10

0 50
-10
0
-50
0
-50
50
 z∈C z = x+iy x, y ∈ R
x = Re z y = Im z z

: z1 + z2 = (x1 + x2 ) + i(y1 + y2 ),
: z1 z2 = (x1 x2 − y1 y2 ) + i(x1 y2 + y1 x2 ).
: z → z̄, z̄ = x − iy,
� √
: |z| = x2 + y 2 = |z̄| = z z̄ ≥ 0,
: d(z1 , z2 ) = |z1 − z2 | = |z2 − z1 | ≥ 0.

z1 + z2 = z2 + z1 , z1 z2 = z2 z1 ,

z1 + (z2 + z3 ) = (z1 + z2 ) + z3 = z1 + z2 + z3 , z1 (z2 z3 ) = (z1 z2 )z3 = z1 z2 z3 ,

z1 (z2 + z3 ) = z1 z2 + z1 z3 .

(z1 + z2 ) = z̄1 + z̄2 , (z1 z2 ) = z̄1 z̄2 , |z| = |z̄| = |z|.

i i i2 = −1 i3 = −i i4 = 1
z=0 x=y=0

z = z̄, ⇐⇒ z ∈ R.

|z1 z2 | = |z1 ||z2 |

|z1 + z2 | ≤ |z1 | + |z2 |, |z1 − z2 | ≥ ||z1 | − |z2 || .

ez ≡ ex+iy = ex (cos y + i sin y)

z z = r(cos θ + i sin θ) z = reiθ z1 z2 =

i(θ1 +θ2 )
r1 r2 e z = rn einθ
n

z n = rn (cos nθ + i sin nθ).

� iθ �n
e = einθ (cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos nθ + i sin nθ
 5i
= 1 + 2i, (−1 + i)7 = −8(1 + i).
2+i
√ √ √ √ √
i(1 − i 3)( 3 + i) = 2 + 2i 3, (1 + i 3)−10 = 2−11 (−1 + i 3),

−π < arg z < π, |z| > 3

1 < |z − 2i| < 2
|2z + 3| > 5
Im(z
� 1 �) > 10 Im(z ) ≥ 0
2 2

Re z ≤ 2
|z − 3| > |z|

{a} |z − 1 − i| = 1, {b} |z − 1| = |z + i|, {c} |z − 1 + i| ≥ |z − 1 − i|, {d} |z + 4i| + |z − 4i| = 10.

√
z = 6eiπ/3 |eiz | e−3 3

|z − 12| 5 |z − 4|
a) = , = 1,
|z − 8i| 3 |z − 8|

|z + 1 + i|
b) |z 2 − 2i| = 4, = 1.
|z − 1 − i|
z1 = 6 + 17i, z2 = 6 + 8i z1 = 1 − i, z2 = −1 + i

z 2 = i; z 2 = 3 − 4i; z 3 = −1; z 6 = 64;

z 7 + 1 = 0; z 8 = 1 + i; z̄ = z 3 ; |z| − z = 1 + 2i;

cos(z − i) = 2.

�
3
(z − 1 + i)(z − 1)2 = z.
√
z = 2kπ + i(1 − ln(2 ± 3)), k ∈ Z z1 = (1 − i)/2 z2 = (3 + i)/5

� α �2n inα
(1 + cos α + i sin α)2n = 2 cos e ,
� �n 2
1 + i tan α 1 + i tan nα
= ,
1 − i tan α 1 − i tan nα

z ez

|ez | = eRe z ez+2πi = ez .

 z

eiz = ez .

i−i

(z − 2)4 = 1.

5i
tan z = .
3
�1 �
zk = i ln 2 + π 2 + k ,k ∈ Z

z1 z2 z3
� �
� |z|2 z z̄ 1 �
� �
� |z1 |2 z1 z̄1 1 �
� � = 0.
� |z2 |2 z2 z̄2 1 �
� �
� |z3 |2 z3 z̄3 1 �

z1 = 1 − i z2 = 2i
z3 = 1 + i
(x + 1)2 + y 2 = 5

z1 z2 z3
z−z1 z̄−z̄1
z−z2 z̄−z̄2
z3 −z1 = z̄3 −z̄1
z3 −z2 z̄3 −z̄2

k �= 1

|z − z1 |
= k,
|z − z2 |

z1 z2 k

|z − z1 | + |z − z2 | = a > 0 z1 z2 a > |z1 − z2 |

z1 z2 a=0
a<0

az 2 + bz + c = 0 a b c

z P (z)

P (z̄) = P (z).
P (z̄) �= P (z)
 z
a0 z n + a1 z n−1 + · · · + an−1 z + an = 0 n a0 , . . . , an

e π eπ e+π

√ √ √
3
a) 3+ 2; b) 4 − 2i.

(ξ, η, ζ)
z = x + iy

x y |z|2
ξ= , η= , ζ= ,
1 + |z|2 1 + |z|2 1 + |z|2
ξζ ηζ
x= , y= .
ξ 2 + η2 ξ 2 + η2
(ξ, η, ζ) P (z)

� �
1
P (−z), P (z̄), P .
z
(−ξ, −η, ζ) (ξ, −η, ζ) (ξ, −η, 1 − ζ)
z1 z2 z3
z1 + z2 + z3 = 0
z1 z2 z3
z4 = z1 − z2 + z3
z
� �
| z 2 − 1 + z| + | z 2 − 1 − z| = |z − 1| + |z + 1|.
z1 z2 z3
z12 + z22 + z32 = z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 .

(z3 − z1 )(z2 − z3 ) = (z1 − z2 )2 , (z1 − z2 )(z3 − z1 ) = (z2 − z3 )2 .

z ζ

|z + ζ|2 + |z − ζ|2 = 2|z|2 + 2|ζ|2

|z ζ̄ + 1|2 + |z − ζ|2 = (1 + |z|2 )(1 + |ζ|2 )
|z ζ̄ − 1|2 − |z − ζ|2 = (|z|2 − 1)(|ζ|2 − 1)
|z + ζ| ≤ |z| + |ζ|
|z − ζ| ≥ ||z| − |ζ|| ≥ |z| − |ζ|
|z + ζ| ≥ ||z| − |ζ|| ≥ |z| − |ζ|
|z − ζ| ≤ |z| + |ζ|
u ≡
(u1 , u2 , u3 ) v ≡ (v1 , v2 , v3 ) u·v = u1 v1 +u2 v2 +u3 v3 u·v = |u||v| cos θ
θ

z1 · z2 = Re(z̄1 z2 ).
u ≡ (u1 , u2 , u3 ) v ≡ (v1 , v2 , v3 ) w ≡ (w1 , w2 , w3 ) w = u×v
w1 = u2 v3 − u3 v2 w2 = u3 v1 − u1 v3 w3 = u1 v2 − u2 v1
|w| = |u||v| sin θ θ

z1 × z2 = Im(z̄1 z2 ).

u ≡ (u1 , u2 , u3 ) v ≡ (v1 , v2 , v3 ) = |u × v|
z1 = 2 + i z2 = −1 − i z3 = 3

z1 z2 z3
� (z2 − z3 )|z1 |2
,
π
4iz1

z = a + ib
2×2
� �
a b
z = a + ib → Z= , a, b ∈ R
−b a

|z|

in (1 + i)n
a) un = , b) un = .
n n

� �
n2 in n in
a) lı́m = 0; b) lı́m − = 1 − i.
n→∞ n3 + 1 n→∞ n + 3i n + 1

∞
�
1 + i/3 + (i/3)2 + · · · = (i/3)n−1 ,
n=1

(9 + 3i)/10

a
∞
� ∞
� ∞
� � �−a � �
a) n−a ein , b) n−a eiπ/n , c) n2 + 1 eiπ/n − 1 ,
n=1 n=1 n=1

�∞
(a + 1)(a + 2) · · · (a + n) n
d) i .
n=1
n!

a>0 a>1 a>0 a<0

sin kθ cos kθ k sin θ cos θ k
k = 1/n n k=5 k = 1/2

sin x + sin 2x + · · · + sin nx, cos x + cos 2x + · · · + cos nx,

sin x + sin 3x + · · · + sin(2n − 1)x, cos x + cos 3x + · · · + cos(2n − 1)x,

sin x − sin 2x + · · · + (−1)n−1 sin nx.
eix

(1 − i)4i

sin z = 2

R
R = [log 2, log 3] × [−π, π] f (z) = ez

(ez + 1)3 + 8 = 0

(cos i)i

t ∈ (−π, π) eit + 1
(2k−1)π
z = log (2e 3 − 1) k = 0, 1, 2 (cos i)i = ei log cosh 1−2kπ
k∈Z |eit + 1| = 2 cos ( 2t ) arg (eit + 1) = 2t

(1 − i)1+i
cos z = cosh z
Q =√{z : 4 ≤ |z| ≤ 9, −π/2 ≤ Argz ≤ π/2}
f (z) = z
(−∞, 0]

4 16 + 16i
(z − 1) = √ .
2

(ai)i a

� �n
1 + i tan 2 1 + i tan (2n)
= si n = 1, 2, 3 . . .
1 − i tan 2 1 − i tan (2n)

3π
{ z ∈ C : 8 ≤ |z| ≤ 27, − ≤ arg z ≤ 0 }
4
√
3
z (−∞, 0]
 1
sin(ez ) = , z ∈ C.
2
z∈C |z| = 1 a∈C
� �
� z−a �
� �
� 1 − āz � = 1.

A = −M i B = 7π/4 − M i C = 7π/4 + M i
D = Mi eiz M >0

√
2z 4 + 1 − 3i = 0
cosh z − sinh z = 1
2
e(z−1) = 1 √
f (z) z D = C − {z = −iy, y ≥ 0}
f (1) = −1 f (−1) f (2i)
√ zk = e(1+3k)πi/6 , k = 0, 1, 2, 3. zk = 2πki k ∈ Z
zk = 1 ± πk(1 + i), k∈Z

sin z + cos z = 2.

√
(−2) 2
.

√ |z| ≤ 4 −π/4 ≤ arg(z)

√ √≤ π/4
z z ≡ √rei(π+θ/2)
zk = π4 + 2kπ − i ln( 2 ± 1) k ∈ Z
√ � √ √ �
2 2 cos((2k + 1)π 2) + i sin((2k + 1)π 2) k ∈ Z
√
ii

d 1
(Re f (z)) = f � (z).
dz 2
|z| ≥ 1 0 ≤ arg z ≤ π/4

1/z 2
 √
z 3 − i = − 3.

z 1+i = 4

cosh(z + w) = cosh z cosh w + sinh z sinh w, ∀z, w ∈ C.

