based on the fever parties « ¢ Mor fen 2 hel he dod Mt ae ‘Ene by him where fel? deve from Skee, or more sort rm the Ph patie fil “Than we nd tha the ix an inortact org ‘cl element thin the cane fame and arb ore fwahthelater Though in the wader versa the ‘mfx hos dnapyeared the new fore are derived trom the Ferme nthe Pats whch ned he se a0 a merpbolo al denen 7A.” Like the vais see the rial Indo Earn termiatins eo were snp by salten and earn. ‘The terminations f the nouns have bem toad above Unie the desorsal the coiugatnal terminations wore sarod and vr. Tn the ft place there were wo Ki Termin one Active wd the other Middle ese age re Prevened in ‘Samar Paramaipad and Atmascpds respectively: The Saskntdosiaton suicient tomaiate ‘he dincton between the wo hn of tena When the suber wan introted more peronaly in the seton, ‘he middle—atmane Le for cneself—temiaion ware lied theve thon boon imtated above ow the ‘ile terminus ndctel 9 pave sense ler ae. Tn Sich d thee tw wren thare were apn two Kinde Irimary nod scndar Insect fre primary flere rom the scondary amar they” prey) had foumnt“istibe snd. The. Voli aod Sank dale in indi show theirs inal he ets, Tha the termina tthe toe let ar as lw L Active ML MidateMile: Prinorr soe al Ist por. ce eae Baim wise athe Sak pore ite te Middle tape a = anak Ini pene ARH tht doom Spee he Naam Lanta The dina between the sare terion wan rinwely served in the Vedi: dec. The lence teteen the pranary andthe eer is ota leant 98 thar betwen the acto sed the mide emintiony coal tha, however, the seca tetas are ely confine {oth Pot tener ae the Optative ral while the Sabine Ue al thie onary dd the secondary endings Sie t= st On Vee want sooo ES Sty Vedic bh 1) aa bhere Pas oe ‘The hor ofthe termination the Iado-Aran dale ie aollowas Inthe pace the mide eintinnba fama and secandary™were tay ely athe age of the Brak. When the val farm indested rt so och the spect (ain the Vedi dle athe "tense" etme, tbe Mlle ndings hd na special parpone 0 serve Silly {he ned fr te rotary terminates tao wan olrted, ‘Thoveternuntins oo soe, ere rented ihe Op. Aatve and Sbjnetne amen the mood and the Past and ‘Reo et mag the eset At ha tie of the Pr te tro ster an he Iosvedippened = wile the past tower were compleelydnlaed by the perce Those tt parcial fom begun the ped of Coscal Santet MorrHoLocy Ms reached is init with be oder Indo-Aryan Vernal ‘Thos wth he diappearece of mods ie he Sabjntis ond the Ontatie end tenes he the Pas the seandary termine lou were eles mised in the aden Ines Arsan Tor frat Wohave del teeny with he Ace Be fray teats ofthe Preset niet “Theres mthiog prot exceptional in the photic developmen then tration The ollwing tes, ‘sm example some of them ty appear the wns TndAryn lot th al of exe, dent appc Sigule Se Pe OW Man. Gi Hind Iucgern -tnk mami meh nama Brien le sot mak nae Te Srbpes, Ta ceived ne Te Te Plast [Rea mater fact the moder Vercors Have not much tod wh there terminatons cher” Toe acer ore ‘opie forts pclae phenomenon: (I) the tenn of {he artical orm ove inthe Present eae and (2) th ae Cle rout "tobe" Skt aor Bar an malay: Whe the Pan and Fare tnses were oot being laced by prtplen in ~u snd taepe the Prvnt tense wan being fore fequenly exprowed. bythe prone porkiplen Th ha intial sagen thew parties were wed appstonall. “Thanin th Pik for fared be dom, ne weal hve tore Sten horend es, he den. in tbe ve