Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
By
Vanessa M. Abalos, RN
August 7, 2010
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
promotion has already reached its peak with the evolution of health promotion
whole new level, making health the priority and the business of every human
being. Over the past two decades, explosion of interest and participation in health
One of the most famous definitions of Health Promotion comes from the
control over, and to improve, their health (Ottawa Charter, 1986)”. Unknown to
the knowledge of many, health promotion is a concept distinct from the terms
health education and health maintenance in such a way that health promotion
conveys an umbrella effect on the other two terminologies and focuses on the
improvement of health, its goodness and wellness and enhancing the people’s
promotion pushes a person forward towards the optimum goal of health. If health
(Murray, 2009), health promotion pertains to activities that aims to empower the
individuals to seek for better health. These actual behaviors that individuals
2005). Whatever a person does to improve their health refers to health promotion
practices. However, these practices differ from one person to another depending
on how they define and understand health as influenced by their culture, religion,
spiritual beliefs. It also differs based on the geographical location of the area and
may not be necessarily the same in another location. Furthermore, certain health
promotion programs may need specific tailoring based on the current practices of
the target population. This scenario warrants a closer look in the health promotion
practices before arriving at a conclusion that would describe the health promotion
done by the residents of Brgy. Bukal, Cavinti, Laguna. Output of this study would
serve as a tool to document areas for improvement to enhance the health status of
positive health. As a nurse, it is one of our major responsibilities to ensure that the
health promotion practices known to people are correct and makes a significant,
professional, it is expected that one has the knowledge and skills to meet the
needs of an individual or group. This puts the clients in the position to trust that
the “professional will keep the given entity’s best interest as the primary goal and
Just as all nursing interventions begin with assessment, this study reflects
the first phase of the nursing process as it identifies the overall health status of
Brgy. Bukal. This acquisition of information will serve as the beginning of an on-
going process that can lead to the development of future nursing interventions.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
This study will be conducted in Brgy. Bukal, Cavinti, Laguna, where the
Laguna with a total population of 1,200 and approximately 350 households. It has
a total land area of 543 hectares with 9 puroks namely Masigla, Maligaya 1,
implementing the first two phases of the COPAR Process which are the Pre-entry
and Entry Phase where the focus of nursing activities are purely integration and
This is the second time that the said barangay has accommodated nursing
no other studies have been conducted in and about the said barangay and most of
the records, if not destroyed by time, are not anymore applicable today. Due to the
lack of appropriate records of the barangay that can supposedly be used to further
raised a question in the mind of the researcher, “Are the health promotion
practices of the residents of Brgy. Bukal 10 years ago still applicable up to this
day?”
health promotion practices of the residents of Brgy. Bukal. With the advent of
determine the timeliness and effectiveness of these practices. At the same time,
the researcher is also motivated to improve the health status of the said rural
Lucas (2005) in his book Health Promotion Evidence and Experience that the
starting point in health promotion is the “desire to improve the quality of people’s
empowerment (Homan, 2008)”. For that reason, this study will find out the
and the results of which will serve as a basis for designing and developing an
appropriate health education programs that will address the current need of the
community.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This research study works under the model of Dr. Nola J. Pender which is
the Health Promotion Model. This model works on the premise that individual
behavior. At the same time, these individual characteristics also affect the feelings
characteristics of the residents of Brgy. Bukal such as the age, gender, civil status,
promoting practices. Although the researcher will not give much attention on the
feelings and perception of the individual, the totality of this study under the
of the residents of Brgy. Bukal to the Health Promotion Program that will be
Health
RESIDENTS Promotion
OF BRGY. Practices in
BUKAL
terms of: Health
• Age
• Health Promotio
• Gender Responsibility n
• Civil • Interpersonal Program
Status Relations
• Educatio • Nutrition
nal • Physical
Activity
Figure 1
It begins with the profile of the residents of Brgy. Bukal in terms of their
age, gender, civil status, educational attainment, occupation, and spiritual beliefs
Growth, and Stress Management. These two set of variables would lead to the
development of a health promotion program that would address the issues and
implication of findings.
