HAPTER 5: INHERITANCE

e transmission of particular characteristic from generation to generation by mea

the genetic code on the DNA of chromosom.

ARACTERISTICS
istinctive inherited featuresuch as height & colour.

AITS
ch variant for a specific characteristic

NOTYPE
e genetic constituent of an organism

ENOTYPE
e observable characteristic which is determine by the specific genotype, could be
ected by environment factor.

MINANT ALLELE.
e allele that produces the phenotype

CESSIVE ALLELE
e allele that produces the phenotype only when there is no dominant allele prese
HOMOZYGOTE
Both the allele of a particular gene of a pair of homologous chromosome
are identical.

HETEROZYGOTE
Both the allele of a particular gene of a pair of homologous chromosome
are diffeent.

GENE
A basic unit of inheritance that determines a particular characteristic
consist of a segment of DNA nucleotide on a specific locus of a
Chromosome. It controls a particular trait, Mendel called it ‘FACTOR’.

ALLELE
Alternative form og gene that has the same locus on homologous
chromosome, comes from the male parent & the other from the
female parent.

PURE LINE.
A population of organism, all having the same particular trait
that been genetically unchanged through many generations.

LOCUS.
Location of gene on the chromosome.
MONOHYBRID INHERITANCE
The study of one characteristic only. The inheritance involves a genetic
cross between two parents that differed in only one characteristic.

CHARACTERISTICS TRAITS.

STEM LENGTH TALL @ SHORT

FLOWER COLOUR PURPLE @ WHITE

SEED SHAPE ROUND @ WRINKLE

DIHYBRID INHERITANCE
The inheritance of two characteristic, each controlled by different gene at a
different locus.
 MENDEL ‘ S FIRST LAW (SEGREGATION)

EACH INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTIC OF AN ORGANISM IS

DETERMINE BY PAIR OF ALLELE. THE PAIRS OF ALLELE
SEGREGATE
DURING MEIOSIS AND ONLY ONE O F EACH PAIR OF ALLELE CAN
BE PRESENT IN A SINGLE GAMETE.

MENDEL ‘ S SECOND LAW (INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

DURING GAMETE FORMATION, EACH MEMBER OF A PAIR

OF ALLELEMAY COMBINE RANDOMLY WITH EITHER
MEMBER OF ANOTHER PAIR OF ALLELE.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
ALELE IA AND I B ARE CODOMINANT ( BOTH ARE EXPRESSED
EQUALY IN PHENOTYPE)
WHILE ALLELE I O
IS RECESSIVE.
BLOOD GROUP TYPES OF ANTIBODY IN GENOTYPE
ANTIGEN BLOOD PLASMA

A A ANTI-B I A IA , I A IO

B B ANTI -A I B IB , I B IO

AB A& B NONE I A IB

O NONE ANTI-A & ANTI-B I O IO

THE RHESUS FACTOR.

 The rhesus factor is antigen present on the surface of red blood cell.
 This antigen results in agglutination when it reacts with the
antibodies from individuals without this antigen.
 The rhesus factor is controlled by pair of allele Rh allele & rh allele.
 Rh allele is dominant over rh allele.
 People with Rh allele is known as Rh positif ( Rh+Rh+ , Rh-Rh- )
 Without Rh factor known as rh negetive. (Rh-Rh-)

THE CONDITION CALLED ERYTHROBLATOSIS FETALIS COULD

OCCUR WHEN THE MOTHER & CHILD HAS DIFFERENT RHESUS
FACTOR ( MOM RH - WHILE CHILD HAS RH +.
MOTHER’S ANTI –RHESUS ANTIBODIES MAY CAUSE
AGGLUTINATION & HAEMOLYSIS OF THE FOETAL RED
BLOOD CELLS
AUTOSOMES & SEX CHROMOSOMES

Human have 46 chromosomes

44 Autosomes & 2 sex chromosomes ( X & Y).

NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES
SEX AUTOSOMES SEX SOMATIC GAMETES
CHROMOSOMES CELL

MALE 44 (22 PAIRS) XY 44 + XY 22 + X &

22 + Y

FEMALE 44 (22 PAIRS) XX 44 + XX 22 + X &

22 + X
HUMAN KARYOTYPES
TH E FO RMATI ON O F ABN ORMAL
GAMETE
NON DI SJU NCTI ON DU RI NG
AN APH ASE I
 SE X CHR OM OS OME S
ABNOR MA LITI ES
SYNDROME GENOTYPE SEX CHARACTERSTIC