he dee ete Suck tte cnvrerd ty the parcpal Toma ib be scxny Seb tabe™ The Finds old prevent of horas beret 2,the oper sing, Bat in moder Hind: one would bear ssa he flowing notes marked niu them. Ie Per Sine roasts at Tam dig 1 a re Iara a, Past en haga Powe, 1s Marth to, the we af the wot a8 "to ba” with the aries became are Frequent “Thooh he terminations are tn doers with they have remy dapenred Fin the meer mgs they remot add t ech and every stem individually they ae sult be fond withthe aeay verbs Besides. the na ‘eras hasbeen rently reduced. When ta aid hat carn teres and mods have dnappered:tdoesnt mean that the openers he made ldo-Argon Vernacular ld not ‘expres hone parca apt fon action” Only the man ‘er hn Gusppeared Whale difret seme and different. ‘ans expend differen aspects nthe erly dacs the ‘rae dalacts hve staid reslanty nd sepisy ine fressng all he vole, ll he oad and ll the aba. 75. Besides nlf ardserminatin there wre & few ther mirpolgal element” Redupaton, for amp: inte cao verbs conveyed an trative sont’ or api oe ‘Ske juan one wha hepa on alin coraltt-clihe Sime Pndrem mand, sack and eer Una hth Soe lama Indra ee ‘Acer to, bas been showin ater pr afte the meaning of + phrst. An the ascent daappeared in Sena, Pal and the Prk the eer of wade By lel ‘squads merhclogalsgnfance Thus compoind words 1st OF #oOKS OF REFERENCE vs in Sonat showed thereto of he individ word with tech ther scring tothe oder which hey were" cm [punded, Generally sein, by the me of Prk, Red Teton, Accent, Compound words et cas ove ay inter fe Buttom student ol thestry of the grin Indo ‘Roya angnge they prove an pata He a each, "76 The study sted woe pages snd eve Tt staced wth the Inds Earopean langunge Languege alt Iaatly biog» gp of wank {for or parposes the nd Exropean sword wor sssed toh erally aod excel rete fit pon of se Hiv eo ocd and ro the secondihara slo In acing he stolyhotoncally ‘eas ound that there wa 9 change eter nthe aon or the elses ef the erly Ind Burpean woe "The sein. lies of he ery dct il rr the mers Indo: ddl "The prow sone re ime tn i pit LIST OF BOOKS OF REFERENCE and BOOKS REFERRED TO (1) Block, Jalen: Frmaton del lngae Morathe. (2) Baames: A Corgarve Gras of he Moder Ayan Langugee of Inia” (2 Val) (3). Bhonderkr, Sir Rantritioa + Wiser Philo Lectures, 167, E898 (A) Bullets ofthe Schaal af Orel Sete, London.(5) Chote, $. Kis Develop tnd. Growth of Bengali Langnge sed Literature (6) Caldeel, Re: Inwodbctin tthe Comparative ef Deed Languages NB: Wika Phislogal Locus, (8) Dede; Grammar of owivat (9) Gane, De P.D.: Intodsction to Comparntve Phislows (10), Jounal of the Royal Asiae Sexes (1D) Keith, A. Beredale: Chesca Senko. Ltrs: (12) Masdenall, Sir A.>- Sood terre (13). Mail, A. Inireucon a Lite Comparative ex Langu Indo ropes 1924 (16) Sar, Des Nigh nt Nita ot Ysa. (05), Shld, Hamer: Ninn (16) Tramp, Dr Beret: Grammar of the Sindh Language, 1872 (1?) Varna, De Sidhraar: Cites Sean in he Phanea Oteewations of Indian Grama, 1928. (8) Verdes J: LeLangng. (An Enlsh wnsation the bakin ae). (U9) Wooler, Dr Handbaaeaf the Paes (20) Gren, Sir Geode: Lingsinie Survey of Inia Indoor le ino pai PHONETIC LAWS Under Section V we have raed, in ony, to the eer tendenie ofthe growl of Tngunge. Arlene Sey sla made tothe ear tempt d chan in ong [ib teedenin es Phones Lawns tas’ born shown at Sel that those Lawes were ot law all the exept ose af