SPIRITUALITY - Jesus Christ did not accept illness

as punishment

o Healed all diseases

Early Christian Church
o Brought about “altruism”
- Caring for the sick into religious teachings

- Ministry to Christ - Ancient cultures

Benedictine Monasteries Florence Nightingale

- Care of the sick is to be placed - “Lady with a Lamp”

above and before every other duty
- May 12, 1820
- Provided opportunity for women to
pursue a career - Crimean Wae

Anglican Sisterhoods – resurgence of religious - Developing nursing documentation

nursing
- Established School of Nursing
th
19 century – number of hospital increased
- Died: August 13, 1910
Florence Nightingale
- Perceived as “Angel of Mercy”
- needs of the spirit are as critical to
health as the individual organs - Found meaning of life through
which make up the body caring for others

- Nursing: great vocation - Not bounding traditions or societal

beliefs
Alice Price – nursing is possessed of a spiritual
quality. - Viewed the work of nurses as
recreation
Spirituality – generally understood in terms of
individual attitudes and beliefs related to Martha Rogers
transcendence (God) or to the nonmaterial forces
- Human beings are continually
of life and nature.
engaged in the environment
Religiosity – person’s beliefs and behavior
- Used “mysticism” instead of
associated with a specific religious tradition or
spirituality
denomination.
- Model: “unitary human beings”
Dossey (1989)
Jean Watson
- spirituality as related to holistic
nursing - Theory of Human Becoming

- broad concept that encompasses - “Transpersonal Caring”

values, meaning and purpose
- Unity of life
- human traits of honesty, love,
caring, wisdom and imagination, - Concentric circles of caring – from
and compassion individuals, to other, to community,
to world, to Earth, to universe.
- flowing dynamic balance and
creates healing of body, mind and - nontraditional view of nursing
spirit.
- Operates nurse-patient interaction.
Pre Christian Era (1-500 AD)
- Enable individuals to achieve
- medicine and nursing balance between mind, body and
spirit, finding meaning in their
- powerful Romans ill treated the existence
slaves
Betty Neuman
- all rel. are fatalistic in the outlook
on illness - Neuman System Model
 - Spirituality – a variable that affects Parish Nursing
the individual’s environment
- Developing practice area with a
- “model of health” – health is focus on the integration of
associated with the expansion: physical, spiritual and
consciousness, spirituality is used psychological health needs of
in connection with human people within a congregation.
interaction.
- Health screening of congregation
Levine (1967)
- Source of health information
- “four conservation principles”
- Liaison between client and medical
o External environment: community

- Visit the sick

 Perceptual
Nursing in Pre Christian Era
 Conceptual
EGYPT
 Preventional?
- Egyptian medicine contained a
- Perceptual, physiologic, strong element of religious magic
psychological in its origin. The practice of
embalming taught the Egyptian
Joyce Travelbee human anatomy, from which they
were able to derive surgical
- Ministers to whole person procedures.

- The existence of suffering, whether - Imhotep – first physician

physical, mental or spiritual is the
proper concern of the nurse. - Ebers Papyrus – first medical
textbook
Roy (1980)
- The Egyptians were concerned
- “adaptation model” – considers the
about health problems such as
moral, ethical and spiritual self
famine and malnutrition
- Helps individual to answer
- While offering prayers and
questions in relation to belief and
sacrifices to religious dieties, they
existence.
also took preventive measures
Leininger (1991) such as storing grain against future
needs.
- “cultural care theory”
GREECE
- Could be argues that spirituality is
loosely addressed in connection - Nursing in the Greco-Roman era
with the religion influences upon was largely the responsibility of
which different cultures are numbers of the patient’s own
formed. family

