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11
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x6<;, nUQ6Ao nou UnElpEQE un6 XQ6vw a08!lu. ECXE YUAal;Lu
CLUUyij !la'tLu xm IpQEOXLU Q6DLVTJ EmcEQ!lCCU, nUQ6ATJ 'tT)
ouvij8ELa 'tou vu XU'tUVUAWVEL !lEyaAE<; no06'tTJ'tE<; uAx06A.
12
N'tUVO'tuv xO!l'IjJa xm UOXOAL6tUV OXEc6v 'ljJUXUVUyxuO'tLxa
!lE 'tT)v nQoowmxij 'tou UYLELVij, Cow<; EnELcij nEQuoE !leyaAo
!lEQO<; 'tT)<; 1;wij<; 'tou !lEOU OtT] CUOOO!lCU xm 'tTJ (3QW!lLa !lLU<;
un6 'tL<; nw cuoaQEO'tE<; nOAE!lLxE<; ouQQa!;EL<; 'tT)<; uv8Qwnt-
VY]<; LmoQCu<;.
rEvvij8TJXE O'tL<; 24 10uvCou 1842, OtT]v EnuQXLu MELYX<;
'tou Oxaw. 'H'tuv 'to CEXU'tO nmcL 'tT)<; AaouQu xm 'tou
MaQxou «AUQijAWU» MJtT)g<;. 0 nu'tEQu<;, EVU<; q>'twX6<;
uYQ6'tT)<; xm EUOE(3ij<; KOLVO'tLa'tij<; IIouQL'tuv6<;, nQoEQx6!lE-
VO<; - 6nw<; aAAwO'tE xm TJ !lTJ'tEQU - un6 unoLxou<; nou eyxu-
'tuma8TJxuv O'tTJ N EU AYYALU 'to 170 mwvu, anOlpaOWE nw<;
'tu ov6!lu'tu 'twv nmcLwv 'tou EnQEnE v' uQXCl;ouv 6AU un6
«A»: A!tJtLYXELA, A!lEALU, Awu, AV'tLOOV, AUQTJALU, A13you-
O'to<;, AA!lEV'tU, AV'tQLOU, AA.!tJtE(l't xm 13O'tEQU A!tJtQ60ul;.
IIw<; Eq>'tUOE 6!lw<; 0 MaQxo<; 0't0 !lEA6DQU!lU'tou AYYAOU
OUYYQUlpEU T1;tQOAV't [Douglas Jerrold, 1803-1857];
«A!lnQ60ul; rXOULVE't ij MLU lO'toQLU maL OtT] eaAuoou»
[Ambrose Gwynett; or A Seaside Story,1828], nou Ej3UAE
CCn:AU 0't0 «A» 'tou j3QElpOU<; EVU «G»;
~'tT) OUVEXELU ijQ8uv XL aAAU «A»: 0 AQ80uQ, nou nE8uVE
'to 1846, OE TJALXCU EWEU !lTJvwv, TJ AMALU xm TJ AUQTJACU,
nou nE8uvuv XL UU'tE<; !lEOU O'tU En6!lEVU 000 XQ6VLU. rtu vu
xa'taAaj3OU!lE 'tOY A!tJtQ60u1;, nQEnEL onwocijnO'tE v' UQXC-
OOU!lE an6 'to YEyov6<; nw<; 'tT)V Enoxij nou aQXLOE vu XU'tU-
AU(3U(VEL'tOV X60!l0 yUQw 'tou, TJ !lTJ'tEQU'tOU ij'tuv anuoxoATJ-
!lEVY] xu'ta nQwTO A6yo !lE 'tT) IpQoV'tCcu 'twv VEOYEVVTJ'tWV xm
xu'ta DE13'tEgO !lE 'to nEv80<; YLU 'to ijCTJ vExQ6 nmcC. 'E'tOL,
CEV nQ60lpEQE 0't0 AyoQaxL 'tT)V uyaJtT) nou 6lpELAE. EXECVO<;
anEQQL'ljJE 'tOU<; YOVEL<; xm 'tT)v OLXOyEVELU· XU'tEIpUYE O'tU
j3Lj3ACU. ~13!llpWVU !lE 60u AEY0V'tUV, 0 MaQxo<; ECXE 'tT) !leyu-
13
A:U-tEQl1 j3Lj3A.LO!hlXl1 0't0 KOOXLOVOXO TTJ~ IVTL<xva, 6:n:ou ItE'ta-
X6ItLOav't0 1846. EXEC'tQLYVQL!;E 0 ItLxQ6~ AIt:1tQ60u!;.
'H'tav 1t6vo~. M6vo~ 0't0 O:n:L'tL XaL 1t6VO~ 0't0 O)(OA.ELO.
M6A.LS EXA.ELOE 'ta OExa'tQCa 'tou XQ6VLa, Eyxa'tEA.ELljJE YLa
:n:uV'ta 'to :n:a'tQLxo. kTTJV aQxrj, EYLVE 0 «qrtWXOOLUj30A.0~»
'tou w:n:oYQacpELou ItLa~ aV'tLQa'tmO'tLxrj~ ECPl1ItEQLoa~ :n:ou
ELXE LOQu6EL :n:Q60cpa'ta 0't0 YEL'tOVLX6 OuuQooou. 'YO'tEQa
'tOY 'tQUj3l1~E 'to AXQov 'tou OXULO, 6:n:ou 0 AOVXLO~, 0 ItLxQ6-
'tEQO~ aOEA.cpo~ 'tou MUQxou - 't600 Ita 't600 OLacpOQE'tLx6~
a:n:6 EXELVOV - rj'tav 0 E:n:LcpaVEO'tEQO~ :n:OA.L'tl1~: OLxl1y6Qo~,
OUYYQacpEa~, 'tEOOEQL~ CPOQE~ orjltaQXOS XaL 6QUA.LX6~ :n:OA.E-
ItLO'trj~. 'O'tav, 'to 1838, 0 Kavaou~ j3QLOx6'tav O'ta :n:Qo6uQa
E~EYEQOl1~ EvuV'tLa OTTJ j3QE'tavLxrj EmxuQLaQXLa, 0 «k'tQa-
TTJy6~» M:n:l1QS :n:EQaoE TTJ A.LItVl1 'EQL It' Eva oWJ!a :n:EV'taxo-
OLWV E6EA.0V'tWV, YLa va :n:QoxaMoEL YEVLX6 ~EOl1xwIt6.
TWQa rj'tav Eva~ OXA.l1Qo:n:uQl1vLx6~ aV'tLQa'tmO'trj~, :n:ou
EcpooLaoE J!E o:n:A.a XaL :n:uQoJ!aXLxu 'tOY T!;wv M:n:Quouv
[John Brown,1800-1859], 6'tav 0 'tEA.EU'taLo~ ~EXLV110E TTJv
aLJ!a'tl'/Qrj E~OOO a:n:o 'to OOUA.OX'tl'/'tLXO Now.
o AOVXLO~ a:n:ocpumoE :n:w~ 0 AIt:1tQ60u!; E:n:QE:n:E va
YLVEL O'tQa'tLw'tLx6~. M6A.L~ EXA.ELOE 'ta oExaE:n:'tu, 'tOY EO'tEL-
A.E 0't0 :n:EQLcpTJJ!O k'tQa'tLw'tLx6 IvO'tL'tov'to 'tou KEV'tUXU.
'YO'tEQa a:n:6 Eva XQ6vo 'tOY a:n:Ej3aA.aV, aMu ELXE a:n:ox'trj-
OEL rjOl1 O'tQa'tLW'tLxo :n:aQuO'tl1J!a XaL yvolOEL~ OXEO(ou XaL
xaQ'toYQacpLa~, :n:ou oVV'to!la a:n:00ECx6Tjxav E~aLQE"tLXU
XQrjm!lE~. AxoA.ov6Tjoav EWEa !lrjVE~ YE!lU'tOL OLUCPOQE~
:n:EQLO'tamaxE~ OOUA.ELE~ 0't0 OuuQooou, wo:n:ou 'tTjv UVOL~Tj
'tou 1861 ~Eo:n:aoE 0 EltcpVA.LO~. 0 M:n:TjQ~ rjmv a:n:' 'tou~
:n:Qw'tou~ :n:ou xa'ta"tuX'tl1xav 0't0 O'tQa"to 'tou A(vxoA.v
[Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865].
14
ME 'to 'Eva'to kvV'taY!la llE!;LXOV E6EA.0V'tWV 'too KEV'tU-
xu, It:1trjXE 0't0 xa6Tj!lEQwo ocpayECo. k'tOV :n:Qaocpa'to KQLJ!ai:-
x6 ll6A.E!l0 E(xav XUOEL TTJ !;wrj 'too~ ELxom XLA.LUOE~ BQE'tavo(
O'tQa"tLW'tE~, a:n:6 'too~ o:n:o(OUS It0VO OL 'tQEL~ XLA.LUOE~ ~E1jIuXTJ­
oav O'ta :n:EOLa 'twv !laxWv. Tov A:n:QCA.LO 'tou 1862,11 cpQLxLa-
O'tLXrj !lUXTj "tou kCA.O, :n:oo EA.aj3E !lEQO~ XaL 0 M:n:TjQ~, "tEA.ELW-
OE !lE 23.741 :n:'tol!la'ta. llEQaoE TTJ 6Tj"tECa "tou E~OA.OXA.rjQou
0't0 No"ta. na Evav uv6Qw:n:0 YEwTJJ!a-6QE!l!la TTJS :n:EOLvrj~
~VOl1~, OL OQELVE~ EX'tUOEL~ "tou Nmou ij"tav :n:QaY!la"tLxu
OUYXA.OVLO'tLXES. H O!lOQCPLU "taus, !lE"taj3aMmav ava:n:uV'tE-
xa, j3aoavLO"tLxu, OE oxTjvLx6 avwcpEA.wV TjQWLO!lWv XaL VUXt£.
QWwv ocpayWv. 0 M:1tTjQ~ ELOE youQovvLa va "tQWVE "tL~ oUQ-
XE~ "twv OXO"tWJ!EVWV O'tQa'tLW'twv XaL !lUaA.U va xUvoV'taL a:n:6
aVOtYItEVa xQavLa. A:n:6 Ittav ci:n:01jITj ELXE va XUVEL ItE «W:n:L~
x6 :n:6A.E!l0». H !lEXQL aU"to6uoLa~ YEWaLOTTJ"tU "tau cpuVTJxe
:n:OA.V VWQL~, mav OLEOWOE Evav :n:A.TjYW!lEVO OUVUOEA.cp6 "tou,
:n:EQvwV'ta~ J!Eoa a:n:6 "ta :n:uQu "tau O"tQa"tov "twv NmLwv. To
IvO'tL"tomo 'tou KEV'tUXU, !lE"tU a:n:6 :n:OMU XQ6vLa "tOY :n:QmEL-
VE yw :n:Qoaywyrj. To <l>E/3QOUUQLO "tau 1862, XaL EVol T}'tav
rj0l1 A.OxLa~, !lE"ta'tE6TjXE OTTJv m~LaQxCa "tou O"tQaTTJYov rouC-
A.La!l XEL!;EV [William Babcock Hazen 1830-1887], :n:ou avrjxE
0't0 oW!la 'tou OXULO, u:n:o TTJ OLOCXTjOl1 "tou M:n:LOVEA. [Don
Carlos Buell, 1818-1898]. OVOJ!UOTTJXE a~Lw!la'tLx6s TTJ~ "to:n:o-
YQacpLXTj~ U:1tTjQEo(a~ XL <iQXLOE va XUQ"toygaCPE( TTJV :n:EQLOXTj.
Tov E:n:O!lEVO XQ6vo EYWE u:n:oA.oxay6~ XaL"tO NOE!l/3QLO "tou
1864 :n:QorjX6Tj "tLJ!Tj"tLXU Of A.oxay6. TWQa ma j3QLoxmav
XOV'tU O'tO Em"tEA.ELO XL Tj OUIt:1tEQLCPOQU "twv O"tQaTTJYWv "too
:n:QOXaA.OUOE aTjoCa. 'OOOL OEV T}'tav aVOTj"tOL ij"tav aVWQL!lOL.
o rjQWU~"too T}'tav 0 XEt!;EV, :n:ou OEV €/3A.E:n:E J!E XaA.O J!U"tL TTJV
aVOTjOLa, "t600"twv O:n:A.L"tWv 600 XaL "twv a~LW!la"tLxwv.
15
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'ltoDWP1DX AU1 ~rtD ,ltD 30C01J"{/.. A01 A3~1}X 0 'PX1"{3X,
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'OArt9A)X 0"(p/..3TI 3D rto1 ~CO~ U1 303851 'D1!.u9TI11A3 Altw rt01
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DA 11>X 13~:U:01A3 DA AD1~ 50u:u:W rt01 p13"{rtOV '019N 01
Artocft}"{rtXO DA Dl/..1380} ADX)3 pooog rt01 Dl"{PXD01 D1 D"{O,
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UW 90ctDOU8 9XDl9AO:U:00TIO A01 Dl/.. 50Art8~3ltrt 5co 39)3
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«AIlEQLXUVLXrj<;» AOyatEXVLU<; b'llAUbrj - IlEOO'UQUVOUOUV 0't0
EXXEV'CQLX6, um:ob'llIlLOUQY'll'tO O'tEQEWIlU 't'Il<; :n:6A'll<;: 0 M:n:QE't
XUQ't [Bret Harte, 1836-1902] XUL 0 MUQx To'UuL'llv [Mark
Twainl'VE'Ub. Samuel Taylor Clemens, 1835-1910]. To :n:QoYto
6'll1l00LE'UIlU 'to'll rj'tuv EVU :n:oL'llIlU, O't'llv EqJ'llIlEQLbu
Californian. eu O'UVEXLOEL vu YQuqJEL :n:OLrjIlU'tU IlEXQL 'to
'tEAO<; 't'Il<; XUQLEQU<; 'to'll. MEQLXU rj'tuv IlEA.aYXOALXU. A.J...A.a -
'tu :n:EQLOO6'tEQU - OU'tLQLXU. 'OAU 61lw<; bLEeE'tUV UQ'tLU 'tEXV L-
xrj XUL IlEAWbLU. 0 M:n:'llQ<; :n:LO'tE'UE :n:w<; 'll :n:oL'l101l rj'tuv 'll 'U1jJ'll-
M'tEQ'll 1l0QqJrj AoyatEXVLU<;. Tov LbLO xULQ6 61lw<; U:n:OqJUOL-
OE, IlE eAL1jJ'll, :n:w<; OLYO'UQU bEY eu Il:n:OQOUOE vu :n:EWXEL XU'tL
01lIlUV'CLX6 0't1l l;wrj 'to'll 1l6vo IlE 't'll O'UyxLV'l101l 'twv O'tLXWV.