thet wd” Th fact he rough ou the fare rm that. Phanatic Las work Gal, (we. Vendryen, P30) ie Phone Law ar Ives tht can roe Fepany hot Phones Laws ae ot basa sci ‘ld be wall lusited by the falling desenpton of Gimmes ond Veer Lame Grimes Law — Tn comparison fhe Gthic sound system wih that of Sender, Come dncred ta tam Sark ands ware tlneys rpeeented by cei perilar sounds ithe Gate, For example, the Sul weed -unaspintes were found as corespending sprnt nthe Goth Sep. 8 appeared fp, especie Sie ‘res. Ea tree Se Iroter, Eat baer Thee ‘ton enough rebellious examples were noticed For instance Se pin ada in Ga and nat ater ws it sould have14s STUDY OF THE INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES een acrtngtn Grins Law. taboold be remembered Iw that a Phones Lew, a0 aid in the sexta lw formulated nd determine! by circumstances alone wd theca ef Grnm's Law that sdelar fd overokal one ‘reumntnee oe alls earply the Sant ured ‘Sscpntos wer il inal or immediatly preceded by a frente war Verer who noted thie ard showed that (Gis Law wn aw coy undertone acamatanos, Tht law thon amended noon se Vernr's Law Under ther Seumstances Sep (mere represented a ao ip the Goer ‘See funda Gath tun (probably older *hnd-) Palatal Law — "Asmar cae might be oted i conneion ith the Vedio sowels where coin pheemens.stuewed i 9 repolr bot excepto wy. cats be renga under 6 Phot Lan.” Fora lng ima it was believed by scblare Ahat tbe Indo Baron vowel em wes Ctl roresee fo inthe Vali sane Acari. the numero xm bles where Grek aod Lat showed ano or the Velie 8 {be Tamer were sispeted ws soboegueatinoveons ef Se heu-h Gk plane Se. dedonie, Gk deere ote (For fares examplen se pp. 5-44 and 79-80 ate) On compaatine nay ofthe consonant ata, bow of thee soe ed European dec, « comple, tt any, tne to dnt the obnratons The tone ‘eve "The eoginel Indo European ear bad, me ‘ned inthe eat wold development oe i the Weer ad cn inthe Eastors gov of dlc Te (helorer ny cond a in Lain ge wee prserved wile Inthe cae fhe ltr the developmen raced ie ample furl betes This wold dereoprnt sob Served be rear at fr es ponte derlapments old be [APP. L-pHoNETIC LAWS rs reel, Bat be Veli, however, showed » fuer pea ‘yin rn cases, the place stamp atu had {main On compan with ther dlc wn fund hat fall ach exarpln where the Vedi hd pala send of (Suto, Greek, Latin ced an. es 8 plata nol ‘The supicion on overtones jad tha belre pl somela the Vee change the oil velar fo altel Thy Indeed, ws a revlatonerydicovery. Ar the Vedic ial ido pal wovlen tach coer (bt ano) the. pon iy wus spaented tat the Geek and Ltn «oma be the nginl indo European woe and thatthe. Vedi rere ‘ton might nt befall The poestiy became cor tiny and the Veli phenomena bad be ecg an ful but eplarene It wae know athe Palatal Lae jer ena plata sel the Vedic shangd the getarals Ge ie: bur Si rece, Glen: Sitar, Ge elite Ske March, Gl pier ot Ske catetral, le etree Sheed Gt Lat el oe INDO-ARYAN AND DRAVIDIAN Under Seton VI eregcehes ben made Fumy ef langugen Toe objet tn appendix, by a cnerete “arp and companion, to render that oneepttthe Fay lange ese "We sal consider two moder Indian Veraclare one from the Indo Aryan andthe elke rm the Drevin branch, ‘Aon rater of fein ceri cane sey Marth and the mol nfl hs ben 0 pet that atone ‘me South Tndan grmmarane tent at for codingMarathi as one ofthe fve Devin Inganges (pce drt fide) ahem edema. Ie