Brgy. Bukal.
of:
1.1. Age
1.2. Gender
1.5. Occupation
terms of:
2.3. Nutrition
3.3. Nutrition
5. Based on the results of the study, what program can be designed to address
and enhance the health promotion practices of the residents of Brgy. Bkal?
policies that will guide and control the behavior of the residents
To Nursing Practice
To Nursing Education
Public Health.
To Nursing Research
The focus of this study is the heath promotion practices commonly done
Management.
study since the researcher will stay in the area 6 days in a week for the next 8
researcher. Moreover, the researcher believes that a rural community like Brgy.
Bukal would yield more significant results that can contribute to the substance of
the study.
The subject of the study will be the long-time residents of Brgy. Bukal.
Five representatives from each of the eight puroks of the said barangay together
with the ten Brgy. Officials will be selected as respondents of this study. Data
questionnaires.
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Behaviors; refers to
individual
working towards goals in life (Walker, S., 1996). It also refers to the belief
CHAPTER TWO
paper in a way that it serves as the framework of the study to make it substantial,
credible, and reliable. It serves as the feet of a research study so it can stand on its
own and make it strong enough for future researches to build upon.
The researcher gathered all literatures, both foreign and local, that are
deemed important to the topic at hand. Each literature was read and scrutinized,
Health Promotion dates back up to the time when religion and superstition
influenced people’s belief on health and illness. The Babylonians, the Greeks,
Egyptians, Palestinians, Romans, and the Chinese have laid down the foundation
hygiene and sanitation were introduced to civilization by the Greeks whose belief
in health and illness was mandated by their gods and goddesses; the quarantine
traced back during the Palestinian times under the Mosaic Code which
unclean. The public health sanitation like street cleaning, building construction,
ventilation, heating, and water sanitation that we enjoy today are some of the
accomplishments of the Romans and Egyptians (Murray, 2009). Even during that
time, health was already considered of prime importance and its enhancement was
necessary, some for the purpose of achieving balance of the mind, body and spirit
and some as a form of luxury and personal indulgence. Whatever the purpose may
be, these ancient practices bear the underlying fact that an individual, even in the
earliest times, is always in search of activities that can prolong life and improve
overlap with one another. Oftentimes, the term health promotion is used
During this definition’s inception, five key strategies were also identified namely
the population and partnership with patients (Ottawa Charter, 1986). This
definition coincides with the definition of Marks, et al (2005) which is “any event,
definition of Pender, et al. (2006) which states that “Health Promotion is the
health potential”. This definition, on the other hand, includes the behavioral
in an individual. This insight reflects the difference between health promotion and
stated on his commentary on health promotion in JAMA, 1999 “that each person
From that perspective, promoting health must focus on enhancing the people’s
capacities for living. That means moving them toward the health end of the
spectrum, just as prevention is aimed at avoiding disease that can move people
toward the opposite end of the spectrum”. For this reason, Health promoting
Wellness Continuum.
