Advance Experiments 1: (Krishna@localhost ) $ PWD

ADVANCE EXPERIMENTS 1
[krishna@localhost ~]$ login

login: krishna
Password:
Session setup problem, abort.

[krishna@localhost ~]$ pwd
/home/krishna
[krishna@localhost ~]$ ls
anshul Desktop Downloads myscript1 Pictures
Templates
ass2 Documents Music myscript2 Public
Videos
[krishna@localhost ~]$ ls -a
. .face myscript2
.. .gconf .nautilus
anshul .gconfd .openoffice.org
ass2 .gnome2 Pictures
.bash_history .gnome2_private Public
.bash_logout .gstreamer-0.10 .pulse
.bash_profile .gtk-bookmarks .pulse-cookie
.bashrc .gvfs .recently-used.xbel
.cache .ICEauthority .sudoku
.config .icons Templates
.dbus .imsettings.log .themes
Desktop .local .thumbnails
Documents .mission-control Videos
Downloads .mozilla .viminfo
.esd_auth Music .xsession-errors
.evolution myscript1 .xsession-errors.old
[krishna@localhost ~]$ ls -al
total 212
drwx------. 31 krishna krishna 4096 Aug 21 14:56 .
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 Aug 15 09:23 ..
-rw-rw-r--. 1 krishna krishna 17 Aug 17 16:03
anshul
drwxrwxr-x. 2 krishna krishna 4096 Aug 21 14:44 ass2
-rw-------. 1 krishna krishna 1364 Aug 21 14:52
.bash_history
-rw-r--r--. 1 krishna krishna 18 Mar 31 08:14
.bash_logout
.bash_profile
.bashrc
drwxr-xr-x. 3 krishna krishna 4096 Aug 21 13:02
.cache
.config
drwx------. 3 krishna krishna 4096 Aug 15 01:27
.dbus
Desktop
Documents
Downloads
.esd_auth
.evolution
-rw-r--r--. 1 krishna krishna 3225 Aug 21 12:53
.face
.gconf
.gconfd
.gnome2
.gnome2_private
drwxrwxr-x. 2 krishna krishna 4096 Aug 19 17:32
.gstreamer-0.10
-rw-rw-r--. 1 krishna krishna 147 Aug 21 14:40
.gtk-bookmarks
dr-x------. 2 krishna krishna 0 Aug 21 14:40
.gvfs
.ICEauthority
.icons
-rw-r--r--. 1 krishna krishna 639 Aug 21 14:40
.imsettings.log
.local
.mission-control
.mozilla
Music
-rwxrwxrwx. 1 krishna krishna 12288 Aug 17 01:10
myscript1
-rwxrwxrwx. 1 krishna krishna 3687 Aug 17 01:11
myscript2
.nautilus
.openoffice.org
Pictures
Public
.pulse
.pulse-cookie
.recently-used.xbel
.sudoku
Templates
.themes
.thumbnails
Videos
.viminfo
.xsession-errors
.xsession-errors.old
ans ls and ls-a return different no. of files because

ls -a also includes all hidden files that are denoted
by a dot in starting of file or directory name.
ans Size of largest file in home file is 12906 of

.recently-used.xbel
[krishna@localhost ~]$ touch {report,graph}_{jan,feb,mar}
[krishna@localhost ~]$ ls
anshul ass2 Documents graph_feb graph_mar
myscript1 Pictures report_feb report_mar Videos
asign2 Desktop Downloads graph_jan Music
myscript2 Public report_jan Templates
[krishna@localhost ~]$ mkdir projects
[krishna@localhost ~]$ mkdir projects/graphs
[krishna@localhost ~]$ cd projects
[krishna@localhost projects]$ pwd
/home/krishna/projects
[krishna@localhost projects]$ mkdir reports

[krishna@localhost projects]$ cd reports
[krishna@localhost reports]$ pwd
/home/krishna/projects/reports
[krishna@localhost reports]$ mkdir ../backups
[krishna@localhost reports]$ mv ../../graph_jan