�
dz
.
C z
C {z ∈ C, | Re z| ≤ 1, | Im z| ≤ 1, } C
|z + 2| = 1

2z + 3iz̄ = 1/z̄

√
i−i

1 ≤ |z| ≤ 2 π/2 ≤ Argz ≤ 3π/4

w = 1/z 2

z∈C cosh z = sinh z

z∈C cosh2 z = sinh2 z
u √
v u = −v z1,2 = ±(1 + i)/ 10
eπ/4 ekπ , k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .

z∈C

cos z̄ = cos z.
√ √
f (z) 4
z C − [0, ∞) f (−1) = (1 − i)/ 2 f (i)
i
π 2π e
A = {z ∈ C : |z| ≤ 1, Im z ≥ 0}
T (z) = (z − i)/(z + i) z ∈R x = kπ, k ∈ Z
i
∀y ∈ R e 2π ln |π| e−k , k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .

√
z 4 + 8 + 8 3i = 0.

√
(1 + 3i)cos π

√ z1 = 2eiπ/3 , z2 = 2ei5π/6 , z3 = 2ei4π/3 , z4 = 2ei11π/6 (1 −

3i)/4
 z 2 + 2z̄ 2 + z − z̄ + 9 = 0

�
5 √
i− 3
sin z = i

x
u(x, y) = ,
x2 + y2

f (i) = 3i

(i2 )sin i

{1 ≤ |z| ≤ 2, −π/4 ≤ arg z ≤ π/4}

f (z) = 1/z

ez = cos(iz).

x sin x = 1/2 z
sin z = 1/2

f (z) = u + iv u v
u = v2
z

cos(z 2 ) = cos(z̄ 2 ).

i
(i2 )i = i2

sin z = 3.

x
u(x, y) = +x
x2 + y2
f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)
v(x, y) f (z)
f � (z) u(x, y)
f (z)
 f (z) z0

lı́m f (z) = f (z0 ).

z→z0

z z0 f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)

z0 = x0 + iy0 u v (x0 , y0 )
f (z) z0

f (z) − f (z0 )
lı́m
z→z0 z − z0
z z0
f � (z0 ) f z0
f (z) z0 f � (z)
z0 z z0

w = f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)

R

∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
= , =− .
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
R
w R
f = u + iv
� �
df ∂u(x, y) ∂v(x, y) 1 ∂u(x, y) ∂v(x, y)
= +i = +i .
dz ∂x ∂x i ∂y ∂y
z f � (z) z

P (z) = a0 + a1 z + a2 z 2 + · · · + an−1 z n−1 + an z n .

P (z)
w= ,
Q(z)
P (z) Q(z)

ez = ex+iy = ex (cos y + i sin y)

a
az = ez ln a ,
ln a a
 eiz − e−iz eiz + e−iz
sin z = , cos z = ,
2i 2
sec z csc z tan z cot z

ez − e−z ez + e−z
sinh z = , cosh z = ,
2 2
tanh z coth z
z = ew w = ln z w
z

w = ln z = ln r + i(θ + 2kπ), k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . , z = rei(θ+2kπ) .

1 � � � 1 � � �
arcsin z = ln iz + 1 − z 2 , arc cos z = ln z + z 2 − 1 ,
i i
arctan z sin−1 z cos−1 z
ln

� � � � � �
arcsinh z = ln z + z 2 + 1 , arccosh z = ln z + z 2 − 1 ,

arctanh z

z α ≡ eα ln z ,
α∈C f (z) g(z) z

f (z)g(z) ≡ eg(z) ln f (z) ,

P0 (z)wn + P1 (z)wn−1 + · · · + Pn−1 (z)w + Pn (z) = 0,

P0 (z) �= 0 P1 (z) . . . Pn (z) z

f (x, y) R R2
R R

∂ 2 f (x, y) ∂ 2 f (x, y)
+ = 0.
∂x2 ∂y 2

u(x, y) v(x, y)
u v

∂2u ∂2v ∂2u ∂2v ∂2u ∂2u ∂2v ∂2v

2
= , 2
=− , 2
+ 2 =0= 2
+ 2.
∂x ∂x∂y ∂y ∂y∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
 |z|2
2
|z|

sin z e2z z∈C

�
f (z) = |xy| z=0

w = z 2 , Re z > 0;
w = z̄ 2 , |z| < 1;
1
w= , |z| < 1;
z− �1 �
1 1
w= z+ , |z| < 2;
2 z
� �2
1 1
w= z+ , |z| < 1, 0 < arg z < π/2.
4 z

f (z) z
� �
∂2 ∂2
+ |f (z)|2 = 4|f � (z)|2 .
∂x2 ∂y 2

f (z) = z 2

z 10 + 1 1 − cos z 1 − cos z 2
a) lı́m , b) lı́m , c) lı́m , d) lı́m (cos z)1/z .
z→i z 6 + 1 z→0 z2 z→0 sin z 2 z→0

5/3 1/2 1/2 e−1/2

f1 (z) = xy + iy; f2 (z) = ey (cos x + i sin x).

R2

f (z)
u(x, y) = x3 − 3xy 2 + 3x2 − 3y 2 + 1
u(x, y) = sin x cosh y + 2 cos x sinh y + x2 − y 2 + 4xy
w = z 3 + 3z 2 + C w = sin z + z 2 − i(2 sin z + 2z 2 )

f (z) = u(x) + iv(y)

f (z) C g(z) = f (z̄)
h(z) = f (z̄)
v u uv eu cos v
f (z) = (ax + b) + i(ay + c) a, b, c

sin z
sin z = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y

u(x, y)
v(x, y) f (z)

u = 2x(1 − y)
u = 2x − x3 + 3xy 2
 u = sinh x sin y
u = y/(x2 + y 2 )
u = cos x sin y
f1 (z) = iz 2 + 2z + C f2 = 2z − z 3 + C f3 = −i cosh z f4 = i/z + C f5

w = f (z) u(x, y) = 2ex cos y

f (0) = 2
2ez

u v ui vi D
U V
D

a) U = au − bv, V = bu + av, ∀a, b ∈ C.

b) U = au1 + bu2 , V = av1 + bv2 , ∀a, b ∈ C.
c) U = u1 u2 − v1 v2 , V = u1 v2 + v1 u2 .
d) U = eu cos v, V = eu sin v.
2
−v 2 2 2
e) U = eu cos 2uv, V = eu −v sin 2uv.
u2 − v 2 v 2 − u2
f) U = euv cos , V = euv sin .
2 2

�
a) u = φ(ax + by), ∀a, b ∈ R, b) u = φ(x + x2 + y 2 ), c) u = φ(x2 + y).

� �
x2 + y 2
a) u = φ(x + y ),
2 2
b) u = φ(x − y ), 2 2
c) u = φ(y/x), d) u = φ .
x

C ln(x2 + y 2 ) + K C(x2 − y 2 ) + K C arctan(y/x) + K Cx/(x2 + y 2 ) + K

w = u + iv u − iv
w

w |w|
w

f (z) = z/(1+|z|) C |w| < 1

2z + 1
z(z 2 + 1)
z3 + i
z2 − 3z + 2
(z + 2)−1 (z 2 + 2z + 2)−1


 z̄ 2
f (z) = si z �= 0
 0z si z = 0,

z=0
z=0
 f (z) = x3 − i(y − 1)3 ≡ u + iv
∂u ∂v
+i = 3x2 ,
∂x ∂x
3x2 f � (z) z0 = i

ln(z − 1)3 = iπ/2.

y
u(x, y) =
(x − 1)2 + y 2
f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)
v(x, y) f (z)
f � (z) u(x, y)
f (z)

f (z) f � (z)
2x + xy i 2

z − z̄
ex (cos y − i sin y)

sin z sinh z tan z

f1 (z) = 3x + y + i(3y − x); f2 (z) = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y;

f3 (z) = e−y (cos x + i sin x); f4 (z) = (z 2 − 2)e−x (cos y − i sin y).
f1 = (3 − i)z f2 = sin z f3 = eiz f4 = (z 2 − 2)e−z

f (z) z0 u = Re f v = Im f

f � (z0 ) = u�x (x0 , y0 ) + ivx� (x0 , y0 )

f � (z0 ) = vy� (x0 , y0 ) − iu�y (x0 , y0 )
f � (z0 ) = u�x (x0 , y0 ) − iu�y (x0 , y0 )
f � (z0 ) = vy� (x0 , y0 ) + ivx� (x0 , y0 )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
|f � (z0 )|2 = u�x + u�y = u�x + vx� = u�y + vy� = vx� + vy�

u(x, y) ∂u/∂x ∂u/∂y

u(x, y) v(x, y)
∂u/∂x ∂v/∂x
∂u/∂y ∂v/∂y

u v
R2 u(x, y) = C1 v(x, y) = C2
(x0 , y0 ) u = C1 v = C2
∂u/∂x ∂v/∂y

u(x, y)+iv(x, y) x y
x → (z + z̄)/2 y → (z − z̄)/2i g(z, z̄) = u(x(z, z̄), y(z, z̄)) + iv(x(z, z̄), y(z, z̄))
g z̄ u + iv
 f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) u
v f (z)

f (z) = u(z, 0) + iv(z, 0), f (z) = u(0, −iz) + iv(0, −iz).

f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) u v v u

u v f

f (z) = 2u(z/2, −iz/2)+

f (z) = 2iv(z/2, −iz/2)+

f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) u v f (z)

f (z) = u(z/2, −iz/2) + iv(z/2, −iz/2).

f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)

u(z/2, −iz/2) = iv(z/2, −iz/2).

f (z)

a) u(x, y) = x4 −6x2 y 2 +y 4 , b) v(x, y) = sinh x cos y, c) v(x, y) = x3 −2y 2 , d) u(x, y) = y/(x2 +y 2 ).

f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) f u

v f (z) = u(az, −i(1 − a)z) + iv(az, −i(1 − a)z)
a a=0 a=1 a = 1/2
a

f (z) = z 1/2

z = reiθ r > 0, 0 ≤ θ < 2π f � (z)

f � (z) = 1/(2f (z))
√
w= z2 + 1
√
w= z2 − 1

f = u(r, θ) + iv(r, θ) z = reiθ

∂u 1 ∂v ∂v 1 ∂u
= , =− .
∂r r ∂θ ∂r r ∂θ

f = z 27 f = |z|z 2 f = r2 + θ + 2ir2 θ

zi u(r, θ) v(r, θ)
z = u + iv
i

w = sin z z = π + i log (2 + 51/2 )

√
f (z)√= z √ C
[0, +∞) −1 = −i f � (z) = 1/2 z
 RT = 2 RM = 3 RJ = 10
TT = 1 TM = 2 TJ = 12

v(x, y) = x3 − 3axy 2
a
u(x, y) v(x, y)
f (z) = u + iv

u= v=

f (z) = u + iv u v u+v
f (z) g(z) u+v
u(x, y) = xy + (ey + e−y ) cos x
u
u f (z)
z Re f (z) = u(x, y) f (0) = 2 + i f (z) = − 2i z 2 + 2 cos z + i

u(x, y) = ax3 + bx2 y + cxy 2 + dy 3 .

v(x, y) u(x, y) + iv(x, y)

y
u(x, y) = x2 − y 2 + 5x + y − ,
x2 + y2

u
v u
f (z) f (z) = u + iv

f (z) = z 2 + (5 − i)z − i
z +K
x y φ(xy)
f (z)

f (z) = bz 2 /2 + C
z0 = 0 f (z)
f (0) = 0 f � (0) = i f �� (z) + i2 f (z) = 0
f (z) = sin(iz)