confused with the promotion of health. There is a mention of the word protection
health are those behaviors that protect a person from developing ill-health or
the word maintenance of health where actions under health maintenance “are
those that seek to maintain health – avoid illness, disability, and so forth. Example
(Pender, et al., 2006, p. 7)”. These two terminologies bear the two significant
words “prevent” and “avoid”, both conveying a negative connotation and focus
individual toward the High level of Wellness but maintain health on a status quo,
preventing health from moving towards the other end of the continuum which is
difference between the two, let’s take the example of a man jogging around the
village every morning. The man jogs everyday because he believes that this will
improve his stamina and increase his energy (Health Promotion) and at the same
time he is doing this to prevent burn fats and avoid cardiovascular diseases
now being used more often in health literature and bears a renewed interest as
person to another. Pender (2006) stated it best that “each person has unique
personal characteristics and experiences that affect subsequent actions”. There are
five levels that affect a person’s behavior (Sharma, 2008). First, are the individual
factors, like the attitude of a person. If a person believes that a healthy body will
permit him to perform more challenging tasks, then engaging in health promotion
culture, family background, work ethic, educational level, social standing, and
gender may contribute to the individual’s perception of heath and illness”. Then
personal view and understanding on the concept of health and illness also falls on
an evil spirit, holes are bored into the skull of the patient to release these spirits. In
detect the spirit believed to cause the disease. In addition to this, an individual’s
environment also play a crucial role in his health promotion practices as stated in
an article from the Global Health Promotion (Jul, 2010) entitled “How does socio
perspectives for health promotion” by Weyers S., et al. The study showed that the
its residents above and beyond their individual background”. Therefore, the
individual. Also included in the individual factors are the age, civil status,
Third level refers to organizational factors which include policies that contribute
to a better health like a company that allots 1 hour of exercise for employees
fetch water every day from the communal faucet that is 1 kilometer away from his
house, then that activity can be considered as a vigorous form of exercise. Last is
the role of public policy factors. For example, if a memorandum coming from the
Mayor mandates the cleaning of suspected breeding and resting sites for Dengue
mosquitoes three times a week, then that memorandum compels the residents to
In this study, the factors that are taken into consideration are the 6
Lifestyle Profile II (Walker, et al., 1996). These are the Spiritual Growth,
is defined as “discretionary activities that are regular and part of one’s daily
pattern of living and significantly influence health status”. In this study, the term
nature to its fullest potential which includes the ability to discover and articulate
one’s basic purpose; to learn how to experience love, joy, peace, and fulfillment
(Pender, et al., 2006, p. 104)”. Spiritual health is essential in assessing the heath-
promoting practices because this “affects the client’s interpretations of life events
studies have been done supporting this significant correlation of spirituality and
the individual which is necessary for the individual to get in touch with their
feelings and emotions and enables the individual to select the most appropriate
strategy in dealing with stress through feedbacks from others. This dimension is
“high levels of social support have also been linked to positive affect, and may
thus protect against distress from life events associated with high stress (Lucas, et
al., 2005 p. 130)”. Stress is defined as anything that may threaten the physical and
psychological well-being of a client. Assessment of how an individual handles
these stresses may serve as a better predictor of his health promoting practices.
Fourth and fifth dimensions of the HPLP II are the Nutrition and Physical
selection of food must be consistent with the guidelines provided by the Food
individuals, begin with childhood and continues until adulthood (Pender, et al.,
2006, p. 102)” and lack of physical exercise has been directly related with the
Last, but not the least, is the dimension on Health Responsibility, which
involves “an active sense of accountability for one’ own well-being (Walker, et
al., 1996)”. This includes paying attention to one’s health through education and
“individuals play a significant role in the determination of their own health status
because self-care represents the dominant mode of health care in our society”.
Like breathing, no one else can take care of one’s health than the person owning
that health. The desire to enhance health and well-being must come from within.
One must bear in mind that human health promotion is a moral endeavor.