../graphs
[krishna@localhost reports]$ mv ../../graph_{feb,mar}

../graphs
[krishna@localhost reports]$ mv ../../report_{jan,feb}

.
[krishna@localhost reports]$ rm -i ../../report_mar

rm: remove regular empty file `../../report_mar'? y
[krishna@localhost reports]$ cd ../backups
[krishna@localhost backups]$ cp
../reports/report_jan .
ADVANCE EXPERIMENTS 2
(a) 644: rw_r__r
(b) 755: rwxr_xr_x
(c) 000: _________
(d) 711: rwx__x__x
(e) 700: rwx______
(f) 777: rwxrwxrwx
(g) 555: r_xr_xr_x
(h) 111: __x__x__x
(i) 600: rw_______
(j) 731: rwx_wx__x
A file is given the permissions 755. now in order to

change the permissions to r-xr--r-- we can simply run
the command
chmod 544 filename
administrator@ubuntu:~$ cd ../backups
bash: cd: ../backups: No such file or directory
administrator@ubuntu:~$ cd ../backups
administrator@ubuntu:~$ cd ../../backups
bash: cd: ../../backups: No such file or directory
administrator@ubuntu:~$ cd projects
administrator@ubuntu:~/projects$ cd ../backups
administrator@ubuntu:~/projects$ cd backups
administrator@ubuntu:~/projects/backups$ cp
projects/graphs/graph_jan
administrator@ubuntu:~/projects/backups$ cd ..
administrator@ubuntu:~/projects$ cd ..
administrator@ubuntu:~$ cp projects/graphs/graph_jan
projects/backups
administrator@ubuntu:~$ cp projects/reports/report_jan
projects/backups
administrator@ubuntu:~$ sudo useradd john -p 1234

[sudo] password for administrator:
administrator@ubuntu:~$ sudo useradd alex -p 2345
administrator@ubuntu:~$ sudo useradd bob -p 3456
administrator@ubuntu:~$ sudo useradd zak -p 4567
administrator@ubuntu:~$ sudo useradd eddy -p 5678
administrator@ubuntu:~$ sudo useradd manager -p 6789
administrator@ubuntu:~$ groupadd -g 10000 Sales

groupadd: cannot lock /etc/group; try again later.
administrator@ubuntu:~$ sudo groupadd -g 10000 Sales
administrator@ubuntu:~$ sudo groupadd -g 10001 hr
administrator@ubuntu:~$ sudo groupadd -g 10002 web
administrator@ubuntu:~$ sudo usermod -g 10000 john

administrator@ubuntu:~$ sudo usermod -g 10000 alex
administrator@ubuntu:~$ sudo usermod -g 10001 bob
administrator@ubuntu:~$ sudo usermod -g 10002 zak
administrator@ubuntu:~$ sudo usermod -g 10002 eddy
administrator@ubuntu:~$ sudo usermod -G 10000 manager
administrator@ubuntu:/$ sudo cat /etc/passwd