2
−y 2
u(x, y) = ex cos(2xy)

∇2 u = 0 R2

z f (z) = u + iv f (0) = 1
2
f (z) = ez
 f = u + iv u(x, y) = x − e−y sin x
f (z)

f (z)
lı́m = α, α ∈ C, m ∈ N.
z→0 z m

m
α

f (z) ≡ f (x+iy) = u(x, y)+iv(x, y)

f (0) + f � (0) = i, u + 2v = 2x(1 − y + x) − 2y(y − 2).

f (z) = iz 2 + 2z − 2 + i

f (x + iy) = cos x(cosh y + a sinh y) + i sin x(cosh y + b sinh y)

a b f (z) f z
f (z) = eiz

f (z) : C → C ∀(x, y) ∈ R2

f (z) ≡ f (x + iy) = f (x) − f (y) + 2xyi

f (z) = z 2

a, b, c ∈ C

f (z) = az 2 + bz z̄ + cz̄ 2 ,

f (z) = az 2

v(x, y) = cos(x) cosh(ay) a∈R

a v
a v
u f (z) = u+iv f (0)−f � (0) = 2+i

u(x, y) f (z) ∂u/∂x =

∂u/∂y f (z) f (0) = 1 f (1) = 2(1 − i)
v(x, y) = y cos y sinh x + x sin y cosh x g(z)

g(z) z
 z1 z2
C z2 = z1
� z2 � (x2 ,y2 ) � (x2 ,y2 ) � (x2 ,y2 )
f (z)dz = (u(x, y) + iv(x, y))(dx + idy) = (udx − vdy) + i (vdx + udy)
z1 (x1 ,y1 ) (x1 ,y1 ) (x1 ,y1 )

C
C {x(t), y(t)} t ∈ [t1 , t2 ]
� z2 � t2 � t2
f (z)dz = {u(x(t), y(t))ẋ(t) − v(x(t), y(t))ẏ(t)} dt+i {v(x(t), y(t))ẋ(t) + u(x(t), y(t))ẏ(t)} dt.
z1 t1 t1

C y = y(x)
� z2 � x2 � x2
f (z)dz = {u(x, y(x)) − v(x, y(x))y (x)} dx + i �
{v(x, y(x)) + u(x, y(x))y � (x)} dx.
z1 x1 x1

f (z) R C
�
f (z)dz = 0.
C

f (z) R
�
f (z)dz = 0,
C

R f (z) R
f (z) R
� b
f (z)dz = F (b) − F (a), F � (z) = f (z)
a

F (z) f (z) f (z)dz = dF

a b
R C0 Ci i = 1, . . . , n

� � � �
f (z)dz = 0 = f (z)dz + f (z)dz + · · · + f (z)dz,
C C0 C1 Cn

Cj j = 0, 1, . . . , n
 P (x, y) Q(x, y) R
C
� � � � �
∂Q ∂P
P (x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy = − dxdy.
C R ∂x ∂y

f (z) R
C a R
�
1 f (z)
f (a) = dz.
2πi C z−a

f (z) a
a
�
1 f (z)
f � (a) = dz.
2πi C (z − a)2

f (z) a f � (a) f �� (a), . . . ,

a

f (z) C
|f (z)| C
f (z) z0 z0 z
|f (z)| > |f (z0 )|

f (z) |f (z)| < M ∀z ∈ C

M f (z)

P (z) = a0 + a1 z + · · · + an z n n≥1 an �= 0
z1 P (z) = (z − z1 )Q(z) Q(z)
n−1
P (z) n n

f (z) C
C
�
1 f � (z)
dz = N − P,
2πi C f (z)

N P f (z) C
α n β p f (z)
f (z) = (z − α)n g(z) g(α) �= 0 f (z) = h(z)/(z − β)p
h(β) �= 0

f (z) C R z=a
M n!
|f (n) (a)| ≤ , n = 1, 2, . . .
Rn
M |f (z)| < M C M |f (z)|
C
 f (z)
�
f (z)dz,
C

f (z) = y − x − 3x2 i C z1 = 0 z2 = 1 + i
C z1 = 0 z3 = i z2 = 1 + i
f (z) = z − 1 C z(θ) = 1 + eiθ z1 = 0 z2 = 2
f (z) = ez C z1 = πi z2 = 1

f (z) = 1/z C R
1 − i (1 − i)/2 0 1+e 2πi

C z1 = 0 z2 = 1 z3 = 1 + i z4 = i

� �
(3z 2 + 1)dz = 0, y que z̄dz = 2i.
C C

� (2,5)
(3x + y)dx + (2y − x)dy,
(0,1)

y = x2 + 1 (0, 1) (2, 5)
(0, 1) (0, 5) (0, 5) (2, 5) (0, 1) (2, 1) (2, 1)
(2, 5)
88/3 32 40 24

α β
� β
2zdz = β 2 − α2 ,
α

α β α=β

� i/2 � π+2i � 3
z
a) πz
e dz, b) cos dz, c) (z − 2)3 dz,
i 0 2 1

(1 + i)/π e + 1/e 0

C y = x3 − 3x2 + 4x − 1 1+i 2 + 3i

�
(12z 2 − 4iz)dz.
C

−156 + 38i

�
|z|2 dz,
C

C1 |z| = 1
C2 |z − 1| = 1
2πi
z1 = 1 z2 = i

�
dz
√
C z

C |z| = 2

� � � �
sin 3z eiz sin6 z zdz
dz, dz, dz,
C z + π/2 C z3 C z − π/6 C (9 − z 2 )(z + i)

2πi −πi πi/32 π/5

�
1 ezt
dz = sin t,
2πi C z2 + 1
C |z| = 3

C z 2 + 2z z̄ + z̄ 2 = (2 − 2i)z +
(2 + 2i)z̄ z1 = 1 z2 = 2 + 2i
�
z̄ 2 dz + z 2 dz̄
C

248/15

� �
eax cos bxdx, eax sin bxdx.

C A
�
1
A= z̄dz
2i C

C A
�
1
A= xdy − ydx.
2 C
x = a cos θ
y = b sin θ 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

C R A
�
A= dxdy,
R

� �
A= dxdy = P (x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy,
R C

P Q

P (z) = z 4 − z 2 − 2z + 2
z z

1, 1, −1 ± i
 P3 (z) = z 3 − z 2 + (3 − i)z − 2 − 2i P4 (z) = z 4 + (1 −
3i)z + (1 + 2i)z + (1 − 13i)z − 10 + 2i
3 2

(z − i)(z + 2i)(z − 1 − i)
(z − i)(z + 2i)(z − 1 − i)(z + 2 − 3i)

� ∞
sin αx
dx
0 x
α>0 α<0
� ∞
cos αx dx
0
α
I = π/2 α > 0 I = −π/2 α < 0 II = 0

C z = eiθ k
�
ekz
dz,
C z

k 2πi
� π
dθek cos θ cos(k sin θ) = π.
0

f (z) C
z0 C
� �
f � (z) f (z)
dz = dz.
C z − z0 C (z − z0 )2

f (z) C
� �
1 2π
f (n) (a) 1 2π
a) f (a) =
� −iθ
e f (a + e )dθ, iθ
b) = e−niθ f (a + eiθ )dθ,
2π 0 n! 2π 0

a R C

� � �
∂F
F (z, z̄)dz = 2i dA,
C R ∂ z̄

dA dxdy

P (z, z̄) Q(z, z̄) R

C
� � � � �
∂P ∂Q
P (z, z̄)dz + Q(z, z̄)dz̄ = 2i − dA.
C R ∂ z̄ ∂z

u(r, θ)

�
1 2π
(R2 − r2 )u(R, φ)
u(r, θ) = dφ,
2π 0 R2 − 2Rr cos(θ − φ) + r2

R φ (r, θ)
u(r, θ)
 m a
� +∞
sin (mx)
dx .
0 x(x2 + a2 )

π(1 − e−am )/2a2

2
f (z) = e−z |x| ≤ R
0≤y≤1 � ∞
2
I= e−x cos (2x)dx .
0
� +∞ 2 √ √
−∞
e−x dx = π π/2e

f (z) |z| < R R>1

� � �
1 f (z)
z+2+ dz
|z|=1 z z

f
1z = 2i

∞ � n
� �
z n2
+ .
n=1
n2 (2z)n

� ∞
x2 + 1
dx
0 x4 + 1
√
π/ 2

� ∞
xα
dx, α ∈ R, 0 < |α| < 1.
0 1 + x2
z α = eα ln z α
z=0
π/2 cos(απ/2)

� 2
z
dz
−2 (z 2 + 1)2

x x1 = −2 x2 = 2

Im z ≤ 0

z0 = i

a>0 � ∞
x2 cos ax
dx
0 x4 + 4
 � ∞ √
5
x
I= dx.
0 x3 +x
√
I = π(1 + 5)/2

f (z) |z| < 10 f (0) = 1 f � (0) = 2

f (2) = 3 f (2) = 4
�

� � �
3
I= z + (z − 2)2 − f (z)dz
|z|=5 z (z − 2)
2

I = 3πi

�
1
z e z−1 dz.
|z−1|= 12

� π
2 dθ
.
0 1 + sin2 θ
 f (z) z0

�∞
f (n) (z0 ) n
f (z) = (z − z0 ) ,
n=1
n!

z0
z0 f (z) z0

�
n! f (z)
f (n) (z0 ) = dz.
2πi C (z − z0 )n+1

z0 f (z)
C1 C2 z0

∞
� n a−n a−2 a−1
f (z) = an (z − z0 ) = · · ·+ +· · ·+ + +a0 +a1 (z −z0 )+a2 (z −z0 )2 +· · ·
−∞
(z − z0 )n (z − z0 ) 2 z − z0

z C1 C2

�
1 f (z � )
an = dz � , (n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .)
2πi Ci (z � − z0 )n+1
�∞
0 (z − z0 )
f (z) 1/(z − z0 )
f (z)
an n≥0
an = f (n) (z0 )/n!
z0 an

an n C2
an n C1
C1 C2 an
z
Sn = a1 + a1 r + a1 r2 + · · · a1 rn−1 = a1 (1 − rn )/(1 − r)

f (z)
z0 f (z) z0
 a−1 a−2 a−n
+ + ··· ,
z − z0 (z − z0 )2 (z − z0 )n
z0 n f (z) n=1

f (z) z0 lı́mz→z0 f (z) z0

f (z0 ) ≡ lı́mz→z0 f (z)
f (z)
w = 1/z F (w) ≡ f (1/w)
w=0 f (z)
z0 f (z)
f (z) z z0
� �n=∞
zn lı́mn→∞ |zn | = 0 n=0 an fn (z)
z
� �
� an fn (z) � �
lı́m � � < 1, lı́m n
|an fn (z)| < 1,
n→∞ � an−1 fn−1 (z) � n→∞

>1
�
� zn
|zn |
�
an z n z = z1
z |z| < |z1 |
�
an z n = S(z) S(z)
z
�
S(z) = an z n �
S � (z) = nan z n−1
�
an (z − z0 )n f (z)
|z − z0 | = R0 f (z)
z − z0
f (z) z

f (z)
f � (z) z

� �
an z n = f (z) bm z m = g(z)
f (z) g(z)

�� � �� �
an z n + bm z m = a0 + b0 + (a1 + b1 )z + (a2 + b2 )z 2 + · · ·

f (z) + g(z) z
� �
an z n = f (z) bm z m = g(z)
f (z) g(z)

�� � �� �
an z n bm z m = a0 b0 + (a0 b1 + a1 b0 )z + (a0 b2 + a1 b1 + a2 b0 )z 2 + · · ·

f (z)g(z) z
f
z0 z0
 �∞
(−1)n−1 z 2n−1
a) ,
n=1
(2n − 1)!