Johnson - The spiritual rationale for providing

nursing care was duty and love for
- “behavioral systems model” relatives

- Indicates specific set of response - Hippocrates – ancient Greek

patterns that act together to form physician
an integrated whole

- This comprises of several

subsystems. It is within the
subsystem that spirituality may
GREEK MYTHOLOGY
feature. One is affiliation – the
need to relate to one’s own belief. - Introduced the concept of women’s
involvement in the healing arts
St. Flavia Helena – Empress
- Hippocrates cautioned those who
SPIRITUALITY IN EDUCATION
tended the sick to be solicitous to
 their patient’s spiritual well being
and to do no harm.
- Aesculapius – God of Healing
- Hygeia
- Panacea – restorer of health
ROME
- Prayer to a god, or to several gods,
was considered a critical; adjuvant
therapy in nursing a sick Roman.
- Care of the sick in Roman
households was guided primarily
by the use of natural or folk
remedies.
- Cato the Elder – advice for
treatment and care of gout, colic,
indigestion, constipation and pain
inside.
ISRAEL
- The Hebrew people identified in
their Mosaic … much concern for
the nursing care of the ill and
infirm.
- Their religious prescriptions:
o Rules of diet and cleanliness
o Hours of work and rest
- Deborah (nurse of Rebecca, wife
of Isaac)
o First nurse to be recorded in
history
CHRISTIANITY AND CARE OF THE SICK
Early Christian Church, nursing of the sick or
injured was accorded a place of honor and
respect associated as it was with one of the
primary messages of Jesus; to love one’s
neighbor.
Josephine Dolan (nurse historian) – pointed out
that Jesus gave individual attention to the needs
of all by teaching, anointing and taking the hand
Christ’s teaching of love and brotherhood
EARLY CHRISTIAN NURSES
Veronica of Jerusalem
- According to the legend, she was
present during Christ’s painful
journey to Calvary who cleansed
the bleeding face of Jesus with her
veil.
- 1958 article Modern Veronica
Deacon and Deaconsesses
- Deacon derived from the Greek
verb diakonen meaning “to serve”
- These early disciples of Christianity
Phoebe
- an early Christian women,
described as a friend of Paul is
identified as a deaconess in the
New Testament
Roman Matrons – served the church around 3rd
and 4th century.
St. Flavia Helena – Empress of Rome and
mother of
St. Marcella
- described as leader of women
Matrons
- known as scholar and a deeply
spiritual woman
- founded a community of religious
women whose primary concern..
St. Paula
- learned woman, founded the first
hospice for pilgrims in Bethlehem.
Early Monastic Nurses
- The monasticism of the 4th, 5th and
6th centuries was born out of the
desire of many Christian men and
women to lead lives of sanctity,
guided by the vows of poverty,
chastity and obdedience.
St. Ragunde
- Daughter of Thuringian King,
- initially took the patients into her
own place to nurse them.
- Founded Holy Cross Monastery.
- Established a hospice when she
herself cared for the patients
St. Hilda – cultured and scholarly..
St. Brigid
- Became one of the famous
abbesses in Ireland
- Was the daughter of an Ulster
Chieftain and also the disciple of
St. Patrick.
 - Founded the great monastery of
Kildare, where the ill were received
with charity and compassion.
- “Patroness of healing”
MENTAL ILLNESS IN MIDDLE AGES
Dymphna
- 7th century Irish saint is the
patroness of the mentally ill
- She went to Belgium to assist the
Irish missionaries
- Focused her compassion and care
especially on persons with impaired
mental health.
MEDIEVAL MONASTIC NURSING
Hildegard of Bingen
- “Sybil of the Rhine” german abbess
was one of the most outstanding of
the medieval monastic women.
- Described diseases of various
organs of the body, pallor and
redness of the face, bad breath and
indigestion
- Diseases and cures were all
associated with the “4 qualities of
heat, dryness, moistness
Francis of Assisi
- Distinguished as the primary
founder of mendicant monasticism;
considered by many nursing care
givers as a patron of those who
tend to sick.
- Best known for his care and
compassion for those suffering
from leprosy, the most fearful and
stigmatizing illness of his time.
Clare of Assisi
- Daughter of a wealthy Italia family
who gave up all to follow Jesus;
considered a model for those who
connect their lives to care of the
sick.
Elizabeth of Hungary
- Known for her compassion for the
lepers
- Princess of Thuringia, after her
husbands death
Catherine of Siena
- Known to contemporary healthcare
providers
POST REFORMATION NURSING
The Catholic and Protestant Nursing Orders
- The Nursing Order of Ministers
of the sick
(Camillus de Lellis) – has been a
soldier
- Camillians who cared for the
plague victims in Italy.
Daughter of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul
- One of the largest and best known
of the early religious community of
women are the daughters of
Charity founded in Paris, France
- Louise de Marillac – a wealthy
widow was directed to become the
first leader of the small community
American Sisters of Charity
- Founded by Elizabeth Bayley
Seton, followed to vision of St.
Vinvcent de Paul
Sisters of Mercy
- Founded by Mother Catherine
McAuleys, wealthy from a
inheritance she received at age 40,
had a great concern for the poor,
living in the Slums of Dublin
Kaisersworth Deaconesses
- An important Protestant
community of women with a
primary ministry of ursing the sick,
founded by the young Lutheran,
Theodor
Nightingale Nurses: Mission of the Crimea
Florence Nightingale’s Community is not
considered a religious order, it was however, first
Christian community of nurses by the English
government.
WWI Nurses
- One of the greatest nursing
heroines during the WWI
- She began early on to cooperate
with underground efforts to save
lives of wounded Allied soldiers