AQXLOE VU b'llIlOOLEUEL uQeQu u:n:6 bw XL wr6 XEL. To XUAO-
XULQL'tO'U 1868 EYLVE IlEAO<; 'to'll b'llIlOOLOYQUqJLXOU E:n:L'tEAELO'U
't'll<; News Letter XL u:n:6 'to i'l.EXEIlj3QLO, UQXLO'UV'CUX't'Il<; 't'll<;
EqJ'llIlEQLbu<;. 0 :n:Qoxu'tOx6<; 'to'll - XU:n:OLO<; rO'UoYtXLV<; - :n:QLV
qJ'I3YEL YLU 't'Il N EU Y 6Qx'll, 'to'll O'UVE0't1l0E E'UYEVLXU VU bLUj3U-
OEL l:O'ULqJ't [Johnathan Swift, 1667-1745] XUL BOA.'tULQO
[Francois-Marie Arouet Voltaire, 1694 - 1778]. A:n:' 'tOY 'tQE-
M:n:wru EIlUeE IlEXQL :n:ou 1lJ't0QEL vu qJ'tUOEL 'll UYQLU uyuvu-
x't'l101l, WO'tE vu Il'll YLVEL xux6yo'UO't0 XUxuvo. A:n:6 'to rUMo
UqJ0IlOLWOE IlLU IlEeobo AuxWVLXrj<; XUL XUQL'tWIlEV'll<; ELQW-
VELU<;, :n:0'U j3QLOX6'tUV O'tov uV'CL:n:obu 'to'll rXLIlJ'tOV. l:'t'Ilv LbLU
OEALbu 'to'll AAcpaf3rJ1:aQiov 0 «l:0'U"CqJ'tLx6<;» OQ LO Il6<; 't'll<;
Ayxw.ui~ W<; « ...:n:QW'tLO'tW<; XQrjOLIl'll<; O'tU UYQatLXU :n:uv'llYu-
QLU, YLU 't'Il O'trjQLS'll 6LOXWV IlE xQuo xO't6:n:0'UAo XUL XEqJUAWV
UQOEVLXWV EV'llALXWV», UXOAO'UeEL'tUL u:n:6 'tOY «BOA'tULQLX6»
'\lXl1yOQO ... «Am:6v :n:0'U SEQEL vu :n:uQuxullJ't'tEL 'to v61l0».
o AyyAo<; LbLOX~<; 't'Il<; News Letter, 0 cI>QEV'CEQLX MUQ-
QlO't [Frederick Marriott, 1805-1884], ELXE XU'tUqJEQELVU XUVEL
18
't'IlV EqJ'IlllEQLbu 'to'll 'to :n:LO wrObatLX6 bLUqJ'IlIlLO'tLXO IlEOO 'to'll
l:uv cI>QUVOLOXO XUL 'twQu E'tQLj3E 'tu XEQLU 'to'll wro LXUVO:n:OL-
'll01l, j3M:n:oV'Cu<; :n:w<; 'll EX 'to'll O'UO'tub'llV E:n:C6E01l 'to'll MJ't'IlQ<; -
:n:O'll EYQUqJE IlE 'to 1jJE'UbwV'UIlO «TEAUA'll<;» - O'tOV IO...rjQO 't'Il<;
:n:6A'll<; eu 'to'll uVEj3ul;E 't'IlV X'UXAoqJOQLU. OL UV'CLbQuOEL<; rj'tUV
oxuvbaA.<i>bEL<;. 0 M:n:'llQ<; xu'U't'IlQLul;E 't'Ilv EYXA'llIlU'tLXrj O'UIlJ'tE-
QLqJOQU'tWV XQLO'tLUVWv wrEVUV'CL O't'IlV EQYU'tLXrj XLvEl;LXrj XOL-
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qJOvOL - LbLUL'tEQU OL ULllu't'IlQOL - ELVUL ux61l'll XUL orjllEQU
01lIlUV'CLX6<; Myo<; YLU 't'IlV UUS'l101l 't'Il<; X'UXAOqJOQLU<; 'twv EqJ'Il-
IlEQLbwv. l:E IlLUV E:n:OXrj XUL 0' EVUV 't6:n:0, 6:n:O'll OL EqJ'IlIlEQLbE<;
rj'tuv E:n:LeE'tLXE<; XUL j3uVU'UOE<;, 6AO 'to l:uv cI>QUVOLOXO UV'CL-
IlE'tWJ'tLl;E IlE o~Qrj E'itJ'tA'llS'll rj XULQEXUXLU 't'Il «l:O'U·LqJ'tLXrj»
wrO'lloCa UVUO'tOAWv 'to'll «TEAaA.'ll».
To uVEQX61lEVO UO'tEQL j3QrjXE 'to UO'tEQL 't'Il<; XUQbLU<; 'to'll
O't1lv M6M'U N'tuL'll, x6Q'll Ev6<; EJ'tL't'UX'llIlEVO'U IlE'tUAAWQUX0'U.
l:'to IlE'tUSU, 0 M:n:'llQ<; ELXE rj6'll :n:QOXUMOEL ULOe'l101l 0't0
AovbLVO, :n:0'U 't6'tE rj'tuv Ux61l'll 'll AoYO'tEXVLXrj :n:QW'tEUO'UOU
'to'll uYYA6qJwvo'U x60IlO'U. To 1872, 0 YEQo-N'tuL'll U:n:OXULQE-
't'IlOE :n:UVE'U't'UXrj<; 'to vEuQ6 l;E'UYUQL, :n:0'U EO'tQUqJ'll - E VUL
Aol:rt6v! - :n:Qo<; UVU'tOAU<;.
KL UA.A.oL UO'tEQE<; 't'Il<; KUALqJ6QVLU UqJE6r)xuv O't11v O"S'll
'to'll LbLO'U IlUyvrj't'll. 0 M:n:QE't XuQ't eu IlE'tux6IlLl;E YLU'tU xuM
O't11V AyyACa. 0 MUQx TO'lluL'llv EXUVE IlLU oUV'COIl'll EllqJUVL01l,
6:n:w<; XL 0 XOUXLV MCMEQ [Joaquin Miller, 1837-1913], ouv
LbLOw:n:O<; XUO'llIlJ't6'll<; «llOL'll'trj<; 'twv l:LEQU<;». 'OIlW<; 0 M:n:'llQ<;
:n:QatLIl'llOE vu 'tQLY'UQ(l;EL O'tU XUJ't'IlAELU IlE IlLU :n:UQEU btaXE-
XQLIlEVWV AYYAWV :n:El;0YQuqJWv XUL b'llIlOOLOYQUqJwv, 'll O:n:OLU
O'UIlJ'tA'llQwv6'tuv xU:n:o'U-xU:n:o'U XUL IlE 'tOY rXLA.IlJ'tEQ't [W. S.
Gilbert, 1836-1911], 'to ALIlJ'tQE'tCatU 'to'll l:aMLj3UV [Arthur
19
Seymour Sullivan, 1842-1900). 0 Mm1Q<; j3Q1'jXE EXMtE<; YLU
tQEL<; mJ"MAYyE<; ltE~WV. To 't\IEubWvuIlO tau, «Ntovt rXQIA»
[Dod Grile], uvuYQUllllatLo!!6<; tOU «OQYLOIlEVO<; SEO<;» [God
Riled] bEV ECXE EltLtuXCU, bEV EYLVE OLXECO Otou<; UVUYVWOtE<;
XL Etm bUOXOAE1Yt'r\XE xU:n:oo<; VU mJ'V't1lQtlOEL t'll yuvuCXU xm
tau<; buo VEOYEVVI1tau<; ywu<; tou. H AYYACU 01100<; tau UQWE
- IlEtUj3Atl6TjXE OE Ev6EQIl0 UyyM<pLAO - xm OtEVOXooQtl 6 TjXE
muv TJ MOMU, ltOU ECXE tlbTJ EltLOtQE't\IEL OtO ~UV <l>QuvoCOXO,
VOOtUAYWvtU<; tOY tOltO t'll<;, tOU UvijYYEIAE ltoo<; ijtuv EYXUO<;
OtO tQCtO tou<; ltmbL Tov Oxtwj3QW tOU 1875, 0 MltTJQ<;
E<ptUVE xovtu Ot'YJV OLXOYEVELU tOU, Ot'YJV KUAU:P0QVLU, xutU-
f.lEoij<; f.lLU<; OLXOV0f.lLXtl<; V<pEOTJ<;, ltOU tOY uVUYXUOE VU ltEQU-
OEL ltOMOV<; f.ltlVE<; UVEQY0<;, ltQLV XUtU<pEQEL vu Ult0YQU't\IEL
f.lLU OtijATJ Ot'YJv E<pTJf.lEQCbu Argonaut, ouv «TIOAUAOYU<;»· 0
«TEAaATJ<;» f.lE YEO OVOf.lu.
To 1880 ltuQatu l;u<pVLxu t'll bTjf.l0owYQU<p(U XL UVUAUf.l-
j3UVEL tTJ bLEV6uvoTJ EVO<; IlEtUAAE(OU OtOU<; MuvQou;
Ao<pou<; tTj<; Ntuxotu. MLAUf.lE YLU AYQLU ~VOTJ OtU
«UYQLU» tTj<;! 0 MltrlQ<; E(XE t'llV ltQOVOW VU ltQOOAuj3EL to
YQTJYOQOtEQO EV ~o:n'i «ltLOtOAL» tTJ<; ltEQWXtl<;, YLU t'llV ltQO-
OtUO(U t'll; EltLXE(QTJOTJ<;· ~tL<; f.lw60botLXE<; xUtUOtUOELC;
tOY XUtUXWQLOE 00<; «MltOVVU MEU, bOAO<pOVO<;». 'OvtW;
UlttlQXE XQUOU<PL OE XELVOU<; tOU<; UV6QUXOAO<POU<;, UAAU TJ
EltLXE(QTJOTj OEV f!QLOXOtUV Oto owOto OTJf.lE(O XL EtOL, XWQ(;
Eu6VVTJ toU MltTJQ<; - OE OAE<; tL<; OOUAELE; tOU ijtuv ltoM
UltOOOtLXO; - to oVf,lltuv XUtEQQEUOE OE f.lEQLXOV<; Iltl VE ;.
BUVUOtTJOE of.lw<; tTJ OtijATJ tOU «TIOAUAOYU» OE f.lLUV UAATJ
E<PTJf.lEQ(ou tou ~UV <l>Quvo(oxo. H Wasp toy ltQOOEAUj3E w;
mJvtUXtTJ tOY IuvouuQw tOU 1881. TotE 6u SEXLVOVOE -
OAoo; ltuQubol;oo; UltO to YQUIlf.lU «P» - tU Atlf.lf.lUtU ltOU 6u
20
mJYXEvtQooVE UQYOtEQU f.lE tOY thAO «To AAcpafJrrrdQI iOV
-:1tafJ6AOV». H OtijATJ EYLVE bTjf.lO<pLAtl<; xm OtU EltOf.lEVU
ltEvtE XQOVLU 6u E<ptUVE tU oyoovtU OXtW Atlf.lf.lUtU, f.lE
OEXa:n:EvtE 00<; ELXOOL AESEL<; to xu6€vu.
H XQ(OLIlTJ OtLYf.ltl t'll<; AOyotEXVLXtl<; ~ootl<; tau MltTJQ<;
E<ptUOE to 1887, OtUV 0 rOULMLUf.l PUvtOA<p XEQOt [William
Randolph Hearst, 1863-1951], UltO<pOLtO<; tOU XUQj3uvt xm
yw<; EVO<; ltAOVOWU oLu<p6uQf.lEVOU uut00TJf.lwvQYTJtou
YEQoumuOtij, UvtLAll<P6TJXE ltW<; to IlEMOV tWV E<PTJIlEQLbwv
j3QLoxmuv OtOV «XLtQLVL0f.lO» ltOU EQE6~EL f.lE mOXQo tQOltO
tL<; m06ijoEL<; tooV uvuYVWOtwv. AQltul;E tOY MltTJQ<; xm tOY
Ej3UAE VU YQU<PEL f.lLU at1lATJ xm XVQLU uQ6Qu Ot'YJV Examiner
tOU ~UV <l>QUVOLOXO. To yeyovo<; ltoo<; tau ltUQELXE t'll ouvu-
t6trrta v' UIl<pLOj3TJt€L 6,tL xm 6ltOLOV ij6€A€ ijtuvaQxEt6. Tov
XEQOt OEV tOY EVOLU~E UV OL Ulto't\lEL<; ltau El;E<PQu~E °
MltTjQ<; ijtuv UvtLeEtE<; f.lE tL<; OLXE<; tou. ESUMOU, TJ Examiner
ijtuv f.lLU XUAij oLEl;obo<; YLU tL<; LOtOQLE<; a:n:6 tOY Ef.l<pVAw
ltOU tOY XU6LEQooOUV 00<; OTJIlUvtLX6 Af.lEQLXUVO AoYOtEXVTJ.
