Columbia University

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Columbia University in the City of New York

Motto In lumine Tuo videbimus lumen (Latin)

Motto in English In Thy light shall we see light (Psalm 36:9)

Established 1754

Type Private

Endowment US $6.5 billion[1]

President Lee C. Bollinger

Academic staff 3,566[2]

Students 26,399[3]

Undergraduates 7,169[3]

Postgraduates 17,065[3]

Location New York, N.Y.

 Campus Total, 299 acres (1.23 km²)

Newspaper Columbia Daily Spectator

Colors Columbia blue and White

Nickname Columbia Lions

Athletics NCAA Division I FCS, Ivy League

29 sports teams

Affiliations MAISA;

AAU

Website www.columbia.edu

Columbia University in the City of New York (Columbia University) is a private

researchuniversity in New York City and a member of the Ivy League. Columbia is the oldest institution
of higher learning in the state of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States,[4] and one of the
country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. It was founded in 1754 as
King's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, and is one of only three United States
universities to have been founded under such authority.

Columbia annually administers the American literary award, the Pulitzer Prize, and is one of the
founding members of the Association of American Universities. More Nobel Prize laureates have been
affiliated with Columbia than with any other institution in the world. Columbia is ranked in the first tier of
the nation's top universities by the Center for Measuring University Performance, which takes into
account total research, federal research, endowment assets, annual giving, National Academy
members, faculty awards, doctorates granted, postdoctoral appointees, and undergraduate SAT/ACT
range.[5] The University currently operates four global centers overseas in Amman, Jordan; Beijing,
China; Paris, France; and Mumbai, India.

Notable alumni and affiliates include: five Founding Fathers of the United States; four United States
Presidents, including the incumbent; nine Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States; 26
foreign heads of state; 97 Nobel Prize winners, the most of any university; 101Pulitzer Prize winners,
the most of any university;[6] 25 Academy Award winners garnering over a combined 30 Oscars, the
most of any university;[7] more than 30 alumni and ten affiliate recipients of the National Medal of
Science; and 50 recipients of the MacArthur Genius Award. Columbia is currently home to nine Nobel
Laureates, 30 recipients of the MacArthur Genius Award, four recipients of the National Medal of
Science, 143 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 38 members of the Institute of
Medicine of the National Academies, 20 members of the National Academy of Engineering, and
43 members of theNational Academy of Sciences.[8][9]

Contents
[hide]

• 1 History

o 1.1 King's College: 1754–1784

o 1.2 Early Columbia College: 1784–1857

o 1.3 Expansion and the move to Madison Avenue

o 1.4 Morningside Heights

o 1.5 Manhattanville campus expansion

• 2 Academics

o 2.1 Admissions and financial aid

o 2.2 Organization

o 2.3 Rankings

• 3 Campus

o 3.1 Morningside Heights

o 3.2 University Hospital

o 3.3 Other campuses

• 4 Student life

o 4.1 Housing

o 4.2 Campus Organizations

 4.2.1 Publications

 4.2.2 Broadcasting

 4.2.3 Speech and debate

o 4.3 Greek life

o 4.4 Technology and entrepreneurship

o 4.5 Athletics

o 4.6 World Leaders Forum

o 4.7 Other
 • 5 Controversies and student demonstrations

o 5.1 Protests of 1968

o 5.2 Protests against racism and apartheid

o 5.3 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad visit and speech controversy

o 5.4 ROTC ban

• 6 Traditions

o 6.1 Orgo Night

o 6.2 Tree-Lighting and Yule Log ceremonies

o 6.3 The Varsity Show

• 7 Faculty and research

• 8 Notable Columbians

o 8.1 Alumni and famous past students

o 8.2 Faculty and affiliates

• 9 In geography

• 10 See also

• 11 References

• 12 Further reading

• 13 External links

[edit]History

Columbia is the oldest institution of higher education in the state of New York. Founded and chartered
as King's College in 1754, Columbia is the sixth-oldest such institution in the United States (by date of
founding; fifth by date of chartering). After the American Revolutionary War, King's College was
renamed Columbia College in 1784, and in 1896 it was further renamed Columbia University. The
university now operates under a 1787 charter that places the institution under a private board of
trustees. Columbia has grown over time to encompass twenty schools and affiliated institutions.

[edit]King's College: 1754–1784

Trinity Church schoolyard, the first home of King's College c.1755, as imagined in a 1954 illustration created for
Columbia's bicentennial. (Columbia University Archives)

Discussions regarding the foundation of a college in the Province of New York began as early as 1704,
but serious consideration of such proposals was not entertained until the early 1750s, when local
graduates of Yale and members of the congregation of Trinity Church (then Church of England,
now Episcopal) in New York City became alarmed by the establishment of the College of New Jersey
(now Princeton University). Concerns arose both because it was founded by "new-
light" Presbyterians influenced by the evangelical Great Awakening and, as it was located in the
province just across the Hudson River, because it provoked fears of New York developing a cultural
and intellectual inferiority. They established their own 'rival' institution, King's College, and elected as
its first president Samuel Johnson. Classes began on July 17, 1754 in Trinity Church yard, with
Johnson as the sole faculty member. A few months later, on October 31, 1754, Great Britain's King
George II officially granted a royal charter for the college. In 1760, King's College moved to its own
building at Park Place, near the present City Hall, and in 1767 it established the first American medical
school to grant the M.D. degree.

The Rev. Dr. Samuel Johnson, first president of King's College

Controversy surrounded the founding of the new college in New York, as it was a thoroughly Church of
England institution dominated by the influence of Crown officials in its governing body, such as
the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Secretary of State for the Colonies. Fears of the establishment
of a Church of England episcopacy and of Crown influence in America through King's College were
underpinned by its vast wealth, far surpassing all other colonial colleges of the period.[10]
King's College Hall, 1770

The American Revolution and the subsequent war were catastrophic for King's College. It suspended
instruction for eight years beginning in 1776 with the arrival of the Continental Army in the spring of
that year. The suspension continued through the military occupation of New York City by British troops
until their departure in 1783. The college's library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use
as a military hospital first by American and then British forces.[11][12]

Although the college had been considered a bastion of Tory sentiment, it nevertheless produced many
key leaders of the Revolutionary generation — individuals later instrumental in the college's revival.
Among the earliest students and trustees of King's College were five "founding fathers" of the United
States: John Jay, who negotiated the Treaty of Paris between the United States and Great Britain,
ending the Revolutionary War, and who later became the first Chief Justice of the United
States; Alexander Hamilton, military aide to General George Washington, author of most of
the Federalist Papers, and the first Secretary of the Treasury;Gouverneur Morris, the author of the final
draft of the United States Constitution; Robert R. Livingston, a member of the Committee of Five, that
drafted the Declaration of Independence, and Egbert Benson who represented New York in
the Continental Congress and the Annapolis Convention and who was a ratifier of the United States
Constitution.

