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T-621 Requirements of a Liquid Penetrant Examination Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
T-672 Minimum Dwell Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Mandatory Appendices
Appendix I Glossary of Terms for Liquid Penetrant Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
I-610 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
I-620 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
I-630 Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Appendix II Control of Contaminants for Liquid Penetrant Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128.1
II-610 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128.1
II-640 Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128.1
II-641 Nickel Based Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128.1
II-642 Austenitic Stainless Steel and Titanium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128.1
II-643 Alternative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128.2
121
II-690 Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128.2
Appendix III Qualification Techniques for Examinations at Nonstandard Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . 128.3
III-610 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128.3
III-630 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128.3
III-640 Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128.3
III-641 Comparator Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128.3
Figure
III-630 Liquid Penetrant Comparator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128.3
122
ARTICLE 6
LIQUID PENETRANT EXAMINATION
123
T-642 2001 SECTION V T-652
TABLE T-621
REQUIREMENTS OF A LIQUID PENETRANT EXAMINATION PROCEDURE
Essential Nonessential
Requirement Variable Variable
124
T-653 ARTICLE 6 — LIQUID PENETRANT EXAMINATION T-673.2
Aluminum, magnesium, steel, brass Castings and welds Cold shuts, porosity, lack of fusion, 5 10
and bronze, titanium and high- cracks (all forms)
temperature alloys
Wrought materials — extrusions, Laps, cracks (all forms) 10 10
forgings, plate
Carbide-tipped tools Lack of fusion, porosity, cracks 5 10
Plastic All forms Cracks 5 10
Glass All forms Cracks 5 10
Ceramic All forms Cracks 5 10
NOTE:
(1) For temperature range from 50°F to 125°F (10°C to 52°C).
125
T-673.2 2001 SECTION V T-676.3
and pressure of the water shall be as recommended T-675.1 Dry Developer Application. Dry developer
by the manufacturer. shall be applied only to a dry surface by a soft
(b) Hydrophilic Emulsification. After the required brush, hand powder bulb, powder gun, or other means,
penetrant dwell time and prior to emulsification, the provided the powder is dusted evenly over the entire
parts shall be prerinsed with water spray using the surface being examined.
same process as for water-washable penetrants. Prerins-
T-675.2 Wet Developer Application. Prior to
ing time shall not exceed 1 min. After prerinsing, the
applying suspension type wet developer to the surface,
excess surface penetrant shall be emulsified by immers-
the developer must be thoroughly agitated to ensure
ing in or spraying with hydrophilic emulsifier. Bath
adequate dispersion of suspended particles.
concentration shall be as recommended by the manufac-
turer. After emulsification, the mixture shall be removed (a) Aqueous Developer Application. Aqueous devel-
by immersing in or rinsing with water. The temperature oper may be applied to either a wet or dry surface.
and pressure of the water shall be as recommended It shall be applied by dipping, brushing, spraying, or
by the manufacturer. other means, provided a thin coating is obtained over
the entire surface being examined. Drying time may
NOTE: Additional information may be obtained from SE-165. be decreased by using warm air, provided the surface
temperature of the part is not raised above 125°F
T-673.3 Solvent Removable Penetrants. Excess sol- (52°C). Blotting is not permitted.
vent removable penetrants shall be removed by wiping (b) Nonaqueous Developer Application. Nonaqueous
with a cloth or absorbent paper, repeating the operation developer shall be applied only to a dry surface. It
until most traces of penetrant have been removed. The shall be applied by spraying, except where safety or
remaining traces shall be removed by lightly wiping restricted access preclude it. Under such conditions,
the surface with cloth or absorbent paper moistened developer may be applied by brushing. Drying shall
with solvent. To minimize removal of penetrant from be by normal evaporation.
discontinuities, care shall be taken to avoid the use of
excess solvent. Flushing the surface with solvent, T-675.3 Developing time for final interpretation be-
following the application of the penetrant and prior gins immediately after the application of a dry developer
to developing, is prohibited. or as soon as a wet developer coating is dry. The
minimum developing time shall be as required by Table
T-672.