root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/bin/sh
sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/bin/sh
sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync
games:x:5:60:games:/usr/games:/bin/sh
man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/bin/sh
lp:x:7:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/bin/sh
mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/bin/sh
news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/sh
uucp:x:10:10:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/bin/sh
proxy:x:13:13:proxy:/bin:/bin/sh
www-data:x:33:33:www-data:/var/www:/bin/sh
backup:x:34:34:backup:/var/backups:/bin/sh
list:x:38:38:Mailing List Manager:/var/list:/bin/sh
irc:x:39:39:ircd:/var/run/ircd:/bin/sh
gnats:x:41:41:Gnats Bug-Reporting System
(admin):/var/lib/gnats:/bin/sh
nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/bin/sh
libuuid:x:100:101::/var/lib/libuuid:/bin/sh
syslog:x:101:103::/home/syslog:/bin/false
messagebus:x:102:107::/var/run/dbus:/bin/false
avahi-autoipd:x:103:110:Avahi autoip
daemon,,,:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/bin/false
avahi:x:104:111:Avahi mDNS daemon,,,:/var/run/avahi-
daemon:/bin/false
couchdb:x:105:113:CouchDB
Administrator,,,:/var/lib/couchdb:/bin/bash
speech-dispatcher:x:106:29:Speech
Dispatcher,,,:/var/run/speech-dispatcher:/bin/sh
usbmux:x:107:46:usbmux
daemon,,,:/home/usbmux:/bin/false
haldaemon:x:108:114:Hardware abstraction
layer,,,:/var/run/hald:/bin/false
kernoops:x:109:65534:Kernel Oops Tracking
Daemon,,,:/:/bin/false
pulse:x:110:115:PulseAudio
daemon,,,:/var/run/pulse:/bin/false
rtkit:x:111:117:RealtimeKit,,,:/proc:/bin/false
saned:x:112:118::/home/saned:/bin/false
hplip:x:113:7:HPLIP system
user,,,:/var/run/hplip:/bin/false
gdm:x:114:120:Gnome Display
Manager:/var/lib/gdm:/bin/false
administrator:x:1000:1000:Administrator,,,:/home/admin
istrator:/bin/bash
john:x:1001:10000::/home/john:/bin/sh
alex:x:1002:10000::/home/alex:/bin/sh
bob:x:1003:10001::/home/bob:/bin/sh
zak:x:1004:10002::/home/zak:/bin/sh
eddy:x:1005:10002::/home/eddy:/bin/sh
manager:x:1006:1006::/home/manager:/bin/sh
administrator@ubuntu:/$ login
login: Cannot possibly work without effective root
administrator@ubuntu:/$ pwd
/
administrator@ubuntu:/$ cd /home
administrator@ubuntu:/home$ pwd
/home
administrator@ubuntu:/home$ cd /home/john
bash: cd: /home/john: No such file or directory
administrator@ubuntu:/home$ cd /home/administrator
administrator@ubuntu:~$ pwd
/home/administrator
administrator@ubuntu:~$
administrator@ubuntu:~$ whoami
administrator
administrator@ubuntu:~$ groups
admin adm dialout fax cdrom floppy tape audio dip
video plugdev fuse lpadmin netdev sambashare
administrator@ubuntu:~$ id
uid=1000(administrator) gid=119(admin)
groups=4(adm),20(dialout),21(fax),24(cdrom),25(floppy)
,26(tape),29(audio),30(dip),44(video),46(plugdev),104(
fuse),105(lpadmin),112(netdev),119(admin),122(sambasha
re)
administrator@ubuntu:~$ users
administrator administrator
administrator@ubuntu:~$ who
administrator tty7 2010-08-28 21:00 (:0)
administrator pts/0 2010-08-28 21:01 (:0.0)
administrator@ubuntu:~$ w
21:06:23 up 6 min, 2 users, load average: 0.35,
0.25, 0.12
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE
JCPU PCPU WHAT
administ tty7 :0 21:00 5:56
4.55s 0.06s gnome-session
administ pts/0 :0.0 21:01 0.00s
0.70s 0.01s w
administrator@ubuntu:~$ su - john
Password:
No directory, logging in with HOME=/
$ whoami
john
$ groups
Sales adm dialout fax cdrom floppy tape audio dip
video plugdev fuse lpadmin admin sambashare
$ id
uid=1001(john) gid=10000(Sales)
fuse),105(lpadmin),119(admin),122(sambashare),10000(Sa
les)
$ users
$ who
administrator tty7 2010-08-28 21:00 (:0)
administrator pts/0 2010-08-28 21:01 (:0.0)
$ w
21:08:11 up 7 min, 2 users, load average: 0.06,
0.17, 0.10
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE
JCPU PCPU WHAT
administ tty7 :0 21:00 7:44
4.96s 0.06s gnome-session
administ pts/0 :0.0 21:01 0.00s