Arguably the most famous King's College alumnus,Alexander Hamilton (shown here as a young man)

Hamilton's first experience with the military came while a student during the summer of 1775, after the
outbreak of fighting at Boston. Along with Nicholas Fish, Robert Troup, and a group of other students
from King's he joined a volunteer militia company called the "Hearts of Oak" – Hamilton achieving the
rank of Lieutenant. They adopted distinctive uniforms, complete with the words "Liberty or Death" on
their hatbands, and drilled under the watchful eye of a former British officer in the graveyard of the
nearby St. Paul's Chapel. In August 1775, while under fire from HMS Asia, the Hearts of Oak (a.k.a.
the "Corsicans") participated in a successful raid to seize cannon from the Battery, becoming an
artillery unit thereafter.[13] Ironically, in 1776 Captain Hamilton would engage in and survive the Battle
of Harlem Heights, which took place on and around the site that would become home to his Alma
Mater over a century later, only to be — after his dueling death twenty-eight years later — entombed
on the site of the first home for King's College in the Trinity Church yard.

[edit]Early Columbia College: 1784–1857

DeWitt Clinton, one of the first students enrolled in "Columbia College"

After the war, the remaining members of the Board of Governors of King's sought to resuscitate the
college, petitioning the Legislature of New York to "make such alterations in the Charter as the
changed condition of affairs might demand." The Legislature agreed, and on May 1, 1784, it passed
"an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called King's College."[14] The Act
created a Board of Regents to oversee the resuscitation of King's, giving them the power to hire a
college president and appoint professors, but prohibiting the College from administering any "religious
test-oath" to its faculty. Finally, in an effort to demonstrate its support for the new Republic, the
Legislature stipulated that "the College within the City of New York heretofore called King's College be
forever hereafter called and known by the name of Columbia College."[14]

On May 5, 1784, the Regents held their first meeting, instructing Treasurer Brockholst Livingstonand
Secretary Robert Harpur (who was Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at King's) to
recover the books, records and any other assets that had been dispersed during the war, and
appointing a committee to supervise the repairs of the college building. In addition, the Regents moved
quickly to rebuild Columbia's faculty, appointing William Cochran instructor of Greek and Latin.[14]

In the summer of 1784, after the legislature passed the act restoring the college, Major GeneralJames
Clinton, a hero of the revolutionary war, brought his son DeWitt Clinton to New York on his way to
enroll him as a student at the College of New Jersey. When James Duane, the Mayor of New York and
a member of the Regents, heard that the younger Clinton was leaving the state for his education, he
pleaded with Cochran to offer him admission to the reconstituted Columbia. Cochran agreed — in no
small part due to the fact that DeWitt's uncle, George Clinton, the Governor of New York, had recently
been elected Chancellor of the College by the Regents — and DeWitt Clinton became one of nine
students admitted to Columbia that year.[14]

As the state proved negligent in its funding of the institution, this arrangement became increasingly
unsatisfactory for both. An expansion of the Regents to 20 New York City residents had placed
Hamilton and Jay at the helm, and they, along with Duane, argued for privatization of the college. In
1787 a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of
Trustees. Samuel Johnson's son, William Samuel Johnson, became its president.

College Hall in 1790

For a period in the 1790s, with New York City as the federal and state capital and the country under
successive Federalist governments, a revived Columbia thrived under the auspices of Federalists such
as Hamilton and Jay. George Washington, notably, attended the commencement of 1790, and nascent
interest in legal education commenced under ProfessorJames Kent. As the state and country
transitioned to a considerably more Jeffersonian era, however, the college's good fortunes began to
dry up. The primary difficulty was funding; the college, already receiving less from the state following
its privatization, was beset with even more financial difficulties as hostile politicians took power and as
new upstate colleges, particularlyHamilton and Union, lobbied effectively for subsidies. What Columbia
did receive was Manhattan real estate, which would only later prove lucrative.

Columbia's performance flagged for the remainder of the 19th century's first half. The law faculty never
managed to thrive during this period, and in 1807 the medical school, hoping to arrest its decline,
broke off to merge with the independent College of Physicians and Surgeons. Contention between
students and faculty were highlighted by the "Riotous Commencement" of 1811, in which students
violently protested the faculty's decision not to confer a degree upon John Stevenson, who had
inserted objectionable words into his commencement speech. Though the college was finally able to
shake its embarrassing reputation for structural shabbiness by adding several wings to College Hall
and refinishing it in the more fashionable Greek Revival style, the effort failed to halt Columbia's long-
term downturn, and was soon overshadowed by the Gibbs Affair of 1854, in which famed chemistry
professor Oliver Wolcott Gibbs was denied a professorship at the college, from which he had
graduated, due to his Unitarian affiliation. The event demonstrated to many, including frustrated diarist
and trusteeGeorge Templeton Strong, the narrow-mindedness of the institution. By July, 1854
the Christian Examiner of Boston, in an article entitled "The Recent Difficulties at Columbia College",
noted that the school was "good in classics" yet "weak in sciences", and had "very few distinguished
graduates".[15]

[edit]Expansion and the move to Madison Avenue

The Gothic Revival Law School building on the Madison Avenue campus

In 1857, the College moved from Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street
and Madison Avenue, where it remained for the next fifty years. The transition to the new campus
coincided with a new outlook for the college; during the commencement of that year, College
President Charles King proclaimed Columbia "a university". During the last half of the nineteenth
century, under the leadership of President F.A.P. Barnard, the institution rapidly assumed the shape of
a true modern university. Columbia Law School was founded in 1858, and in 1864 theSchool of Mines,
the country's first such institution and the precursor to today's Fu Foundation School of Engineering
and Applied Science, was established. Barnard College for women, established by the eponymous
Columbia president, was established in 1889; the Columbia University College of Physicians and
Surgeons came under the aegis of the university in 1891, followed by Teachers College, Columbia
University in 1893. The Graduate Faculties in Political Science, Philosophy, and Pure Science
awarded its first PhD in 1875.[15][16] This period also witnessed the inauguration of Columbia's
participation in intercollegiate sports, with the creation of the baseball team in 1867, the organization of
the football team in 1870, and the creation of a crewteam by 1873. The first intercollegiate Columbia
football game was a 6–3 loss to Rutgers. TheColumbia Daily Spectator began publication during this
period as well, in 1877.[17]

[edit]Morningside Heights

Development of the Morningside Heights campus by 1915

In 1896, the trustees officially authorized the use of yet another new name, Columbia University, and
today the institution is officially known as "Columbia University in the City of New York." Additionally,
the engineering school was renamed the "School of Mines, Engineering and Chemistry." At the same
time, university president Seth Low moved the campus again, from 49th Street to its present location,
a more spacious (and, at the time, more rural) campus in the developing neighborhood of Morningside
Heights. The site was formerly occupied by the Bloomingdale Lunatic Asylum. One of the asylum's
buildings, the warden's cottage (later known as East Hall and Buell Hall), still stands today.[18]

Trustees Room in Low Memorial Library, the administrative center of Columbia University

The building often depicted as emblematic of Columbia is the centerpiece of the Morningside Heights
campus, Low Memorial Library. Constructed in 1895, the building is still referred to as "Low Library"
although it has not functioned as a library since 1934. It currently houses the offices of the President
and Provost, the Visitor's Center, the Trustees' Room and Columbia Security. Patterned loosely on the
Classical Pantheon, it is surmounted by the largest all-granite dome in the United States.[19]

Rotunda of Low Memorial Library, Columbia University, circa 1900–1910. The building was later converted to
administrative use and the rotunda became a ceremonial space.