TURNER XO FEMALES LACK OF OVARIES: NO

SEXUAL MATURITY

KLINEFELTER XXY MALES NO SECONDARY SEXUAL

CHARACTERISTIC

SEX LINKAGE INHERITANCE

•The genes on the sexchromosomes which are not involved in sex

determination are called sex-linkage genes.
•Diseases related to sex-linkage are :
haemophilia & colour blindness are caused by recessive genes carried
by X chromosome.
•Since male have only one X chromosome, they are more likely to
suffer from the diseases which females are the carries of the diseases
 GENOTYPE HAEMOPHILIA COLOUR
PHENOTYPE BLINDNESS
NORMAL
MALE XH Y XB Y
HAEMOPHILIAC/
COLOUR BLIND Xh Y XB Y
NORMAL
XH XH XB XB
CARIER
FEMALE
XH Xh XB
HAEMOPHILIAC/
COLOUR BLIND Xh Xh Xb Xb
HAEMOPHILIA DOMINANT ALLEL - XH
RECESSIVE ALLELE - Xh

COLOUR BLIND DOMINANT ALLEL - XB

RECESSIVE ALLELE - Xb
 GE NES, CHRO MOSOMES ,
DNA
 A chromosome is thread like twisted structure in the
nucleus and carries genetic information
 It consists of hundreds or thousands genes

 Chromosomes can be divided into 2 parts:

5. Protein molecule: called histones, not carry any genetic information.
6. DNA molecule : carry genetic information

 DNA molecule consists of two polynucleotide strands coiled

together by hydrogen bonds to form double helix.
 Nitrogenous base are : Adenine pair with Thymine
 Guanine pair with Cytosin
 STR UCTU RE OF DN A

CELL NUCLEUS CHROMOSOME DNA GENE NUCLEOTIDE

PHOSPHATE

NITROGENOUS BASE

SUGAR (PENTOS)
STR UCTU RE OF DN A
 APPLICATION OF KNOWLWEDGE IN
GENETICS
1. SELECTIVE BREEDING.
To produce offspring that possess desirable characteristic of both parents.
Eg: Tenera palm oil tree is produced by crossed breeding between Dura &
Pisifera .
DURA X PISIFERA

•THICK SHELL •THIN SHELL

•LOW OIL CONTENT •HIGH OIL CONTENT
•FRUITS DO NOT •FRUITS FALL OFF
FALL EASILY EASILY

TENERA

•THIN SHELL
•HIGH OIL CONTENT
•FRUITS DO NOT FALL
OFF EASILY
2. Genetic engineering Genetic therapy
Genetic modified orgs.(GMO)
Genetic modified food (GMF)

GT.
The patient is given a healthy gene to replace a defective gene.
Used to correct genetic defects such as sickle cell anaemia, cystic fibrosis
.

GMO
Microorgs such as bacteria & yeast are used to produce proteins include:
Enzyme rennin, penicillin, insulin & growth hormone.
Animals are used to produce useful protein in their milk to treat diseases
such as haemophilia.

GMF
Maize has been modified to become more resistant to pest
Tomatoes have been modified to slow down ripening process
Soya bean plants have been made herbicide resistant.
1. STEM CELL RESEARCH
Stem cell are cells that capable of dividing and renewing themselves.
Scientist hope to use stem cell to generate cells & tissue that can be use
to treat injury & diseases.
Now the umbilical cord blood cells is used for above objective.

6. DNA FINGERPRINTING
A method of comparing samples of DNA by producing a visible pattern
rather like a bar code.
To identify an individual such as a suspect in criminal activity.
To identify genes that cause genetics diseases
To test the compatible of potential organ donors with patient

12. HUMAN GENOM PROJECT.

A genome is an organism complete set of genes made up of DNA
nucleotide bases.
The purpose of the project is to detect map, & determine the sequence of
all base pairs in the DNA of human genes.
Help in treat & prevent human diseases influence by genes
 INS ULI N PR ODU CTI ON USI NG
RECO MB INAN T D NA TE CH NIQU E (EX. OF
GMO )
1. Plasmid (Plasma membrane) removed from bacterial cell
2. Gene for the production of insulin removed from the cell (just take out
the DNA from Human pancreas cell )
3. Gene inserted into plasmid recombinant DNA
4. Plasmid put into plasmid free bacterial cell
5. Plasmid replicated as the bacteria divide asexually
6. Produce more insulin.