0.72s 0.88s gnome-terminal
$ whoami
john
$ su -
Password:
su: Authentication failure
$ su - administrator
Password:
re)
/home/administrator
administrator@ubuntu:~$ su john
Password:
$ id
les)
$ pwd
/home/administrator
$ su - administrator
Password:
administrator@ubuntu:~$ su - john
Password:
No directory, logging in with HOME=/
$ pwd
/
$ id
les)
$ su administrator
Password:
/
administrator@ubuntu:/$ id
re)
administrator@ubuntu:/$ whoami
administrator
administrator@ubuntu:/$ su - administrator
Password:
administrator@ubuntu:/$ su - administrator
Password:
/home/administrator
re)
administrator@ubuntu:~$ group
No command 'group' found, did you mean:
Command 'groupd' from package 'cman' (main)
Command 'groups' from package 'coreutils' (main)
group: command not found
administrator@ubuntu:~$ users
/home/administrator
administrator@ubuntu:~$ umask
0022
administrator@ubuntu:~$ touch (umtest1,umtest2)
bash: syntax error near unexpected token
ùmtest1,umtest2'
administrator@ubuntu:~$ touch {umtest1,umtest2}
administrator@ubuntu:~$ ls
depts Documents examples.desktop nit
projects sales typescript umtest1 Videos
Desktop Downloads Music Pictures Public
Templates Ubuntu One umtest2
administrator@ubuntu:~$ mkdir umtestdir1
projects sales typescript umtest1 umtestdir1
Templates Ubuntu One umtest2 Videos
administrator@ubuntu:~$ umask 027
administrator@ubuntu:~$ touch {umtest3,umtest4}
administrator@ubuntu:~$ mkdir umtestdir2
projects sales typescript umtest1 umtest3
umtestdir1 Videos
Templates Ubuntu One umtest2 umtest4 umtestdir2
administrator@ubuntu:~$ ls -ld um*
-rw-r--r-- 1 administrator admin 0 2010-08-28 21:15
umtest1
-rw-r--r-- 1 administrator admin 0 2010-08-28 21:15
umtest2
-rw-r----- 1 administrator admin 0 2010-08-28 21:17
umtest3
-rw-r----- 1 administrator admin 0 2010-08-28 21:17
umtest4
drwxr-xr-x 2 administrator admin 4096 2010-08-28 21:16
umtestdir1
drwxr-x--- 2 administrator admin 4096 2010-08-28 21:17
umtestdir2
administrator@ubuntu:~$ ln hard words
ln: accessing `hard': No such file or directory
administrator@ubuntu:~$ touch words
projects sales typescript umtest1 umtest3
umtestdir1 Videos
Templates Ubuntu One umtest2 umtest4 umtestdir2
words
administrator@ubuntu:~$ ln hard words
ln: accessing `hard': No such file or directory
administrator@ubuntu:~$ ln words hard
administrator@ubuntu:~$ ln -s words soft
administrator@ubuntu:~$ head
hard
hard
exit
exit
administrator@ubuntu:~$ man head
administrator@ubuntu:~$ head hard
administrator@ubuntu:~$ head soft
administrator@ubuntu:~$ head words
depts Documents examples.desktop Music Pictures
Public soft typescript umtest1 umtest3
umtestdir1 Videos
Desktop Downloads hard nit projects
sales Templates Ubuntu One umtest2 umtest4
umtestdir2 words
administrator@ubuntu:~$ ls -il hard soft
159319 -rw-r--r-- 2 administrator admin 0 2010-08-29
11:50 hard
148477 lrwxrwxrwx 1 administrator admin 5 2010-08-29
11:51 soft -> words
administrator@ubuntu:~$ stat hard soft
File: `hard'
Size: 0 Blocks: 0 IO Block: 4096
regular empty file
Device: 700h/1792d Inode: 159319 Links: 2
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 1000/administrator)
Gid: ( 119/ admin)
Access: 2010-08-29 11:52:50.496452561 +0530
Modify: 2010-08-29 11:50:55.486453299 +0530
Change: 2010-08-29 11:51:25.776452736 +0530
File: `soft' -> `words'
Size: 5 Blocks: 0 IO Block: 4096
symbolic link
Device: 700h/1792d Inode: 148477 Links: 1
Access: (0777/lrwxrwxrwx) Uid: ( 1000/administrator)
Gid: ( 119/ admin)
Access: 2010-08-29 11:52:55.866453368 +0530
Modify: 2010-08-29 11:51:48.986453314 +0530
Change: 2010-08-29 11:51:48.986453314 +0530
administrator@ubuntu:~$ ln words hard
ln: creating hard link `hard': File exists
administrator@ubuntu:~$ ln word soft ; ls
ln: accessing `word': No such file or directory
depts Documents examples.desktop Music Pictures
Public soft typescript umtest1 umtest3
umtestdir1 Videos
Desktop Downloads hard nit projects
sales Templates Ubuntu One umtest2 umtest4
umtestdir2 words