Under the leadership of Low's successor, Nicholas Murray Butler, Columbia rapidly became the
nation's major institution for research, setting the "multiversity" model that later universities would
adopt. On the Morningside Heights campus, Columbia centralized on a single campus the College, the
School of Law, the Graduate Faculties, the School of Mines (predecessor of the Engineering School),
and the College of Physicians & Surgeons. Butler went on to serve as president of Columbia for over
four decades and became a giant in American public life (as one-time vice presidential candidate and
a Nobel Laureate). His introduction of "downtown" business practices in university administration led to
innovations in internal reforms such as the centralization of academic affairs, the direct appointment of
registrars, deans, provosts, and secretaries, as well as the formation of a professionalized university
bureaucracy, unprecedented among American universities at the time.
One of the earliest logos of Columbia University Press

In 1893 the Columbia University Press was founded to "promote the study of economic, historical,
literary, scientific and other subjects; and to promote and encourage the publication of literary works
embodying original research in such subjects." Among its publications are The Columbia
Encyclopedia, first published in 1935, and The Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World, first
published in 1952.

In 1902, New York newspaper magnate Joseph Pulitzer donated a substantial sum to the university for
the founding of a school to teach journalism. The result was the 1912 opening of theGraduate School
of Journalism—the only journalism school in the Ivy League. The school is the administrator of
the Pulitzer Prize and the duPont-Columbia Award in broadcast journalism.

In 1904 Columbia organized adult education classes into a formal program called Extension Teaching
(later renamed University Extension). Courses in Extension Teaching eventually give rise to the
Columbia Writing Program, the Columbia Business School, and the School of Dentistry and Oral
Surgery.

Uris Hall houses the Columbia Business School.

Columbia Business School was added in the early 20th century. During the first half of the 20th
Century Columbia and Harvard University had the largest endowments in the United States.

Archetypal Columbia man, from a 1902 poster

By the late 1930s, a Columbia student could study with the likes of Jacques Barzun, Paul
Lazarsfeld, Mark Van Doren, Lionel Trilling, and I. I. Rabi. The university's graduates during this time
were equally accomplished—for example, two alumni of Columbia's Law School, Charles Evans
Hughes and Harlan Fiske Stone (who also held the position of Law School dean), served successively
as Chief Justices of the United States. Dwight Eisenhowerserved as Columbia's president from 1948
until he became the President of the United States in 1953.
The Thinker by Auguste Rodin.

Research into the atom by faculty members John R. Dunning, I. I. Rabi, Enrico Fermi and Polykarp
Kuschplaced Columbia's Physics Department in the international spotlight in the 1940s after the first
nuclear pile was built to start what became theManhattan Project.[20]

Following the end of World War II, the School of International Affairs was founded in 1946. Focusing
on developing diplomats and foreign affairs specialists, the school began by offering the Master of
International Affairs. To satisfy an increasing desire for skilled public service professionals at home
and abroad, the School added the Master of Public Administrationdegree in 1977. In 1981, the School
was renamed the School of International and Public Affairs(SIPA). The School introduced an MPA
in Environmental Science and Policy in 2001 and, in 2004, SIPA inaugurated its first doctoral program
— the interdisciplinary Ph.D. in Sustainable Development.

In 1947, to meet the needs of GIs returning from World War II, University Extension was reorganized
as an undergraduate college and designated the Columbia University School of General Studies.
While the former university extension had granted the B.S. degree since 1921, the School of General
Studies first granted the B.A. degree in 1968 and is now considered one of the three colleges of
Columbia University (CC, SEAS, GS).
Earl Hall houses the chaplain's office and numerous religious and service student organizations.

Pro Ecclesia Dei, St. Paul's Chapel of Columbia University offers sanctuary for spiritual solace on campus.

During the 1960s Columbia experienced large-scale student activism centering over the Vietnam War
and the demand for greater student rights. Many students, led by the Students for a Democratic
Society and its President Mark Rudd protested the university's ties with the defense establishment and
its controversial plans to build a gym in Morningside Park. The fervor on campus reached a climax in
the spring of 1968 when hundreds of students occupied various buildings on campus. The incident
forced the resignation of Columbia's then President, Grayson Kirk and the establishment of the
University Senate.

Columbia College first admitted women in the fall of 1983, after a decade of failed negotiations
with Barnard College, an all female institution affiliated with the University, to merge the two schools.
Barnard College still remains affiliated with Columbia, and all Barnard graduates are issued diplomas
authorized by both Columbia University and Barnard College.[21]

In 1990 the Faculty of Arts & Sciences was created, unifying the faculties of Columbia College, the
School of General Studies, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and the School of International
and Public Affairs.

In 1997, the Columbia Engineering School was renamed the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and
Applied Science, in honor of Chinese businessman Z. Y. Fu, who gave Columbia $26 million. The
school is popularly referred to as "SEAS" or simply "the engineering school."
[edit]Manhattanville campus expansion
As of April 2007, the university had purchased more than two-thirds of the 17 acres (6.9 ha) sought for
a new campus in Manhattanville, an industrial neighborhood to the north of the Morningside Heights
campus. Stretching from 125th Street to 133rd Street, the new campus would house buildings for
Columbia's schools of business and the arts and allow the construction of the Jerome L. Greene
Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior, where research will occur on neurodegenerative diseases such
as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.[22] The $7 billion expansion plan includes demolishing all buildings,
except three that are historically significant, eliminating the existing light industry and storage
warehouses, and relocating tenants in 132 apartments. Replacing these buildings will be
6,800,000 square feet (632,000 m2) of space for the University. The space will be used for additional
teaching, critical research, and auxiliary services. Designed by Pritzker prize winning architect Renzo
Piano, the 17 acres (6.9 ha) will include more accessible pedestrian streets and additional public open
spaces.

According to the 2006 Environmental Impact Statement certified by the Department of City Planning,
almost 300 people would be displaced from the project zone, and almost 3,300 would be displaced
from areas surrounding it. Community activist groups in West Harlem fought the expansion for reasons
ranging from property protection and fair exchange for land, to residents' rights.[23][24] Subsequent public
hearings drew neighborhood opposition. Most recently, as of December 2008, the State of New
York's Empire State Development Corporationapproved use of eminent domain, which, through
declaration of Manhattanville's "blighted" status, gives governmental bodies the right to appropriate
private property for public use.[25] On May 20, 2009, the New York Public Authorities Control Board
approved the Manhanttanville expansion plan.[26]

[edit]Academics

[edit]Admissions and financial aid

Van Am Quad

Hamilton Hall, home of the Columbia undergraduate admissions office

Columbia University's acceptance rate for the class of 2014 is 9.16%,[27] making Columbia the fifth
most selective college in the United States by admission rate behind Harvard, Stanford, Princeton,
andYale.[28][29] The undergraduate yield rate exceeds 60%.[30] According to the 2011 college selectivity
ranking by U.S. News & World Report, which factors admission and yield rates among other criteria,
Columbia is the third most selective college in the nation, behind Yale and Caltech and tied
with Harvard,MIT, and Princeton.[31]