∞
�
b) n!z n .
n=1

|z| < ∞ z=0

z0

e2z 1
a) ; z0 = 1, b) (z − 3) sin ; z0 = −2.
(z − 1)3 z+2

z − sin z z
c) ; z0 = 0, d) ; z0 = −2.
z3 (z + 1)(z + 2)

∞
� ∞
� ∞
� ∞
�
zn 2 zn
a) 2−|n| z n , b) , c) 2−n (z + 1)n , d) ,
n=−∞ n=−∞
3 +1
n
n=−∞ n=−∞
n2 +1

∞ �
� �−1 ∞
� ∞
�
3 2 3
e) 2−n + 1 (z − a)2n , f) 2n z n , g) 2−n z n .
n=−∞ n=−∞ n=−∞

1/2 < |z| < 2 1 < |z| < 3 0 < |z + 1| < ∞ |z| = 1 0 < |z − a| < 1
|z| = 1

1/(z − 3) z
|z| < 3 |z| > 3

z=a

z2 − 1 sin z z
a) , (a = 1); b) , (a = 0); c) , (a = 0);
z−1 z tan z

1 − cos z 1 1 z2 − 1
d) (a = 0); e) − , (a = 0); f) , (a = ∞).
z2 e − 1 sin z
z z3 + 1

z=a

1 1 z2 + 1
a) , (a = 0); b) , (a = i); c) , (a = ∞);
z (z 2 + 1)2 z+1
z z
d) (a = 0); e) , (a = πi); f) tan πz, (a = ±1/2, ±3/2, . . .).
1 − cos z ez +1

z=a
2 π
a) ez , (a = ∞); b) e−z , (a = ∞); c) sin , (a = 0);
z2
π
d) z 2 cos (a = 0); e) etan z , (a = π/2); f) sin ez , (a = ∞).
z
 1
e 1−z .
z0 = 1

z z0 = 0 1 < |z| < ∞

ez
z(1 − z)
zn
n = −2, −1, 0, 1, 2

z −a D
a D
1
a) , (a = 1, D : 1 < |z − 1| < 2),
z(z − 3)2
1
b) , (a = 1, D : 1 < |z − 1| < 2),
(z − 9)z 2
2

z+i
c) , (a = i, −i ∈ D),
z2
z2 − 1
d) , (a = 1, 2i ∈ D),
z2 + 1
2z
e) , (a = 1, −1 ∈ D),
z 2 − 2i
1 3
f) , (a = 0, − ∈ D).
z(z − 1)(z − 2) 2

1
f (z) = � �.
1+z
cos
1−z

0 < |z − (π + 2)/(π − 2)| < R

z=1 zk = (π(1 + 2k) − 2)/(π(1 + 2k) + 2)
k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .

p (1 + z)p
z0 = 0
p p(p − 1) 2 p(p − 1) · · · (p − n + 1) n
(1 + z)p = 1 + z+ z + ··· + z + ···
1! 2! n!

z0 = 0
|z| > 1
z
z0 = 0 (2i + z)−1/2

z3
,
(z + 1)(z − 2)

(z + 1)
0 < |z + 1| < 3
 (z + 1)
|z + 1| > 3
z

1/(1 − z) z0 = 0

�∞ �∞ ∞ � �
�
1 1 n(n − 1) n−2 1 n n−k+1
= nz n−1 , = z ,... = z
(1 − z)2 n=1
(1 − z)3
n=2
2 (1 − z)k k
n=k

1/z z0 = 1
z−1 1/z 2 1/z 3

z0 = 1
n

z2
f (z) =
(z + 1)2

z1 = −1
n

z0
z
a) , (z0 = −2).
(z + 2)2
z−1
b) , (z0 = 0).
sin2 z
eiz
c) , (z0 = ib, b > 0).
z 2 + b2
(z 2 + 1)2
d) , (z0 = ∞).
z 2 + b2

−2/(z + 2)2 + 1/(z + 2) −1/z 2 + 1/z −ie−b /2b(z − ib) z2

f (z) = 1/z(z 2 − 1) 0 < |z − 1| < 1

1 < |z − 1| < 2

z=1 log (1 + z)

(z − 1)(z − 2)3
f (z) = .
sin3 (πz)

z=2

f (z) = 1/(z 2 − 1)2 0 < |z − 1| < 2

 z − 2πi 2πi
f (z) = +
ez − 1 z
f (z)

ln(1 + z) − z
f (z) = , m ∈ N.
zm
z0 = 0 f (z)
m

f (z) = 1
z 2 sinh z
f z 0 < |z| < R
R
� �
f (z)dz y f (z)dz .
|z|=1 |z|=5

ez + 1
f (z) = ,
ez − 1
z1 = 2πi z2 = −4πi
(z2 = −4πi)

z3 = 0
f (z)

z
� �
sinh 1 − z1
(z − 1)2 z 3

1
f (z) = ,
(z 2 − 1)2
0 < |z − 1| < 2 |z − 1| > 2

z
f (z) =
(z 2 + 1)2
0 < |z| < 1
|z − i| > 2
 z0 f (z0 )
�
1
Resz=z0 f (z) = lı́m f (z)dz = Res f (z0 ),
R→0 2πi |z−z0 |=R

R>0
R→0
z0 f (z) z0

�
1
Res f (∞) = − lı́m f (z)dz.
R→∞ 2πi |z|=R

f (z) R
zi i = 1, . . . , k C R
k
� k
�
f (z)dz = 2πi (Resf (zi )).
C i=1

z0

Resf (z0 ) = lı́m (z − z0 )f (z).

z→z0

z0 n

1 dn−1
Resf (z0 ) = lı́m ((z − z0 )n f (z)) .
(n − 1)! z→z0 dz n−1

z0 a−1 f (z) z0

−a−1 z
f (z)
 � �
2z + 1 z+1 sin z 1
a) ; b) ; c) ; d) ; e) cot z;
z −z−2
2 z−1 z2 cosh z
�
I= e−1/z sinh(1/z)dz,
C
C |z| = 1 I = 2πi

� ∞ � ∞ � ∞
�
sin x π 1 π
dx = , sin x dx =
2
cos x dx =
2
,
0 x 2 0 0 2 2

�
sin z
dz
C (z 3 − z)(z − i)
C
|z − 1| = 1
|z| = 2
[π(i − 1) sin 1]/2 πi(sin 1 − sinh 1)

�
z−1
dz, i = 1, 2, 3.
Ci z 3 − 2z 2 − 5z + 6
C1 |z| = 1 C2 |z| = 4 C3 |z − 2| = 2

sin z ez
a) Resz=∞ , b) Res z=∞ ei/z
, c) Res z=1 ,
z2 (z − 1)2
π 1
d) Resz=∞ z 2 sin , e) Resz=∞ z n ea/z , f) Resz=1 ze z−1 .
z
−1 −i e π 3 /6 −an+1 /(n + 1)! 3/2

1 z2 1
a) , b) , c) ,
z + z3 1 + z4 (z 2 + 1)3
sin πz 1 1
d) , . e) , f)
(z − 1)3 +1 sin z 2 ez
√ √
1 (z = 0) √−1/2 (z = i) −1/2 (z = −i)√ (1 − i)/4 2 (z = eπi/4 ) (1 + i)/4 2 (z =
e−πi/4 ) −(1 + i)/4 2 (z = e3πi/4 ) −(1 − i)/4 2 (z = e−3πi/4 )
−3i/16 (z = i) 3i/16 (z = −i) √ √
0 (z = 1) 0 (z = 0) i2n−k /2 nπ (z = ik nπ) k = 0, 1, 2, 3, n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
−1 (z = (2n + 1)iπ, n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .)

1 1 + z8 1 + z 2n
a) , b) , c) , a �= 0, n = 1, 2, . . .
z 6 (z − 2) z 6 (z + 2) z n (z − a)
1 cos z sin z
d) sin z sin , e) , f) .
z (z 2 + 1)2 (z 2 + 1)2
1/64 (z = 2) −1/64 (z = 0) 0 (z = ∞) 257/64 (z = −2) −1/64 (z = 0) −4 (z = ∞)
an + a−n (z = a) −a−n (z = 0) −a−n (z = ∞) 0 (z = 0)(z = ∞) −i/4e (z = i)
i/4e (z = −i) 0 (z = ∞) −1/4e (z = i) −1/4e (z = −i) 1/2e (z = ∞)
 C D
�
dz
a) , (D : |z − 1| < 1),
1 + z4
�C
dz
b) , (D : |z − 1 − i| < 2),
(z − 1)2 (z 2 + 1)
�C
sin z
c) dz, (D : x2/3 + y 2/3 < 22/3 ),
(z + 1)3
�C
dz
d) , (D : 2 < |z| < 4),
(z − 1)2 (z − 3)2
2
�C
z 1/3z
e) e dz, (D : |z| > 4).
C z+3

√
−iπ/ 2 −iπ/2 iπ sin 1 −3iπ/64 16iπ/3

� ∞
(ln u)2 π3
I= du = .
0 1 + u2 8

�→0 R→∞
OX

� 2π
dθ 2π
=√ , a > |b|.
0 a + b sin θ a − b2
2

(z + 2)2
,
ln(z 2 − 3)

z1 = 2

� 2π
cos 3θ π
dθ = .
0 5 − 4 cos θ 12

z
1
f (z) = ,
z2 + 2(1 − i)z − 2i

�
f (z)dz A z1 = −2 D
z2 = 0 �
f (z)dz ABCD

f (z)
f � (z)
f �� (z) z0 = −1 + i
z
 E a b a > b z(θ) = a cos θ + ib sin θ 0 ≤ θ ≤ π
z0 = c zE (θ) = a cos θ − c + ib sin θ 0 ≤ θ ≤ π
� 2π
a − c cos θ 2π
I1 = dθ = H(a − c),
0 a2 + c2 − 2ac cos θ a
� 2π
a − c cos θ 2π
I2 = dθ = H(a − c),
0 c2 + a2 cos2 θ − 2ac cos θ + b2 sin2 θ b
H(x)

H(x) = 0, x < 0, H(x) = 1, x > 1.