To <')tllYTJIlU f3QLOX6tUV UXOIlTJ Ot'YJv E<pTJf3ELU tou w<; AOYO-
tEXVLXO E(OO<;. 0 MltTJQ<; to tQo<POOOt'llOE f.lE EVUV mJvbuuof.lo
ltQOOEXtLXU EltLAEYIlEVooV AElttOf.lEQELWV xm UMoxotWv,
El;uLQEtLXWV YEYOVOtooV, OltooOOij:rtOtE «UltLOtEUtooV». Su
f,lltOQOVOE vu 6EooQTJ6EL ltQooQOf.lo<; tOU «MUYLXoV PEUAL-
0f.l0v», ltOU uVa:n:tVX6TjXE 0t'YJ bLUQXELU tou bEVtEQOU f.lLOoV
tOU 20au mwvu ij xm f.lLU OTJf.lUvtLXll E:rtLOtQO<pij Otov rOUWA-
tEQ ~XWt [Sir Walter Scott, 1771-1832], to IlEYUAO (1)llwuQ-
yo «f.lU6LOtOQLWV». AQXEL vu QC1;OUf.lE f.lLU f.lUtLU OtO Aijf.lf.lU
Mu9to'toQ........a, Oto AAcpafJ1JidQI: «rtu t'll !-lU6LOtOQLU, to
f.lU6LOtOQTJf.lU ELvm O,tL 1) <pootoYQu<p(u YLU t'll ~WYQU<PLXij». 0
bLELolhmx6<; EltLIlEATJtii<; tOU EQYOU tOU Mlt1)Q<; XUtUAaj3U(VEL
21
TY)V «EOW'tEQtXtl OXEar\» 'tOlV btTJYTJl1u't(uv yta 'tOY EI1q:nJAW,
'tWV «MuSwv» xat 'twv <paV'taonxwv ta'toQtWV, :rt0'U EX0'UV
tlQWE~ :rtOAL'tE~. 'OI1W~ TY)V aVal1<Ptof3tlTY)TY) :rtQ01:LI1TJOTJ 'tWV
avayvW01:WV TY)V avYXEV'tQWOaV OL <paV'ta01:LXE~ L01:0QLE~.
~TY)V ayyA6<pwVTJ AOY01:EXV(a bEY 'U:rtUQXEt 'tL:rt01:E :rtaQ611OLo
!lE 'ta btTJytll1a'ta 'to'll EI1<p'UA(O'U, :rt0'U avVEX~O'UV va avyxw-
v~o'Uv 'tOY avayvwOTY), ax611TJ xat I1E'tu a:rt' 6Aa 'ta d;atQE'tt-
xu XELI1EVa YLa 'tOY :rt6AE110 :rt0'U YQu<p1:TJxav I1E'tU 'to 1914.
Ax6!lTJ Xat 'ta YQamu 'to'll P6!1:1tEQ't rXQEtf3~ [Robert Graves,
1895-1985], a~ :rtOUI1E, tl 'to'll BaOLAt rXQ60!lav [Vasily
Grossman, 1905-1964], 6'tav avYXQLVOV1:at I1E 'to abEXa01:0
Tatxal1uo'Uyxa [Chickamauga] 'to'll MJtT]Q~, <paLvoV'tat oav
va l1a~ A'U:rtOUV1:at, oav va !la~ xQuj3o'Uv xU:rtota :rtQuYl1a'ta.
o M:rtTJQ~ 'UJtT]QE'tOUOE OTY)V 'ta~taQXLa 'to'll XEt~EV, OTY)
~6Q't~ta, 6'tav 'to ~EmEI1j3QLO 1863 ~EonaoE fJ I1UXfJ 'tTJ;
Tatxal1uO'Uyxa,. 0 O1:Qa't6~ 'twv BOQELWV omoSoxwQTJOE,
Eyxm;aAELnOV1:a; 16.000 VEXQOV~ Xat (3aQLu nAfJyw/-tEVO'U~.
'Onw~ OL nEQtOomEQOL naALoL O1:Qa'ttw'tE~, 0 MnTJQ~ EnvL~E
/-tEoa 'to'll 'tL~ <pQLxLa01:LXE;, X'UQLOAEX'tLXU anEQLYQamE;,
/-tVtl!lE~ 'to'll nOAE/-to'U, yta bExaE'tLE~. TEALXU, TJ 'tEXVTJ 'to'll
xa'tu<pEQE va 0XTJl1a'tonOLtl0EL 'tTjv TOLxal1uo'Uyxa, 6XL
«<pW'toYQa<pLxu», aAAu an6 TY)v U:rtO'li'TJ 'twv avvEnEtWV TY)~,
I1E 'ta l1u'tta Ev6~ xw<puAaAo'U ayoQwu.
To nQW1:o f3tf3ALO 'to'll, OL IaroQ(E~ yw I7:QaTiwu~ xat
IIo)'iu:~
[Tales of Soldiers and Civilians], EI1<pavLOTY)xE 'to
1891. AmTj TJ «oo(3aQtl» bTJI1LO'UQYLXtl EXQTJ~TJ E(XE av!1:1tEOEL
I1E TY)V xU'ta01:Qo<prJ TY)~ :rtQOOW:rtLXtl~ 'to'll ~wtl~. E~aYQtWSTjXE
mav avaxuAuli'E TY)V EQW'tLXtl Em01:0Atl :rt0'U ELXE O1:ELAEt OTY)v
M6M'U xU:rtotO~ ~av6~ :rtEQa01:LX6~ an6 TY)V KaAL<p6QvLa.
'Iow~, amTj TJ Myw ant01:La TY)~ M6M'U, va /-tTJV TJ1:av :rtaQu
22
/-t6vo I1La :rtQ6<paOTJ Xat 6Xt at'tla yta 'to XWQLol16 'to'U~, 'to
1888, :rtaQ6Ao :rt0'U :rtoM aQy6'tEQa Sa E~O/-toAoytmaV O1:L~
X6QE~ 'to'll :rtw~ TJ /-tTJ'tEQa 'to'U~ TJ1:av TJ /-tEyUATJ ayu:rtTJ 'to'll. TTJv
E:rt6/-tEVTJ XQOVtU, 0 N'taLTJ, 0 bExaEmuXQovo; yw~ 'to'll, aVEQ-
X6/-tEVO~ bT]!lomoYQu<po~, amO:rt'llQo(3oAtlSrrXE a<pO'lJ :rtQW1:a
oxmwoE 'toy xaM'tEQ6 'to'll <pLAO yta XUQTJ EVO~ xOQt'tmoo.
H YQa<ptl 'to'll M:rtTJQ~ EytvE ax6/-tTJ mo :rtLxQ6XOATJ. '000
YLa 'tOY XEQ01: ... 'H'tav xa'tabEx'ttx6~ Xat xaAo:rtATJQW'ttl;,
aAAu 0 MJtT]Q~ bEY UQYTJOE v' aV'tLATJ<pSEL Xat v' aV1:L/-tE'tw:rtL-
OEt !lE xaX'll:rtO'ljJLa 'ta :rtOAL'ttXU OXEbtu 'to'll. (OL Aa"(Xt01:tXE~
E<pTJ/-tEQLbE~ 'to'll E~'U:rtTjQE1:ouoav 'tTJv Em8'U!lLa 'to'll va YLVEL
nQ6EbQo~). AMu OL :rtQOObOXLE~ 'to'll EQyob6TY) 'to'll Eytvav
xm bLXE~ 'to'll, 6'tav 'to 1896 0 XEQ01: 'toy €01:ELAE OTY)v O'Uu-
mvyx'tov, YLa va oQyavwoEL EX01:Qa'tE(a EvuV'tLa 01:0V K6A.-
AL~ II. XUV'tLVYX'tOV [Collis P. Huntingdon, 1821-1900].
o M:rtTJQ~ a:rtExSavo'tav 'tOY XuV'ttvyx'tov, f3E'tEQUVO TY)~
Emj3LWOTJ~ /-tta~ YEVtU~ abLo'tax'twv xam'taALO'twv 7:TJ;
/-tE'tEI1<p'UAtaxtl~ E:rtOXtl~. H X'Uf3EQVTJOTJ AlVXOAV ElXE bavELO-
bo'ttloEL 'tTJV Southern Pacific Railroad Company, no'll 'to'll
aVtlXE. Ta XQtl/-ta'ta bEY E:rtE01:Qu<PTJOav Xat 'twQa 0 XUV'tLV-
yx'tov :rtQOWSOUOE 01:0 KOYXQEOO vOl1oOXEbw, 'to O:rtOLO
aVE01:EtAE 'to XQEO~ yta E(3bo/-ttlV'ta :rtEV'tE XQ6vta. rLa 'to'U~
E:rt6I1EVO'U~ I1tlVE~, 0 MnTJQ~ bTJI100LE'UE avYXAOVt01:LXU 01:0L-
XELa O1:t~ E<PTJ/-tEQLbE~ 'to'll XEQ01:, 01:0 ~av ~QavoLoxo Xat
'tTJ NEa YOQXTj. Mta TJ/-tEQa, O1:a axaALu 'to'll Kant'twA(o'U, 0
XUV'tLVYX'tOV 'to'll ~TJ1:TJOE va OQLOEt TY)v 'tLlltl 'to'll. «.H Ti/-l7j
/-Iov» anUVTY)oE EXELVO~, «eiVQl EfJ()o/-l7jV7:a neV7:E EXa7:0/-l/-lv-
QW oolldQw. Av, 67:av Elan: E7:0l/-l0~ va nll7]QwoEu, 7:VXa(VEt
va IlElnw, /-InoQElu va 7:a OWOEU 07:0 q;(Ilo /-Iov, 7:0 Orjoav-
Qoq;vllaxa 7:WV HVW/-IEVWV IIolllulwv». H anuV'tTJOTJ EYLVE
23
1tQ{J)'toOEAL~1O O'tL~ ECPTJIlEQ(bE~ 6ATJ~ T% XWQa~ 1<aL 'to
KOY1<QEOO a1tEQQL'1pE "Co. OXEbLa "COU XuvnVY1<"Cov.
To ~E1<EIlj3QLO "Cou 1899, 0 M1tTJQ~ E1tEO'tQE'1pE O"CTJv OUUOL-
y1<"Cov YLa IlOVLIlTJ EY1<a"CuO"CaOTJ. 'H"Cav a1<61lTJ U1tUMTJAo~ "cou
XEQO"[ 1-taL 1tEQU;rj"CTJ"CO~, 6"Cav YLa 1<a1<rj "Cou TUXTJ, o"cL~ aQXE~
"Cou 1901, 0 ALY1<, 0 bEmEQo~ yLO~ "Cou - E1t(OTJ~ bTJ!.I.OOLOYQUqJO~
- 1tE8aVE an:6 1tVEUllov(a O"CTJ NEa Y6Q1<TJ. TEooEQa XQ6vLa
aQY6"CEQa 1tE8aVE 1<aL TJ M6MU M1tTJQ~, a<p<>U E1tL"CEA.ou~ EtXE
U1tOI3UMEL at"CTJOTJ bLa~uytOu. ~"Co IlE"Casu, 0 M1tTJQ~ 1taQrjyaYE
YLa "Cov XEQO't EL1<OOL"CEOOEQL~ CPOQE~ «1tEQLOO6"CEQO» AAcpaf31J-
'Ui(}l. To AAcpaf31JTQ(}1 ev6~ KVVlXoV [The Cynic's Word Book]
EllcpavCO"CT]1<E "Co 1906 1<L 0 E1<b6"CTJ~ "COU, 0 N"Ca!t1tAV"CatTJ, rj"Cav
1tavEmuX'1~ IlE "COV"Ct"CAo. ilEQLAa!.l.l3avE "Co oUVOAO "Cwv ATJ!.I.lla-
"CooV, an:6 "Co «A» IlEXQL 1<aL "Co «L». OA61<ATJQO "CoAAcpaf31JTa(}l,
!.I.E "Co oooO"C6 "Ct"CAo "COU, bTJIlOOLEU8TJ1<E "Co 1911, O"Cov 70 "C6!.1.o
IlLa~ 1taQu"CoA!.I.TJ~ boobE1<U"COIlTJ~ ExboOTJ~ "CooV «MUV"COOV» "Cou
[Collected Works / 1909-1912]. ME "CO YUQLolla "C01) aLwva, "Co
AAcpaf31J'Ui(}1 elXE lleyuATJ a1trjXTJOTJ. OL av"cLbQuoEL~ rj"Cav
aAUOLb<D"CE~, a1t6 "Co IlLOOYUVLOll6 "COOV X6IlL1<~"CTJ~ New Yorker
XaL n~ «!l1tTJx;tE~» "Cou rXQou"Coo MaQs [Groucho Marx,
1890-1977] IlEXQL "CTJv uYQLa oanQa "Cou rXEOQYX r1<QO(;
[Georg Grosz, 1893-1959], "COU ~"CTJI3 M1tEA [Steve Bell, 1951-
] 1<aL "Cou PaAcp ~"CEV"C!.I.aV [Ralph Steadman, 1936-], 1tOU EL1<O-.
vOYQacpel !.I.E "COV XaAU"CEQO "CQ61t0 "COV avaXEtQa~ "C61l0 .
To yeyov6(; 1too~ 0 M1tTJQ~ I3LaO"CTj1<E va O'UY1<EV"CQWOEL "Co.
YQama "COU, EvbEXE"CaL yo. OTJllo.tVEL 1too~ 1ttO'tEUE 6n bEY 80.
EYQacpE 1tL0. 1<U"CL aSL6AoyO. M1toQEl yo. EVOLoo8E 1too~ EYQo.'1pE,
IltA.TJOE XaL IlE8uOE o.Q1<E"CU. M6 "Co cp8LV61tOOQo "Cou 1913,
UQXLOE va xouI3Ev"cLU~Et YLa "CO EvbEX6flEVO va 1tUEL O'tO
MEsLX6 Xo.L va bEL an:6 1<oV"Cu "CL~ E1tavaO'tan1<E~ ESEACSEL~.
24
To av"cLIlE"CW1tL~E (OOO~ oav IlLo. 1l0Qcprj Eu80.vo.o(a~. 'H8EAE
va ayoovLO"CEt O"CO 1tAEUQ6 "coov aV"CaQ"Cwv "Cou iluV"Coo BtYLa
[Pancho Villa / Doroteo Arango Ar_mbula, 1877-1923] rj yo.