Columbia is a racially diverse school, with approximately 52% of all students identifying themselves as
persons of color. Additionally, 50.3% of all undergraduates in the Class of 2013 receive financial aid.
The average financial aid package for these students exceeds $30,000, with an average grant size of
over $20,000.[32]

On April 11, 2007, Columbia University announced a $400m to $600m donation from media billionaire
alumnus John Kluge[33] to be used exclusively for undergraduate financial aid. The donation is among
the largest single gifts to higher education. Its exact value will depend on the eventual value of Kluge's
estate at the time of his death; however, the generous donation has helped change financial aid policy
at Columbia. The University is able to extend financial aid offerings to more students; Columbia now
has one of the most comprehensive financial aid policies among the nation's colleges and universities.
[34]

Undergraduate students in Columbia College and the School of Engineering and Applied Science with
family income under $60,000 are not expected to pay tuition, room, board, and other fees. At the same
time, all students who are eligible for financial aid (regardless of income), in lieu of loans, will be
awarded University grants. However, this does not apply to international students, transfer students,
visiting students nor students from the School of General Studies.

Starting in 2010, admissions to Columbia's undergraduate colleges Columbia College and the School
of Engineering and Applied Science will accept the Common Application. The policy change will make
Columbia one of the last major academic institutions and the last Ivy Leagueuniversity to switch to the
common application.[35]

[edit]Organization

Columbia has two traditional undergraduate institutions:[36]

 Columbia College (CC): the liberal arts college, offering the Bachelor of Arts degree

 The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS): the engineering and
applied science school, offering the Bachelor of Science degree

Columbia also is well-known for its third undergraduate institution:

 The School of General Studies (GS) is for returning and nontraditional students seeking an
undergraduate degree full- or part-time, offering both Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of
Science degrees.
Logos of Columbia College (left) and Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (right), Columbia's
core undergraduate colleges

Rotunda in Low Library

Columbia also has a number of graduate and professional schools, including:

 Teachers College, Columbia University Columbia's Graduate and Professional school of

Education.

 Columbia Law School (CLS): offers the LLM, JD, and JSD degrees

 Columbia Business School (CBS): offers the MBA and PhD degrees

 Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons (P&S): offers the MD degree and
MS in Nutrition

 Columbia University College of Dental Medicine: offers the DDS degree

 School of Nursing: offers the BS, MS, DNP, and PhD degrees

 Mailman School of Public Health: offers the MPH, DrPH, and Ph.D degrees
  Graduate School of Journalism (J-School or CJS): founded by Joseph Pulitzer, offers the MA,
MS, and PhD degrees

 School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA): offers MIA, MPA, PEPM, EMPA, and PhD
degrees

 The Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation (GSAPP): offers the MArch,
MS, and PhD degrees

 Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (GSAS): offers the MA, MS, and PhD degrees

 The School of the Arts (SoA): offers the MFA degree in four disciplines (film, theater, visual
arts, and writing)

 Columbia University School of Social Work: offers the MS and PhD degrees

 The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS): in addition to

undergraduate studies, students may also pursue MS and PhD degree programs in engineering.

 Columbia University's School of Continuing Education offers MS degrees, classes for non-
matriculated elective course students, Post-baccalaureate Certificates, English Language
Programs, Overseas Programs, Summer Session, and High School Programs.

The university is affiliated with Teachers College, Barnard College, the Union Theological Seminary,
and the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, all located nearby in Morningside Heights. A joint
undergraduate program is available through the Jewish Theological Seminary of America as well as
through the Juilliard School.[37]

Two affiliated institutions – Barnard College and Teachers College – are also Faculties of the
University.[38]

[edit]Rankings

University rankings (overall)

ARWU World[39] 8
ARWU National[40] 7
Forbes[41] 13
[42]
QS World 11
Times Higher Education[43] 18
USNWR National University[44] 4
[45]
WM National University 42
 Program Ranking Ranked by
Columbia College &
School of Engineering 4th overall U.S. News & World Report[46]
(Undergraduate)
Columbia College &
3rd in selectivity among
School of Engineering U.S. News & World Report [47]
national universities
(Undergraduate)
18th among world Times Higher Education World University
Columbia
universities (2010) Rankings[48]
QS World University Rankings (in 2010 Times
11th among world Higher Education World University
Columbia
universities (2010) Rankings and QS World University Rankings parted
ways to produce separate rankings)[48]
8th among world
Columbia Shanghai Jiao Tong University,[49]
universities
Columbia 7th in America Shanghai Jiao Tong University,[49]
4th among world
Columbia Global University Ranking,[50]
universities
Columbia 8th overall United States National Research Council rankings
7th among best value
Columbia Kiplinger,[51]
private schools
6th Among The 25 Most
Columbia Newsweek,[52]
Desirable Schools
3rd Among The 25 Best
Columbia Schools for Future Newsweek,[53]
Powerbrokers
Columbia 2nd in Internet Media Buzz Global Language Monitor,[54]
Tied for 1st in the First Tier
Columbia among national research Center for Measuring University Performance.[55]
universities in the U.S.

Columbia's graduate schools of fine arts, business, education, engineering, law, medicine, public
affairs, and others are widely regarded.

Program Ranking Ranked by

11th overall U.S. News & World
Columbia's Graduate School of Arts
(2011) Report[56]
Columbia Business School 9th, 6th Fortune Magazine
The Wall Street Journal.[57]
Columbia Business School 3rd in the world [58][59]

4th in North QS Global 200 Business

Columbia Business School
America Schools Report[60]
Teachers College (Columbia's Graduate School of U.S. News & World
2nd
Education) Report[61]
 Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied
U.S. News & World
Science (Columbia's Graduate School of Engineering and 18th
Report[62]
Applied Science)
U.S. News & World
Columbia Law School 4th
Report[63]
College of Physicians and Surgeons (Columbia Medical U.S. News & World
10th
School) Report[64]
U.S. News & World
Mailman School of Public Health 6th
Report[65]
14th(Public U.S. News & World
The School of International and Public Affairs
Affairs only) Report[66][67]
U.S. News & World
The School of Social Work 4th
Report[68]
The Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and
3rd Architectural Record'[69]
Preservation
Columbia's Graduate School of Journalism 2nd Education-Portal.com[70][71]

According to data compiled by Forbes Magazine in 2010, Columbia ranks 3rd among universities that
have produced the largest number of living billionaires, surpassed only by Harvard and Stanford.[72]

[edit]Campus

[edit]Morningside Heights

Access to Columbia University is enhanced by direct subway service via the IRT 1 to 116th Street - Columbia
University Station. The chief Engineer of the NYC subway, William Barclay Parsons was a Columbia graduate.
Naturally, he designed a stop just outside Columbia's main campus gates.

The majority of Columbia's graduate and undergraduate studies are conducted in Morningside
Heightson Seth Low's late-19th century vision of a university campus where all disciplines could be
taught in one location. The campus was designed along Beaux-Arts principles by acclaimed
architects McKim, Mead, and White.
Butler Library is named for former Columbia President Nicholas Murray Butler.