In the individual level, health promotion provides services that will assist humans
Therefore, a need to include the factors that influence a person’s health status like
individual is a must (Edelman, et al., 2006). This will only be possible if thorough
Promotion (Marks, et al., 2005). In order to achieve this goals, health promotion
Local Literature
The need for health promotion in the Philippines goes back to the time of
the Ramos Administration, when the Administrative Order No. 341 entitled
created. It was written along with the belief that there is a “need to undertake
more health promotion and disease prevention measures as a result of the reported
increase in the incidence of preventable diseases in Asia and in the country (AO
No. 341, 1997)”. The PHPP gives priority to women, and children, adolescent
youth, workers, elders, disabled and chronically ill persons, ethnic minorities,
rural people, and urban poor (Palaganas, 2003). Time went on and health
statistics showed that 7 of the 10 leading causes of deaths in the country are
associated with the unhealthy lifestyle of the client: tobacco smoking, physical
inactivity, and an unhealthy diet (Cuevas, et al., 2007). This rise in the occurrence
of degenerative and lifestyle diseases called for a need to take on a new approach
to health promotion that will go beyond the interaction between the client and a
include the environment and other sectors that affect the over-all well-being of a
person. The vision for Health Promotion, “By the year 2010, Filipinos are
managing their own health” serve as the framework for health promotion. This
study will contribute to the attainment of the said goal through the creation of
the target population by starting with proper assessment of their current health
promotion practices. This fulfills a fraction of the health sector’s responsibility to
(Palaganas, 2003, p. 90)”. Health Promotion may sound easy to say but it is very
particularly in health is far behind from those living in the urban community. The
hats, which they sell for Php 12.00 per piece. The average income of a family
can hardly provide them enough funds to take appropriate measures in promoting
health. This situation reflects the description of Palaganas (2003) of those living
in the rural area – people hardly eats three times a day, lack of proper education,
belief in superstition and evil spirits when it comes to health, lack of funds to
support health, etc. As Palaganas (2003) puts it, “many mistaken practices result
conclusion can be drawn that the health promotion practices of the community
may still be possibly linked with the practices and beliefs of the past, which are no
longer applicable today. At the same time, there is also a lack of medical
professionals that would correct their current practice and provide them with the
correct ones. Among all Filipinos, only a small portion are physician, nurses,
health workers (Policarpio, 2006). Therefore, the lack of health workers in a rural
community specifically in Brgy. Bukal does not come as a surprise since this
small amount “good samaritans” are maldistributed in areas where the richer
take care of people’s health (Palaganas, 2003, p. 153). Especially in this time
consequently affect the nursing role in the health care delivery system (Mallari,
2005). Focus will now be geared towards the health of the community, and the
uses the epidemiological approach in studying their health and dealing with
community wide problems; and 3. As a Health Planner as the nurse creates health
programs for the community (Jimenez, 2006). In order to fulfill this function, the
nurse must take the first step in creating a program which can be used to meet the
needs of the people and that is the assessment of health promotion practices of the
After reading and compiling the relevant literatures above, one idea
remains – that for a nurse to come up with a program that will meet the needs of
of the nurse to gather all the information that she can get in order to come up with
Brgy. Bukal, Cavinti, Laguna. This includes the consideration of all the factors
that may influence the health promotion practices of the individual such as the
individual characteristics as these may affect the way a person takes care of his
Profile II.
The readings in this chapter will help the researcher to further describe and
analyze the health promotion practices of the residents of Brgy. Bukal. These
literatures, both foreign and local will enlighten the researcher with the what, why
and how of the health promotion practices that the residents perform and will be
used as a stepping stone in the creation of the intended output of this study.
CHAPTER THREE
Methodology
RESEARCH DESIGN
This study is observational in nature which utilizes a cross-sectional
(Crosby, et al, 2006). According to John Creswell (2005), a cross sectional study
utilized to understand the characteristics of the population and estimate the levels
of knowledge about any given health threat or health protective behavior; and
determines the common health promotion practices done in Brgy. Bukal, Cavinti,
Laguna.
Bukal and the top 3 officials of each of the eight puroks, mostly aged 20-40 years
old. This selection is based on the belief of the researcher that individuals in the
specified age group are mature enough to involve themselves in the improvement
of their health and capabilities. Moreover, people in this age group would
represent those who mostly engaged in activities that may negatively affect their
health situation such as alcohol abuse, smoking, and lack of physical exercise.
where the researcher selected those individuals who could provide richer and
where the “researcher intentionally select individuals and sites to learn and
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
1. Health-Promoting Lifestyle 1 to 52
49
point Likert Scale to determine the behavior of the individual with a format of
Bukal, the instrument was translated into the Filipino language. Considering the
translation made, this study will also serve as mean in measuring the
No pilot study is needed since the instrument to be used has been tested
and validated as evidence by the number of studies that utilized the said survey
tool.
written by the researcher and approved and noted by the researcher’s adviser and
the Dean of the Graduate School, respectively, to the Municipal mayor of Cavinti,
Hon. Florceli Esguerra and the Brgy. Captain of Brgy. Bukal, Mr. Aben
Calinagan. Once permission is granted, the researcher will begin the data
gathering.