T-674 Drying After Excess Penetrant
Removal
T-676 Interpretation
(a) For the water washable or post-emulsifying tech-
T-676.1 Final Interpretation. Final interpretation
nique, the surfaces may be dried by blotting with clean
shall be made within 10 to 60 min after the requirements
materials or by using circulating air, provided the
of T-675.3 are satisfied. If bleed-out does not alter the
temperature of the surface is not raised above 125°F
examination results, longer periods are permitted. If
(52°C).
the surface to be examined is large enough to preclude
(b) For the solvent removable technique, the surfaces
complete examination within the prescribed or estab-
may be dried by normal evaporation, blotting, wiping,
lished time, the examination shall be performed in
or forced air.
increments.
T-676.2 Characterizing Indication(s). The type of
T-675 Developing discontinuities are difficult to evaluate if the penetrant
diffuses excessively into the developer. If this condition
The developer shall be applied as soon as possible occurs, close observation of the formation of indica-
after penetrant removal; the time interval shall not tion(s) during application of the developer may assist
exceed that established in the procedure. Insufficient in characterizing and determining the extent of the
coating thickness may not draw the penetrant out of indication(s).
discontinuities; conversely, excessive coating thickness
may mask indications. T-676.3 Color Contrast Penetrants. With a color
With color contrast penetrants, only a wet developer contrast penetrant, the developer forms a reasonably
shall be used. With fluorescent penetrants, a wet or uniform white coating. Surface discontinuities are indi-
dry developer may be used. cated by bleed-out of the penetrant which is normally
126
T-676.3 ARTICLE 6 — MANDATORY APPENDICES T-693
a deep red color that stains the developer. Indications T-680 EVALUATION
with a light pink color may indicate excessive cleaning.
(a) All indications shall be evaluated in terms of the
Inadequate cleaning may leave an excessive background
acceptance standards of the referencing Code Section.
making interpretation difficult. A minimum light inten-
(b) Discontinuities at the surface will be indicated
sity of 100 fc (1000 Lx) is required on the surface to
by bleed-out of penetrant; however, localized surface
be examined to ensure adequate sensitivity during the
irregularities due to machining marks or other surface
examination and evaluation of indications. The light
conditions may produce false indications.
source, technique used, and light level verification is
(c) Broad areas of fluorescence or pigmentation
required to be demonstrated one time, documented, and
which could mask indications of discontinuities are
maintained on file.
unacceptable, and such areas shall be cleaned and
reexamined.
T-676.4 Fluorescent Penetrants. With fluorescent
penetrants, the process is essentially the same as in
T-676.3, with the exception that the examination is T-690 DOCUMENTATION
performed using an ultraviolet light, called black light.
T-691 Recording of Indications
The examination shall be performed as follows:
(a) It shall be performed in a darkened area. T-691.1 Nonrejectable Indications. Nonrejectable
(b) The examiner shall be in the darkened area for indications shall be recorded as specified by the referenc-
at least 5 min prior to performing the examination to ing Code Section.
enable his eyes to adapt to dark viewing. If the examiner T-691.2 Rejectable Indications. Rejectable indica-
wears glasses or lenses, they shall not be photosensitive. tions shall be recorded. As a minimum, the type of
(c) The black light shall be allowed to warm up for indications (linear or rounded), location and extent
a minimum of 5 min prior to use or measurement of (length or diameter or aligned) shall be recorded.
the intensity of the ultraviolet light emitted. Reflectors
and filters should be checked and cleaned daily when T-692 Examination Records
in use. Cracked or broken filters shall be replaced
immediately. For each examination, the following information shall
be recorded:
(d) The black light intensity shall be measured with
(a) procedure identification and revision;
a black light meter. A minimum of 1000 W /cm2 on
(b) liquid penetrant type (visible or fluorescent);
the surface of the part being examined shall be required.