Columbia's main campus occupies more than six city blocks, or 32 acres (13 ha), in Morningside
Heights, New York City, a neighborhood that contains a number of academic institutions. The
university owns over 7,800 apartments in Morningside Heights, housing faculty, graduate students,
and staff. Almost two dozen undergraduate dormitories (purpose-built or converted) are located on
campus or in Morningside Heights.[73] Columbia University has an extensiveunderground tunnel
system more than a century old, with the oldest portions predating the present campus. Some of these
remain open to students, while others are closed to the public.

Low Memorial Library

New buildings and structures on the campus, especially those built after Second World War, have
often only been constructed after a contentious process often involving open debate and community
protest. Often the complaints raised during periods of expansion have included issues beyond the
debate over construction of designs that diverged from the original McKim, Mead, and White plan.
Protests often involved complaints against the university administration. This was the case with Uris
Hall, built in the 1960s and more recently with Alfred Lerner Hall, a deconstructivist structure
completed in 1998 and designed by Columbia's then-Dean of Architecture, Bernard Tschumi. These
same issues have surfaced in the debate over future expansion into Manhattanville.
"College Walk" provides a public path between Broadway and Amsterdam Avenue, passing through the
maincampus quad.

Columbia's library system includes over 10.4 million volumes, making it the fifth largest collegiate and
eighth largest library system in the country.[74]

Several buildings on the Morningside Heights campus are listed on the National Register of Historic
Places. Low Memorial Library, a National Historic Landmark and the centerpiece of the campus, is
listed for its architectural significance. Philosophy Hall is listed as the site of the invention of FM radio.
Also listed is Pupin Hall, another National Historic Landmark, which houses the physics and astronomy
departments. Here the first experiments on the fission of uranium were conducted byEnrico Fermi. The
uranium atom was split there ten days after the world's first atom-splitting inCopenhagen, Denmark.

The name Alma Mater refers to a statue on the steps (see right) of Low Memorial Library by
sculptorDaniel Chester French. There is a small owl "hidden" on the sculpture. Alma Mater is also the
subject of many Columbia legends. The main legends include that the first student in the freshmen
class to find the hidden owl on the statue will be valedictorian, and that any subsequent Barnard
student who finds it will marry a Columbia man, given that Barnard is a women's college. Another
legend exists that back-up Alma Maters are kept at the ready should need arise after one alum
supposedly heard Alma Mater blow up in the 1970s. During prospective student tours, Columbia tour
guides tell students to rub Alma Mater's foot, for this ensures admittance to the university.

"The Steps", alternatively known as "Low Steps" or the "Urban Beach", are a popular meeting area for
Columbia students. The term refers to the long series of granite steps leading from the lower part of
campus (South Field) to its upper terrace. On warm days, the steps become crowded with students
conversing, reading, or sunbathing. Occasionally, they play host to film screenings and concerts. The
King's Crown Shakespeare Troupe annually performs an outdoor play on the steps. The design of the
steps is modeled after the architecture in Raphael's "The School of Athens", a fresco in the Vatican.
 Panorama view of the Morningside Heights campus facing Low Memorial Library.

[edit]University Hospital
New York-Presbyterian Hospital is affiliated with medical schools of both Columbia University
and Cornell University. According to the US News and World Reports "Americas Best Hospitals 2009",
it is ranked sixth overall and third among university hospitals. Columbia Medical School has a strategic
partnership with New York State Psychiatric Institute, and is affiliated with nineteen other hospitals in
the U.S. and four hospitals overseas.

[edit]Other campuses
Health-related schools are located at the Columbia University Medical Center, 20 acres (8.1 ha)
located in the neighborhood of Washington Heights, fifty blocks uptown. Columbia also owns the 26-
acre (11 ha) Baker Field, which includes the Lawrence A. Wien Stadium as well as facilities for field
sports, outdoor track and tennis, at the northern tip of Manhattan island (in the neighborhood
of Inwood). There is a third campus on the west bank of the Hudson River, the 157-acre (64
ha) Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in Palisades, New York. A fourth is the 60-acre (24 ha) Nevis
Laboratories in Irvington, New York. A satellite site in Paris holds classes at Reid Hall.

[edit]Student life
[edit]Housing

On-campus housing is guaranteed for all four years as an undergraduate. Columbia

College and SEAS share housing in the on-campus residence halls. First-year students in usually live
in one of the large residence halls situated around South Lawn: Hartley Hall, Wallach Hall (originally
Livingston Hall), John Jay Hall, Furnald Hall or Carman Hall. Upperclassmen participate in a room
selection process, wherein students can pick to live in a mix of either corridor- or apartment-style
housing with their friends.

The Columbia University School of General Studies and graduate schools have their own apartment-
style housing in the surrounding neighborhood.
[edit]Campus Organizations
Undergraduate students from any of the school's three undergraduate colleges and Barnard
College are allowed to join any of the over four-hundred student groups on campus recognized by the
school's student government.

[edit]Publications

Journalism School Building

Columbia University is home to a rich diversity of undergraduate, graduate, and professional

publications.

The Columbia Daily Spectator is the nation's second-oldest student newspaper;[75] and The Blue and
White,[76] a monthly literary magazine established in 1890, has recently begun to delve into campus life
and local politics in print and on its daily blog, dubbed the Bwog.

Political publications include The Current ,[77] a journal of politics, culture and Jewish Affairs;
theColumbia Political Review,[78] the multi-partisan political magazine of the Columbia Political Union;
and AdHoc,[79] which denotes itself as the "progressive" campus magazine and deals largely with local
political issues and arts events.

Arts and literary publications include the Columbia Review,[80] the nation's oldest college literary
magazine; Columbia, a nationally regarded literary journal; the Columbia Journal of Literary Criticism;
[81]
and The Mobius Strip,[82] an online arts and literary magazine.

Inside New York[83] is an annual guidebook to New York City, written, edited, and published by
Columbia undergraduates. Through a distribution agreement with Columbia University Press, the book
is sold at major retailers and independent bookstores.

Columbia is home to numerous undergraduate academic publications. The Journal of Politics &
Society,[84] is a journal of undergraduate research in the social sciences, published and distributed
nationally by the Helvidius Group; Publius is an undergraduate journal of politics established in 2008
and published biannually; the Columbia East Asia Review allows undergraduates throughout the world
to publish original work on China, Japan, Korea, Tibet, and Vietnam and is supported by
the Weatherhead East Asian Institute; and The Birch,[85] is an undergraduate journal of Eastern
European and Eurasian culture that is the first national student-run journal of its kind; and
the Columbia Science Review is a science magazine that prints general interest articles, faculty
profiles, and student research papers.

The Fed[86] a triweekly satire and investigative newspaper; and the Jester of Columbia,[87] the newly
(and frequently) revived campus humor magazine both inject humor into local life.

Other publications include The Columbian, the second oldest collegiate yearbook in the nation;
the Gadfly, a biannual journal of popular philosophy produced by undergraduates; and Rhapsody in
Blue, an undergraduate urban studies magazine.