�
dz
Im = bI2 = 2πH(a − c).
E z

� 2π
dθ
, a > |b|.
0 a + b cos θ

� 2π
dθ
.
0 (5 − 3 cos θ)2
√
2π/ a2 − b2 5π/32

a>0
� ∞
x sin ax
I= dx
−∞ x4 + 4
I = πe −a
sin a/2

� ∞
dx
I= , a > 0.
0 (x2 + a2 )5
35π/256a9
 �
sin x +∞
I= 6 + 1)
dx .
0 x(x
� �
π 2 √ 1
Sol. I = 1 − √ cos( 3/2) −
2 3 e 3e

z0 F (z)

f � (z)
F (z) = ,
f (z)

f (z) z0 z0 n f (z)
z0 m f (z)
F (z) f1 (z) = (z − 1 + 2i)3
z1 = 1 − 2i f2 (z) = 1/(z − i)4 z2 = i

� +∞
dx
I=
−∞ (x2 + 4x + 5)2

I = π/2

a>0 b>0
� ∞
(x2 − b2 ) sin ax
I= dx.
0 (x2 + b2 )x

I = −π/2 + πe−ab

� �
z8 1
f (z) = + z 2 sin .
(z − 1)4 z+1

�
I= f (z)dz
|z|=2

I = 341πi/3

� 4π
2 cos θ
I= dθ
0 −5 + 4 sin(θ/2)
I = 2π/3

� 2π � 2π
I1 = cos2 θdθ, I2 = sin3 θdθ,
0 0

I1 = π I2 = 0

� 2π
dθ
I=
0 2 − sin2 (θ/2)
√
I= 2π
a>0 � ∞
cos x
I= dx
0 x2 + a2
I = πe −a
/2a

� π
cos2 α
I= dα.
0 3 − 2 sin2 α
√
I = π(1 − 1/ 3)/2

z2 + π2
h(z) = ,
sinh z

z0 = 0

z1 = −πi
z2 = 2πi
�
h(z)
dz.
|z|=4 z−1

�
h(z)
dz.
|z+2|=1 z−1
 R x1 , . . . , xn y1 , . . . , yn

� �
� ∂(y1 , . . . , yn ) �
�
dy1 dy2 · · · dyn = � � dx1 dx2 · · · dxn ,
∂(x1 , . . . , xn ) �
|∂(y1 , . . . , yn )/∂(x1 , . . . , xn )|

(x, y)
(u, v)
� � � �2 � �2
∂(u, v) �� ∂u ∂u � ∂u ∂v
� ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂u
=� ∂x
∂v
∂y
∂v � = − = + = |f � (x, y)|2 .
∂(x, y) � ∂x ∂y � ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y

f � (z) �= 0 f � (z) = 0

w0 = f (z0 ) z0 f (z)
z0 ∆z ∆w w0
∆w/∆z = f � (z0 ) arg ∆w = arg ∆z + arg f � (z0 )
∆w arg f (z0 )
�
∆z
z0 w0

|∆w| = |∆z||f � (z0 )| z0

|f (z0 )|2
�

|f � (z0 )|2 arg f � (z0 )

z0

w = u + iv = f (z) ≡ f (x + iy) u(x, y) = v(x, y) =

f � (z) �= 0

H(x, y) x y z =
g(w) ≡ g(u + iv) x(u, v) y(u, v)
u v L(u, v) = H(x(u, v), y(u, v))
H(x, y) = C L(u, v) = C
z = f (w) f � (w) �= 0
 dxdy
rdrdθ r

αz + β
w ≡ T (z) = , αδ − γβ �= 0.
γz + δ

αδ − γβ �= 0

δw − β
z=
−γw + α

2×2 SL(2, C)

α, β, γ δ

z
w

w(z) 2w� w��� =

3(w ) �� 2

z+1 z
(a) w = i , |z| < 1, (b) w = , 0 < arg z < π/4,
z−1 z−1
z
(c) w = , 0 < x < 1.
z−1

2z − 5
w=
z+4
z = −1 ± 2i

3 + 4i

(a) |z| = 1, (b) |z − 1| = 1, (c) |z − i| = 2.

1/(3 − 4i) (1 + i)/5 (2 + 5i)/3

T (z) a
1 1
= + A,
T (z) − a z−a
a T (z) = z + A a=∞ A
 T (z) a b
a �= b
T (z) − a z−a
=k ,
T (z) − b z−b
k
z1 z2 z3 w1 w2 w3
wi = f (zi )

� �� � � �� �
w − w1 w3 − w1 z − z1 z3 − z1
= .
w − w2 w3 − w2 z − z2 z3 − z2
zi wi
−1 i 1+i
(a) 0, 1, ∞, (b) 1, ∞, 0, (c) 2, 3, 4.
α = β = −(1 − i)/2 γ = 1 δ = 1 + i α = (7 + 9i)/5 β = (2 + 4i)/5 γ = 1 δ=i
α = −(2 + 3i) β = −(6 + 7i) γ = 1 δ = 3 − 2i
0 1+i 2i
(a) 4, 2 + 2i, 0, (b) 0, 2 + 2i, 4, (c) 0, ∞, 2i.
|z − i| < 1

i, ∞, −i
(d) 2, 1 + i, 0, (e) 0, 1, ∞, (f) − 2, 2i, 2,
Re z > 0
w = 2iz + 4 |w − 2| < 2 w = 2zi/(iz + 1) |w − 2| > 2 w = (i − 1)z/(z − 1 − i)
Re w > 0
w = f (z)
a
f (n) (a)
w = f (z) = f (a) + f � (a)(z − a) + · · · + (z − a)n + · · ·
n!
f (k) = 0 k = 1, . . . , n − 1 f (n) �= 0
a z
n w
z
x = F (t) y = G(t) t ∈ [t1 , t2 ] w z = F (w) + iG(w)
[t1 , t2 ]
a b
H(x, y) z = f (w) x + iy = f (u + iv)
w x = x(u, v) y = y(u, v)
F (u, v) = H(x(u, v), y(u, v)) u v
1, i, −1
−i, 0, i |z + i| < 2

z = x+iy w = u+iv
z−i
w=
z+1
u = u(x, y) v = v(x, y)
z = f (w) x = x(u, v) y = y(u, v)
z
 C
R C�
R� R w = f (z)
R R� C C�

C
R F (r, θ)
R h(φ) ≡ F (1, φ) C
�
1 2π
(1 − r2 )h(φ)dφ
F (r, θ) = .
2π 0 1 − 2r cos(θ − φ) + r2

F (x, y)
Im(z) > 0 h(x) ≡ F (x, 0)
� ∞
1 yh(t)dt
F (x, y) = .
π −∞ y 2 + (x − t)2

Γ(z)
Γ(n + 1) = n!
� ∞
Γ(z) = e−t tz−1 dt, (Re(z) > 0).
0

Re(z) ≤ 0 z = 0, −1, −2, . . .

� 1
B(r, s) = tr−1 (1 − t)s−1 dt, (r > 0, s > 0).
0

r s

Γ(r)Γ(s)
B(r, s) = .
Γ(r + s)

ζ(z) Re(z) > 1

� 1 ∞
1 1 1
ζ(z) ≡ + z + z + ··· = , Re(z) > 1.
1 z 2 3 kz
k=1
 � ∞
1 tz−1
ζ(z) = dt, (Re(z) > 0),
Γ(z) 0 et + 1
z=1

∇2 V = −ρ/�0
ρ=0

1 ∂ 2 f (x, y, t)
∇2 f (x, y, t) = ,
c2 ∂t2

dρ
+ ρ∇ · v = 0,
dt
ρ v
dρ/dt = 0 v=0
v = ∇Φ ∇2 Φ = 0

I(t) = I0 cos ωt

R V (t) = I(t)R = I0 R cos ωt = V0 cos ωt

V0 = I0 R C V (t) = (I0 /Cω) cos(ωt−π/2)
L V (t) = (I0 Lω) cos(ωt+π/2)

I(t)
V (t)
I(t) V (t)

−i
I(t) = I0 eiωt , R → R, C → XC = , L → XL = iLω, Re I(t) = I0 cos ωt,
Cω
Z

V (t) = I(t)Z I(t)

I0 ω
ωt Re I(t) √ t
Z = R + iX R2 + X 2 α tan α = X/R
� �
V (t) = I(t)Z = I0 R2 + X 2 ei(ωt+α) , Re V (t) = V0 cos(ωt + α), V0 = I0 R2 + X 2 .
 (r, θ)
r u(x, 0) = 1
x>0 u(x, 0) = 0 x<0

Im(z) > 0 u(x, 0) = 1 x>0

u(x, 0) = 0 x>0

F (x, y) x, y
w = u + iv = f (z) ≡ f (x + iy)

� �
∂ 2 F (x, y) ∂ 2 F (x, y) ∂ 2 F (x(u, v), y(u, v)) ∂ 2 F (x(u, v), y(u, v))
+ = |f � (z)|2 + .
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂u2 ∂v 2

F x, y u, v
f (z) f � (z) �= 0

F (x, y)
� ∞� �
y 1 1
F (x, y) = − h(t)dt, y > 0, x ≥ 0,
π −∞ (t − x)2 + y 2 (t + x)2 + y 2

F (0, y) = 0 y > 0 F (x, +0) = h(x) x > 0

h(x)

z = −a z=a
±a
∓2πk V (z) = log((z + a)/(z − a))

Ω(z) = U + iV U v = ∇U
V = C

F = Fx i + Fy j F = Fx + iFy
� � �2
iρ dΩ(z)
F̄ = Fx − iFy = dz,
2 C dz

ρ
p v y p + ρv 2 /2 + ρgy =
ρgy

L
C R
V (t) = V0 cos ωt a b
a b
ω

2ω

V0
 R3

r(t) = x1 (t)e1 + x2 (t)e2 + x3 (t)e3 ≡ x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k,

ei xi (t)
t
dr/dt = x�1 (t)e1 + x�2 (t)e2 + x�3 (t)e3
xi (t) x(t)
x� (t) �= 0 t t = t(x)

y = f (x), z = g(x)

F1 (x, y, z) = 0, F2 (x, y, z) = 0,
R3

� � �
ds = dx2 + dy 2 + dz 2 = 1 + y � (x)2 + z � (x)2 dx = x� (t)2 + y � (t)2 + z � (t)2 dt,

ds/dt �= 0 s
s
t(s) = dr(s)/ds ≡ ṙ(s)

ṫ(s) ≡ κ(s)n(s) n(s) κ(s)

R(s) = 1/|κ(s)|
n

b(s) = t(s) × n(s)

θ
OX

dθ y �� (x) y �� (t)x� (t) − y � (t)x�� (t)

κ= , θ = arctan y � (x), ⇒ κ= 2 = 2 2 .
ds (1 + y � (x) )3/2 (x� (t) + y � (t) )3/2
t(s) n(s) b(s)

ṫ(s) = κ(s)n(s), ṅ(s) = −κ(s)t(s) + τ (s)b(s), ḃ(s) = −τ (s)n(s).