administrator@ubuntu:~$ ln -s nitish soft1
depts Downloads Music projects soft
typescript umtest2 umtestdir1 words
Desktop examples.desktop nit Public soft1
Ubuntu One umtest3 umtestdir2
Documents hard Pictures sales
Templates umtest1 umtest4 Videos
administrator@ubuntu:~$ ln -s nitish soft1 ; ls
ln: creating symbolic link `soft1': File exists
Documents hard Pictures sales
administrator@ubuntu:~$ ln -s niti soft2 ; ls
Documents hard Pictures sales soft2
administrator@ubuntu:~$ ls -il soft2
11:57 soft2 -> niti
administrator@ubuntu:~$ ln soft hard1
depts Downloads hard1 Pictures sales
soft2 Ubuntu One umtest3 umtestdir2
Desktop examples.desktop Music projects soft
Documents hard nit Public soft1
administrator@ubuntu:~$ rm hard1
Documents hard Pictures sales soft2
administrator@ubuntu:~$ ln soft hard1 ; ls
depts Downloads hard1 Pictures sales
soft2 Ubuntu One umtest3 umtestdir2
Desktop examples.desktop Music projects soft
Documents hard nit Public soft1
administrator@ubuntu:~$ touch hard1
administrator@ubuntu:~$ cat hard1
administrator@ubuntu:~$ ls -li hard1
11:51 hard1 -> words
administrator@ubuntu:~$ rm hard1
administrator@ubuntu:~$ ls -li hard1
ls: cannot access hard1: No such file or directory
administrator@ubuntu:~$ ln soft hard1 ; ls -li hard1
11:51 hard1 -> words
administrator@ubuntu:~$ df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use
% Mounted on
/dev/loop0 9821012 2230724 7091396
24% /
none 501972 300 501672
1% /dev
none 506640 1504 505136
1% /dev/shm
none 506640 80 506560
1% /var/run
none 506640 0 506640
0% /var/lock
none 506640 0 506640
0% /lib/init/rw
/dev/sdb1 40957684 37253412 3704272
91% /host
/dev/sr0 706626 706626 0
100% /media/Linux
administrator@ubuntu:~$ df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/loop0 9.4G 2.2G 6.8G 24% /
none 491M 300K 490M 1% /dev
none 495M 1.5M 494M 1% /dev/shm
none 495M 80K 495M 1% /var/run
none 495M 0 495M 0% /var/lock
none 495M 0 495M 0%
/lib/init/rw
/dev/sdb1 40G 36G 3.6G 91% /host
/dev/sr0 691M 691M 0 100%
/media/Linux
administrator@ubuntu:~$ df -H
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted
on
/dev/loop0 11G 2.3G 7.3G 24% /
none 515M 308k 514M 1% /dev
none 519M 1.6M 518M 1%
/dev/shm
none 519M 82k 519M 1%
/var/run
none 519M 0 519M 0%
/var/lock
none 519M 0 519M 0%
/lib/init/rw
/dev/sdb1 42G 39G 3.8G 91% /host
/dev/sr0 724M 724M 0 100%
/media/Linux
administrator@ubuntu:~$ ls - li
ls: cannot access -: No such file or directory
ls: cannot access li: No such file or directory
administrator@ubuntu:~$ ls -li
total 64
159039 drwxr-xr-x 5 administrator administrator 4096
2010-08-29 00:06 depts
2010-08-28 01:22 Desktop
2010-08-28 01:22 Documents
2010-08-28 01:22 Downloads
159036 -rw-r--r-- 1 administrator administrator 179
2010-08-28 01:19 examples.desktop
159319 -rw-r--r-- 2 administrator admin 0
2010-08-29 11:59 hard
148477 lrwxrwxrwx 2 administrator admin 5
2010-08-29 11:51 hard1 -> words
2010-08-28 01:22 Music
2010-08-28 23:43 nit
2010-08-28 23:45 Pictures
2010-08-28 22:57 projects
2010-08-28 01:22 Public
2010-08-28 23:56 sales
2010-08-29 11:51 soft -> words
2010-08-29 11:56 soft1 -> nitish
2010-08-29 11:57 soft2 -> niti
2010-08-28 01:22 Templates
2010-08-28 01:55 typescript
159265 drwxrwxr-x 2 administrator administrator 4096
2010-08-28 23:43 Ubuntu One
2010-08-29 11:47 umtest1
2010-08-29 11:47 umtest2
159316 -rw-r----- 1 administrator admin 0
2010-08-29 11:48 umtest3
159317 -rw-r----- 1 administrator admin 0
2010-08-29 11:48 umtest4
159154 drwxr-xr-x 2 administrator admin 4096
2010-08-28 21:16 umtestdir1
159318 drwxr-x--- 2 administrator admin 4096
2010-08-28 21:17 umtestdir2
2010-08-28 01:22 Videos
2010-08-29 11:59 words
administrator@ubuntu:~$ vi arithmetic
administrator@ubuntu:~$ sh arithmetic
Enter the first number x :
8
Enter the second number y :
4
The numbers x and y are : 8 4
The sum of numbers is : 12
The difference of numbers is : 4
The product of numbers is : 32
The division of numbers is : 2
Shell Script
echo "Enter the first number x : "