theft place, Sant has greatly nflanca. ll the Deas lannges wi he rel tht the wxablary of the later fall ef Saket worde—dvesy” ore {Uctaoma J or bed down in common mae (tod Bh), ‘Ths tetare har buen Fron Belped by. the wring oE Ahors equally adept in the employment of San a Dravidian langage," Besidon Gam the ely dave ‘he Whe of Fore has Sought the pepe span these ilfleent dialects nto polticl and soil “contact Eve he sper of thee pple donot ifr. Tah the sounds of Mara and Kare ip ntexaety the seme yet speaker ofthe ne el no appre dey in ‘oncancng he sounds the her The eect trce of ch tstion mopped tbe the corte sande Sens lon sands frgn to he Todo Epes dec, mad Dr Eamon Trapp deters Dravban borowng hee Be sider penton td tetany, ayn, sete fren” Thusit angen on the surface, pane ad ‘econ to had tt Marah snd. Kanara belong 9 oo [rom of langunges fering fom one acter Tein rahe feta tha the diffrence bawemn the two ligunges cold no be explained mere hep than by ‘ng the appre vege Pras, that the gen cf he ve langinges ifn, What ere by fees ot ly ‘coef toed face, bu thecomlto character of detail 1d) The "Verbal image "owe anther techie. proin in the ct han io sper noel ifr Sth mode nich n tens undentond and conveyed it ferent ithe two langunges In other words, grata Term echof thse lnngunge reformed in = pertclar 1, Farle cleronen ad ft ato hn Appin ‘gustaria eke eno he Bsndortr Seta ‘Beco ae 3p SOI APP-ILINDO-ARYAN AND DRAVIDIAN, tat ‘way and ave» pail signicnoe, Inthe case of Mara: ‘ind other lantuogs derived from Saale. the nouns nd ‘eu have diferent lero the declan of nn {elf the singalr end the poral have a diferent et of tr ana: Marah penn, Ft Sia Phu Nom pel ple Dae ale ale, ‘The situation in Kantrse (and oer Dewy lan (gages) in iffernt.” Kansas ban 9 feral sytem in fhe cme sein only praia engh te ade to the Baril forms Sevondiy uke m Mora declension in Fovoroe shows onl ne sof omnal ematons bah in the singular andthe lanl ew. Kanaoie sie, nena Pha Nom, i= (el) ~0 lou fie el) ie te fie Ue) oe ‘The sical show tht he frm spr (Lan sings in hich ier forms ore deveined. mn chia ‘he, by nee are onan agalnave,” while lan tng the Marth known "snl *} 12). Seon nite ofthe comon vocabulary of the lame rar edacte, the everday teabulry of the svomgespeaunr inthe cane of Gok deve Lnguates shows ‘ot of extn varaton.. Word, conan and moat re {eee inform and origin, peculiar to each languge, ‘Sed words for example ore the renin ed the manera ‘The pronouns wd he numerals» Mart gre. oly wih te in Hind, Guus Sindh et ws they affer Ss Be Snes ta farttnte Comet PnS82 STUDY OF THE INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES widely from hein Kanaroe or Telags or Tans. That sto ased 0 reqsely apd expres. dos so leery ‘Siyeam or numer shold hav etn incr rad be ‘sumeligile excep by taking the tw languages o elon {oe diferent eck (©) Mardi (and lagunges derived fom. Sonlsit) retnim a daincion iy gender ‘Though the ong tee teiden of Soret ae nt dings i each apd etry tmedos Indo Anjan vemaclar, the pasliarTunccn td ‘orate ofthe old gender are not lw in anyone of ‘hem The peclarty eames io the fact tht ip Sant, (ibe guador belong 0 the words and words lane, respec tive f ther mening ud (0) fen ter the gender ete ‘ina te memng ot dc minh pe ae rum mtr sd ran" rend ‘ve Skt nv macs te man ‘Ske. nvm, nena the ane rt ‘This pcariy of the gender, inpernt sith, dae olan aallin Kare rather ravi agape A attr of fc, thee ltr lngunges can be dt hve fede (diction) toll At nt doesnt beng 49 ‘rend aa nthe cue Senki nd Jewed lengunges Phe Devin eanceptin of gender in rather a devises distin ‘he thinkng fom the anrking and nuate werd Th ‘xcept the grown-up en and women, ach end avery cet ‘he werd “tvng and nen ving heir. Grown an ‘tn wm ane fete he ere in te ake lnngage« wor, ‘sos hen ‘lel oS Sr gel oi rex penton! 