"Cov 1tuQEL Xo.llLU o.bE01to"CTJ; E1<"C6~ "Cou"Cou, O'UVEXLOE va LOXU-
Q~E"CaL 1too~ 0 1t6AEIl0~ "Cov EvbLECPfQf o.1<OIlTJ. eO. !t1toQouoa-
flE Aom6v va 1tEQLIlEVOUflE 1<L aMa <<YQ<l.1t"Cu» E1tt "Cou 8E!.I.a-
"Co~; rVOOQ~OUIlE 1too~ "Cov 01<"CWj3QLO E1tL01-tEcp8TJ1<E "Co. 1to.ALU
1tEbta "CooV ftaxwv "Cou EflcptJAtOU, O'Uf.l1tEQLAo.flj3o.VO!.l.EVTJ~ "CTJ~
TOL1<aIlUOUYXo., 1<aL 1too~ EqJ"CaoE O"CO TEso.~, 0.1t' 61tou "Co.xu-
bQ6ftTJOE !.I.EQLxa YQuflllo."Ca. To av 1<aL xa"Cu 1t600 TJ E1tLO"COArj
1tOU EAo.l3E TJ YQalllla"CEo.~ XaL oUV"CQocpo~ "Cou KUQu KQ(-
O"CLavoov -1<aL CPEQf"CaL oo~ TJ "CEAEU"Co.to., ftE TJftEQollTJVta an:o-
O'tOAij~: 26 ~EXEIlI3QtOU 1914 - "CaxubQollij8TJ1<f an:6 "CTJv TOL-
ouaouo. O"CO MEsLXO, bEY EtVaL j3Ej3aLO. Tu1tL1<u, 1tQ61<EL"CaL
YLa "Co "CEAEU"Co.tO tXvo~ "COU M1tTJQ~. To o(youQo E(VaL 6"Ct
Xo.vEva~ a1t6 "COU~ 1tOMOU~ AIlEQLxavou~ bTJIlOOLOYQUcpou~
1tOU o.xoAou80uoo.v "Co O'tQa"C6 "Cou B(YLa, bEY O'UVUV"CTjOE "Cov
1taAatllaxo 1<aL bLUOTJftO O'UVUbEAcp6 "Cou, 1<aL 1too~ TJ EQEuva
1tOU bLESrjyo.YE TJ o.IlEQLxaVL1<rj 1<Uj3EQVTJOTJ bEY E(XE 1<aVEVa
an:O"CEAEolla. ilQo.Yllo.n1<u O'tOLXE(o. 1tOU yo. O"CTjQ~ouv "CTJv
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mo :ltQompa't'l1 E:ltLO't'I1flOVLXtl 'ta011 ECvm 'to LOV. H bLa-
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xa'tL :ltEQLOOO'tEQO ano 't01J~ aM01J~.
MOQcproOTJ oua. To ECbo~ ayvOLa~ :lt01J xaQax't'llQ(tEL
't01J~ O:ltOUOUOflEV01J~.
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xtl avtWVUflCa EXEL 'tQEL~ 'tU:lt01J~, 'tOY El;o1JOLaO'tLxo, 'tOY
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aAAOL Mo.
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oav cpaQflaxo. ~tlflEQa oflW~ 1J:It'llQE'tEC Tr]v 'tEXV'll,
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A'llAa, XQ'llOLflEUEL xm O'ta flO1JOECa, YLa va bLaoxEbatEL
't'll xubaCa :ltEQLEQYELa :ltOU EmflEVEL va ()LaxQLVEL 'tOY
av8Qw:lt0 a:lto 'ta xa'tw'tEQa twa.
144
MO"QI-louQa~ oua. A1J'to~ :lt01J xaVEL XQL'tLXtl O't'll b01J-
AELa fla~.
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aV'tLxa8LO'ta xa:ltOLa 8Q'llOXE1J'tLXtl Aa'tQeCa, 'll XQ'llOLflO-
't'll'ta 't'll~ o:ltoCa~ bEY EXEL xa80QLO'tEL.
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~'ta aYYALxa, 'tQOflEQO b'llA'll'ttlQLO. 'E'tOL, a:ltObELXvUE'tm
'll XOLVtl xa'taywYtl 'tWV buo yAWOOWV.
M:n:QclV'tU oua. {< ayyA. Brandy}. HbiJ:ltO'to q:rtLaYflEVO flE Eva
flEQO~ !AJtafl-!AJt01Jfl, Eva flEQO~ flE'tavLwfla'to~, buo flEQ'll
aYQL01J I;ExOLALaofla'to~, Eva flEQO~ :It'twfla'tO:ltoC'l1011~ xm
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Eva xQavCo I;EXELAO, xa8E O'tLYfltl Tr]~ flEQa~. To M:ltQa-
V't1J, lOmE 0 ~Q. TI;6voov [Samuel Johnson 1709-1784]
ECvm :ltO'to YLa tlQWE~. Movo Eva~ tlQwa~ EXEL'tO x01JQa-
YLO va 'to :ltLEL.
Muya Tonoe oua. AcpQLxavLxo Evtoflo - Glossina
morsitans - 'tou O:ltoCOU 'to 'tOLfl:It'I1fla 8EwQEC'tm 'to a:lto-
'tEAEOfla'tLxO'tEQo cpaQflaxo YLa Tr]v ai.i:n:vLa, av xm flEQL-
XOL ao8EvEL~ :ltQO'tLflOUV 'tOY AflEQLxavo fl1J8LO'toQLoYQa-
cpo - Mendax interminabilis ['PE1JboflEVO~ 0 ALWVLO~].
MuOw'toQTJI-la[45] oua.'Eva :ltaQaYEflLOflEVO bLtlY'llfla.
ECbo~ crUV8E011~ :lt01J ECvm YLa 't'll Aoyo'tExvCa O,'tL 'to
:ltavoQafla[46] YLa 't'll tWYQacpLxtl· Aoyw 'tou fleyaA01J
145
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naQaO'taOeLS; nou bTjf.lLOUQYOVV 'ta blaboXlXa f.lEQTj 'tou
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navoQaf.la. Ebw bEY unaQXeL EvO'tTj'ta, OV'tE EVlaLa
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f.luaAO 'tou avayvwO'tTj bEY f.lEVeL naQa f.lLa nOAv YEVLXtl
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f.la ELVaL O,'tL TJ qJw't0YQaqJLu YLU 'tTj ~wYQaqJlXtl. H blU~
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qJUV'tUOLU XaL qJuv'taoLu. H 'tEXVTJ 'tou f.lUSLO'toQtlf.lU'tOS;
- 'tOUAaXlO'tOV f.lE 'tTJ f.lOQ<pti nou ELXE XanO'tE - ELVaL
nQo nOAAov VEXQtl OE OAO 'tOY XOOf.lO EX'tOS; ano 'tTJ
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O'toQl1f.la, TJ qJuV'taoLa 'tou auYYQuqJEa ELVaL bEf.lEVTJ
O'tl1v aATJSOqJaVEla, ouv baf.laOf.lEVO aAOYO 0't0 nuxvl,
uUa 0'tTJ f.lUSlO'toQLa XaA:rra~El xma j3oVAl1OT] O't' anE~
QuV'ta Alj3abLa 'tTJS; qJuV'tuoeuS;: EAEVSEQTJ, uaV<'iO'tTj,
f.lUXQla ano yxEf.lla XaL xaAlvuQlU. 0 f.lUSlO'tOQlOYQa-
146
qJOS; f.lUS; ELVaL bUO'tUXL0f.lEVO nAa0f.lU, Evas; arrAOS; bTJf.lO~
OLOYQa<poS;, onws; Su EAEYE XL 0 KUQAaLA [Thomas
Carlyle, 1795~1881]. MnoQEL va EnLVOtlOEl 'tOUS; tlQWES;
XaL'tTjv nAoxtl 'tOU, UAAa bEY nQEnEl va qJUV'tUO'tEL Xa'tl
ubvvu'to vu O'Uf.lj3EL, XUL'tOL TJ aqJtlYTJatl 'tOU ELVaL unu~
;arraoa Eva xaSaQo '4JE/-tU. ErrELbtl Emj3aAEL umo 'to
OXATJQO XUSEO'tWS; O'tov Eamo'tou XaL «naV'ta OEQVEl OE
XaSE j3tlf.lu 'tou 'tTjv U'tEAElW'tTJ uAuoLba»[48) nou oqJUQTJ~
Aa'tTjOE 0 LbLOS;, xmaqJEQvEL vu YQu'4JEl Mxu OAOXATJ-
QOUS; 'tOf.lOUS;, XWQLS; QL1;El OV'tE 'tTj qJA6yu EVOS; XEQlOV
'tQE f.looj3TJO'tov O'tTJv aj3uooo 'tTjS; aYVOLaS; 'tOU Yla 'to
SEf.lU'tOU EQYOU 'tou. YnaQXouv XOQUqJULU f.lUSLO'tOQtl~
f.lU'tU, nou OL O'UYYQaqJELS; 'tOUS; «OnU'taATJOUV f.llU OAO~
XATJQTJ ~Wtl» YLa vu 'ta bTJf.lLOUQYtl0ouv, wO'tooo nUQu~
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nou blUSE'tOUf.lE ELVaL 'to «XLALES; XUL /-tLU NVX'tES;».
MuOoloyiu ouo. 'E'tOL OVOf.la~E'taL 'to aVVOAO 'twv nQw~
'toyovwv UV'tlAtl'4JEWV 'tou uvSQwnou Yla 'tTJv xa'tayw-
Ytl, 'tTJv nQwlf.lTJ lO'tOQLU, 'tOUS; tlQWES;, 'tOUS; SEOVS; XaL 'ta
auvuqJtl, OE UV'tL8EOT] f.lE 'tlS; aAtlSElES; nou oxaQqJLO'tTJ~
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Mu'tTJ ouo. To f.lESOQlUXO qJUAaXLO'tOU nQoownou. Arr'
uqJoQf.ltl nov OAOL OL f.lEYaAOL xmax'tTj'tES; ELxav 'tEQa~
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147
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148 149
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N£:rto'U0J10C; ova. Na OLOQitEL£ TI'J YLaYLU OOU 0't0 ~TJflO­
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rOUE[.lJtO'tEg» [Webster's Improved Dictionary]. A[.lEOW<; [.lE'tO'tl']V
Ex600l'] 'tou AE~IXOV Ev6C; KVVIXOV, ogXLoav OL anO[.lL[.lt'jOEL<;. H
A[.lEQLXt'j yE[.lLOE [.lE [3L[3ALa «XUVLXWv» ovyygacpEwv. «Ta nEgLo-
omEga ano amu rj'tav [3Aaxw6!']» OI'][.lELWvEL 0 MJtI']g<;, «av Xat
OgW[.lEVU xa'tucpEgav va SEXWgLOOUV [.lE'tI'] YEAOL6't!']'tU 'tou<;».
Ta At'j[.l[.la'ta 'tI']<; avo XELga<; Ex600l']<;, EnEAEYI']OaV ano 'tOY 70
'to[.l0 'tI']<; OVYXEV'tgW'tLXt'j<; Ex600l']<; Ta 'EQYa TOV Ap:n:Qoovl;
M:n:1JQC; [The Collected Works of Ambrose Bierce /12 Vol., Neale,
New York, 1909-12].
[2] TIgOXEL'tUL YLU 'tI'] [3aOLxt'j [.logcpt'j 'tI']<;Ayiac; rQacprjc; OtTJv
aYYALxt'j yAwooa.
[3] Blank-verse: 0 La[.l[3Lxo<; nEV'tO[.lE'tgO<; O'tlXO<;, 0 ayunl']-

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9ltD ml.J3"{31.OltD 'slto0QVODlt s~%1l.U10lt s~%1"{A.A.D Stu sOA;'Irl
 [18] Robert Green Ingersoll [1833 - 1899]: AIlEQLxuv6~
:7tOAL'tLX6~ xm QtlToQu~, yvwO't6~ YLU 'tllv E:7tL8E'tLXO'tll'tU 'to'U
xu'tu 'to'U u8E"L01l0v.
[19] ~'tllv AYYALU XaL O'tL~ H.II.A. ~oQow vu OLEVEQYll8oVV
O'lio ELOWv OrtlW1l'llqJ(OIlU'tU: umo'too O:7tO(OO 'to a:n:O'tEAEO~ E(VaL
'U:7t0XQEWIlEVTt VU EX'tEAEOEL II X'Uj3EQVTtOTt [j3AE:7tE At]IlIlU LlllIlOljlt]-
qJLolla] XaL amo 'too O:7tO(OV 'to a:n:O'tEAEO~ EXEL Ilovo O1JIlj3ovAE'U-
'tLXO xaQux'tljQu YLU 'tllv a:n:6qJaOTt :7too 8a :7tuQEL 'tEALXU 'to XOLVO-
j3oVALO [LlLEQE'UVTt'tLXO Llll~qJLolla]. To OEV'tEQO eLOO~ OllIlOl\lll-
qJCallmo~ avvlj8w~ aqJoQu OE VOlloOXEOLa, :7too OrtIlLOVQYoVV EV'tO-
VE~ aV'tL:7taQu8EOEL~ uvullEoa O'ta x61llla'ta 'too XOLV0j30'UA(00.
[20] AqJEAt], 'U:7tEQmOLoOol;a 1l'U8LO'tOQt]IlU'tu IlE xao'U~6ll­
OE~, LVOLUVO'U~, j3o'Uj3uALa, ALj3uOLa XA.:7t.
[21] ~'tll aVYXQOVll qJ'UOLXt], LOV'ta E(VaL OL LOVLOIlEVOL u'toIlL-
XO( :7t'UQt]VE~, UMU 'tllv E:7t0Xt] :7t0'U EYQUqJE 0 M:7tllQ~ LoV'ta ovo-
Ila~av 'tu llAEX'tQLXU qJOQ'tLOIlEva OWIlU't(OLU :7t0'U :7tEQLO'tQEqJO-
V'tav yVQw O'tov :7t'UQTlvu. AQY0'tEQU, 'ta oWlla't(OLa a'U'tu :7tTlQuv
'tu ovollu'ta :7t0'U OLU'tllQoVv IlEXQL OTlIlEQU.
[22] OL avu'tOALxE~ 8QllaxE(E~ LOXUQ~OV'tav :7tuV'ta 'tllV V:7tuQ-
l;ll Ev6~ ~ID'tLXoV QE'UO'toV O'tov av8Qwmvo OQYavLoIlO, 'to 0:7t0(0
E:7tllQEu~6'tav a:n:o 'tllv :7tVE'Ulla'tLxTl aVO'tUOTt 'to'U aV~aV'to~.