Professional journals published by academic departments at Columbia University include Current

Musicology[88] and The Journal of Philosophy.[89] During the spring semester, graduate students in the
Journalism School publish The Bronx Beat, a bi-weekly newspaper covering the South Bronx.
Teachers College publishes the Teachers College Record, a journal of research, analysis, and
commentary in the field of education, published continuously since 1900.[90]

Columbia Journalism Review (CJR).[91] Its mission is to encourage and stimulate excellence in
journalism in the service of a free society. It is both a watchdog and a friend of the press in all its
forms, from newspapers to magazines to radio, television, and the Web. Founded in 1961 under the
auspices of Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism, CJR examines day-to-day press
performance as well as the forces that affect that performance. The magazine is published six times a
year, and offers a deliberative mix of reporting, analysis, criticism, and commentary. CJR.org, its Web
site, delivers real-time criticism and reporting, giving CJR a vital presence in the ongoing conversation
about the media. Both online and in print, Columbia Journalism Review is in conversation with a
community of people who share a commitment to high journalistic standards in the U.S. and the world.

[edit]Broadcasting

Columbia is home to two pioneers in undergraduate student broadcasting, WKCR-FM and CTV.

WKCR, the student run radio station broadcasts to the Tri-State area and claims to be the oldest FM
radio station in the world, owing to the University's affiliation with Major Edwin Armstrong. The station
currently has its studios on the second floor of Alfred Lerner Hall on the Morningside campus with its
main transmitter tower at 4 Times Square in Midtown Manhattan.

Columbia Television (CTV)[92] is the nation's second oldest student television station and home of CTV
News,[93] a weekly live news program produced by undergraduate students. CTV transmits a cablecast
and webcast from its studio in Alfred Lerner Hall.
[edit]Speech and debate

The Philolexian Society is a literary and debating club founded in 1802, making it the oldest student
group at Columbia, as well as the third oldest collegiate literary society in the country. It has many
famous alumni, and administers the Joyce Kilmer Bad Poetry Contest (seebelow).

The Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team,[94] competes in tournaments around the country as part of
the American Parliamentary Debate Association, and hosts both high school and college tournaments
on Columbia's campus, as well as public debates on issues affecting the university.

The Columbia International Relations Council and Association (CIRCA), oversees Columbia's Model
United Nations activities. CIRCA hosts college and high school Model UN conferences, hosts speakers
influential in international politics to speak on campus, trains students from underprivileged schools in
New York in Model UN and oversees a competitive team, which travels to colleges around the country
and to an international conference every year.[95] The competitive team consistently wins best and
outstanding delegation awards and is considered one of the top teams in the country.[96]

[edit]Greek life
Columbia University is home to many fraternities, sororities, and co-educational Greek organizations.
Approximately 10–15% of undergraduate students are associated with Greek life.[97] There has been a
Greek presence on campus since the establishment in 1836 of the Delta Chapter of Alpha Delta Phi.
Today, there are thirteen NIC fraternities on the campus, four NPC sororities, five multicultural Greek
organizations, and five historically black fraternities and sororities.[citation needed]

[edit]Technology and entrepreneurship

The Columbia University Organization of Rising Entrepreneurs (CORE) was founded in 1999. The
student-run group aims to foster entrepreneurship on campus. Each year CORE hosts dozens of
events, including a business plan competition and a series of seminars. Recent seminar speakers
include Mark Cuban, owner of the Dallas Mavericks and Chairman of HDNet, and Blake Ross, creator
of Mozilla Firefox. As of 2006, CORE has awarded graduate and undergraduate students with over
$100,000 in seed capital. Events are possible through the contributions of various private and
corporate groups; previous sponsors include Deloitte & Touche, Citigroup, and i-Compass.
Pupin Hall, the physics building, showing the rooftop observatory

A predecessor of Facebook, CampusNetwork, was created and popularized by a Columbia

engineering student Adam Goldberg in 2003. Mark Zuckerberg later asked Goldberg to join him inPalo
Alto to work on Facebook[98].

The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science offers a minor in Technical
Entrepreneurship through its Center for Technology, Innovation, and Community Engagement. SEAS'
entrepreneurship activities focus on community building initiatives in New York and Worldwide, made
possible through partners such as Microsoft Corporation. while the Graduate School of Business offers
a program in Entrepreneurship.

Columbia is a top supplier of young engineering entrepreneurs for New York City. Over the past 20
years, graduates of Columbia established over 100 technology companies.[99] Mayor Bloomberg has
provided over $6.7 million into entrepreneurial programs that partner with Columbia and other
universities in New York. Professor Chris Wiggins of Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied
Science is working in conjunction with Professors Evan Korth of New York University and Hilary
Mason, chief scientist at bit.ly to facilitate the growth of student tech-startups in an effort to transform a
traditionally financially-centered New York City into the next Silicon Valley.[100] Their
website hackny.org is a huge gathering ground of ideas and discussions for New York's young
entrepreneurial community, the Silicon Alley.

On June 14, 2010, Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg launched the NYC Media Lab to promote innovations
within New York's media industry.[101]Situated in the Polytechnic Institute of New York University, the
lab is a consortium of Columbia University, New York University, and New York City Economic
Development Corporation acting to connect companies with universities in new technology research.
The Lab is modeled after similar ones at MIT and Stanford. The $250,000 used to establish the NYC
Media Lab was provided by New York City Economic Development Corporation. Each year, the lab will
host a range of roundtable discussions between the private sector and academic institutions. The lab
will support research projects on topics of content format, next generation search technologies,
computer animation for film and gaming, emerging marketing techniques, and new devices
development. The lab will create a media research and development database. Columbia University
will coordinate the long-term direction of the media lab as well as the involvement of its faculty and
those of other universities.

[edit]Athletics

Lawrence A. Wien Stadium

Main article: Columbia Lions

A member institution of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, Columbia fields varsity teams in
29 sports. The football Lions play home games at the 17,000-seat Lawrence A. Wien Stadiumat Baker
Field. One hundred blocks north of the main campus at Morningside Heights, the Baker Athletics
Complex also includes facilities for baseball, softball, soccer, lacrosse, field hockey, tennis, track and
rowing. The basketball, fencing, swimming & diving, volleyball and wrestling programs are based at the
Dodge Physical Fitness Center on the main campus.

The Columbia mascot is a lion named Roar-ee. At football games, the Columbia University Marching
Band plays "Roar, Lion, Roar" each time the team scores and "Who Owns New York?" with each first
down. At halftime, alumni stand and sing the alma mater, "Sans Souci." Notable among a number of
songs commonly played and sung at various events such as commencementand convocation and
athletic games is: Colossus of Columbia, the Columbia University fight song.

Another view of Wien Stadium

Columbia became the third school in the United States to play intercollegiate football when it sent a
squad to New Brunswick, N.J., in 1870 to play a team from Rutgers. Three years later, Columbia
students joined representatives from Princeton, Rutgers and Yale to ratify the first set of rules to
govern intercollegiate play.