1. Thiinant pea law ao Law of Pha, bt ie atin te ele Haseeno Sal ie ot = (&) Thin ieno pice ple wp inmancer ae to how Marathi and Kanuese dle from nw ancter, The shove desorption ny ahs how given Language might SES feo atier fr sore onl de aren tthe same ime with some other lngsnge the sae ‘ean "Beados the Wes pints mentioned above, apather ‘tri sngin be iver to show how he” verbal Inge preven toeliferrly mle logan I'M ia Sarat snd generally ithe Inds Baa. pea daleca tides cold be underiond nd cuneyed logan sey ae rlted. Ths done by the relative Po ‘ins ike Eng he =o, Sk sah~ yah, Maro ~jo and 30 Se Butin re ite Divan laine ave thee any ‘aleve praoane Idea, even when relate, have tobe ex reed separately. Th the Ido Earp Feat nm edhe, mated and parila are ed 2 cjnctve ‘ecivn: though wemetimen an Kara, the tors fre pronoun sed rine seth the pera pears, ‘he prac in tm al ob found in the sen Lrasng, Thos language, when sudid ia dhe data, would stow peels and cheers. When two or iors Inngunges agree such peculiar nd characters. they are povped a belinging to 2 Family» there bla. tbe Sve temper th same fentro ave suid all of thee ‘Tair crer ight tr ot ferent.” No we bribes can ‘id themocles af the Hod raning cine nthe vs ‘her inher emperor Fears, though ane might Fish ‘2 prince od teeter pris 3 paseAPPENDUC THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE: "ANCIENT & MODERN {ox the gveal information in this Appedie, 1 am smn indbid othe flowing (1) Profane BL, Trp (2) De Laxman So's edition of Nin. (3) Dr. Sheswar Vare'sCotcel Stadia in the Plentie Obserstion of Indian Gremmarion. (Crt Std Ind. Grom.) (4), De S.K Beblhars Stee of Sanat Grom or (1915).(5S.6)1 ‘The sly of Philology Language, tern, sae: tar, and growih—int ana of pcan contin af the riser dave Pothap wold be expacted that Philology, ftraScene, inthe ide four days Dut» glance atthe Terry cities of pre Chrstan Inia would show that se (M0 yer are ar othe ny of Language was cont ec aleng set ines a Indi Tes pot posible to deen hee in denis. the various writer facet lin nd th treaties on Pilly. Nor inch a deted study relevant tthe suetsmater of ts ‘Appendix which nt compare end conta io brad eatin, {he method of Anset India and modem Philogstn "The wy of the Vedas oar a dlght, am wei tion and duty fom the enciat days The vou Vedic schslsearanar or prjads—eonductd ths sad from various pantsof view." Av the Vedic bre consisted spony of hymna, and es most of the hymas were 10 ‘be ted or rected st sneic performances, get care ad tobe ten fr pronunciation and scontatin. Later cx sthe Vac yrs were removed forher and futher nuke by he lane of iene, the different achols bad ‘taal, the ure of thr stds, iron on ron ‘aon and scent. Thi natration was add on i the form of Sil toxen The rg! contents of those ‘Sika moat have been simple les oo pronunciation, ‘ecto tc. That sch won the cae seers ore fo. Tale fom carer refarencs like he alm” ‘et erates | ee: Oe TR: seg Fete (Tait, Uson 12) ‘The follwing fam Dares’ intron remark to tis commentary an, Vises Nitta wold wr ot this oe ore trator niveeig” tear eee UT RITE sensi ede eeonei Gre 9 ‘This rgnl purpoe of the Sibu, oi. to enable «| comeet cartng (sme) wih the knowledge of carat ‘renunciation (satrab) aided by proper accents (mr. Ind steppe tobe widened ltrs Farther lpe of ie renunciton sald ni be the same now at ve be ‘the ime dhe Vic hynny were corpo, and hence. the feed vos fly namalioe forthe parpne of rectton “This wos dan by thes ofthe various aoands ore snore nemoosble (1 aca, by at nas ef she aroas sounds” Tein wah tence to tha sage that De Vara ors inthe net stage the scope of Set was farher developed int "genera phonon Sit “emerged from Ue chnomatars vraton fo thse eeeral pres of thats which wore (utr applied bythe Patines > ‘he varnun Vodi tee wth wih hey were xncermad’ ‘Sigs as Geer Phones. wos thus sted the ‘isso coronas ee brad): bat the seal, Uther um elaborated the S'la rales by applying then186 STUDY OF THE INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES the price Vedic works with which they wore onsemed: ‘These enlarged ation oe known we Parader ee Pra. [gar and Vska res other nde he ore ie int 1 ‘Yisa's temet abot the raed, a books of the ‘arigadn in treing on ven ons Btn to hw ch Sedan werconductal n't TT, be says that the varus [areas wee based on the Pa Taxes Coen eer ‘tie, The Pada Tes were spel edits where the sone words the differ forms and the exphanie combi aos fhe hyn were laced separate nod tint I the Prats ahigee wore bed on wich meio, tneede no get [magnate Lave that he ty the Pro eon wae tainly dreed wards phe aeration and towards Fung an soowate pronunciation ef te. paricler Voie teat wih wich they ere encomed. Fr tha purpose te Iie a production sounds fad to be carly sade ‘Thevaiou chepearn Dr. Varn treing book how flo lhc the aralyial int ond the acentie nervioso thee cay phonetic "Sounds and sound. ron were analy and cated: pecorino pron: ‘Shoe and phontitatons wee nated and on Thon, the atonal cbuervaion of the Site were apd end ‘ciberated forthe princi { tarah) wo the aceon ‘hon (ited) of the Vee toe fdr bara But the ditance inte fom the Vedie bya mut have fenced greatly the cous td entero this sy ‘Alngside he cave ection, a corest undectanding of the bmn on wes bth neces ad important at athe ‘seni patamances por des bad be ished, ‘ed pair rica ob plored. Bat bythe Bh cetary 10 the sucellanguage of the yin seems to have row ‘ffsnty daca” Mere gammar—foch fm the esi ‘don had bee did aed spteaned wan nt enh for this prpoe, The Vedi dialect apart from its, grammatical terest, ws fy uvinallige Many word snarl Aereepes mt have been abet; many tore words et Ineo ee lost or changed thi Torn ond sgfcanee. All Bnnecensated anew ine ty.” Theatcure snd dl tlt words hd aeady boc else (Nifhefor) andr ity ter of ditoain wes cuenta the nan tre Aryanof thine erly day was ue sai) wih erly [ecing the meaning of words from deorares.” He would ‘ater fd xt why to how sds bad reais andy Und how pirteaar sole ser patel rain Frm sich da fer canes knowledge ave te Sense ory Ialog. Bal we came o Voda we salve ogi ‘Thosfstemptelahrkcon and revenue te ‘brian’ ‘The eumber af autres efened to by Visa fe eluent testimony tthe attempt Ts Vin, however. we nd mt col canton, bas stems fess. He st sted wah merely ‘ingesting hs ow