Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Information Systems
Syllabus
Introduction to MIS, IS/IT strategy
Strategic IS/IT planning
MIS applications and SDLC
Alternatives to SDLC
Operations Management
Controls & IS’s
Measuring IT investment and their returns
Reference Books:
Management of Information
Technology
Carroll W. Frenzel & John C. Frenzel
[Laudon,1998]
Why do we need
Information Systems?
Globalization
Transformation of industrial
economies
Transformation of the environment
Globalization
Success of organizations depends on
their ability to operate globally.
24/7 global service requirements
Global Competition
Global delivery systems
Transformation of Industrial
Economies
Information has become a basic resource
in today’s society – information society
Informal Formal
Management Middle
Level Managers
Knowledge &
Knowledge Data Workers
Level
Operational Operational
Level Managers
Examples:
• It is not an ESS……
Strategy ingredients.
Strategy Ingredients
Available options
– What optional course of action can
offer reasonable insurance against
significant risks
Conditions on which the strategy
depends
– What strategies are the key
dependencies?
– Their nature and significance
Alternatives Rejected
– Documentation of alternatives with
reasons for their rejection.
Types of Strategies
Business Strategies
A business strategy seeks to determine
how an organization should compete in
each of its businesses.
Space plans
Requirements of space and other facilities,
A/C, ventilation, electrical power, telecom
equipment etc.
People plans
Identifies requirements for people according
to skill level and considers their development
and deployment over the planning period.
This addresses hiring, training, re-training
etc.
Financial plans
Summarizes equipment, space, people and
miscellaneous costs.
Administrative Actions
Plan’s assumptions and ground rules should
be clearly laid out.
Coordinate with units that the plan affects.
Plan review meetings with functional
managers , steering committees to guide
the planning process.
Technology Planning
Monitor advances in technology
Assess new technologies for the firm
Evaluate benefits and problems of new
technologies
Areas such as Programming tools,
Operating systems, Vendor application
S/W, Advances in storage devices,
Telecommunication systems etc should be
addressed.
Other Approaches to
Planning
Nolan's Stages of Growth
High
Degree of Diffusion
CSF Eclectic
Stage of
Low Growth BSP
Low High
Degree of Infusion
Sullivan
found two factors correlated with
planning effectiveness:
Infusion:
Degree to which IT has penetrated the firm (high
impact or low impact on the firms)
Diffusion:
Extent to which IT is disseminated throughout the
firm (concentrated or spread)
For example, CSF method is suitable if IT has
spread throughout the organization but has a low
impact.
The Planning Horizon
The time over which various plans are
active (time span of the plan)
Three types of plans:
Strategic plans
Tactical plans
Operational plans
The plans cover:
Different time periods
Different amounts of detail
Strategic plan
Represents long term implementation.
Typically covers a period of two years from
now and goes further into the future (about 5
years).
The plan should cover actions for achieving the
long-rang goals and objectives, allocate
resources, convert assumptions to realities,
mitigate risks etc.
Therefore, an organization’s strategic plan is
also a financial statement of projected
revenues, expenses, costs, investments etc.
Tactical Plans (intermediate-range plans)
Difficult to customize.
Outsourcing
Advantages
Economy
Service quality.
Predictability- Reduces uncertainty of costs
Freeing up human resources for other
projects.
Freeing up financial capital
Reduce risk of failure
Disadvantages
Bureaucratic
Dependency
Changes to specifications - costs MONEY
Diffuses company information
When to outsource?
When there are limited opportunities
for the company to distinguish itself
competitively through a particular IS
application.
When the predictability of
uninterrupted IS service is not very
important.
When outsourcing does not strip the
company of the technical know-how
required for further IS innovation.
High Low
Data services
Manual procedures
Least efficient and least desirable.
Suitable for small outages or simple systems
Back-up systems
Back up systems may be located in-house or at
cooperating firms
Service bureau firms can also be used to
handle processing in emergencies.
When planning….
Personnel strategies
In-house staff/external staff
Provisions for notifying key people
Platform
for education- Promote business
management
Usersand IT managers gain exposure to
financial consequences of otherwise
hidden issues.
Provide benchmarks and comparisons
Helps measure IT effectiveness
Improves financial management
Real costs helps in SLA negotiations, to
make develop/buy decisions of
application portfolio
Disadvantages
Administrative overheads
Not necessarily improve overall
performance
Internal competition, internal friction
Profit itself can be a problem
Cost center
Telecommunication problems
New threats
4. Today, Outsourcing has become a popular deve lopment choice for organizations.
Analyze the pros and cons of outsourcing contracts by an organization . What are
the possible risks an organization may face by using purchased applications?
What are its advantages?
6. " Computer systems more vulnerable to destruction, fraud, error and abuse as
compared to manual systems". Comment. As an IT Manager, explain how
General and Application controls can help you to protect IT assets from theft,
damage and misuse?
7. What are the objectives of resource accountability? What are the disadvantages of
an IT cost recovery process? What alternatives can IT Managers use to charge for
application development? What are the characteristics of each method?
000
f University College Dublin
An Col;iiste Ollscoile. Baile Atha Cliath
MIS2006L
Ms. G. Wickramasinghe*
c. CASE tools.
000
2. Explain the terms "Strategy" and "Strategic Managemenf'. Explain the purpose of developing
stand-alone strategies. Why is it important to analyze the environment in order to formulate
strategies? Discuss according to Porter's Model how "new entrants" can affect an organization in
a competitive environment. Consider any industry of your choice as an example.
3. What is an Operational Plan? How is it different from a Strategic Plan? Discuss the main
considerations that smTOund system operations planning? What role does "technology" play in
planning for the IT division? Explain how critical success factors of an organization are used in
IT planning. For what type of organization is this method more suitable?
4. Explain with suitable examples the various software development difficulties related to an
organization or its management. Discuss the essential areas that need to be addressed in
developing a Business Case in software project management. Explain the main objectives of a
Phase Review in Software development. What are the areas a Project Manager must consider as
sources of risk in a project?
5. Discuss in detail the fullowing software development methodologies. Analyze the advantages and
drawbacks of each method.
a. Object..()riented Software Development (OOSD).
b. Test Driven Development (TDD).
What are the other development alternatives available for an organization, other than developing
in-house? Discuss the advantages of one such alternative. What type of system is most suitable to
purchase? Explain with examples.
@ UCD 2008J09IModuiar
Page 2 013
6. ''A Service Level Agreement reduces coriflicts between the client and the service provider and
places IT services on a more business-like basis ". Comment on this statement. Explain the
contents of a Service Level Agreement. What is Recovery Management? How is Contingency
Planning related to Recovery Management? Discuss the main considerations that snrround
Contingency Planning.
7. "A well designed cost recovery system improves IT's effectiveness". Comment on this statement.
What are the objectives of resource accountability? Explain the goals of an IT chargeback
system. Discuss the characteristics of a profit center method and cost center method of IT cost
recovery.
000