During the first half of the 20th century, the Lions had consistent success on the gridiron. Under Hall of
Fame coach Lou Little, the 1934 squad shut out heavily favored Stanford in the Rose Bowlwinning
what was the precursor to the national championship. During World War II football players were
recruited to move uranium in support of the school's participation in the Manhattan Project.[20] Little's
1947 edition beat defending national champion Army, then riding a 32-game win streak, in one of the
most stunning upsets of the century. Greats of the era included the All-American Sid Luckman, the
quarterback who would lead the Chicago Bears to four NFL championships in the 1940s while
ushering football into the modern era with the T formation.

Since sharing their only Ivy League title with Harvard in 1961, the football Lions have had only three
winning seasons (6–3 in 1971, 5–4–1 in 1994 and 8–2 in 1996). Norries Wilson, a runner-up for
national assistant coach of the year while at the University of Connecticut in 2004, is the latest head
coach brought in to try to turn the program around. Several Lions players have gone on to success in
the National Football league in the past few decades, including quarterback John Witkowski, offensive
lineman George Starke, and linebacker Marcellus Wiley.

The Lions boast a rich athletic tradition. The wrestling team is the oldest in the nation, and
the football team was the third to join intercollegiate play. A Columbia crew was the first from outside
Britain to win at the Henley Royal Regatta. Former students include baseball Hall of Famers Lou
Gehrig and Eddie Collins, football Hall of Famer Sid Luckman and world champion women's
wrestler Karyn Marshall.[102][103]

More recently, Columbia has excelled at archery, swimming, cross country, fencing and wrestling. In
2000, Olympic gold medal swimmerCristina Teuscher became the first Ivy League student to win
the Honda-Broderick Cup, awarded to the best collegiate woman athlete in the nation. In 2005,
Caroline Bierbaum, Women's Cross Country/Track and Field, won the Honda award for Cross Country
following a third-place finish at the NCAA meet and five All-American selections in Cross Country,
Indoor and Outdoor Track. In 2007, the Men's Track Team became the first Ivy League school to win a
Championship of America race at the prestigious Penn Relays since 1974 by capturing the 4x800. The
team of Michael Mark, Jonah Rathbun, Erison Hurtalt and Liam Boylan-Pett ran 7:22.64, with Boylan-
Pett outkicking the anchor legs of national powerhouses Michigan, Villanova, and Oral Roberts. The
team has finished no lower than fifth in the past three years. That year, Erison Hurtault '07 completed a
career sweep of the Indoor and Outdoor Ivy League 400m, winning all eight races he competed in. In
addition to being a nine-time Ivy League champion and All-American, Erison represented Dominica at
both the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and the 2009 Berlin World Championships. Women's Track and
Field graduate and current coach Delilah DiCrescenzo has been ranked as high as 5th in the nation in
the 3000m steeplechase. In March 2010, Kyle Merber became the first Columbia athlete to break four
minutes in the mile, running 3:58.52 at the Columbia Last Chance Meet at the 168th St. Armory. The
mark is also an Ivy League indoor record.

In 2008, Olympic silver medal fencer James L. Williams along with three teammates, including Keeth
Smart, Class of 2010 at Columbia Business School, earned the first American medals in men's fencing
since 1984, bringing Columbia's total number of Olympic medalists to 10.

"The Scholar's Lion", presented on Dean's Day, April 3, 2004, in honor of the 250th anniversary of Columbia
College. A gift by sculptor Greg Wyatt '71.

The baseball team hosted the first sporting event ever televised in the United States. On May 17, 1939
fledgling NBC broadcast a doubleheader between the Columbia Lions vs. Princeton Tigers at
Columbia's Baker Field.[104]

In basketball, perhaps the greatest player to wear Columbia Blue was All-American Chet Forte, the
1957 national college player of the year. George Gregory, Jr. became the first African-American All-
American in 1931. The 1968 Ivy League championship team included future NBAplayer Jim McMillian.

In 1999 the Columbia Daily Spectator saluted Columbia's 20 greatest athletes of the 20th century,
including Lou Gehrig, Sid Luckman and Marcellus Wiley.[105]

[edit]World Leaders Forum

Established in 2003 by current university president Lee C. Bollinger, the World Leaders Forum at
Columbia University provides the opportunity for undergraduate and graduate students alike to listen
to some of the most prominent world leaders in government, religion, industry, finance, and academia.
The World Leaders Forum is a year-around event series that strive to provide a platform for uninhibited
speech among nations and cultures, while educating students about the current problems as well as
progress around the globe.[106]

All Columbia undergraduates and graduates as well as students of Barnard College and other
Columbia affiliated schools can register to participate in the World Leaders Forum using their student
IDs. Even for individuals who do not have the privilege to attend the event live, they can watch the
forum via online videos on Columbia University's website.[citation needed]

Some of the invited speakers to the forum include former President Bill Clinton of the United States of
America, India Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee, President of Ghana John Agyekum Kufuor,
President of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai, Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin, President of the
Republic of Mozambique Joaquim Alberto Chissano, President of the Republic of Bolivia Carlos Diego
Mesa Gisbert, President of the Republic of Romania Ion Iliescu, President of the Republic of
Latvia Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga, first female President of FinlandTarja Halonen, President Yudhoyono of
Indonesia, President Pervez Musharraf of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Iraq President Jalal
Talabani, the 14th Dalai Lama, President of Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov,
President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, President of the Republic of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves,
President of the Republic of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili, President of MongoliaNambaryn Enkhbayar,
Governor of the Reserve Bank of India Y.V. Reddy, President Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson of Iceland,
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of AREVA Anne Lauvergeon, President Leonel Fernández of
the Dominican Republic, President Danilo Türk of Slovenia, Mayor of New York City Michael R.
Bloomberg of New York City, President Václav Klaus of the Czech Republic, CNN White House
correspondent Suzanne Malveaux, Mayor Boris Johnson of London, President Cristina Fernández de
Kirchner of Argentina, Nobel LaureateMartti Ahtisaari, President Boris Tadic of Serbia, former
Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New
York William C. Dudley, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Mike Mullen, President Nicolas
Sarkozy of France, CEO of Citigroup Vikram Pandit, Prime Minister of Spain José Luis Rodríguez
Zapatero, Prime Minister of Portugal José Sócrates, Prime Minister of Ethiopia Meles Zenawi,
President of Turkey Abdullah Gül, and most recently Al Gore.[107]

[edit]Other
Aerial view of Columbia University

The Columbia University Orchestra was founded by composer Edward MacDowell in 1896, and is the
oldest continually operating university orchestra in the United States.[108] Undergraduate student
composers at Columbia may choose to become involved with Columbia New Music, which sponsors
concerts of music written by undergraduate students from all of Columbia's schools.

The Columbia University Marching Band, America's first college marching band to convert to the
"scramble band" format, is perhaps Columbia's most notorious student group, due to both its penchant
for edgy humor and its central role in campus traditions such as Orgo Night. For this reason, the Band
is frequently seen on campus performing as more of a humor or comedy group rather than or in
addition to its role as a spirit group, although it does also cheer and play songs at Columbia football
and basketball games, just as a traditional marching band would.

There are a number of performing arts groups at Columbia dedicated to producing student theater,
including the Columbia Players, King's Crown Shakespeare Troupe (KCST), Columbia Musical
Theater Society (CMTS), NOMADS (New and Original Material Authored and Directed by Students),
LateNite Theatre, Columbia University Performing Arts League (CUPAL), Black Theatre Ensemble
(BTE), sketch comedy group Chowdah, and improvisational troupes Alfred and Fruit Paunch.