BEj3aLa 0 av8Qwmvo~ OQYavLollO oLa8E'tEL ~ID'tLXU 'UYQu, 'ta O:7toCa
61lw~ ELVaL OQYUVLXE~ O1JV8EOEL~ XaL OxL IlE'taqJ'UOLxE~ OV't6TTt'tE~.
~'ta 'tEAll 'to'U 190'U mwva tlTav oLaoEoollEVllll 8EwQ(a aVll-
qJwva IlE 'tllV O:7to(u 'to qJW~ 'tal;(OE'UE a:7t6 :7tAuvrj'tll OE :7tAavtlTll,
IlEOW 'to'U 'U:7tO'tL8EIlEVO'U «<PID'taywyov AL8EQa» [luminiferous
ether], EVO~ aEQLo'U oWllmo~ :7t0'U YEIlL~E 'to aV~uv a:7t' uXQll 0'
UXQll· H 8EWQ(U av'tlj IlE'tEqJEQE 'to 1l0V'tEAO IlE'tUOOOTt~ 'to'U
TlX0'U 0't0 qJmvollEVO 'tll~ IlE'tUOOOTt~ 'to'U qJID'tO~.
[23] To m8avO'tEQO E(VaL OL ovo U'U'tE~ qJQUOEL~ va a:7tO'tE-
AoVV 0llIlOOWYQUqJLxu «llaQYUQL'tUQLU» 'tll~ E:7tOXTl~ 'tov M:7tllQ~,
'twv O:7tO(WV 'tU O1JllqJQU~OIlEVU E(vm EV'tEAW~ uyvwO'ta 0't0
IlE'taqJQua'tlj .
238
[24] ~'tll OLUQXELU 'to'U MEoaLwvu, OL O'tQa'tLW'tE~ ELxav
:7tUVW 'to'U~ Eva O'tLAE'tO, 'to 0:7t0(0 XQllOLIl0:7tOLOvOav YLa va OLEV-
XOAVVO'UV 'to j3Ej3aLO 8uvu't0 'twv OLOEQoqJQax'twv L:7t:7tO'twv :7t0'U
E:7tEqJ'tav a:n:o 'ta UAOYU 'to'U~. To :7taQa'toovxAL 'to'U O'tLAE'too
amov Tl'tav Misericorde, OllAaOTl «EAErjIlWV».
[25] <PaAayxLO'tTl~: OEvOQ6j3w llaQOL:7tOqJOQO 'tll~ A'UO'tQa-
A(a~, 'tll~ NEa~ rOVLvEa~ xm 'tllv Ta~llav(u~. M:7toQeL va :7tE'tU,
'U:7t6 'tllv EvvOLa :7tW~ YALO'tQU O'tov aEQa XaL :7tQOayELWVE'taL
llaAUXU 0't0 EoaqJo~, 6'tav :7tEqJ'tEL a:n:o 'ta 'iJllAU OEV'tQU.
[26] EMllvLXU 0't0 :7tQID'tOw:7to.
[27] 0 O'ta'UQo~ O'tov O:7tOLO llagruQllOE, YVQw 0't0 60 Il.x. 0
AYLO~ AVOQEa~ 0 An6O'tOAO~, Tl'tav XLaO't6~. Ano'to 140 mWva,
E:7t0XTl :7t0'U :7tQID'tOEllqJavLOTTtxE II OXE'tLXTl :7tAllQoqJoQLa, 0 XLaO't6~
O'tu'UQ6~ OVollu~E'tm O'ta'UQo~ 'to'U Ay. AVOQEU.
[28] IIL8avw~ uvaqJEQE'tm O'tllV Av MUQIl:7tO'UQL XU'tOLVOOV
[Anne Marbury Hutchinson, 1591-1643], a'U'trj 'tllv EV't'U:7tWOLa-
xu OTtllaV'tLxTl yvva(xa, :7t0'U aywv(OTTtXE 0't0 YEO x601l0, YLU 'tllv
aVEl;L8QlloxLa XaL 'tllv a'U'tovoll(U 'twv XOLVO'tlj'tWV xm qJ'UOLXU
OLWX8llXE aQxE'tE~ qJOQE~.
[29] 0 Zuv( 'U:7trjQl;E EVU~ a:7to 'to'U~ XAUOLXOV~ xaQux'tTlQE~
'tll~ L'tUALXTl~ KOIlEV'tLa N'tEA AQ'tE [Commedia Dell' Arte]. Y:7tO-
o'Uo'tuv 'tOY V:7tllQE'tll, :7t0'U E'tQEXE O1JVEXW~ :7tLOW a:n:6 'to aqJEV'tL-
x6 'to'U, IlLIlOVIlEVO~ 'tL~ XLVTlOEL~ XaL 'ta AOYLa 'to'U, 'ta O:7tO(U Tl'tav
TlOll aQxE'tu XWIlLXU.
[30] 0 IlE'taqJQaa'tlj~ OEV ~OQEOE va EV'tO:7tLOEL EQYO 'tov
M:7t'UqJ6v IlE a'U't6v 'tOY 'tL'tAO. Ex't6~ av :7tQ6xEL'tm YLa 'tIlTllla 'tll~
44't0Illl~ <PvOLXTl~ IO'toQLu~ [Historie Naturelle], :7t0'U 0 rUMO~
Ema'tljllova~ El;EOWOE a:7t6 'to 1749 IlEXQL'tO 1788.
[31] Auyvo~ UQOEVLX6~ oaLllovac:; no'U XUVEL EQID'ta IlE 'tL~
Y'UVU(XE~ 'tllv wQu no'U xOLllovV'tm, nQoxaAwV'ta~ 'to'U~ LOX'U-
QOv~ OQYUOIlOV~ xm O1JXVU 'tL~ xa8LO'tu EYX'UE~, IlE anO'tEAEolla
'tll YEVVllOTt OaLIlOVWV, llaYLOOWV XaL 'tEQU'tWV. ~vllqJwva IlE 'tllv
nUQuo0OTt, 0 Ivxov~o'U~ [Incubus] xm 'to 8llA'Ux6 'to'U aV'tL-
239
otOLXO, T] ~OUXO'\JIl:7tOU~ [Sucubus] U:7ttlQsuv aYYEAOL, OL O:7tO(OL
EXUOUV 'tT] 8EOT] 'tou~ 6C:rtAU oto 8E6.
[32] T600 0 I:7t:7t6YQu:7t0~ 600 xm 0 rQU:7tO~ 6EV E(vm E:7tL-
VOtlOEL~ 'tOU M:7tT]Q~, uUa IlU80AOYLxa 'tEQaLU. OL rQU:7tOL !lU;
:7tuQu6(60VLUL OUV 'tEQaotLOL UE'tO( IlE OWIlU ALOVLUQLoU tl OUV
'tEQaotLu ALOVLaQLU IlE XECpaAL xm :7t66LU UE'tOU. Tu vUXLU nov
:7t06LWV 'tOU~ ECvm IlEYaAU ouv XEQU'tU ~06LOU. 'Exouv 'tEQaotLU
[)UVUIlT]· M:7toQouv VU OT]XWOO'UV ux61lT] xm EM<pUVLU otT] QaXT)
'tOu~. 0 I:7t:7t6YQU:7t0~ E(vm xUQ:7t6~ 'tOU EQOYtU Ev6~ UQOEVLXOU
rQU:7tOU xm IlLU~ <poQa6u~. IIQ6xEL'tm YLU <pLEQ0Yt6 aAoyo IlE
xE<paAL UE'tOU. AE't(OLU ELvm xm 'tU !l:TtQootLva'tOU :7t66ta. E:rtEL-
6tl oUll<PooVU IlE LT]v IlEOmoovLXtl :7tuQa600T] OL rQU:7tOL xm 'tU
MOYU tlLUV 8uvaOLIlOL EX8Qo(, 0 I:rt:rt6YQu:7t0~ OUIl~OA~EL 'to
EVLEAW~ u6uvu't0.
[33] AE't6~: 'to :7tuQU'tOoUXAL'tOU XQ'UooU UIlEQLXUVLxoU 6EXU-
66AUQOU.
[34] H VT]X'tLXtl XUotT] ELvm UVaL0IlLx6 XUQUXLT]QLotLX6 OQL-
0IlEVooV ljJUQLWV. IIQ6xEL'tm YLU :7tQOEX'tUOT] 'tou OLoo<payou :7tO'U
YEIl~EL IlE UEQU xm :7tU~EL IlEYaAo Q6AO otT]v U6QOotaLLXtl
LOOQQO:7t(u.
[35] 0 xu<poov tlLUV IlLU SUALVT] OUOXEUtl- ouv xUQu08Quu-
otT]~ U~ :7tOUIlE - T] O:7to(u muv EXAELVE, 6EOllEUE LO Amll6 xm'tQ
XEQLU 'tOU ~uOUVL~6IlEVOU.
[36] BL~ALX6 :7tQ60oo:7t0. 0 BUAuall :7tLotEljJE otT] [)UVUIlT] 'to'U
8EOU, 6'tuv 0 yaL6uQ6~ 'tOU aQXLOE vu IlLAa.
[37] 0 AYYAO~ OLxovolloA6yo~ T61lu~ MaA80u~ [Thomas
Malthus, 1766-1834] E:7tLoijIlUVE LOV xLv6uvo 'tou U:7tEQ:7tAT]8u-
0IlOU YLU LT]v E:7tL~(ooOT] 'tOU uv8Qw:7tou xm :7tQmELvE 'tOV E8E-
AOUOLO :7tEQLOQLOIl6 'toov YEVVtl0EooV.
[38] 0 MUlllloova~ 8EooQEL'tm 8E6~ 'tOU :7tAOU'tOU, LT]~ 6LljJu;
YLU :7tAOmo . .6.EV U:7ttlQSE :7tO'tE xUIlLa 'tE'tOLU UQXu(u 8EmT]'tU.
~LT]v Katvtj .dtaOrjXT/, 0 MaL8uLO~ xm 0 Aouxa~ XQT]OLIlO:7tOLOUV
um6 'to ayvooO'tT]~ :7tQOEAEUOT]~ 6vOIlU, YLU vu XUQUXLT]QLOOUV
240
'tOV :7tAOU'tO. 'E'tOL 8EooQtl8T]XE :7too~ UVLLotOLXE( OE Xa:7tOLOV 8E6
tl 6u(llova xm xa8LEQw8T]XE.
[39] Ta Maotuvyx ECvm IlLxQ6000Ila OXAT]QayooYT]IlEVa xm
u'tLeuoa allEQLxavLxa aAoya, :7tOU :7tQoEQXOVLm a:7t6 LO:7taVLXtl
Qa'toa.
[40] ME'ta LT]v allEQLxavLxtl E:7tUVaotaOT], L6Qu8T]xUV :7tOA-
AO( E8vLXOL oUv6EOIlOL, IlE oxo:7t6 'tT]V :7tQow8T]0T] :7toM 6La<poQE-
LLXWV :7tOALLLXWV xm OLXOVOIlLXWV OUIl<PEQ6VLoov. 'Eva~ a:7t6
LOU~ OT]llaVLLx6'tEQOU~ tlLUV T] Tammany Society 'tT]~ NEU~ Y 6Q-
XT]~. Ta IlEAT] LT]~ XOOQ~oVLav OE oWi6E~ IlE aQXT]You~, OL O:7tOL-
OL E<pEQav 't('tAOU~ 6avELollEvou~ a:7t6 'tou~ IltlVE~ 'tOU Lv6LaVLxou
T] IlE QOAOY LOU. 'Evu~ 'tE'tOLO~ 't('tAo~ tl'tav 0 MEya~ IvxoX6vL
[Incohonee].
[41] BEQ~EXEQOL: aYQLOL xm 6uvaLo( ~xuv6LVa~oL :7tOAEIlL-
otE~, 6LljJaollEvoL YLa aLlla xm xa'taotQo<pij.
[42] 0 AUotQLax6~ YLa'tQ6~ AVLOV MEOIlEQ [Franz Anton
Mesmer, 1734-1815] LoxuQL~mav :7too~ 'to VEUQLX6 Ila~ oUotT]lla
6La8E'tEL llayvT]'tLx6 <p0Q't(0, 6:7too~ 0 :7tAavij'tT]~ Ilu~, xm 'to ov6-
llaOE «ZooLx6 MayvT]'tLoIl6». XQT]OLIlO:7tOLT]OE 'tOV u:rtVOYtLOIl6
oav 8EQa:7tEULLxtl IlE8060. 0 U:7tVoo'tLOIl6~ EYLVE 1l66a xm 0
MEOIlEQ LOIl6C; ExaoE YQtlyoQa LT]v :7tQWLT] - E:7tL0'tT]1l0VLXtl tl
:7taQaE:7tLotT]Il0VLXtl - aSLa 'tOU.
[43] 0 A:rt6otOAO~ IIauAo~ U:7ttlQSE Ev8EQIl0~ <l>aQLoaLo~,
:7tQLV Y(VEL A:rt6otOAO~ LT]~ 6L6aoxaALac; 'tOU XQLotOU.
[44] 0 EgVot XaxEA [Ernst Haeckel, 1834-1919] tlLav UALotij~
<pLA6oo<pO~ xm E!;EALXLLX6~ ~LOA6yO~. 0 M:rtT]Q~ oagxa~EL LT]v aoa-
<pELa xm aOUVE:7tELa 'toov E:7tLotT]Il0VDtWv 8EooQLWv LT]~ E:7tOXtl~ 'tOU.
[45] MLAaEL ouYXExQLIlEva YLa 'to QEaALotLx6 IlU8Lot6QT]lla.
[46] To :7tav6Qalla ECvm Eva~ :7tOAU IlEYaAOC; :7t(vaxu~ :7tOU
ava:rcwooE'tm otOV 'tOLXO IlLa~ XUXALXtl~ aLeouoa~ xm 6LVEL otO
8EaLij LT]v aL08T]0T] :7too~ ~QLOXE'tm IlEOa 'tou. To EL60~ ELXE IlEYa-
AT] :7tEQaOT] ota 'tEAT] 'tOU 180u xm 'tL~ aQXE~ 'tOU 190U mwvu.