ṫ = ω × t, ṅ = ω × n, ḃ = ω × b,
ω = τ t +κb
s
κ τ (s)
b

|r � × r �� | (r � × r �� ) · r ���
|κ| = , τ= .
|r � |3 |r � × r �� |2

κ(s) τ (s)

t(s) = dr/ds
τ (s) = 0 κ(s)
r(s)
dθ/ds = κ(s) θ(s)

� � �
ds 1
r(θ) = t(θ)ds = (cos θe1 + sin θe2 ) dθ + c = (cos θe1 + sin θe2 ) dθ + c,
dθ κ(θ)

c
θ(s)

r(t)
t

r(t)
r � (t) = dr(t)/dt
r �� (t) = d2 r(t)/dt2
t n
b
v(t) = |r � (t)| = ds/dt

dr dr ds
r � (t) = = = v(t)ṙ(t) ≡ v(t)t(t).
dt ds dt

dv(t) dv(t) dv(t) v(t)2

r �� (t) = t(t) + v(t)2 ṫ(t) = t(t) + v(t)2 κ(t)n(t) = t(t) + n(t).
dt dt dt R(t)

aT = dv/dt R(t) = 1/κ(t)

aN = v 2 /R

r(t, λ)
λ
 λ
∂(x, y)/∂(t, λ) = 0
λ = λ(t) e(t) = r(t, λ(t))
F (x, y, λ) = 0
λ ∂F (x, y, λ)/∂λ = 0 F (x, y, λ) = 0 λ
F (x, y, λ+∆λ) = 0 (x, y) (F (x, y, λ+
∆λ) − F (x, y, λ))/∆λ = 0

r(t) r ∗ (t) = r(t) + R(t)n(t) n(t)

r(t) R(t)

(c1 , c2 ) (x − c1 )2 + (y − c2 )2 = R2
x y(x) y � (x) y �� (x)

2 2 2
1 + y � (x) � 1 + y � (x) (1 + y � (x) )3/2 1
c1 = x − y (x), c2 = y(x) + , R= = .
y �� (x) y �� (x) y �� (x) κ

2 2 2 2 2 2
(x� (t) + y � (t) )y � (t) (x� (t) + y � (t) )x� (t) (x� (t) + y � (t) )3/2
c1 = x(t) − , c2 = y(t) + , R = .
y �� (t)x� (t) − y � (t)x�� (t) y �� (t)x� (t) − y � (t)x�� (t) y �� (t)x� (t) − y � (t)x�� (t)

r(t) t0 λ

r ∗ (λ, t0 ) = r(t0 ) + λt(t0 )

r(t) t0 t n
b p ≡ (X, Y, Z)

(p − r(t0 )) · b(t0 ) = 0.

r(t) t0 n b
t p

(p − r(t0 )) · t(t0 ) = 0.
r(t) t0 t b
n p

(p − r(t0 )) · n(t0 ) = 0.

s=0 r(s)
e1 = t e2 = n e3 = b

s2 s3
r(s) = r(0) + ṙ(0)s + r̈(0) + r (0) + · · · ,
2! 3!
r̈(s) = κn r (s) = κ̇n + κṅ = −κ2 t + κ̇n + κτ b

r(0) = 0, ṙ(0) = e1 , r̈(0) = κ(0)e2 , r (0) = −κ2 (0)e1 + κ̇(0)e2 + κ(0)τ (0)e3 ,
 1 1 1 1
x(s) = s − κ(0)2 s3 + o(s3 ), y(s) = κ(0)s2 + κ̇(0)s3 + o(s3 ), z(s) = κ(0)τ (0)s3 + o(s3 ).
6 2 6 6

1 2 1
x = s, y= κs , z= κτ s3 ,
2 6
s XY
y = κx2 /2 XZ z = κτ x3 /6
YZ z 2 − 2τ 2 y 3 /9κ = 0
 u(t) v(t) t
d du dv
(u · v) = ·v+u· ,
dt dt dt
d du dv
(u × v) = ×v+u× ,
dt dt dt
du d|u| 1 du2
u· = |u| = .
dt dt 2 dt
x(θ) = cos θ(2 cos θ + 1) y(θ) = sin θ(2 cos θ + 1) 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
κ = (9 + 6 cos θ)/(5 + 4 cos θ)3/2

� � � �
r0 + r r0 + r
x(θ) = (r0 + r) cos θ − r cos θ , y(θ) = (r0 + r) sin θ − r sin θ .
r r

x(θ) = cos3 (θ) y(θ) = sin3 (θ) 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

κ = −2/3 sin(2θ)

(0, 1) y = cosh x
x2 + (y − 2)2 = 1

r(t) = (et cos t)e1 + (et sin t)e2

F (x, y) = 0
y = f (x) x = x(t) y = y(t) r = r(θ)

� �� �
� Fxx ��
Fxy Fx� �
� �� � � � �
� Fyx ��
Fyy Fy� � � x � �
� � � � �� y �� �
� Fx Fy� 0 � f �� � x y � r2 + 2r�2 − rr��
κ= , κ= , κ = �2 , κ= .
(Fx� 2 + Fy� 2 )3/2 (1 + f �2 )3/2 (x + y �2 )3/2 (r2 + r�2 )3/2

r(θ) = a cos θe1 + b sin θe2 θ = π/6

AB l
x2/3 + y 2/3 = l2/3

r = caθ
a ln a = aπ/2

y 2 = 4px
x /a2 + y 2 /b2 = 1
2

r(θ) = a(θ − sin θ)e1 + a(1 − cos θ)e2

√ (x − 2a)2 + y 2 = a2
y = ±x/ 3

x(t) = t2 y(t) = t3
κ = 6/t(4 + 9t ) 2 3/2
t=0
 r(t) = (1 + t)e1 −
t2 e2 + (1 + t3 )e3 t=1

y = x4 (0, 0)

r(s)
r (n) = dn r/dsn

r (1) · r (2) = 0, r (2) · r (2) = κ2 , r (1) · r (3) = −κ2 , r (2) · r (3) = κκ̇, r (3) · r (3) = κ4 + κ2 τ 2 + κ̇2 .

[a, b, c] 3×3
a b c κ2 τ = [ṙ, r̈, r ]

r(t) = (3t − t3 )e1 + 3t2 e2 + (3t + t3 )e3

ṫ = ω × t, ṅ = ω × n, ḃ = ω × b,

k(s) = (1/2as)1/2 τ (s) = 0 a > 0 s > 0

κ/τ =

x = a cos t, y = a sin t, z = bt, t ∈ R.

k(s) = (1/s) τ (s) = 0 s > 0

r(t) = ate1 + bt2 e2 + t3 e3 2b2 = 3a

a = e1 + e3

(a) x2 = 3y, 2xy = 9z, (b) x = 2t, y = ln t, z = t2 ,

(0, 1, 1)

x = at y = bt2 z = ct3

κ(s) τ (s)

τ a
� �2 � �2
1 κ̇
+ = a2 .
κ κ2 τ
(r � × r �� ) · r ���

h(r)v v
v k(r) × v
 κ �= 0

x = x(t) y = y(t) z = z(t)

�
r � 2 r �� 2 − (r � · r �� )2 1
κ= = ,
|r � |3 ρ

ρ2
τ= (r � × r �� ) · r ��� .
|r � |6
R ω
m
g

h m

t2
r(t) = cos t e1 + sin t e2 + e3 ,
2

t = π/2

x(t) = a cos t y(t) = b sin t t ∈ [0, 2π] a �= b

r = p/(1+e cos θ)
κ = 1/p

(a) x(t) = a cosh t, y(t) = a sinh t, z(t) = at,

√
(b) x(t) = ct, y(t) = 2c ln t, z(t) = c/t,
 r(t) = 4 cos t e1 + 3t e2 − 4 sin t e3 ,

t=π
t = π/2
t1 = π/2 t2 = 5π/2

r(t) r(t) = 4
5 cos ti + (1 − sin t)j − 3
5 cos tk

r(t) ≡ te1 + cosh te2 ,

R3
1 1
r(t) = (1 + t)e1 + (1 − t3 )e2 + √ t2 e3
3 2

t=2
t=3
XOY
√ XOY
z= 8

t=0
R3
r(t) = (3t − t3 )e1 + 3t2 e2 + (3t + t3 )e3 ,

t=2
 R3

r(t) = (3t − t3 )e1 + 3t2 e2 + (3t + t3 )e3 ,

t=3
x+y+z =0

t=1

R3
r(t) = (a cos t, b sin t, ct)
t

t=π
t = 2π
x=2

R3
� �
1 1
r(u) = u, + 1, 2 − 1 , u > 0,
u u

u=1
u=2
x=2

α: (1, ∞) −→ R3

� �
8 3/2
α (t) = 4t − t2 , t2 − 1, (t − 1) .
3

α α (2) α (3)
to = 1
α
α t
� � p =
4, 3, 83
 F (x, y, z) = 0
z = f (x, y)

r(u, v) = x1 (u, v)e1 + x2 (u, v)e2 + x3 (u, v)e3 ≡ x(u, v)i + y(u, v)j + z(u, v)k,

u v u v
x = x(u, v) y = y(u, v) z = z(u, v)
r u ≡ ∂r/∂u r v ≡ ∂r/∂v
v = u =
ru rv
ru × rv
n(u, v) = r u × r v /|r u × r v | r0
T ≡ (X, Y, Z) n0 · (T − r 0 ) = 0
N (λ) = r 0 + λn0
C
C

r(u1 , u2 ) r i ≡ r ui
gij = r i · r j = gji
�
ds = |dr| = |r 1 du1 + r 2 du2 | = g11 du21 + 2g12 du1 du2 + g22 du22 ,

t {u1 (t), u2 (t)}

�
ds = g11 u�1 2 + 2g12 u�1 u�2 + g22 u�2 2 dt,

� t2 � t2 �
l= ds = g11 (t)u�1 2 (t) + 2g12 (t)u�1 (t)u�2 (t) + g22 (t)u�2 2 (t) dt.
t1 t1
 gij (u1 , u2 )
dr = r 1 du1 + r 2 du2 dr � = r 1 dv1 + r 2 dv2

g11 du1 dv1 + g12 du1 dv2 + g21 du2 dv1 + g22 du2 dv2
cos θ = � � .
g11 du1 + 2g12 du1 du2 + g22 du22 g11 dv12 + 2g12 dv1 dv2 + g22 dv22
2

gij
�
dA = 2 du du .
g11 g22 − g12 1 2

2
g11 g22 − g12 = |r 1 × r 2 |2 > 0

g11 = 1 g12 = g21 = 0 g22 = 1

�
ds = dx2 + dy 2 , dA = dxdy

gij 2×2 gij = gji

g ≡ det gij > 0
gij
u= v=

−π/2 ≤
θ ≤ π/2 0 ≤ φ ≤ 2π
θ = φ =
gθθ = 1 gθφ = 0 gφφ = 1 θ = ±π/2 φ

φ=

r1 × r2
n(u1 , u2 ) =
|r 1 × r 2 |
r(u+du, v +dv)

1 � �
r(u + du, v + dv) = r(u, v) + r u du + r v dv + r uu (du2 ) + 2r uv dudv + r vv (dv 2 ) + · · · ,
2!