(c) type (number or letter designation of each pene-
The black light intensity shall be reverified at least
trant, penetrant remover, emulsifier, and developer used;
once every 8 hr, whenever the work station is changed,
(d) examination personnel identity and if required
or whenever the bulb is changed.
by referencing Code Section, qualification level;
(e) map or record of indications per T-691;
(f) material and thickness;
(g) lighting equipment; and
T-677 Post-examination Cleaning (h) date and time examinations were performed.
127
ARTICLE 6
MANDATORY APPENDIX I
128
A03 ARTICLE 6
MANDATORY APPENDIX II
II-641 Nickel Based Alloys When examining austenitic stainless steel or titanium,
all materials shall be analyzed individually for chlorine
When examining nickel based alloys, all materials and fluorine content as follows.
shall be analyzed individually for sulfur content as (a) An individual sample of the penetrant materials
follows. with the exception of cleaners shall be prepared for
(a) An individual sample of the penetrant materials analysis by heating 50 g of the material in a 150 mm
with exception of cleaners shall be prepared for analysis nominal diameter glass Petri dish at a temperature of
by heating 50 g of the material in a 150 mm nominal 194°F to 212°F (90°C to 100°C) for 60 min.
diameter glass Petri dish at a temperature of 194°F to
212°F (90°C to 100°C) for 60 min. PRECAUTION: Provide adequate ventilation to dissipate the emit-
ted vapor.
PRECAUTION: Provide adequate ventilation to dissipate the emit- (b) If the residue is 0.0025 g or more, the procedure
ted vapor. shown in (a) above shall be repeated. The residue may
(b) Analysis of the residue shall be as follows: If be analyzed in accordance with SD-808 and the total
the residue is less than 0.0025 g, the material is shall not exceed 1% by weight. Or, alternately, the
acceptable without further analysis. If the residue is residue shall be analyzed in accordance with SE-165,
0.0025 g or more, the procedure shown in (a) above Annex 2 for chlorine and SE-165, Annex 3 for fluorine,
shall be repeated and the residue analyzed in accordance and the total chlorine plus fluorine content shall not
with SD-129 or SD-1552. Alternately, the material may exceed 1% by weight.
be decomposed in accordance with SD-129 and analyzed (c) An individual sample of the cleaner /remover
in accordance with SD-516 Method B. The sulphur material shall be prepared for analysis by heating 100
content shall not exceed 1% of the residue by weight. g of the material in a 150 mm nominal diameter glass
(c) An individual sample of cleaner /remover material Petri dish at a temperature of 194°F to 212°F (90°C
shall be prepared for analysis by heating 100 g of the to 100°C) for 60 min.
material in a 150 mm nominal diameter glass Petri
dish at a temperature of 194°F to 212°F (90°C to PRECAUTION: Provide adequate ventilation to dissipate the emit-
ted vapor.
100°C) for 60 min.
(d) If the residue is 0.005 g or more, the procedure
PRECAUTION: Provide adequate ventilation to dissipate the shown in (c) above shall be repeated. The residue may
emitted vapor. be analyzed in accordance with SD-808 and the total
128.1
II-642 2001 SECTION V II-690
shall not exceed 1% by weight. Or, alternately, the anions by ion chromatography, which provides a single
residue shall be analyzed in accordance with SE-165, instrumental technique for rapid sequential measurement
Annex 2 for chlorine and SE-165, Annex 3 for fluorine, of common anions such as chloride, fluoride, and sulfate.
and the total chlorine plus fluorine content shall not
exceed 1% by weight.
II-690 DOCUMENTATION
Certifications obtained on penetrant materials shall
include the penetrant manufacturers’ batch numbers and
II-643 Alternative
the test results obtained in accordance with II-640.
As an alternative to II-641 and II-642 above, SE- These records shall be maintained as required by the
165, Annex A4 may be used for determination of referencing Code Section.
128.2
ARTICLE 6 A03
(38 mm)
line
TECHNIQUES FOR EXAMINATIONS
11/2 in.