[47] ME 'tT] AEST] «IlU8LotOQLa» 0 IlE'ta<PQaottl~ EVVOEL LT]
241
qlUVtUOll~tl nEQlnE'tnolfuj tl EQoyn~tl uq>rJyYJOT)·
[48] IIQ6~n'tUl YlU un60nuo~u un6 'to nEQ(qlT]~O nO(T]~u
,,0 TusLC')lW'tYJC; tl MLU IIQoon'tL~l'j 'tYJC; KOLVooV(UC; [The Traveler:
Or, A Prospect of Society, 1764] 'tou AI'I'AOU QL~o01tuOlT] ouY- .
YQUqlEU 'OAL(3EQ r~OAVtO~L8 [Goldsmith, Oliver, 1730-1774].'
OMXAYJQYJ YJ OlQOqll'j, OtYJv ono(u UVl'j~EL 'to unoonuo~u nov
UVUqlEQEL 0 MnYJQC;, MEL:
«'Onou ~L UV nl'jyu, OOU (3uoCAnu ~L UV E(6u,
OUV U'tus(6EmYJ nuVtu T] ~UQ6LU ~ou ~Evn
XL OAO YUQ~n 'tQUqlEQU xOVtu OOU, nOVE~EVYJ_
nuV'tu ~OVtU oou, U6EAqlE, )tUl nuVtU OEQvn
OE ~U8E (3l'j~u 'tYJC; ~L' U'tEAnoo'tYJ uAuo(6u».
[49] LU~ql{J)VU ~E 'tTl Qoo~U'L~l'j ~U80AOY(U, 0 LU'toUQVOC;
[Satunmus], nou 'tUmL~mUV ~E 'tOY KQovo 'twv EMl'jvwv, muv
ESOQ(OtYJ~E un6 'tOY 'OAU~O, ~E nQOYto(3ouA(U 'tou ~(u, nl'jYE OlO
AU'tLO ~ul (6QUOE EVU (3uoCAno XUQUC; ~ul EUYJ~EQ(UC;. H nEQ(060C;
'tTlC; (3UOLAECaC; 'tou E(VUl T] I-lU8L~l'j XQUa1'] Enoxl'j, MEL 0 Ho(060C;.
[SO] LXoon'tLxl'j nUQuql80Qu 'tYJC; BUA'tLl-loQT]C;, T] ono(u OlU
UYYALXU E(VUl Baltimore. 0 MnT]QC; uV'tLxu8LOtU 'tT]V XU'tUAT]ST]
more [ouyxQL'tLXOC; (3u81-l0C; 'tou Em8E'tOu much, nou OT)I-lU(VEL
«noM»] I-lE 'tOY unEQ8E'tl~0 (3u81-l0 most. H ~U'tUAYJST] more unM
OUVT]XE( XUlYQUqlE'tUl 0I-lOLU I-lE 'to EnC8E'tO. To 6v0I-lU 'tT]C; U~EQL­
XUVLXl'jC; n6AT]C; nQoEQXE'tUl uno 'tOY 'tL'tAO 'tou nQW1:ou AyyAOU
6LOLXT]'t1'] 'tT]C; Caecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore [1605-1675].
L'tT] 6LuQxnu 'tou 180u ulolVU, T] BUA'tLl-loQT] unl'jQSE OT)l-luV'tLx6-
'tU't0 ALI-lUVL Xul (3LOI-lT]XUVLXO XEV'tQO 'tT]C; BOQnuc; AI-lEQLXl'jC;.
Tooo OtOV AYYAOU~EQLXUVLXO nOAEI-lO 'tou 1818, 600 Xul OtOV
AI-lEQLXUVLXO EI-lq>UALO, EYLVE XEV'tQO UlI-lU'tT]QWv ouYXQOUOEooV.
[51] 0 Ot(X0C; UVl'jXEL OtYJv oo6l'j 'tOU rOUEQ't~YOUfQ8 «Nusnc;
A8uvuo(uC; uno 'tLC; Avul-lvl'jonc; 'toov IIQW1:ooV IIUl6Lxolv XQo-
voov [Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early
Childhood, 1807].
[52] To NOoUl-lEVOV E(VUl I-lLU un6 'tLC; OT)!!UV'tLXmfQfC; EWOLEC;
242
'tT]C; qlLAoOOqlCaC; 'tou KuV't [Immanuel Kant, 1724-1804]. IIQ6~EL'tUl
YLU 'to nQuYl-lu, 'to XU8E UV'tLXE(l-lfVO, 6nooc; E(VUl OtYJv nQuYl-lu'tL-
xo'tT]'tu, un6 I-l0VO 'tou Xul 0XL 6nooc; 'to (3MnOUI-lE vu E(VUl. EI-lE(C;
(3Mnoul-lE I-lOvO qlUlVOI-lEVU. II(ooo un6 umu UnOtC8E'tUl nooc; unuQ-
XOUV 'tu 'UALXU UV'tLXf(I-lEVU nou fQf8~ouv 'tLC; Ul08l'jonc; l-luC; Xul
Enn61'j I-l0VO I-lE ouOtYJI-lU'tLXtl AOYLXl'j ox6jJT] [voT]OT)] ~OQOUI-lE vu
un08EOouI-lf nolC; ELVUl OtYJv nQuYl-lu'tLXO'tT]'tU umu 'tu UV'tLXE(I-lE-
VU, YL' umo'tu OV0I-lUOf VOOUI-lEVU. 0 oUQXU0I-l0C; 'tou MJtYjQC; 6EV
E(VUl XOOQ(C; vOT]!!U. H 6LUXQLOT) UVUl-lfOU Of NOOUI-lEVU Xul qlUl-
V0I-lEVU f(VaL I-lLU noM nUQuxLv6uvEU~EVT] qlL"J...oOOqlLXl'j fvEQynu.
[53] IIQoqluvolC; fVVOE( 'tOY AYYAO qlLA600qlo Xul xQL'tLx6
'tT]C; AOYO'tfXV(UC; nooQ't~ XEVQU ALOULC; [George Henry Lewes,
1817-1878].
[54] Tov oQo AMonu8T]'tLxtl fLa1']YUYE 0 rfQl-luv6C; YLU'tQ6C;
LU~OUEA XUVEI-lUV [Samuel Hahnemann, 1755-1843], ouv6uu~0-
V'tuC; 'touC; fMT]VLXEC; AEsnc; «UMOC;» XaL «nu80c;», YLU VU XUQu-
x'tT]Q(on 'tLC; OXAT]QEC; LU'tQLXEC; I-lE8660uC; 'tT]C; fnoxl'jc; 'tou, nou
nEQLAUI-l(3uVUv 'tT]v Uqlu(I-lUST], 'tT]v nQoxAT]OT) EI-lE'toU XaL 'tT]v
nUQoxl'j L6lU('tEQU 'tOSLXolV O'UOLolV. OL nQuX'tLXEC; umEC; E(XUV
uQXu(u EMT]VLXl'j 8fooQT]'tLXtl (3uOT) XaL EQI-ll'jVfUUV 'tLC; u08EvnfC;
ouv 6LU'tUQUXl'j 'toov 'tEOOUQooV XUl-lolV 'tou uv8Qoon(vou Ooll-lu'toC;
[u(~u. qlMYl-lu, l-luuQTj Xul ~('tQLVT] XOAl'j], 'toov 'twouQoov XU'tU-
OtuOEooV 'tou ool~U'tOC; [8EQI-ll'j, '/J'UXQl'j, uYQl'j Xul ST]Ql'j] Xul 'toov
'tfOOUQooV q>UOLXolV OtOLXE(WV [YT], UEQUC;, qlOYtLU Xul VEQO].
[55] H XU'tUAT]ST] «ox» 'tT]C; UYYALXl'jC; MST]C; «Orthodox» E(VUL
T]XT]'tLXl'j. ~T]Au6l'j 6EV Exn SEXooQLOtl'j OT)~uo(u, 6f60I-lEVOU 6'tL T]
MsYJ E(VUl I-lf'tUYQUq>rJ 'tT]C; EMT]VLXl'jC; «OQ8660soC;» [OQ86C;
-~6su]. H T]XT]'tLxl'j 'tT]C; 0I-lOL6'tT]'tu I-lE'tT] MST] «ox» [(306L] 6T]I-lL-
OUQYT]OE EVu AU'LX6 UOtf(O, 'to ono(o oUQxu~n 0 MnT]QC;.
[56] OL OuUOLVYX'tOVLOL [Washingtonians] unl'jQsuv I-lLU uno
'tLC; nQW1:EC; EAfU8EQLaXEC; xOLv6'tT]'tfC; uno(xoov OtYJv LOtOQ(U'toov
H.II.A. KU'tOLXOUOUV XOVtu OlOv nO'tu~o IIo'tol-lux, 0tYJ OT)I-lEQL-
vl'j nfQLOXl'j 'tT]C; OUUOLY~'tOV.
243
 [57] OL ltEQOLXE~ WLXE~ ltaQa66oEL~ ltEQLYQacpow 'to 1:LlloUQ-
yx [Simurgh] oav Eva 'tEQaO'tLO ltaywvL IlE XEqxlAL OXUAou XaL
6oV'tLa ALoV'taQLou. ELVaL a8ava'tO, YL' amo EC6E ltOME~ qJOQE~ 'tOY
x601l0 va xa'taO'tQEqJE'taL XaL va 1;avaYEvvLE'taL. A'U'tl'j 1] EIlltELQLa
'to ExavE ltavooqJo XaL ltaV't06waIl0. H ltaQa600'l] 6EV avuqJEQEL
ltOLO~ ELVaL aXQL[3w~ 0 OXOltO~ 't1]~ ultaQ1;1]~ amou 'to'll 'tEQa'tO~.
<l>aLVE'taL ltW~ altAa ltaQa't1]QEL 'tL YLVE'taL O'tov x60IlO.
[58] To 1863, 0't1] 6LaQxELa 'tou AIlEQLxavLxou EllqJUALOU, 0
BOQa~ XaL 0 No'to~ ELXav 't1]v a't'UXLa va auyxQouO'touv O't1]v
ltEQLOXij TOLxallayxoua [Chickamauga]. H L6LOIloQqJLa 'tou
'tOltLOU, avayxaoE 'tOU~ 6uo O'tQa'tou~ va auyxQouO'toVV OE auv-
8ijXE~ ltQW't6yovou ltOAEIlOU oWlla IlE oWlla. OL EltLXEqJaAij~
Exaoav 'tEAELW~ 'tOY EAEYXO 'twv O'tQa'tLW'twv XaL altAa xa8Eva~
OX6'tWVE 6ltOLOV E[3AEltE IlltQoO'ta'tOu ij 6CrtAa'tou.
[59] ITav6aLIlOVLO ovollaoE 0 AYYAO~ ltOL1]'tij~ nwv MCA'tov
[John Milton, 1608-1674] 0't0 EQYO 'tou XallEVOt:; ITaQa6ELoo~
't1]v ltQW'tEUOUOU 't1]t:; qJUV'tUO'tLXijt:; EltLxQa'tELa~ 'tou 1:a'tava.
[60] BAEltE 01]IlELWO'l] [22]
[61] 0 auYYQuqJEa~ ELVaL ltQaYlla'tLXO ltQ6owlto. ITQOXEL-
'tal YLa 'tOY LO'tOQLXO XaL ltE~oYQaqJo Sabine Baring-Gould
[1834-1924]. ITQaYlla'tLx6 - XaL 0'l]1laV'tLx6 - ELVaL XaL 'to [3L[3ALO
'tou Curious Myths of the Middle Ages [1867], aAAa 'P"OLxa
6EV ltEQLEXEL 'tOU~ llu80u~ ltOU avaqJEQEL 0 Mlt1]Q~.
[62] EVVOEL'tOV 8E66wQo POUO[3EA't [Theodore Roosevelt,
1858-1919], 260 ITQ6E6Qo 'twv H.IT.A. [1901-9] XaL ltQW1:0
EXqJQaO'tij 'tou allEQLxavLxou EltEx'ta'tLollou. OL EltEIl[3aoEL~ 'tou
O'ta EOW'tEQLxa aAAwv XWQwv ij'tav L6LaL'tEQa OXA1]QE~ XaL aLlla-
't1]QE~. To ltaQa'toouxAL 'tOU ij'tav Teddy, 61]Aa6ij AQxou6axot:;.
[63] EVVOEL'tO 61]1l0XQa'tLXO ltOAL'tLXO nwv 1:aQlt OutALall~
[John Sharp Williams, 1854-1932], 0 OltOLO~ UltEQaOltL~o'tav 't1]v
OLxovollLxij UU'tovollLa 'tou allEQLxavLxou N6'tou, aqJou 0 L6LO~
6La't1]QouoE 'P"'tELa O't1]v ltOAL'tELa 'tou MLOLOLltij.
[64] ME'ta'tov ltOAEIlO IoltuvLa~-AIlEQLxij~ XaL't1]v altOLXLaxij
244
6LEL06'U0'l] 'twv H.IT.A. XUQLW~ 0't0 ITO'llEQ'tO PLXO XaL 't1]v KoU[3a
[1898], OL EltLXELQ1]lla'tLXE~ 6'UvaO'tLE~ 'twv POXqJEAEQ XaL N'tLOUX,
uva6LoQYavwoav't0 EIlltOQLO 't1]~ ~axaQ1]~ XaL 61]IlLOuQY1]oav Eva
'tQaO't, 'to OltOLO ijAEYXE 'to 98% 'to'll 6LaxLvoullEVO'll ltQO·LOV'tO~.
[65] Ev6EXOIlEVW~ va EVVOEL 'tOY AIlEQLxav6 OOOLaALatij
'AAIlltEQ't MrtQL0IlltEW [Albert Brisbane, 1809-1890] 0 OltOLO~ axo-
Aou80uOE 'tL~ L6EE~ 'tou raMO'll omOltLXoU OOOLaALatij 1:aQA <l>0'll-
QLE [Francois Marie Charles Fourier, 1772-1837]. To 1843 L6Q'Uol!