1 � �
(r(u + du, v + dv) − r(u, v)) · n = Luu (du2 ) + 2Luv dudv + Lvv (dv 2 )
2!

Lij = r ij · n
r z = L11 x2 +
2L12 xy + L22 y 2

L11 L22 − L212 > 0

L11 L22 − L212 < 0
L11 L22 − L212 = 0 Lij
Lij = 0

n ṫ
Luu (du/dt)2 + 2Luv (du/dt)(dv/dt) + Lvv (dv/dt)2
κn = ṫ · n = .
guu (du/dt)2 + 2guv (du/dt)(dv/dt) + gvv (dv/dt)2
du dv

� �2
ds ds ds d2 s 2
r� dt = ru du+rv dv = ṙ dt = t dt, r�� dt2 = ṫ dt2 +t dt = ruu du2 +2ruv dudv +rvv dv 2 ,
dt dt dt dt2
t·n= 0

uv
du = � cos θ dv = � sin θ

κn = Luu cos2 θ + 2Luv cos θ sin θ + Lvv sin2 θ,

|κn | = 1/r2 x = r cos θ y = r sin θ Luu x2 + 2Luv xy + Lvv y 2 =

±1
(x, y) |κn |
R1 R2

R1 = R2 R1 R2
R1 R2 R1 R2

du dv

(g11 g22 − g12

2
)κ2 − (g11 L22 + g22 L11 − 2g12 L12 )κ + (L11 L22 − L212 ) = 0,

κ2 − 2Hκ + K = 0.
κ(du, dv)

κ(du, dv)(guu du2 + 2guv dudv + gvv dv 2 ) − (Luu du2 + 2Luv dudv + Lvv dv 2 ) = 0,
du dv
κ κ

(Luu − κguu )du + (Luv − κguv )dv = 0, (Luv − κguv )du + (Lvv − κgvv )dv = 0,
du dv
κ
κ1 κ2 (du, dv)

� � � �
1 g11 L22 + g22 L11 − 2g12 L12 1 1 1 1
H= = + = (κ1 + κ2 ).
2 2
g11 g22 − g12 2 R1 R2 2
 L11 L22 − L212 1
K= 2 = = κ1 κ2 .
g11 g22 − g12 R1 R2

K=0

r1 r2 n
r1 r2 n

∂r i ∂n
r ij ≡ = Γk ij r k + Lij n, ni ≡ = −Li k r k ,
∂uj ∂ui

Γk ij Li k gij
Lij

gij g jk g jk gki = δij

g22 −g12 g11
g 11 = 2 , g 12 = g 21 = 2 , g 22 = 2 .
g11 g22 − g12 g11 g22 − g12 g11 g22 − g12
� �
1 ∂gil ∂glj ∂gij
Γk ij = g kl r ij · r l = g kl + − , Lij = r ij · n, Li k = g kj Lij .
2 ∂uj ∂ui ∂ul

Rijkl = Lik Ljl − Lil Ljk , Ri jkl = g im Rmjkl .

2H = g ij Lij K = L1 1 L2 2 − L1 2 L2 1

� s1 �
l= gij (u1 , u2 )u̇i u̇j ds
s0

u1 (s) u2 (s)

∂gij d d ∂gik
u̇i u̇j − (gik u̇i + gkj u̇j ) = 0, gik = u̇l ,
∂uk ds ds ∂ul

ük + Γk ij u̇i u̇j = 0, k = 1, 2,

s0 s1
Γk ij = 0 u1 (s) = as + b u2 (s) = cs + d
s u2 = mu1 + h
 r(t) = te1 + t2 e2 + t3 e3

x = u2 + v 2 y = u3 z = v 3
x+y−z =0 x + y − z = 8/27

(a) ds2 = du2 + 4dudv + dv 2 ; (b) ds2 = du2 + 4dudv + 4dv 2 ;

(c) ds2 = du2 − 4dudv + 6dv 2 ; (d) ds2 = du2 + 4dudv − 2dv 2 ;

gij
�
dA = Hdudv = 2 dudv
guu gvv − guv

f (x − az, y − bz) = 0

z = xφ(y/x)

1 − u2 − v 2 2bu 2cv
x=a , y= , z= ,
1 + u2 + v 2 1 + u2 + v 2 1 + u2 + v 2

x2 y2 z2
2
+ 2 + 2 = 1.
a b c
x2 + 3y 2 + 2z 2 = 9 x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 8x − 8y − 6z + 24 = 0
(2, 1, 1)

x = u cos v, y = u sin v, z = u, 0 < u < ∞, v ∈ (0, 2π),

π/4
z−x=0

u3 − 3u2 x + 3uy − z = 0
u
x sin u − y cos u + kz − au = 0 a=

x = a sin u cos v, y = b sin u sin v, z = c cos u

u= v=

x = 1 z = 2y
OZ x2 + y 2 − z 2 /4 = 1
 r(t) = a cos te1 + a sin te2 + bte3 .

u+v u−v
r(u, v) = e1 + e2 + uv e3 .
2 2
z 2 = x2 − y 2
u= v=

� �
d κ̇ τ
− = 0.
ds κ2 τ κ

z = f (y) ZY

r(u, v) = u cos v e1 + u sin v e2 + f (u) e3 ,

z = f (y) OZ

OX
(a, 0, 0) 30◦ z 2 + y 2 = (x − a)2 /3

r(θ, φ) = (b + a sin φ) cos θ e1 + (b + a sin φ) sin θ e2 + a cos φ e3 ,

x−
2y + z − 3 = 0?

r 2h

θ
OZ θ=0

r(u1 , u2 ) r i ≡ r ui
gij = r i · r j
r1 × r2
n(u1 , u2 ) = � 2
g11 g22 − g12

� �
A = S g11 g22 − g12
2 du du .
1 2
θ r1 r2
g12
cos θ = √ .
g11 g22

r(u, v) = ue1 + ve2 + (u2 + v 3 )e3 ,

v>0 v<0 v=0

 I = dr · dr, II = d2 r · n = −dr · dn.

III = dn · dn

III − 2HII + KI = 0,
H K

z = y2 + 2 Y OZ
OY
(11, 3, 0)

z = f (x, y)
2
fxx fyy − fxy
K=
(1 + fx2 + fy2 )2

OZ

r(t, θ) = f (t) cos θe1 + f (t) sin θe2 + te3 , f (t) > 0

OZ OZ

s r(s)
R

r ∗ (s, u) = r(s) + R(v 2 (s) cos u + v 3 (s) sin u), R > 0, 0 ≤ u ≤ 2π.

v 2 (s) v 3 (s)
s

n(s, u)
u = v 2 (s) cos u + v 3 (s) sin u

r(s)

R=2 XOZ (1, 0, 0)

OZ

√
(1 + 3, 0, 1)

r(u, v) = cosh v cos ue1 + cosh v sin ue2 + ve3 , u, v ∈ R.

r(0, 0)
R(t) = r(t, t)
t=0
 x(θ, φ) = (b + a cos θ) cos φ, y(θ, φ) = (b + a cos θ) sin φ, z(θ, φ) = a sin θ, θ, φ ∈ [0, 2π]

1 4
0.5
0 2
-0.5
-1
-4 0
-2
0 -2
2
4 -4

b a<b

r θ = (−a sin θ cos φ, −a sin θ sin φ, a cos θ), r φ = (−(b + a cos θ) sin φ, (b + a cos θ) cos φ, 0),

|r θ × r φ | = a(b + a cos θ) �= 0, a < b.

n = (− cos θ cos φ, − cos θ sin φ, − sin θ).

r θθ = (−a cos θ cos φ, −a cos θ sin φ, −a sin θ),

r φφ = (−(b + a cos θ) cos φ, −(b + a cos θ) sin φ, 0),

r θφ = (a sin θ sin φ, −a sin θ cos φ, 0).

gθθ ≡ g11 = a2 , gφφ ≡ g22 = (b + a cos θ)2 , gθφ ≡ g12 = 0, det g = a2 (b + a cos θ)2 �= 0, a < b.

Lθθ ≡ L11 = a, Lθφ ≡ L12 = 0, Lφφ ≡ L22 = (b + a cos θ) cos θ

(b + 2a cos θ) cos θ
H= , K= .
2a(b + a cos θ) a(b + a cos θ)
 x2 y2 z2
+ + =1
a2 b2 c2
x(θ, φ) = a cos θ cos φ, y(θ, φ) = b cos θ sin φ, z(θ, φ) = c sin θ, θ ∈ [0, π], φ ∈ [0, 2π]

-1

-2
1

0.5

-0.5

-1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1

r θ = (−a sin θ cos φ, −b sin θ sin φ, c cos θ), r φ = (−a cos θ sin φ, b cos θ cos φ, 0).
� �
|r θ × r φ | = g11 g22 − g122 = det g.
r θθ = (−a cos θ cos φ, −b cos θ sin φ, −c sin θ), r φφ = (−a cos θ cos φ, −b cos θ sin φ, 0),
r θφ = (a sin θ sin φ, −b sin θ cos φ, 0),
�
n = (−bc cos θ cos φ, −ac cos θ sin φ, −ab sin θ)/ a2 b2 sin2 θ + c2 cos2 θ(a2 sin2 φ + b2 cos2 φ)

gθθ ≡ g11 = (a2 cos2 φ + b2 sin2 φ) sin2 θ + c2 cos2 θ, gφφ ≡ g22 = (a2 sin2 φ + b2 cos2 φ) cos2 θ,
gθφ ≡ g12 = (a2 − b2 ) sin θ cos θ sin φ cos φ,
� �
det g = cos2 θ a2 b2 sin2 θ + c2 cos2 θ(a2 sin2 φ + b2 cos2 φ) .

abc
Lθθ ≡ L11 = � , Lθφ ≡ L12 = 0,
a2 b2 sin2 θ + c2 cos2 θ(b2 cos2 φ + a2 sin2 φ)

abc cos2 θ
Lφφ ≡ L22 = � .
a2 b2 sin2 θ + c2 cos2 θ(b2 cos2 φ + a2 sin2 φ)

abc((a2 + b2 sin2 θ) sin2 φ + (b2 + a2 sin2 θ) cos2 φ + c2 cos2 θ)

H= ,
2(a2 b2 sin2 θ + c2 cos2 θ(b2 cos2 φ + a2 sin2 φ))3/2
a2 b2 c2
K= .
(a2 b2 sin θ + c2 cos2 θ(b2 cos2 φ + a2 sin2 φ))2
2
 x2 y2 z2
2
+ 2 − 2 = 1.
a b c
x(θ, φ) = a cosh θ cos φ, y(θ, φ) = b cosh θ sin φ, z(θ, φ) = c sinh θ, θ ∈ R, φ ∈ [0, 2π]

2
0
-2

-2

-4

-2
0
2

r θ = (a sinh θ cos φ, b sinh θ sin φ, c cosh θ) r φ = (−a cosh θ sin φ, b cosh θ cos φ, 0),
�
|r θ × r φ | = det g.
r θθ = (a cosh θ cos φ, b cosh θ sin φ, c sinh θ)
r φφ = (−a cosh θ cos φ, −b cosh θ sin φ, 0),
r θφ = (−a sinh θ sin φ, b sinh θ cos φ, 0)
�
n = (−bc cosh θ cos φ, −ac cosh θ sin φ, ab sinh θ)/ c2 (a2 sin2 φ + b2 cos2 φ) cosh2 θ + a2 b2 sinh2 θ

gθθ ≡ g11 = (a2 cos2 φ + b2 sin2 φ) sinh2 θ + c2 cosh2 θ, gφφ ≡ g22 = (a2 sin2 φ + b2 cos2 φ) cosh2 θ,
gθφ ≡ g12 = (b2 − a2 ) sinh θ cosh θ sin φ cos φ,
� �
det g = cosh2 θ c2 (a2 sin2 φ + b2 cos2 φ) cosh2 θ + a2 b2 sinh2 θ .

