Reactive Power Optimization

Transmission Line
VG I VL

PD+jQD
T:1 QS 500 + j 50
MVA
 [𝑃𝐷+𝑗𝑄𝐷 −𝑗𝑄𝑆 ] ∗
Current: I =
𝑉𝐿

2 [𝑃𝐷 2 + (𝑄𝐷−𝑄𝑆)2 ]
Loss in the transmission line: |I| . R = .R
|𝑉𝐿|2

- Clearly, by supplying QD from QS, we can minimize real power line losses.
- Further, by increasing |VL|, we can reduce the magnitude of |I| and
minimize losses.
- VL may be increased by increasing VG or decreasing ‘T’.

Hence, the elements that influence reactive power flow are VG, QS and Tap (T).
By adjusting these devices, we may minimize reactive power and minimize real
power transmission losses consequently.
Examining the Y Bus for this two-bus system, one may get the following matrix:
1 2
YBUS = 1 𝑦 1 1 𝑦
−
− + − 𝑦 𝑇
𝑇 𝑇2 𝑇
2 𝑦 𝑦 1
−
𝑇 − + 1− 𝑦
𝑇 𝑇

Simplifying, one gets:

1 2
YBUS = 1 y 𝑦
−
𝑇2 𝑇
𝑦
2 −
𝑇
𝑦
Net Real Power injected from a bus into the connected transmission system: Pi
Pi = Vi . Vi . (j yij/Tij2 . cos - ij) + Vi i Vj . (yij/Tij) . cos i - j - ij
If the link is line, the Tij term will not exist. If the bus i is the receiving end of a
transformer, the diagonal term will not have Tij2 term.

The objective is to minimize: the Net System Real Power Loss:

PL = i Pi = i Vi . i Vj . Yij . cos i - j - ij
Subject to constraints:
PGi – PDi - Pi(V, ) = 0 Real Power Balance
QSi + QGi – QDi - Qi(V, ) = 0 Reactive Power Balance

Physical Device Limits

VGi min < VGi < VGi max QSi min < QSi < QSi max
Tk min < Tk < Tk max; kth transformer is between busses: i-j

System Operating Limits

QGi min < QGi < QGi max VLi min < VLi < VLi max
Example:

1 2

T1:1 T2:1
y1=j0.001 pu y2=j0.002 pu

500 + j 50 MVA

In this example, the lines have no resistance. Hence, without line losses, all of
the generation equals the load.
Formulation: Objective:
PL = i Pi = P1 + P2 + P3
= V1 . V1 . y1/T12 . cos - 1 + V1 . (-y1/T1) . cos 1 - 3 - 1
+ V2 . V2 . y2/T22 . cos - 2 + V2 . V3 . (-y2/T2) . cos 2 - 3 - 2
+ V3 . V3 . (y1+y2) . cos - 33 + V3 . V1 . (-y1/T1) . cos 3 - 1 - 1
+ V3 . V2 . (-y2/T2) . cos 3 - 1 - 
Constraints
Power Balance Transmission System Constraints
PG1– PD1 - V12.(y1/T12).cos(-1) -V1.V3.(-y1/T1).cos 1-3-1 = 0
PG2– PD2 - V22.(y2/T22).cos(-2)-V2.V3.(-y2/T2).cos 2-3-2 = 0
– PD3 - V32. (y1/T12+y2/T22).cos(-33)-V3.V1.(-y1/T1).cos 3-1-1
-V3.V2.(-y2/T2).cos 3-2-2 = 0

QG1 – QD1 - V12.(y1/T12).sin(-1) -V1.V3.(-y1/T1).sin 1-3-1 = 0

QG2 – QD2 - V22.(y2/T22).sin(-2)-V2.V3.(-y2/T2).sin 2-3-2 = 0
– QD3 - V32. (y1/T12+y2/T22).sin(-33)-V3.V1.(-y1/T1).sin 3-1-1
-V3.V2.(-y2/T2).sin 3-2-2 = 0
Physical Device Limits
Generators
QG1min < QG1 < QG1max QG2min < QG2 < QG2max
VG1min < VG1 < VG1max VG2min < VG2 < VG2max
QS3min < QS3 < QS3max
T1min < T1 < T1max
T2min < T2 < T2max

System Operating Limits

Load Buses
VL3 min < VL3 < VL3 max