read x
echo "Enter the second number y : "
read y
echo "The numbers x and y are : $x $y "
sum=èxpr $x + $y`
echo "The sum of numbers is : $sum "
sub=èxpr $x - $y`
echo "The difference of numbers is : $sub"
mul=èxpr $x \* $y`
echo "The product of numbers is : $mul"
div=èxpr $x / $y`
echo "The division of numbers is : $div"
administrator@ubuntu:~$ vi even
administrator@ubuntu:~$ sh even
Enter the number :
8
The number is even
administrator@ubuntu:~$ sh even
Enter the number :
5
The number is odd
Script
echo "Enter the number : "

read x
y=èxpr $x % 2`
if [ $y -eq 0 ] ; then
echo "The number is even"
else
echo "The number is odd"
fi
administrator@ubuntu:~$ mkdir -p /depts/{sales,hr,web}
mkdir: cannot create directory `/depts': Permission

denied

denied

denied
administrator@ubuntu:~$ mkdir depts

administrator@ubuntu:~$ cd depts
administrator@ubuntu:~/depts$ mkdir {sales,hr,web}
administrator@ubuntu:~/depts$ ls
hr sales web
administrator@ubuntu:~/depts$ sales -> /depts./sales
bash: /depts./sales: No such file or directory
administrator@ubuntu:~/depts$ cd ..
administrator@ubuntu:~$ sales -> /depts./sales
bash: /depts./sales: No such file or directory
administrator@ubuntu:~$ sales -> /depts/sales
bash: /depts/sales: No such file or directory
administrator@ubuntu:~$ sales -> ../depts/sales
bash: ../depts/sales: No such file or directory
administrator@ubuntu:~$ chgrp sales -> /depts/sales
bash: /depts/sales: No such file or directory
administrator@ubuntu:~$ chgrp
chgrp: missing operand
Try `chgrp --help' for more information.
administrator@ubuntu:~$ man chgrp
administrator@ubuntu:~$ chgrp sales /depts/sales

chgrp: invalid group: `sales'
administrator@ubuntu:~$ chgrp sales /depts./sales
administrator@ubuntu:~$ chgrp sales /../sales
administrator@ubuntu:~$ chgrp /../sales
chgrp: missing operand after `/../sales'
administrator@ubuntu:~$ chgrp /../sales sales
chgrp: invalid group: `/../sales'
administrator@ubuntu:~$ chgrp /depts/sales sales
chgrp: invalid group: `/depts/sales'
administrator@ubuntu:~$ man chgrp
administrator@ubuntu:~$ chgrp sales depts/sales

projects Templates Ubuntu One

typescript Videos
hr sales web
administrator@ubuntu:~/depts$ chgrp sales depts.sales
administrator@ubuntu:~/depts$ chgrp sales->

depts.sales
chgrp: missing operand after `sales-'
administrator@ubuntu:~/depts$ chgrp sales ->

depts.sales

depts/sales
bash: depts/sales: No such file or directory
administrator@ubuntu:~/depts$ chgrp sales depts/sales

depts/sales
bash: depts/sales: No such file or directory
administrator@ubuntu:~/depts$ chgrp sales -> ../sales
administrator@ubuntu:~/depts$ cd ..
administrator@ubuntu:~$ chgrp sales -> depts/sales
bash: depts/sales: Is a directory
administrator@ubuntu:~$ chgrp hr -> depts/hr
bash: depts/hr: Is a directory
administrator@ubuntu:~$ chgrp web -> depts/web
bash: depts/web: Is a directory
administrator@ubuntu:~$ 755 /depts
755: command not found
administrator@ubuntu:~$ cat depts
cat: depts: Is a directory
administrator@ubuntu:~$ chmod 755 /depts
chmod: cannot access `/depts': No such file or

directory
administrator@ubuntu:~$ chmod 755 depts
administrator@ubuntu:~$ chmod 770 depts/{sales,hr,web}
administrator@ubuntu:~$ su -
Password:
Password:

Password:
administrator@ubuntu:~$ su john
Password:
administrator@ubuntu:~$ man su
administrator@ubuntu:~$ su -l
Password:
administrator@ubuntu:~$ cd ..
administrator@ubuntu:/home$ cd ..
administrator@ubuntu:/$ su -
Password:
administrator@ubuntu:/$ man su
administrator@ubuntu:/$ su -
Password:
administrator@ubuntu:/$ su --
Password:
administrator@ubuntu:/$ login
login: Cannot possibly work without effective root
administrator@ubuntu:/$ root
The program 'root' is currently not installed. You

can install it by typing:
sudo apt-get install root-system-bin
administrator@ubuntu:/$ man
What manual page do you want?
administrator@ubuntu:/$ sex
No command 'sex' found, but there are 22 similar ones
sex: command not found
administrator@ubuntu:/$ s??
No command 'srv' found, did you mean:
Command 'srg' from package 'srg' (universe)
Command 'srs' from package 'srs' (universe)
Command 'stv' from package 'indi' (universe)

Command 'srm' from package 'secure-delete' (universe)
Command 'sr' from package 'surfraw' (universe)
Command 'sv' from package 'runit' (universe)
srv: command not found
administrator@ubuntu:/$ su -??
su: invalid option -- '?'
Usage: su [options] [LOGIN]
Options:
-c, --command COMMAND pass COMMAND to the

invoked shell
-h, --help display this help

message and exit
-, -l, --login make the shell a login

shell
-m, -p,
--preserve-environment do not reset

environment variables, and
keep the same shell
-s, --shell SHELL use SHELL instead of

the default in passwd
administrator@ubuntu:~$ su -l
Password:
administrator@ubuntu:~$ cat /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/bin/sh
sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/bin/sh
sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync
games:x:5:60:games:/usr/games:/bin/sh
man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/bin/sh
lp:x:7:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/bin/sh
mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/bin/sh
news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/sh
uucp:x:10:10:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/bin/sh
proxy:x:13:13:proxy:/bin:/bin/sh
www-data:x:33:33:www-data:/var/www:/bin/sh
backup:x:34:34:backup:/var/backups:/bin/sh
list:x:38:38:Mailing List Manager:/var/list:/bin/sh
irc:x:39:39:ircd:/var/run/ircd:/bin/sh
gnats:x:41:41:Gnats Bug-Reporting System

(admin):/var/lib/gnats:/bin/sh
nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/bin/sh
libuuid:x:100:101::/var/lib/libuuid:/bin/sh
syslog:x:101:103::/home/syslog:/bin/false
messagebus:x:102:107::/var/run/dbus:/bin/false
avahi-autoipd:x:103:110:Avahi autoip
daemon,,,:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/bin/false
avahi:x:104:111:Avahi mDNS daemon,,,:/var/run/avahi-

daemon:/bin/false
couchdb:x:105:113:CouchDB
Administrator,,,:/var/lib/couchdb:/bin/bash
speech-dispatcher:x:106:29:Speech
Dispatcher,,,:/var/run/speech-dispatcher:/bin/sh
usbmux:x:107:46:usbmux
daemon,,,:/home/usbmux:/bin/false
haldaemon:x:108:114:Hardware abstraction
layer,,,:/var/run/hald:/bin/false
kernoops:x:109:65534:Kernel Oops Tracking

Daemon,,,:/:/bin/false
pulse:x:110:115:PulseAudio
daemon,,,:/var/run/pulse:/bin/false
rtkit:x:111:117:RealtimeKit,,,:/proc:/bin/false
saned:x:112:118::/home/saned:/bin/false
hplip:x:113:7:HPLIP system
user,,,:/var/run/hplip:/bin/false
gdm:x:114:120:Gnome Display
Manager:/var/lib/gdm:/bin/false
administrator:x:1000:1000:Administrator,,,:/home/admin
istrator:/bin/bash
john:x:1001:10000::/home/john:/bin/sh
alex:x:1002:10000::/home/alex:/bin/sh
bob:x:1003:10001::/home/bob:/bin/sh
zak:x:1004:10002::/home/zak:/bin/sh
eddy:x:1005:10002::/home/eddy:/bin/sh
manager:x:1006:1006::/home/manager:/bin/sh
administrator@ubuntu:~$ ls -l
total 56
drwxr-xr-x 5 administrator administrator 4096 2010-08-