IlLa ltELQalla'tLxij am06LaXELQL~oIlEV1] XOLVO't1]'ta 0't0 NLO'U nEQ-
OEU XaL 't1]V OV61laOE <l><iAayya 't1]~ BOQELOU AIlEQLXij~.
[66] AyvWO'tOL ELVaL OL Ema ltQEO'[3mEQOL 't1]~ EqJEOO'U.
BE[3aLa O't1]v 'EqJEO'o EYWE 1] 31] OLXO'llIlEVLxij 1:uv060t:; [431IlX.]
XaL Ema ELVaL OL EXXA1]O(E~ xa'ta'tov IwaVVl], aMa OL 1l6VOL yvw-
0't0( Ema E(VaL OL Ema ITa(6E~, ltOU llaQ'tUQ1]oav O't1]V 'EqJEOO
'tOY 60 Il.X. aLWva XaL 0 'taqJo~ 'to'U~ [3Q(OXE'taL ax61l1] EXEC.
[67] 0 TouQ~ <l>ULQIlltUVX~ [Charles Fairbanks, 1852-1918]
urtijQ1;E uV'tmQ6E6Qo~ 'twv H.IT.A. mL ltQoE6QLU~ 8E66wQO'll
PoUO[3EA't. E6w 0 Mlt1]Q~ xavEL AoyOltU(YVLO, XQ1]OLIlOltOLWV'ta~ 'to
OVOIlU EVOt:; ltEQL'P1]IlO'U ijQwu 'to'll AIlEQLXUVoU ltE~OYQaqJO'll Qua-
OLvyX'tOV 'IQ[3wyx [Washington Irving, 1783-1859]. 0 Pm Buv
QutvXA, 0't0 OIlWvvIlO 6LijY1]IlU, xOLlla'taL ltQw 't1]v allEQLxavLxij
muvaO'taO'l] XaL 1;ultVa IlE'ta 't1] ~LaxijQ'U1;1] 't1]~ AVE1;aQ't1]OLa~.
[68] 1:'t0 ltOL1]IlU «0 BaOLALa~ 'twv EQA» [Erikoenig, 1782],0
rXUL'tE U'P1]YEC'taL IlE 6QUIlU'tLx6 'tQ6lto ltW~ 0 [3uOLALa~ 'twv O'tOL-
XELWV EQA EXAE'ljJE EVU ltaL6L UltO 'tOY uwltomo ltU'tEQU 'tou. To
ltaL6L XU'tUAu[3U(VEL ltW~ 'to O'tOLXEL6 ltA1]OLa~EL. To AEEL O'tov
ltU'tEQU 'tOU, uMa EXELVO~ 6EV 6(VEL O'l]llaOLU, WOltOU 0't0 'tEAO;
'to xavEL. Qt:; ltQot:; 'tOY ltAa0IlU'tLXO llu80 «0 ~ijllo~ XaL 1] BLOIl1]-
xuv(a ITaL6LWV», Illt0QOUIlE VU ult08EOOUIlE ltW~ oUQxa~EL 't1]v
ltAa'tWVLXij 8EWQLU 't1]~ 0llu6Lxij; uva'tQo'Pii~ 'twv ltaL6LWv Ill!
Eu8Uv1] 'tou ~ijIlO'U.
[69] 1:'t1]v UYYALXij, 1] AE1;1] «saw» O'l]IlULVEL XaL ltuQOLIl(a XaL
ltQL6vL.
245
 [70] OL I1ElpwtLO!!EVOL u:rtijQ;av - xm ELvm ax6!iTJ - lila a:rt6
tL~ LOXUQOtEQE~ !iUatLXE~ xm !!UatLXLatLXE~ !!aOOVLXE~ atOE~, !!E
OTJ!!avtLxij EJ'tLQQOij atTJv OLXOVO!!La xm tT)v :rtOALtLxij. AQXEL va
OTJ!!ELWSEL :rtW~ OL ()UVa!!LxOtEQOL I1ElpwtLO!!EVOL tT)~ AYYALa~
xm tT)~ BauaQ(a~ E:rtm;av o:rtou{)a(o QOAO OtT)v (bQuOTJ tT)~ :rtQW-
tT)~ KO!!!!OUVLatLXij~ tUESVOU~. l:E SEWQTJtLXij j3uOTJ, J'tLatEUOUV
:rtW~ EJ'tLXOLVWVOUV !!E to eEO !!EOW tWV auvELbTJmaxwv bLEQYa-
mwv tOU~ xm 0XL !!EOW tEAEtWV xm SQTJOXEUtLXWV !iUatTJQCwv,
O:rtW~ OL UAAoL XQLatLavoC.
[71] H AatLVLXij EXlpQaOTJ OTJ!!a(vEL «I1aSTJtLXOC I1ElpwtLO!!E-
VOL» xm bTJAWvEL tT)v EOwtEQLatLXij tuOTJ twv I1E<pwtLO!!EVWV, YLa
tau~ O:rtO(au~ TJ SQTJOXECa ijtav EOwtEQLXij, OUVELbTJmaxij U:rtOSEOTJ.
[72] H <PQUOT) avijXEL ato PW!iaCo a;LW!!atOuXo Flavius
Vegetius Renatus, yvwato !!OVO yLa to j3Lj3A(O Ile(J{ JloAipov LltE-
~aywyrj<; [De Re MililariJ :rtou EYQa'ljJE YUQw ata 390 !!.x. xm
ECvm a<pLEQW!!EVO atOV autoxQutoQa BaAEvtLVLavo [Flavius
Valentini anus, 321-375].
[73] OL atCXOL avijxouv ato o:rtou{)a(o :rtoCTJ!!a KOU!!JlAa
Xav [Kubla Khan] tou KOOUAQLt!;.
[74] 0 I1QEoj3UtEQLaVLO!!O~ ECvm bWLXTJtLXO aUOtT)!!a tT)~
EXXATJo(a~ :rtou LbQuSTJXE a:rto tOY KaAj3(vo [Johannes Calvinus,
1509-1564]. l:u!!<pwva !iE auto, TJ EXXATJOCa bLoLxE(tm a:rto tOU~
XATJQLXOU~ xm tOU~ Aa"Lxou~, OL O:rtO(OL OVo!!u!;ovtm :rtQEOj3utE-
QOL. To !!EtQO at0XEUE atTJv a:rtobuvu!!wOTJ tT)~ aUSEvtCa~ xm
tT)~ E;ouoCa~ tWV E;aQtW!!EVWV a:rto tOY I1Ma XATJQLXWV.
[75] OL I1QOOXUVTJtE~ I1atEQE~ [Pilgrim Fathers] ij'mv !!La
o!!uba I10uQLtaVWv :rtou a:rtoOX,COtT)xav a:rto tT)v AYYALxavLxij
EXXATJOCa, OtT) bLuQXELa tau 170u mwva. IOX,uQCl;ovtav :rtW~ 1:0
EQYO tT)~ MEtaQQuS!!LOTJ~ ()EV E(XE OAOXATJQWSEC xm aval;TJtou-
oav Evav to:rto YLa va !;ijoouv aU!!<pwva !!E ta bL{)uy!!ata twv
EuaYYEA(wV. A<pou bEY !!JloQEoav va :rtQay!!ato:rtOLijoouv to
SQTJOXEUtLXO OVELQO tOU~ OtT)v TJJlELQwttxij EUQWJlTJ, !!EtaVu-
atEuoav atTJv A!!EQLXij, to 1620.
246
[76] John Milton [1608-1674]: KOQu<paLo~ AyyAo~ x"-amxt-
atij~ :rtOLTJtij~. 0 </O!!TJQo~» tT)~ aYYALxij~ yAWooa~. 'Eva a:rto ta
o:rtaubmOtEQa EQYa tau ECvm to !!EYaAO EJ'tLXO :rtoCTJ!!a 0 Xa!!E-
VO~ I1aQubELoo~ [Paradise Lost], ato o:rto(o :rtEQtYQU<PEL xm tT)v
J'tt6>OT) twv aYYEAillV, !!E EUSUVTJ tau l:atavu. BEj3aLa Ebw 0
M:rtT)Q~ aatELEuEtm. 0 MCAtov bEY MEL :rtOUSEVU tC:rcotE OX,Ettx6
!!E tT)v J'tUQ(tLba.
[77] l:tTJ Pw!!mOXaSOAtxij EXXATJOCa, to PEXj3LE!! E(vm :rtQo-'
OEUXij U:rtEQ ava:rtauoEw~ tWV 'IjIuxwv. H !!oumxij aUVSEOT) !!E to
CbLO ovo!!a j3aoCl;Etm OtT) bo!!ij tT)~ SQTJOXEUtLXij~ AELtOuQy(a~.
[78] A:rto ta aQxaCa XQovLa, XUXAO<POQOUOE TJ u:rto'ljlTJ :rtw~ TJ
l:aAa!!uvbQa ECXE tTJv Lxav6tT)ta va avtEXEL tT) <pwtLU. l:tT)
bLuQXELa tOU MEoaCwva, TJ u:rtO'ljlTJ autij ;E:rtEQaoE XUSE OQLO
<pavtaoCa~, :rtQOoSEtOvta~ OtT) !!LXQij oauQa <ptEQU xaL j3ul;o-
vtu~ tTJV va YEvvLEtm xm va XatOLXEC atL~ <PAOYE~.
[79] 0 M:rtTJQ~ :rtQo<pavw~ ava<pEQEtm ELQWVLXU atOV :rtOAU-
YQa<pOtato auYYQa<pEa xm :rtOLTJtij Iwaij<p M:rtEAOX [Joseph
Hilaire Pierre Belloe, 1870-1953], 0 o:rtoCo~ EYQa'ljlE :rtOAAU XE(-
!!EVa U:rtEQUa:rtLOTJ~ tau KaSoALxLO~. H Kagxao6v [Careassonne]
ECvm Evtu:rtwmaxij :rtOATJ-xuatQo tT)~ NOtLa~ raMca~ xm u:rtijQ-
;E !!EYUAO XEvtQO tT)~ aCQEOT)~ tWV KaSaQLatWv. OL KaSaQLatE~
ij AAj3LYTJVOC f!!<pavCOtT)xav tOY 110 mwva OtT) NotLa raMca xm
yvwQLoav !!EYUATJ ax!!ij OtT) bLuQXELa 1:OU 120u mwva, !!E XEvtQO
tT)v :rtOATJ AAj3L KijQuttav tT)v fJ'tLatQO<pij atTJV ayv6tT)ta twv
:rtQWtWV XQLatLaVWV xm tautLl;av to xaxo !!E tT)v UATJ. AQXLXU,
TJ KaSoALxij EXXATJo(a :rtEQLOQ(OtT)Xf atTJV xatabCxTJ tT)~ aCQf-
OTJ~. AQYOtEQa O!!W~ EJ'tLMSTJXf Of atauQo<poQCa [1209-1244],
!!E a:rtotEAfO!!a tTJV :rtAijQTJ a:rtObLOQYUVWOTJ xm ata{)Laxij f;a-
<pUVLOT) tWV KaSaQLatWv.
[80] 0 AouxLavo~ ijtav 0 :rtQ6>to~ auyyQa<pEa~ :rtou :rtEQLE-
YQa'ljlE tOU~ l:EATJV(tE~ - tOU~ EJ'tLVOTJOE bTJ"-abij - ata <pavtaatL-
xu a<PTJyij!!atu tou, ta o:rto(a ijtav xm to :rtQ6>ta xE(!!EVa EJ'tLOtT)-
!!OVLXij~ <pavtaOLa~. 0 Aox :rtou ava<pEQEtm Ebw bEY E(vm 0
247
Ayy'Aor; qJLMompor;, c:iM6. 0 Ayy'Aor; 6"J-L00LOYQUqJOr; Pi,tOaQvt
A vtaJ-Lr; Aox [Richard Adams Locke, 1800-1871], 0 oltoior; OUvtU-
QU!;e 'tovr; A/-teQLxavoVr; 0't'Tj 6exae'tia 'tOV 1830, 61]J-LOOLeVOvtar;
O't'Tjv eqJT]J-LeQi6a New York Sun uQ8Qa ltOV VltO't'(8E't'aL It(J)r; eixe
YQul/JeL 0 avVltaQx'tor; aO't'Qov6J-L0r; ~eQ 'I1;,ov XEQoel.., ~'ta
uQ8Qa amu LOXvQL~6'tav nwr; 0't'Tj oel..l1VTJ eixav naQa't'T]Q,,8Ei J-LE
xunoLO Ei60r; «nQw'tonoQLaxov» 't"AEoxonLov, ~wu, qJv'tu,
AiJ-LVEr;, ltO't'UJ-LLU XaL uv8Qwlt6J-L0QqJOL XU'tOLXOL,
[81] 0 ~ULJ-LOV NLOVX0J-Ln [Simon Newcomb, 1835-1909]
Unl1Q!;E 6LUOTJJ-L0r; AJ-LEQLxav6r; uO't'Qov6J-L0r; XaL J-LU8"J-LU'tLX6r;, 0
MnQuYYEAor;, nov EJ-LqJav~E'taL I..LyO mo ltUVW, ELVaL avvnuQx'to
nQ6owlto,
[82] ME Iv6Luvovr; 61]1..0.611, 0 Mlt1]Qr; oaQxu~EL 't'T] Qa't'OL-
O't'LXl1 avtLJ-LE'twmOTJ 'twv Iv6Luvwv an6 'tovr; J-LOQqJWJ-LEVOUr; AJ-LE-
QLxavovr;,
[83] 0 AQOEVLOr; 0 Aox"T1lr;, Vnl1Q!;E ltI..OVaLOr; PWJ-Laior;,
AnaQv1181]xe 'tov x60J-L0 XaL aoxll-rEl/JE J-LE oxl..1]Q6 'tQ6no, SEW-
Qovoe 'to qJaY1]'t6 XaL 'tov VltVO ltOAv'tEAELer;.