−abc
Lθθ ≡ L11 = � , Lθφ ≡ L12 = 0,
c2 (a2 sin2 φ + b2 cos2 φ) cosh2 θ + a2 b2 sinh2 θ

−abc cosh2 θ
Lφφ ≡ L22 = � .
c2 (a2 sin2 φ + b2 cos2 φ) cosh2 θ + a2 b2 sinh2 θ

� �
abc −a2 sin2 φ − b2 cos2 φ + c2 cosh2 θ + (a2 cos2 φ + b2 sin2 φ) sinh2 θ
H= � �3/2 ,
2 c2 (a2 sin2 φ + b2 cos2 φ) cosh2 θ + a2 b2 sinh2 θ
−16a2 b2 c2
K= < 0.
{[a2 + b2 − (a2 − b2 ) cos(2φ)]c2 (1 + cosh(2θ)) + 2a2 b2 (1 − cosh(2θ))}2
 x2 y2 z2
+ − = −1
a2 b2 c2
x(θ, φ) = a sinh φ cos θ, y(θ, φ) = b sinh φ sin θ, z(θ, φ) = ±c cosh φ, φ ∈ R, θ ∈ [0, 2π]

2
0

-2

-2

-2
0
2

r θ = (−a sinh φ sin θ, b sinh φ cos θ, 0)

r φ = (a cosh φ cos θ, b cosh φ sin θ, c sinh φ)
�
|r θ × r φ | = a2 b2 cosh2 φ sinh2 φ + c2 (a2 sin2 θ + b2 cos2 θ) sinh4 φ.

gθθ ≡ g11 = (a2 sin2 θ + b2 cos2 θ) sinh2 φ,

gφφ ≡ g22 = (a2 cos2 θ + b2 sin2 θ) cosh2 φ + c2 sinh2 φ,
gθφ ≡ g12 = (b2 − a2 ) sin θ cos θ sinh φ cosh φ,
det g = |r θ × r φ |2 .

−abc sinh3 φ
Lθθ ≡ L11 = � ,
a2 b2 cosh2 φ sinh2 φ + c2 (b2 cos2 θ + a2 sin2 θ) sinh4 φ

Lθφ ≡ L12 = 0,
−abc sinh φ
Lφφ ≡ L22 = � .
a2 b2 cosh2 φ sinh2 φ + c2 (b2 cos2 θ + a2 sin2 θ) sinh4 φ

−abc(b2 cos2 θ + a2 sin2 θ + cosh2 φ(a2 cos2 θ + b2 sin2 θ) + c2 sinh2 φ)

H= ,
2(a2 b2 cosh2 φ + c2 (b2 cos2 θ + a2 sin2 θ) sinh2 φ)3/2
a2 b2 c2
K=
a2 b2 cosh φ + c2 (a2 sin2 θ + b2 cos2 θ) sinh2 φ
2
 x2 y2 z2
+ − =0
a2 b2 c2
x(θ, φ) = a sinh φ cos θ, y(θ, φ) = b sinh φ sin θ, z(θ, φ) = c sinh φ, φ ∈ R, θ ∈ [0, 2π]

2
0

-2

-2

-2
0
2

r θ = (−a sinh φ sin θ, b sinh φ cos θ, 0)

r φ = (a cosh φ cos θ, b cosh φ sin θ, c cosh φ)

�
|r θ × r φ | = cosh2 φ sinh2 φ(b2 c2 cos2 θ + a2 (b2 + c2 sin2 θ)).

gθθ ≡ g11 = (b2 cos2 θ + a2 sin2 θ) sinh2 φ,

gφφ ≡ g22 = (c2 + a2 cos2 θ + b2 sin2 θ) cosh2 φ,

gθφ ≡ g12 = (b2 − a2 ) cos θ sin θ cosh φ sinh φ,
det g = |r θ × r φ |2 .

−abc sinh φ
Lθθ ≡ L11 = � ,
b2 c2 cos2 θ + a2 (b2 + c2 sin2 θ)

Lθφ ≡ L12 = 0,
Lφφ ≡ L22 = 0.

−abc(c2 + a2 cos2 θ + b2 sin2 θ)

H= � ,
(b2 c2 + a2 (2b2 + c2 ) − (a2 − b2 )c2 cos 2θ) (b2 c2 cos2 θ + a2 (b2 + c2 sin2 θ)) sinh2 φ

K=0
 x2 y2
z= +
a2 b2
x(θ, φ) = aφ cos θ, y(θ, φ) = bφ sin θ, z(θ, φ) = φ2 , φ ∈ R, θ ∈ [0, 2π]

2
1
0
-1
-2
4

0
-2
-1
0
1
2

r θ = (−aφ sin θ, bφ cos θ, 0)

r φ = (a cos θ, b sin θ, 2φ)
�
|r θ × r φ | = a2 φ2 (b2 + 4φ2 sin2 θ) + 4b2 φ4 cos2 θ.

gθθ ≡ g11 = (a2 sin2 θ + b2 cos2 θ)φ2 ,

gφφ ≡ g22 = 4φ2 + a2 cos2 θ + b2 sin2 θ,
gθφ ≡ g12 = (b2 − a2 )φ sin θ cos θ,
det g = |r θ × r φ |2 .

−2abφ3
Lθθ ≡ L11 = � ,
4b2 φ4 cos2 θ + a2 φ2 (b2 + 4φ2 sin2 θ)

Lθφ ≡ L12 = 0,
−2abφ
Lφφ ≡ L22 = � .
4b2 φ4 cos2 θ + a2 φ2 (b2 + 4φ2 sin2 θ)

−abφ(a2 + b2 + 4φ2 )
H= � ,
(2b2 φ2 + a2 (b2 + 2φ2 ) − 2(a2 − b2 )φ2 cos 2θ) 4b2 φ4 cos2 θ + a2 φ2 (b2 + 4φ2 sin2 θ)

4a2 b2
K=
(2b2 φ2 + a2 (b2 + 2φ2 ) − 2(a2 − b2 )φ2 cos 2θ)2
 x2 y2
z= 2
− 2
a b
x(θ, φ) = aφ cosh θ, y(θ, φ) = bφ sinh θ, z(θ, φ) = φ2 , φ, θ ∈ R

4
2
0
-2

-4

10

-10

-4
-2
0
2
4

r θ = (aφ sinh θ, bφ cosh θ, 0)

r φ = (a cosh θ, b sinh θ, 2φ)
�
|r θ × r φ | = 4b2 φ4 cosh2 θ + a2 φ2 (b2 + 4φ2 sinh2 θ).

gθθ ≡ g11 = φ2 (b2 cosh2 θ + a2 sinh2 θ),

gφφ ≡ g22 = 4φ2 + a2 cosh2 θ + b2 sinh2 θ,
gθφ ≡ g12 = (a2 + b2 )φ cosh θ sinh θ,
det g = |r θ × r φ |2 .

2abφ3
Lθθ ≡ L11 = � ,
4b2 φ4 cosh2 θ + a2 φ2 (b2 + 4φ2 sinh2 θ)

Lθφ ≡ L12 = 0,
−2abφ
Lφφ ≡ L22 = � .
4b2 φ4 cosh2 θ + a2 φ2 (b2 + 4φ2 sinh2 θ)

abφ(a2 − b2 + 4φ2 )
H= � ,
(2b2 φ2 + a2 (b2 − 2φ2 ) + 2(a2 + b2 )φ2 cosh 2θ) 4b2 φ4 cosh2 θ + a2 φ2 (b2 + 4φ2 sinh2 θ)

−4a2 b2
K= ,
(2b2 φ2 + a2 (b2 − 2φ2 ) + 2(a2 + b2 )φ2 cosh 2θ)2
 z = −x2

x(θ, φ) = θ, y(θ, φ) = φ, z(θ, φ) = −θ2 , φ, θ ∈ R

4
2
0
-2

-4
0

-5

-10

-15
-4
-2
0
2
4

r θ = (1, 0, −2θ)

r φ = (0, 1, 0)
�
|r θ × r φ | = 1 + 4θ2 .

gθθ ≡ g11 = 1 + 4θ2 ,

gφφ ≡ g22 = 1,
gθφ ≡ g12 = 0,
det g = 1 + 4θ2 .

−2
Lθθ ≡ L11 = √ ,
1 + 4θ2
Lθφ ≡ L12 = 0, Lφφ ≡ L22 = 0.

−1
H= ,
(1 + 4θ2 )3/2

K = 0.
 r(θ) = a cos θe1 + a sin θe2 + bθe3 ,

r(θ, λ) = r(θ) + λr � (θ), θ ∈ [0, 2π], λ ∈ R.

r(θ, λ) = a(cos θ − λ sin θ)e1 + a(sin θ + λ cos θ)e2 + b(θ + λ)e3 ,

rθ = −a(sin θ + λ cos θ)e1 + a(cos θ − λ sin θ)e2 + be3 ,

rλ = −a sin θe1 + a cos θe2 + be3 ,
r θθ = −a(cos θ − λ sin θ)e1 − a(sin θ + λ cos θ)e2 ,
r θλ = −a cos θe1 − a sin θe2 ,
r λλ = 0.

20

10
4
0
2

-4 0
-2
0 -2
2
-4
4

rθ × rλ �
n= = (−b sin θe1 + b cos θe2 − ae3 ) / a2 + b2
|r θ × r λ |

gθθ = b2 + a2 (1 + λ2 ), gθλ = a2 + b2 , gλλ = a2 + b2 .

�
Lθθ = −abλ/ a2 + b2 , Lθλ = 0, Lλλ = 0.
−b
H= √ , K = 0.
2aλ a2 + b2
 r(u, v) = u cos u(4 + cos(u + v))e1 + u sin u(4 + cos(u + v))e2 + u sin(u + v)e3 ,

u ∈ (0, 6π) v ∈ (0, 2π)

10
0 50
-10
0
-50
0
-50
50

r(u, v) = u cos ve1 + u sin ve2 + u3 cos(3v)e3 ,

u ∈ R+ v ∈ [0, 2π]

0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
0.004

0.002

-0.002

-0.004
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2