28 14:26 depts

27 15:52 Desktop

27 15:52 Documents

27 15:52 Downloads
-rw-r--r-- 1 administrator administrator 179 2010-08-

27 15:49 examples.desktop

27 15:52 Music
28 14:13 nit

28 14:15 Pictures

28 13:27 projects

27 15:52 Public

28 14:26 sales

27 15:52 Templates

27 16:25 typescript
drwxrwxr-x 2 administrator administrator 4096 2010-08-

28 14:13 Ubuntu One

27 15:52 Videos
depts.sales hr sales web
administrator@ubuntu:~/depts$ rm depts.sales
hr sales web
administrator@ubuntu:~/depts$ ls -l
total 12
drwxrwx--- 2 administrator administrator 4096 2010-08-

28 14:19 hr

28 14:19 sales

28 14:19 web

Advance Experiments 1: (Krishna@localhost ) $ PWD

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Advance Experiments 1: (Krishna@localhost ) $ PWD

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ADVANCE EXPERIMENTS 1

[krishna@localhost ~]$ login

Session setup problem, abort.

ans ls and ls-a return different no. of files because

ans Size of largest file in home file is 12906 of

[krishna@localhost ~]$ touch {report,graph}_{jan,feb,mar}

[krishna@localhost projects]$ mkdir reports

[krishna@localhost reports]$ mv ../../graph_jan

[krishna@localhost reports]$ mv ../../graph_{feb,mar}

[krishna@localhost reports]$ mv ../../report_{jan,feb}

[krishna@localhost reports]$ rm -i ../../report_mar

[krishna@localhost reports]$ cd ../backups

A file is given the permissions 755. now in order to

administrator@ubuntu:~$ sudo useradd john -p 1234

administrator@ubuntu:~$ groupadd -g 10000 Sales

administrator@ubuntu:~$ sudo usermod -g 10000 john

administrator@ubuntu:/$ sudo cat /etc/passwd

echo "Enter the first number x : "

echo "Enter the number : "

administrator@ubuntu:~$ mkdir -p /depts/{sales,hr,web}

mkdir: cannot create directory `/depts': Permission

mkdir: cannot create directory `/depts': Permission

mkdir: cannot create directory `/depts': Permission

administrator@ubuntu:~$ mkdir depts

administrator@ubuntu:~/depts$ mkdir {sales,hr,web}

administrator@ubuntu:~/depts$ sales -> /depts./sales

bash: /depts./sales: No such file or directory

administrator@ubuntu:~$ sales -> /depts./sales

bash: /depts./sales: No such file or directory

administrator@ubuntu:~$ sales -> /depts/sales

bash: /depts/sales: No such file or directory

administrator@ubuntu:~$ sales -> ../depts/sales

bash: ../depts/sales: No such file or directory

administrator@ubuntu:~$ chgrp sales -> /depts/sales

bash: /depts/sales: No such file or directory

chgrp: missing operand

Try `chgrp --help' for more information.

administrator@ubuntu:~$ man chgrp

administrator@ubuntu:~$ chgrp sales /depts/sales

administrator@ubuntu:~$ chgrp sales /depts./sales

chgrp: invalid group: `sales'

administrator@ubuntu:~$ chgrp sales /../sales

chgrp: invalid group: `sales'

administrator@ubuntu:~$ chgrp /../sales

chgrp: missing operand after `/../sales'

Try `chgrp --help' for more information.

administrator@ubuntu:~$ chgrp /../sales sales

chgrp: invalid group: `/../sales'

administrator@ubuntu:~$ chgrp /depts/sales sales

chgrp: invalid group: `/depts/sales'

administrator@ubuntu:~$ man chgrp

administrator@ubuntu:~$ chgrp sales depts/sales

chgrp: invalid group: `sales'

depts Documents examples.desktop nit

Desktop Downloads Music Pictures Public

administrator@ubuntu:~/depts$ chgrp sales depts.sales

chgrp: invalid group: `sales'

administrator@ubuntu:~/depts$ chgrp sales->

chgrp: missing operand after `sales-'

Try `chgrp --help' for more information.

administrator@ubuntu:~/depts$ chgrp sales ->

chgrp: invalid group: `sales'