To select the respondents, the researcher will obtain a list of names of the
Brgy. Officials of Bukal and the different officers per purok, together with their
addresses. The researcher will personally visit the selected respondents and
provide them with the questionnaire. Beforehand, a letter asking for their
participation will be given to the participant. They participants have the right to
Collection of the questionnaire will follow afterwards for the collation and
The data that will be obtained in this study will be statistically treated with
the necessary formulas to facilitate the analysis and interpretation of findings. The
Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile II, the instrument used by the researcher,
The score for the over-all health promoting lifestyle will be obtained by
computing the Mean of the individual’s responses. Likewise, the scores for each
subscale will be obtained using the same computation. The mean, denoted by an
x, is the most sensitive measure of center since it takes into account all scores in a
distribution when it is calculated (Bordens, 2007). The formula for the mean is:
_
x=
∑x
n
N ∑ XY − ( ∑ X )( ∑Y )
r=
[N ∑ X 2
][
− ( ∑ X ) N ∑Y 2 − ( ∑Y )
2 2
]
where:
N no. of cases
∑XY sum of the products of x and y
∑X sum of the x’s
∑Y sum of the y’s
∑X2 sum of the squares of x’s
n −2
t=
1− r2
Where
DIREKSYON:
Ang papel na ito ay naglalaman ng mga katanungan patungkol sa inyong
Kasarian: _________
_________________
KATANUNGAN H Mi M P
1. Pinag-uusapan ang aking mga suliranin at
kolesterol.
3. Dumadaing sa tuwing may hindi pangkaraniwang
propesyonal sa pangkalusugan.
4. Sumusunod sa mga programang pang-ehersisyo.
5. Natutulog ako ng sapat na oras.
6. Ako ay lumalaki at nagbabago tungo sa
pamamaraang positibo.
7. Pinupuri ko ang ibang tao sa kanilang mga
tagumpay.
8. Limitado ang aking pagkain ng matatamis na
patungkol sa kalusugan.
10. Ako ay nag-e-ehersisyo na tumatagal ng 20
ng hagdan).
11. Ako ay naglalaan ng oras upang magpahinga sa
sa buhay.
13. Napapanatili kong maganda at mkahulugan ang
sa isang lingo.
17. Tinatanggap ko ang mga bagay sa aking buhay na
hindi ko na mababago.
18. Umaasa ako sa isang magandang hinaharap.
19. Ako ay naglalaan ng oras para makasama ko ang
kalusugan.
22. Ako ay lumalahok sa mga gawaing pisikal na
paglangot o pagsasayaw).
23. Nag-iisip ako ng mga magagandang bagay bago
matulog.
24. Ako ay kuntento sa aking sarili at sa aking buhay.
25. Madali sa akin ang magbigay ng pagkabahala,
buhay.
31. Ako ay natitinag ng mga taong malalapit sa akin
isang araw.
33. Sinusuri ko ang aking katawan sa anumang
bahay.
35. Binabalanse ko ang trabaho at paglalaro o
pagsasaya.
36. Interesado ako sa mga mangyayari sa aking buhay
araw-araw.
37. Naghahanap ako ng mga paraan upang
aking kalusugan.
40. Dinadama at binibilang ko ang aking pulso
tuwing nag-e-ehersisyo.
41. Ako ay nagpapahinga at nagmumuni-muni sa
mahal ko.
44. Binabasa ko ang mga sustansiya na nasa likod ng
kinakailangan.
52. Ihinaharap ko ang aking sarili sa mga bago at
Foreign Literature
© 2005
Endelman, C. et al., Health Promotion Throughout the Life Span
Local Literature
Manila © 2001
Journals
Weyers S., et al., How does socio economic position link to health
Unpublished Literatures
Local Studies
Lorena. J., Designing Parenting Skills Program Through Temper