Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Eigenvalue and Eigenvector solution
⎛1 2 1⎞
⎜ ⎟
Find the Eigenvalues and eigen vectors of ⎜ 6 − 1 0 ⎟
⎜ − 1 − 2 − 1⎟
⎝ ⎠
Eigen values are the values of λ that satisfy this system to give non‐trivial solutions.
⎛1 − λ 2 1 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 6 −1− λ 0 ⎟⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜ −1 −2 − 1 − λ ⎟⎠⎜⎝ z ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 ⎟⎠
⎝
To test for this the determinant of the coefficient matrix is equated to 0
1− λ 2 1
6 −1 − λ 0 = 0
−1 −2 −1− λ
6 −1 − λ 1− λ 2
1 + (− 1 − λ ) = 0
−1 −2 6 −1− λ
λ = 0, λ = −4, λ = 3
For λ = 0
⎛1 − 0 2 1 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 6 −1− 0 0 ⎟⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜ −1 −2 − 1 − 0 ⎟⎠⎜⎝ z ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 ⎟⎠
⎝
Rows 1 and 3 are the same, so rows 1 and 2 are linearly independent. Work with Row 1 and 2.
Expand row 2 6 x − y = 0, y = 6x
1
From row 1 x + 12 x + z = 0, z = −13 x
⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 6x ⎟ = x⎜ 6 ⎟ ≡ α ⎜ 6 ⎟
⎜ z ⎟ ⎜ − 13x ⎟ ⎜ − 13 ⎟ ⎜ − 13 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
For λ = ‐4
⎛1 + 4 2 1 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 6 −1+ 4 0 ⎟⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜ −1 −2 − 1 + 4 ⎟⎠⎜⎝ z ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛5 2 1 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜6 3 0 ⎟⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜ − 1 − 2 3 ⎟⎜ z ⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
It is not obvious which rows are linearly independent. Must reduce to echelon form
⎛ 5 2 1 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
r 2 + 6r 3 ⎜ 0 − 9 18 ⎟⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟
5r 3 + r1 ⎜⎝ 0 − 8 16 ⎟⎠⎜⎝ z ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 ⎟⎠
⎛ 5 2 1 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 − 9 18 ⎟⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟
9r 3 − 8r 2 ⎜⎝ 0 0 0 ⎟⎠⎜⎝ z ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 ⎟⎠
Using row 2 − 9 y + 18 z = 0, y = 2z
Row 1 5 x + 2 z + 3z = 0, x = −z
⎛ x⎞ ⎛− z⎞ ⎛ − 1⎞ ⎛ − 1⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 2z ⎟ = z⎜ 2 ⎟ ≡ β ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎜z⎟ ⎜ z ⎟ ⎜1⎟ ⎜1⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2
For λ = 3
⎛1 − 3 2 1 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 6 −1− 3 0 ⎟⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜ −1 −2 − 1 − 3 ⎟⎠⎜⎝ z ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛− 2 2 1 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 6 − 4 0 ⎟⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜ − 1 − 2 − 4 ⎟⎜ z ⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
It is not obvious which rows are linearly independent. Must reduce to echelon form
⎛− 2 2 1 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
r 2 + 6r 3 ⎜ 0 − 16 − 24 ⎟⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟
2r 3 − r1 ⎜⎝ 0 − 6 − 9 ⎟⎠⎜⎝ z ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 ⎟⎠
⎛− 2 2 1 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 − 16 − 24 ⎟⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟
16r 3 − 6r 2 ⎜⎝ 0 0 0 ⎟⎠⎜⎝ z ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 ⎟⎠
2
From row 2 − 16 y − 24 z = 0, y = − z
3
From row 1 2 x − 3 z − z = 0, x = −z
⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ − 2z ⎞ ⎛ − 2⎞ ⎛ − 2⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜
y = − 3 z ⎟= z⎜ 3 ⎟ ≡ γ ⎜ 3 ⎟
⎜ z ⎟ ⎜ 2z ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
3