BIODIVERSITY

The diverse species of plants & animals interacting with one another on earth

CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISM.
MONERA PROTISTA
•Prokaryote orgs, Unicellular •Unicellular, algae, protozoa
has cell walls •Membrane bound nuclei &
•No membrane bound organelles
•Typical shape: rod, round, •Autotroph & heterotroph
spiral •Eg: Spirogyra sp, Amoeba
• Eg: Cyanobacteria. sp. Paramecium sp.
KINGDOM

ANIMALIA FUNGI
Multicellular & PLANTAE •Multicellular eukaryotes
heterotroph •All land plant •Saprophytic , has hyphae
Eukaryotes •Multicellular •No chlorophyll
Well develop •Autotrophic •Eg: yeast, mucor,
tissue •Has cellulose Mushroom
walls
 HIERARCHY IN CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISM

Living organism are classified into seven hierarchy levels according to

their basic characteristic..

KINGDOM Eg: Animalia Plantae

PHYLUM Eg: Chordata Trachaeophyta

CLASS Eg: Mammalia Angiospermae

ORDERS Eg: Primates Glumnifloflorae

Eg: Homonidae Maydeae

FAMILY

GENUS Eg: Homo Zea

SPECIES Eg: sapiens may

 TYPES OF MIC ROO RG ANIS M.

FUNGI
BACTERIA

MICROORGANISM
ALGAE
PROTOZOA

VIRUSSES
 THE ROLE OF USEFUL MICROORGANISM

1. NITROGEN CYCLE

•Allows nitrogen to be utilized by organism & return to physical

environment.
•Nitrogen fixing bacteria such as Nostoc sp. & Rhizobium sp. will convert
nitrogen from atmosferic to ammonium through nitrogen fixation process.
•Plants absorb nitrogen in form of ammonium & nitrate then convert to
plant protien.
•When animals eats plants the organic nitrogen is transfer into their body.
•When they die decompose bacteria change them into ammonium .
•Ammonium compounds are converted into nitrites by Nitrosomonas
sp.through nitrification process.
•Nitrites convert into nitrates by Nitrobacter sp by nitryfying process
•Nitrates will break down to nitrogen back to atmospere by denitryfying
process.
2. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN HUMANS

•Symbiotic bacteria in human colon synthesis vitamin B 12 & Vit K.

•Deficiency in vitamin B 12 lead to anemia
•Lack of Vit K slow down the blood clotting process

3. ALIMENTARY CANALS OF TERMITES

•Termites feed on wood which contain cellulase but they do not have
cellulase enzyme.
•Trichonympha sp. Is mutualistic protozoa present in alimentary canal of
termites & secrete cellulase.

4. DECOMPOSITION
Carried out by saprophytic bacteria & fungi called decomposers
Secretes enzyme that break down complex organic into simple inorganic it
can reduce pollution cauce it turns to water, minerals & CO2
Maintain life on earth by recycling & release nutrients into soil.
 THE EFFECT OF HARMFUL MICROORGANISM

Food & Water.

•Microorganism enter digestive Direct Contact
systenm through contaminated •Infected person by sharing
food & water, unwashed hands & personal item such as towel,
faeces of infected people. unprotected sex
•Eg: Cholera (b), Hepatitis A(v) Eg: ,Ringworm (f), AIDs

HOW THE
DISEASES SPREAD

Airborne & Droplet Transmission Vectors

•Method where pathogens change •Malaria is caused by
into spores then transmit by air. Plasmodium sp. transmit
•Liquid droplet of infected people by mosquitoes Anopheles
enter other people respiratory sys. •Houseflies can cause
•Eg: flu, viral fever, food poisoning .
 VACCINES
Dead or weaked
bacteria or viruses is
inoculated into body
to induce antibodies
Eg: BCG
METHODS OF CONTROLLING PATHOGENS
ANTISEPTICS
•Used on cuts & wounds
to kill & inhibit growth of
microorgs.
• Eg: iodine solution
ANTIBIOTICS
•Penicillin & streptomycin are
•Produced by microogrs which
inhibit the growth or kill other
microogs esp. bacteria
DISINFECTANTS
•Solutions used to sterilize
surgical equipment, kill
microorgs on the floor
•Eg: phenol, farmaldehyde
MICROORGANISM USE IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
1. Production of antibiotics, vaccines & hormone.
Eg: Sabine vaccine used to treat poliomyelitis
Modified bacteria used to produced insulin hormone

2. Cleaning of oil spills.

Genetically eng. Bacteria are used to clean the oil spills
These bacteria convert the oil into less harmful molecules which are
environment friendly

3. Waste Treatment
Sewage from household & industries
Aerobic bacteria in the sewage decompose organic matter at treatment
plants.
Anaerobic bacteria continue decompose the organic matter to methane &
carbon dioxide.
The digested sludge is rich in nitrates & phosphates is dried to be used as
fertillizers
4. Food Processing.

Fermentation by yeast in bread making produces CO2 which helps the

dough to rise.
Beer is brewed from barley grains.
Wine is made by fermentation of grape juices, ethanol & CO2 are
realeased.
Yoghurt is made from fermentation of milk by using bacteria
Lactobacillus bulgaricus which convert sugar into lactic acid.
Cheese is made by mixing Streptococcus with the enzyme rennin.

5. Production of Biodegradable Plastic (bioplastic)

Bioplastic can be broken down into inorganic compound by bacteria.

Bioplastic is produced by culturing bacteria such as Erwina sp in
glucose.
The bacteria react by producing plastic as a storage component in
their cells
Bioplastic is to used to make credit card, bottles, medical gums.
6. Production of Energy from Biomass

Two sources of energy that are generated through the activities of

microorganism are biogas & gasohol.
Biogas is a gas produced by the anaerobic fermentation of organic matter
or waste in a bioreactor
Gasohol or biofuel is a combination of 10% ethanol & 99% petrol.
Sugar cane & maize are the main sources of gasohol.
The cane or maize is crushed & sucrose is extracted to form a syrup , the
fermentation of this syrup by yeast will produce ethanol.
IN TE RSP ECIF IC COMPE TITIO N