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Phase Changes / Part Two
Thursday ‐ 081010
Sacred Heart School – Hijas de Jesus
1. How much ice at 0 oC must be added to 2 kg water at 100 oC so as to end up with all liquid at 30 oC? The
specific heat of water is CWATER = 4186 J/kg . oC, LICE FUSION = 3.33 x 105 J/kg
Steps:
1. First step is to determine how many substances/systems are involved in the process. In this
particular problem, since there is no heat transfer to or from the container, we find two
substances/systems involved. We have the ice and the hot water.
2. Second step is to determine the processes through which each substance will go through.
First let us take the ice and analyze. Before the ice goes into the water it will already
start to melt but its temperature will remain constant. When ice is added to the hot water it
will continue to melt but its temperature will also start to increase until it reaches 30 oC. We
see that the ice will go through two processes.
1. Ice melting due to Latent heat.
2. Ice melting and increase in temperature due to heat transfer.
Now let us take the water and analyze. Before adding the ice, in an ideal situation,
there is nothing happening to the water and it remains at 100 oC. Once the ice is added its
temperature will start to decrease until it reaches 30 oC. We see that the water will pass
through only one process.
1. Decrease in temperature due to heat transfer.
3. Third step is to determine which substance/system looses heat and which substance/system gains
heat. In our problem the hot water will loose heat when the ice is added into it and the ice in both
processes will gain heat.
4. Fourth step is to assign symbols or names for our substances for the different processes each
substance /system will pass through. To make things easier we will use the symbols of the formula.
Hot Water ∆QHOT WATER or ∆QHW
(100 to 30) mHOT WATER or mHW
∆THOT WATER or ∆THW
Ice mICE
Ice Latent ∆QICE LATENT HEAT OF FUSION or ∆QICE LF
Heat
Ice (0 to 30) ∆QICE (0 – 30)
∆TICE (0 – 30)
5. Fifth step is to determine on which side of the equation, heat lost = heat gained, each
substance/system must go. In our problem the Hot water will go on the side of heat lost and the
Ice in both processes will be on the side of heat gained.
Hot water = Ice Latent Heat + Ice (0 to 30) or ∆QHW = ∆QICE LF + ∆QICE (0 – 30)
6. Sixth step is solving the problem.
Given: Asked:
CWATER = 4186 J/kg . oC mass of ice at 0 oC = mICE
mHW = 2 kg
∆THW = (100 oC ‐ 30 oC)
5
LICE FUSION = 3.33 x 10 J/kg
∆TICE (0 – 20) = (30 oC ‐ 0 oC)
Solution:
From:
heat lost = heat gained (∆QLOST = ∆QGAINED) and ∆Q = mC∆T
Hence:
∆QHW = ∆QICE LF + ∆QICE (0 – 30)
mHW (CWATER) ∆THW = mICE (LIC EFUSION) + mICE (CWATER) ∆TICE (0 – 30)
mHW (CWATER) ∆THW = mICE [(LIC EFUSION) + (CWATER) ∆TICE (0 – 30)]
2 kg (4186 J/kg . oC) (100 oC ‐ 30 oC) = mICE [(3.33 x 105 J/kg) + (4186 J/kg . oC ) (30 oC ‐ 0 oC)]
2 (4186 J/oC) (70 oC) = mICE [(3.33 x 105 J/kg) + (4186 J/kg . oC ) (30 oC)]
(8,372 J) (70) = mICE [(3.33 x 105 J/kg) + (4186 J/kg) (30)]
586,040 J = mICE (3.33 x 105 J/kg + (125,580 J/kg)
586,040 J = mICE (458,580 J/kg)
mICE = 586,040 J / 458,580 J/kg
mICE = 1.2779 kg
2. Heat is added to 0.5 kg of water at room temperature (20 oC). How much heat in joules is required to change
the water to steam at 110 oC?
Note:
In this problem we are simply being asked to find the amount of heat needed to transform water at
20 oC to steam at 110 oC.
There are three processes involved here.
1. Boiling water from 20 oC to 100 oC.
2. Converting water to steam at 100 oC.
3. Heating the steam from 100 oC to 110 oC
Let us assign the symbols.
1. ∆QW (20 to 100) – Boiling water from 20 oC to 100 oC.
2. ∆QW VAPORIZATION = ∆QWV – Converting water to steam at 100 oC.
3. ∆QSTEAM (100 to 110) = ∆QS – Heating steam from 100 oC to 110 oC
Let us solve the problem.
Given: Asked:
CWATER = 4186 J/kg . oC Sum of ∆QW (20 to 100) + ∆QWV + ∆QS
mW = 0.5 kg ∑∆Q = ∆QW (20 to 100) + ∆QWV + ∆QS
∆TW (20 to 100) = (100 oC ‐ 20 oC)
LWATER VAPORIZATION = 22.6 x 105 J/kg
CSTEAM = 2010 J/kg . oC
∆TS = (110 oC ‐ 100 oC)
Solution:
From:
∆Q = mC∆T
Hence:
1. ∆QW = mW (CWATER) (∆TW (2 to 100))
2. ∆QWV = mW (LWATER VAPORIZATION)
3. ∆QS = mW (CSTEAM) (∆TS)
1. ∆QW = mW (CWATER) (∆TW (20 to 100))
= 0.5 kg (4186 J/kg . oC) (100 oC ‐ 20 oC)
= 2,093 J/oC (80 oC)
=167,440 J
2. ∆QWV = mW (LWATER VAPORIZATION)
= 0.5 kg (22.6 x 105 J/kg )
= 1,130,000 J
3. ∆QS = mW (CSTEAM) (∆TS)
= 0.5 kg (2010 J/kg . oC) (110 oC ‐ 100 oC)
= 1,005 J/oC (10 oC)
=10,050 J
Getting the difference:
∑∆Q = ∆QW (20 to 100) + ∆QWV + ∆QS
= 167,440 J + 1,130,000 J + 10,050 J
∑∆Q = 13.0749 x 105 J