[84] ~'tov EJ-LqJVI..LO n61..EJ-L0 nov !;EonuoE 'to 1642 O't'T]v
Ayyl..ia, ouyxQouO't'Tjxav OL vnoO't'1]QLX'tEr; 'tOV xOLVoj3ovAEmL-
OJ-LOU, J-LE 'to'llr; onu60ur; 'tov j3aaLI..LU KUQ6AO'll 'to'll ITQWTO'll
[1600-1649]. OL onu60i 'to'll xOLvoj30'llAEmLOJ-LOU, OL ~'tQOYYVAO­
xEqJaAoL [Roundheads], ll-rav IIo'llQL'tavoi XaL Exoj3av xovtu 'to.
J-LaAALU 'to'llr;. OL onu60L 't"r; j3aaLAEiar;, OL Kaj3aI..LEQOL
[Cavaliers] ll-rav aQLO't'oxQU'tEr; XaL uqJ"vav 'to. J-LaMLU 'to'llr;
J-LaxQLu. 0 nOAEJ-LOr; 'tEAELWOE 'to 1848 J-LE vix" 'twv ~'tQOyyvI..OXE­
qJaAwv, 'llno 't"v aQX"YLa 'tOU 'OALj3EQ KQOJ-LYO'llEA [Oliver
Cromwell, 1599-1658].
[85] BMltE OTJJ-LELWOTJ [13].
[86] H KUJ-LnaM 'llnl1Q!;E " J-LeyaM'tEQ1] qJLI..OOOqJLXl1 'tuOTJ
'twv IOQa"AL'twv, J-LE'tU 'tov TaAJ-L0'll6LoJ-L0, 't'T]v ltaQa60aLaxtl
EQJ-L"VEia 'twv LOQa1]AL't'LXWV LEQWV XELJ-LEVWV. OL XaJl1taI..LO't'Er;
oOqJoi, avtLl..a/-t/3uvovtav 'tov x60J-L0 oav Eva xe(J-LEVO 6LaQ8Qw-
248
J-LEVO altO 'to SEO J-LE ouv6'lluoJ-L0 'twv YQaJ-LJ-Lu'twv EVOr; nQW't'uQ-
XLXOU uAqJaj3ll-rO'll. MEAE'tOUOUV nr; oxEOELr; J-LE'tU!;U 'twv 6vtwv,
OUOXE't~Ovtar; 'tLr; aQL8J-L1]TLXEr; u!;ier; 'twv OVOJ-Lu'twv 'tovr;.
[87] H nEvtuAqJa untlQ!;E Eva altO 'to. OTJJ-LUvtLxmEQa aUJ-L-
j30Aa 't'T]r; aO't'Qol..0YLXl1r; J-LaYELar;. ~'t'T]v o'lloia OUJ-Lj301..~EL 't'T]
60J-L11 'tou aUJ-Lnavtor;. ME 'to. XQ6VLa EYLVE aUJ-Lj30AO 't'T]r; J-LaYEiar;
uml1r; xa8' Eau'tl1r;.
[88] 0 J-LeyuAor; EXltaLOemLltor; XaL ouYYQaqJEar; 6L6ux't'LXWv
j3Lj3I..LWV NWE OvEJl1tO't'EQ [Noah Webster, 1758-1828], «na't'QLuQ-
X1]r;» 't'T]r; aJ-LEQLxavLXl1r; Exnai6E'UOTJr;·
[89] 0 OUvL'tuQLaVL0J-L0r; [Unitarianism] E(VaL'tO 8Q"OXE'll-
'tLXO 60YJ-La ltO'll Em'tQEnEL 't1] XQl10TJ 'to'll oQ80u AOYO'll O't'" 8Q"-
oxeia. AltoQQim'eL 't1] 8eLxl1 qJV01] 'tOV XQLO't'OU XaL 'to o6Y/-ta 't'T]r;
uyiar; 'tQLu60r;. ~'to SEO avayvwQ~EL J-LOVO J-LLa 'llnoO't'aOTJ. To
MYJ-Lu EXEL J-LEYUI..l'] anl1XTJOTJ O't'Lr; H.IT.A.
[90] <PLI..LO't'aLO'llr; EAEyav OL XUMLEQY"J-LEVOL E'llQwnaiOL XaL
AJ-LEQLxavoL, X'llQLWr; OL qJOL'tl']'tEr; 'twv navEmO't'T]J-Liwv, 'to'llr;
aO't'our; ltOV 6ev evoLUqJEQOvtaV yLU 't'Lr; 'tExver; XaL 'to. YQuJ-LJ-La'ta
aMu J-L6vo YLa 'tLr; 'llI..LXEr; altol..auoELr; XaL L6LaL'tEQa YLa 'to
XQtlJ-La. OL <PLALO't'aLOL ll-rav nOAEJ-LLXOr; Au6r;, EYXa't'EO't'T]J-LEVOr;
o't'"v ITUl..aLO't'LV" ltQLV alt6 'to'llr; IOQa1]Ai'tEr;. H BLj3l..or; 'to'llr; ltEQL-
YQUqJEL oav qJLAonOAEJ-LOVr; EL6wI..OAU'tQEr;. ELVaL amoL nov nay i-
6euoav 'tov ~aJ-Ll/Jwv [KQL'tai]. Eix;av J-LaxQLEr; xo'toioer; XaL 'to
!;uQLOJ-La 'tou xEqJal..LOu 'to'llr; Lo06'llvaJ-L0UOE J-LE 8uvu't0, onwr;
UMWO't'E 'llnaLVLooE'taL XaL 0 J-Lu80r; 'to'll ~aJ-Ll/Jwv.
[91] Anu'taL, TOEYLEV. ~Mr; Iv6L1ivwv 't'T]r; BOQeLUr; AJ-LEQLXl1r;.
[92] Habeas Corpus: eE0J-LLXl1 xa't'OxuQwOTJ 't'T]r; EAE'U8EQiar;
'tou ltoAi't'T], nov EYLve 'to 1679 O't'1]v AYYAia XaL f8eoe qJQaYJ-L6
o't'"v U'll8ULQE't'T] aUAA"l/J" XaL xQu't'T]01]. H AUTLVLXl1 qJQu01]
OTJJ-LULVEL </EXEL ~wJ-La».
[93] ITEQiYELo: 'to xOvtLvmEQo ltQor; 't'T] Y" OTJJ-LEio 't'T]r; 'tQo-
xLUr; O'llQUVLO'll oWJ-La'tor;.
[94] 0 ~LOvVOLOr; ° IIQeo/3meQor;, -rUQavvor; 'twv ~vQaxov-
249
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TIaAL6~ [LEA. 232]. H CPQuO'J'] OtT] j3uO'J'] 'tov OXEO(o'U Met: «MEQL-
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256
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257
xu8rp<.av'ta LXV'1 'tOU, crtT]V nQomtU6EtU 'tou va xaAU1jJEl nOAEl-tlXU
YEyovCrta. Amo nou XUVEl nEQLEQYT] 'tT]V nEQLmooOl] MnT]Q<; ELvm
noo<; ELXE tlOT] EyxmaAELljJEl'tT] OT]1l0mOYQacpLa xm OEV !;Exa6uQt-
oE anOAma 'tt<; nQ06EoEl<; 'tou nQtv !;EXtVtloEl..
To f3Ef3mo ELvm noo<; 'to 1913 naLQVEl ouo Ol]llav'ttXE<; anocpu-
oEl<;. HilLa ELvm va EmoxEcp6EL nUAt 'ta naAtU nEOLa llaXWV 'ta
onoLa ELXE nmLoEl IlE 'to aLlla 'tou xm T] UMT], va EmOXEcp6EL 'to
ME!;txO, onou ELXE !;EonUoEl EllcpVAto<;, xa6w<; ot Enavaoru'tE<;
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"tEullma "tou Otx'tu'toQa f3tX'tOQtUVO OuEg,;a [Victoriano Huerta,
1873-1913]. 0 MnT]Q<; ELvm 70 XQovoov Xt av E!;mQEoouIlE 'to
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At ano 'tOY allEQtXaVtxo EllcpVAto, nou XUVEl'tT] OUIlrtEQtcpoQu 'tou
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XQtllla'ta cpaCvE'tm va EXEl aQxE"tu xm OtU6EOl] va anollaxQUv6EC
ano 'tT]V otXOYEVElU 'tOU aXOIlT] nEQtooCrtEQT]. Kouf3aMEl l'iuo
VEXQoU<; ytOU<; - Evav amOXElQa ano EQW'ttXtl anoyotl-rEUOl] Xl
Evav ano unEQxmaVUAOOOl] aAxoOA - xa6w<; Xt Evav XooQtollO.
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IlEYUAO EVOtacpEQov. TT] OT]llomoYQacpLa 'tT]v EXEl EyxmaAELljJEl.
'EXEl acptEQw6EL oro YQuljJtllO. Yno amE<; 'tt<; aV'ttcpmtXE<; ouvStl-
XE<;, 0 AOYO<; tl ot A6yot nou 'tOY OOtlYT]oav oro ME!;tXO - xm ora
naAtU nEOLa 'tWV Ilaxwv - 1lrt0QEL va ELvm nOMoi.
To EVOEXOIlEVO va E'toLlla~E xunoto f3tf3ALO yta 'tOY aIlEQu<.a-
VtXO EllcpVAtO OEV 1lrt0QEL va anoQQtcp6EL, OUTE xm'tO EVOEXOIlEVO
va tl6EAE va IlU/;EljJEl UAtXO yta va YQuljJEl yta 'ta YEyovCrta oro
ME!;tXO. Mta EmoroAtl (29 Mdtou 'tou 1913) oro cpCAo 'tou rou-
WA'tEQ NT]A, Ila<; Emf3uAEt xa'tu xunotov 'tQono va un06EooullE
xm A6you<; noAmxoU<;. «AQyCrtEQa 6a nuoo oro ME!;tXO, onou -
M!;a 'too 8EW - xu'tt YLvE'tm xm (000<; ErtT]QEUoEl OAT] 'tT] NCrtta
AIlEQtXtl, Evav 'tono nou IlOU XAELVEl aXOIlT] "to Ilu"tt», YQuCPEl. 0
258
MrtT]Q<; tl-rav Qt~oonucrtT]<;. l:txmvCrtav 'to allEQtXaVtxo xaxExw-
no oT]1l0xQa'tLa<; xm 'tOY allEQtXaVtxo EnEx'ta"ttollo. Ot AOYot ano-
XWQT]atl<; 'tou ano 'to oT]llomOYQacptxo OlltAo XEQor OEV <paLvE"taL
va ELvm EV'tEAW<; anaMaYIlEVot ano 'tT]V noAmXtl. Av nQoonEQu-
ooullE 'to YEYOVO<; noo<; OtxmvCrtav nQoooomxu 'to acpEV'ttXO 'tou,
'toy rouCMtall XEQor [William Randolph Hearst, 1863-1951],
anOOELx6T]XE noo<; ELXE OUYXEV'tQWoEl nOMu orotXELa yta 'tT]
oQUOl] 'tou nOAmxou xm IlEYtoruva 'tou wnou oro ME!;tXO. 0
XEQor ELXE IlEyaAT] nEQtouoLa EXEL xm nOMu OUllcpEQoV'ta. 0
MrtT]Q<; OEV OT]1l0oLEUoE 'ta orotXELa, aMU cpEuyoV'ta<; yta 'to
ME!;tXO, 'ta naQEooooE 010 Evav yvoooro 'tou tOtoX-rtl'tT] !;EVOOOXEC-
ou oro AaQEV'to 'tou TE!;a<;. TIQocpavw<;, 'ta orotXELa tl-rav aV'tt-
XELIlEVO aV'ttnaQu6EOl]<;. TIQocpavw<;, 0 MnT]Q<; ELXE IlrtAE!;EL
UOXT]lla IlE au-rtl 'tT]v un06EOl]. <l>uOtxU, anoQQLmE"tm 'to EVOEX6-0
IlEVO va EnEoE 6Ulla EyxAT]lla"ttXtl<; EVEQYEla<;, ano 'tOY LOto'tOV
XEQor tl aMou<; Ert(Ol]<; EIlrtAEXOIlEVOU<;, OEOOIlEVOU o,'tt 'tE'totou
ELOOU<; nQax'ttXE<; OEV ouVTj6~OV'tm ort<; H.TI.A. - av E!;mQEoEL
xavEL<; f3Ef3ma 'tT] OOAocpovLa 'tou nQoEoQou ALVXOAV [Abraham
Lincoln, 1809-1865] ano nQux'tOQE<; 'tou Muo ToE'tOUVYX [Mao
Tse-tung, 1893-1976] tl'tou IooatlCP l:'taAtV [Joseph Vissarionovich,
1879-1953] (ot EQEUVE<; OUvEx~oV'tm aXOIlT]). 'Eva xanoto XA(lla
anoyotl-rEUOl]<; - unaQ!;taxou wnou - xaMtEgytl6T]XE ano 'tOY
LOto 'tOY MnT]Q<; 010 EmoroAE<; 'tou. l:E Eva YQuIllla nQo<; 'tT]V aVE-
ljJtU 'tou AWQa, AEEl: «Av axouoEl<; noo<; IlE attioavE 010 xanoto
IlE!;txavtxo llaV'tQCrtotXO Xat IlE YElltOaV ocpa(QE<;, 6EAoo va !;EQEl<;
noo<; E(vm noM ooQaLo<; 'tQono<; yta va cpVyoo ano 'tT] ~ootl. ME
anaAMooEl ano 'ta YEQa'tEtU, 'tT]v aQQworta tl 'to nEOtIlO ano "tt<;
OXUAE<; 'tou unoYELou. To va ELom Eva<; rXQLVYXO oro ME!;tXO -
amo ELvm Eu6avaoLa!» ALYO nQtv nEQuoEl 'ta aUvoQa IlE 'to
ME!;tXO, EOoooE OUVEV'tEU!;T] oE xunotov OT]llomoYQucpo, crtT] NEa
OQAEUVTj. E!;0IlOAOYOUIlEVO<; 'tT] ouvm06T]lla'ttxtl 'tou xmuoraOl]
lOmE noo<;, IlE'tU'tOV EllcpVAto OEV ECXE xa"tacpEQEt 'tmmE OlJllaV'tl-
XO 0'tT] ~ootl 'tou. «TIT]yaCvoo oro ME!;tXO, yta'tL IlOU aQEoEl 'to nat-
259
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263