derivatun fr the Unt fal word He sates word nasal bat ne i tbe bl cf Langunge In ater words he on raved he ny of Lan fang oe Science, Thowh hin wrk Nira he ile fougess, mainly» ork co Eigmsony we find af apa Frente tay of venta ny Langage (ibe Vedic ‘ree; tsi, srr sd prowl The follwing ‘et woud vera he sence of isha ‘0)” Yak reales hat Language generale median, ‘expres, and ould be defined ae tach From the Irn of view gts ete an be sid tobe Language But {he verbal anguage the only one that desert be sted ‘mits wed forall prctzal purones (opesaira): nd the Ioeronty of the verbal toll eter moda of exes = GL Yash’ Cetee) 2 steerer, a6 2 SNC pee nmede, acento Yi (2, t to fat: (3) the vlan ‘words nd the meanings i beyond the carcse the [edlduel ober word veel be said the elation a ‘vara, tvarle acd hens feds eine tts te (Gi word rt only media wheres rasan rene ome wah a mri afore words lone wr expable (Trey and ty. espa (2). Yiska has atiempied to study the ona of Language, and nth respecte blogs tthe wettheory schoo ier the school wich holds that ll words hw & ‘adie deriin: (G) Vika wonyae the stucurect Language accrdng tot the imate prs of speech re nan, es reenton ed peril G)- Falls, Yaka recogies the foct Sat Language sone and ta tha gona rel ferent ict Toh tunlly expen such an ope, the elroy od ptt prooincitin fen ene st noch Language it bore wed or «Scene Tis nat the chit the orgs paragraph to coever Ube improsin that the Sty of Language, as conducted ‘he moder dys already aiid by the ancient gra ‘roars end etgmloie of Id The ance ty, ood remain line ef seth entre. hag eo man, Sd ifles well in oalosk Tram that of the modem chen, Tr the int place, it i not pleat to remember tht Inspite ofthe cal enim ond open minded learednes 289mg yptinatna mad ILTHE STUDY OF LANGUAGE osomed on it by Vika and other the ody of Lange ‘wus pt cotnaed there” Tho fet sugar ‘buch at itshors tht the std, however sie in enon ‘rd cal taeda och onthe Scene of Langage “hen thencednens ond inpertance of the Vedic Ry Aa the Vee socal ie underwent change othe Vesta drvlopedinion sytem of plnpby, othe Vase seis became mere ord more ermal he tay of the Vea oot so important pre fue signfcance "By the tine of the wet tromeran Pi itis Toupd mere cnentol to brow he {Pama af the Bip the Clas Salt it called owes langage wich work of Trot nero ech ‘se emtodying the propre and eves in ei =, ‘Seco the nat sy wa sates os. 1 a not iret i the oa and gro of Lanange 2 te ‘an sod growth of the Vedic lngete In te nave ld ‘mandation, scetunon and grammar were std and pemned, Thee wasnt ro mach speciation (pihaly there an none) nt whether Langage ws contin a ‘we uadesand om att wher the Tact served sot the Vedi det cold be efor ngage shar than he Vat ad fortes oher tha the Vet ae ‘Ona cover eburatn, hever it appears tht sch an stad col not have ee poate inthe then xe cod ‘on Benen the sure dlct ofthe hyena these ary raha id c,d ead ot um te ston othe Eilccrand tha lacked one of the mental reqies of ‘slenfic sly oir the observation of re and mre lac, Tess nt necessary to deen herein detail the outok ‘nd teenies othe moder ty fem the ear deyacl te teenth cet.” Two pnts shuld be note. never, 1 lout the adaatags fhe ede lei hie ee ee TT ee re{40 STUDY OF THE INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES (tis muy oii in Bare where ponceing and sien te olan ad bom estblsed for ove 200 yer (8) the Suowery of Sankt gave tts rok pes Wak tis iow minds R would not be dfn to ender the long amma yl Pecan arin ae he sy te 1B) Tne bands the Garman scholar of the 19th try. fired at rome of them were by the idols and Eplcaione of the French Rovalatin, the encepon ef 1 rte of lengage ms well av fo d5vemiemaare trove and the tay of Languages toured 9 piesa guy and amine “C1 Dare the later yrs of the entry whan he Darwin cule was the ew inpratn. Langage as ice reveal ann etlfenary frees: A wom, cose Syn, mre Scnce thon» Phlnapy. Janta the suas {ne of oer cen ound stern nd reglaiy ithe epee field sod entaled the eve oral ead ‘onc the stadonts of Lng sty too wer ld enough toreniante cena awe The fect that Toog er Gan Hine wor Mi Mille who fest popuanaed vw (sar ft) since" Gem's Law" apy tee the new ‘endene ("Thro these varius sages pose the cncepson of Lanjute, exer end bee the diferent langaaten he Part {plays oa ie and bene of tripe ond side ie ‘tierce of the ary of as adventure cts lobe love onthe" Seope of Comp, Gramma” GENERAL INDEX (Fase ert the suber of pom) ila 00 Vowel grade: Acs 6 46,12. Cara: ld Aron (Chnical Sema: 20 Comcnani, Indo Bae ene SAD Commas the Vedi 78 Conant, it Pak ad he rats 106. Coase, o Moder LA idee THe Conan. grup io ‘dm | Ades: 18 i Contig npn: 9 Cone 3. Dale 10 Dan umber: 152-3. Explonen 235. Gorm, the Fam of Teewinge 13. Gilg Be, 3,5 Gren the: Fara an inges: (i's 17 Implenien 38 37. Indo-Aryan, definiin a 6 langues: 10, 15, 1% ooIndo-Aryan: 140 Teiethe? Fama of an “eS Laguna Sion ch ‘cowl 2 gn A. 62 Pa iin 70-4 Sodspuem 831 Phoownae 35 Phone Lawn 7 M7 Post pero 1 135. Pra the» 516.267. “in of 25,63 sande: 81 Regula nui: 8 Rette of the Tada Arora, haa any 2 612 nero" 37 Wee! 57. manta 57 sant co Earopenn 4, Mater fed Aryo 123 Sian Indo-European Sound gape: 35 Sit fd Earopean: 46, "7 Vedi bya Veale ‘he dt of 58 To Barpean £4. {helio 18 58 (he Vedi Tob = Vendryr: 1,32. 35. ‘he Pl and she Pal Verbal image 9. INDE (Uo the Flowing queda pia co the Modem Iado-Aran ‘ne Vowel adaion 479,13 EX OF WORDS. Sant Gree and Latin words tare cileted. Sanit wide Sed in the Ind Arya sect arena to be found eres In cnn omen dora are omted rf of unaeons sly estang th has, Prgsoron the right indore the sme pane sats: 43,76 A. Sk, words sorb, 90 Pare) hos: 75,80, 148, favs 76,18. 980,18 janis 1, Senay: 12 ‘iby 7devs 78 165 la: 38,9. Pern: 16.7. ‘i Sie 44,0. teres 76 Sw theron then 76 aon 38 os. foie: 7. Smo a tee 38,79. inde: 78. eee merit ‘nt ne) 77 tren: 43.8 bala: 78. = Memon, par Peder £39.79. pase ‘od 39.0, mat er 39, ester) tenor 4 easton: 4, 76. oe 39.78 nig 4 woes ears166, ERRATA B 121195, fo Se (om dre oem) 3. 2d fork nL wes dG oe os 0. ed fom the ht, for St vlan rad ‘Sk. valve, f “ PAE. 135h fm the atom, for Lat ccur read Lat 79.1. fr Ske ama rad Se aah, 138,28 for abe reed dah 137 Lat ine for bat read dh PLA99, Ind fom he ota. for Pai rad Pl, stan PSR nh for nee ad foe. eee a ree ad ee Gre Vint 3087 THE BHAGVAD-GITA ak the BHASHYA OF SRI SANKARACHARYA siegeorerreriterfat wim after ritzally edited by ot Dinker Vishau Gokhale, 0. Perils rfeer of Sor ‘faut Cate Boia, at piste done andor ald MS were coud in repuring ths dion. Speesl tenon has been puid FPanctnton aol pargraphing to ke coy ieligbl, ‘Ai qutaonm are marked ond ince. ‘An soprecait of the above eon by the Edi, ida" Literary nd Eiucaoel Suoplment, Med, ated Se Oot 132 —