Second-Order Sallen-Key Filters

S.K. Low-Pass Filter S.K. High-Pass Filter

R
C

R R 1 1
0
ωc = ,
C C 0 ωc = ,
+
RC +
0
RC
0
- -
Av = A,
0 Av = A, 0
Vin C Vout Vin Vout 1
1 R Q=
(A-1)R Q= (A-1)R 3− A
R R
3− A

S.K. Band-Pass Filter S.K. Band-Reject Filter

R 2C

1
1
ωo =
R R RC
R C 0 ωo = 0

RC +
1
Q=
+ 0
0 C C -
-
1
0 Q= 0
4 − 2A
Vin C 3− A Vin Vout
2R
Vout
R/2 Av = A
(A-1)R Av = AQ (A-1)R
R R

Properties of Sallen-Key Filters:

1. Simplicity of the design
2. Non-Inverting Amplifier (positive Gain)
3. Replication of elements
Limitations of Sallen-Key Filters:
1. The Gain and Q are related
2. Q must be > ½, since A must be > 1
 Other Active Filters
Band Pass 1:
Cf

Rf
1
s
Ri Rf Rf C f
Ci
H (s) = −
Ri ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1
s2 + ⎜ + ⎟⎟ s +
⎜ R f C f Ri Ci Ri Ci R f C f
Vin Vout ⎝ ⎠

Band Pass 2:

C2 R3
1
R2 C1 − s
R2C2
H (s) =
⎛ C + C2 ⎞ 1
s2 + ⎜ 1 ⎟s +
⎝ 3 1 2 ⎠ ( 1 2 ) R3C1C2
Vin Vout R C C R || R
R1

Band Pass 3:

R2 1
−
C2
s
R1C2
R1 C1 H (s) =
⎛ C + C2 ⎞ 1
s2 + ⎜ 1 ⎟s +
Vin Vout ⎝ R2C1C2 ⎠ R1R2C1C2

Band Reject 1:

C R2 ⎛ 2 R3 ⎞ 1
s2 + s ⎜ − ⎟+ 2
R1 H (s) =
R4 ⎝ R 2 C R1R4C ⎠ C R1R2
C
R3 + R4 s2 + s
2
+ 2
1
R3 R2C C R1R2
Vin Vout

R4
 Other Active Filters

Properties & Design Hints

• These amplifiers are “inverting amplifiers” (negative

gain)
• BPF1 is restricted to Q > ½.
• BPF2 can have a Q < ½ if C1 ≠ C2 .
• Both gain and Q can be controlled with the circuit
elements.
• BRF1 does not have a true zero on the imaginary axis
R 2
unless 3 = .
R1R4 R2
• A design may not require a true null, but a notch. The
zero can be adjusted to control the “dip” in the
response.
• Typical design: Specify the gain, Q, and resonant
frequency, and then solve for the circuit elements.
o Requires some assumptions for the values of R’s
and C’s (problem is under-determined). Choose R
to be large (> 1 k) when possible. Possibly choose
relationships (such as C1 = k × C2 ).
o Equations for remaining elements can be non-
linear.
o Not all values of Q, Av, and ωo are necessarily
possible.
o Gain may not be as important as Q and resonant
frequency if the amplifier is one stage of a system
design.