3 in. (76 mm)
AT NONSTANDARD TEMPERATURES
III-610 SCOPE
(38 mm)
When a liquid penetrant examination cannot be con-
11/2 in.
ducted within the standard temperature range of 50°F
to 125°F (10°C to 52°C), the temperature of the exami-
nation shall be qualified in accordance with this Ap-
2 in. 3/ in.
pendix. (51 mm) 8
(10 mm)
III-630 MATERIALS
A
A liquid penetrant comparator block shall be made
as follows. The liquid penetrant comparator blocks shall
be made of aluminum, ASTM B 209, Type 2024, 3⁄8
in. (9.5 mm) thick, and should have approximate face
dimensions of 2 in. ⴛ 3 in. (52 mm ⴛ 76 mm). At FIG. III-630 LIQUID PENETRANT COMPARATOR
the center of each face, an area approximately 1 in. (NOTE: Dimensions given are for guidance only and are
(25 mm) in diameter shall be marked with a 950°F not critical.)
(510°C) temperature-indicating crayon or paint. The
marked area shall be heated with a blowtorch, a Bunsen
burner, or similar device to a temperature between
950°F (510°C) and 975°F (524°C). The specimen shall III-640 REQUIREMENTS
then be immediately quenched in cold water, which
produces a network of fine cracks on each face. III-641 Comparator Application
The block shall then be dried by heating to approxi- III-641.1 Temperature Less Than 50°F (10°C). If
mately 300°F (149°C). After cooling, the block shall it is desired to qualify a liquid penetrant examination
be cut in half. One-half of the specimen shall be procedure at a temperature of less than 50°F (10°C),
designated block “A” and the other block “B” for the proposed procedure shall be applied to block “B”
identification in subsequent processing. Figure T-653.2 after the block and all materials have been cooled and
illustrates the comparator blocks “A” and “B.” As an held at the proposed examination temperature until the
alternate to cutting the block in half to make blocks comparison is completed. A standard procedure which
“A” and “B,” separate blocks 2 in. ⴛ 3 in. (52 mm has previously been demonstrated as suitable for use
ⴛ 76 mm) can be made using the heating and quenching shall be applied to block “A” in the 50°F to 125°F
technique as described above. Two comparator blocks (10°C to 52°C) temperature range. The indications of
with closely matched crack patterns may be used. The cracks shall be compared between blocks “A” and “B.”
blocks shall be marked “A” and “B.” If the indications obtained under the proposed conditions
128.3
III-641.1 2001 SECTION V III-641.3
on block “B” are essentially the same as obtained on the capability of a penetrant to reveal indications on the
block “A” during examination at 50°F to 125°F (10°C comparator shall be demonstrated at both temperatures].
to 52°C), the proposed procedure shall be considered III-641.3 Alternate Techniques for Color Contrast
qualified for use. A procedure qualified at a temperature Penetrants. As an alternate to the requirements of III-
lower than 50°F (10°C) shall be qualified from that 641.1 and III-641.2, when using color contrast pene-
temperature to 50°F (10°C). trants, it is permissible to use a single comparator block
for the standard and nonstandard temperatures and to
III-641.2 Temperature Greater Than 125°F (52°C). make the comparison by photography.
If the proposed temperature for the examination is (a) When the single comparator block and photo-
above 125°F (52°C), block “B” shall be held at this graphic technique is used, the processing details (as
temperature throughout the examination. The indications applicable) described in III-641.1 and III-641.2 apply.
of cracks shall be compared as described in III-641.1 The block shall be thoroughly cleaned between the
while block “B” is at the proposed temperature and two processing steps. Photographs shall be taken after
block “A” is at the 50°F to 125°F (10°C to 52°C) processing at the nonstandard temperature and then after
temperature range. processing at the standard temperature. The indication of
To qualify a procedure for temperatures above 125°F cracks shall be compared between the two photographs.
(52°C), the upper and lower temperature limits shall The same criteria for qualification as III-641.1 shall
be established and the procedure qualified at these apply.
temperatures. [As an example, to qualify a procedure (b) Identical photographic techniques shall be used
for the temperature range 126°F (52°C) to 200°F (93°C), to make the comparison photographs.
128.4