The Columbia Queer Alliance is the central Columbia student organization that represents the lesbian,
gay, transgender, and questioning student population. It is the oldest gay student organization in the
world, founded as the Student Homophile League in 1966 by students including lifelong
activist Stephen Donaldson.[109]

Columbia University campus military groups include the U.S. Military Veterans of Columbia University
and Advocates for Columbia ROTC. In the 2005–06 academic year, the Columbia Military Society,
Columbia's student group for ROTC cadets and Marine officer candidates, was renamed the Hamilton
Society for "students who aspire to serve their nation through the military in the tradition of Alexander
Hamilton". (Hamilton served with George Washington during the American Revolution.)
The University also houses an independent nonprofit organization, Community Impact. Community
Impact strives to serve disadvantaged people in the Harlem, Washington Heights, and Morningside
Heights communities. Community Impact strives to provide high quality programs, advance the public
good, and foster meaningful volunteer opportunities for students, faculty, and staff of Columbia
University.[110]Many of the university's student body and staff keep the program in operation through
volunteerism, as well as off campus volunteers.

[edit]Controversies and student demonstrations

Playwright Tony Kushner protesting at his 1978 graduation

[edit]Protests of 1968

Main article: Columbia University protests of 1968

Students initiated a major demonstration in 1968 over two major issues. The first was Columbia's
proposed gymnasium in neighboring Morningside Park; this was seen by the protesters to be an act of
aggression aimed at the black residents of neighboring Harlem. A second issue was the Columbia
administration's failure to resign its institutional membership in the Pentagon's weapons research
think-tank, the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA). Students barricaded themselves inside Low
Library, Hamilton Hall, and several other university buildings during the protests, and New York City
police were called onto the campus to arrest or forcibly remove the students.[111][112]

[edit]Protests against racism and apartheid

Further student protests, including hunger strike and more barricades of Hamilton Hall and the
Business School[113] during the late 1970s and early 1980s, were aimed at convincing the university
trustees to divest all of the university's investments in companies that were seen as active or tacit
supporters of the apartheid regime in South Africa. A notable upsurge in the protests occurred in 1978,
when following a celebration of the tenth anniversary of the student uprising in 1968, students
marched and rallied in protest of University investments in South Africa. The Committee Against
Investment in South Africa (CAISA) and numerous student groups including the Socialist Action
Committee, the Black Student Organization and the Gay Students group joined together and
succeeded in pressing for the first partial divestment of a U.S. University.

The initial (and partial) Columbia divestment,[114] focused largely on bonds and financial institutions
directly involved with the South African regime.[115] It followed a year long campaign first initiated by
students who had worked together to block the appointment of former United States Secretary of
State Henry Kissinger to an endowed chair at the University in 1977.[116]

Broadly backed by a diverse array of student groups and many notable faculty members the
Committee Against Investment in South Africa held numerous teach-ins and demonstrations through
the year focused on the trustees ties to the corporations doing business with South Africa. Trustee
meetings were picketed and interrupted by demonstrations culminating in May 1978 in the takeover of
the Graduate School of Business.[117][118] These initial successes set a pattern which was later repeated
at many more campuses across the country, resulting in the eventual divestment at hundreds of
colleges and universities.[citation needed]

[edit]Mahmoud Ahmadinejad visit and speech controversy

Further information: Lee Bollinger

Wikinews has related

news:Protests mark
Ahmadinejad's visit to
Columbia University

Students protest Ahmadinejad's visit.

The School of International and Public Affairs traditionally extends invitations to many heads of state
and heads of government who come to New York City for the opening of the fall session of the United
Nations General Assembly. In 2007, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was one of those
invited to speak on campus. Ahmadinejad accepted his invitation and spoke on September 24, 2007
as part of Columbia University's World Leaders Forum.[119] The invitation proved to be highly
controversial. Thousands of demonstrators swarmed the campus on September 24 and the speech
itself was televised worldwide. University President Lee Bollingertried to triangulate the controversy by
letting Ahmadenijad speak, but with a negative introduction (given personally by Bollinger.) This did not
mollify those who were displeased with the fact that the Iranian leader had been invited onto the
campus.[120]

During his speech, Ahmadinejad criticized Israel's existence and policies towards thePalestinians;
called for research on the historical accuracy of Holocaust; raised questions as to who initiated
the 9/11 attacks; defended Iran's nuclear power program, criticizing the United Nations' policy of
sanctions on his country; and attacked U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East. In response to a question
about Iran's treatment of women and homosexuals, he asserted that women are respected in Iran and
that "In Iran, we don't have homosexuals like in your country... In Iran, we do not have this
phenomenon. I don't know who's told you that we have it."[121] The latter statement drew laughter from
the audience.

The Manhattan District Attorney's Office accused Columbia of accepting grant money from the Alavi
Foundation to support faculty "sympathetic" to Iran's Islamic republic.[122]

[edit]ROTC ban

Since 1969, during the Vietnam War, the university has not allowed the US military to have Reserve
Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) programs on campus.[123] However, even after 1969, Columbia
students could participate in ROTC programs at other nearby colleges and universities.[124][125][126][127] A
few undergraduate Military Science courses were taught at Columbia as late as the 1970s.

At a forum at the university during the 2008 presidential election campaign, both John
McCain and Barack Obama said that the university should consider reinstating ROTC on campus.[126]
[128][129]
After the debate, the President of the University, Lee Bollinger stated that he did not favor
reinstating Columbia's ROTC program, because of the military's anti-gay policies. In November 2008,
Columbia's undergraduate student body held a referendum on the question of whether or not to invite
ROTC back to campus, and the students who voted were almost evenly divided on the issue. ROTC
lost the vote (which would not have been binding on the administration, and did not include graduate
students, faculty, or alumni) by a fraction of a percentage point. In April 2010 during Admiral Mike
Mullen's address at Columbia, presidentLee Bollinger stated that the ROTC would be readmitted to
campus if the admiral's plans for revoking the don't ask, don't tell policy were successful.

[edit]Traditions

For more details on this topic, see Columbia traditions.

[edit]Orgo Night

On the day before the Organic Chemistry exam—which is often on the first day of finals—at precisely
the stroke of midnight, the Columbia University Marching Band occupies Butler Library to distract
diligent students from studying. After a forty-five minutes or so of jokes and music, the procession then
moves out to the lawn in front of Hartley, Wallach and John Jay residence halls to entertain the
residents there. The Band then plays at various other locations around Morningside Heights, including
the residential quadrangle of Barnard College, where students of the all-women's school, in mock-
consternation, rain trash — including notes and course packets — and water balloons upon them from
their dormitories above. The Band tends to close their Orgo Night performances before Furnald Hall,
known among students as the more studious and reportedly "anti-social" residence hall, where the
underclassmen in the Band serenade the graduating seniors with an entertaining, though vulgar,
mock-hymn to Columbia, composed of quips that poke fun at the various stereotypes about the
Columbia student body.

[edit]Tree-Lighting and Yule Log ceremonies

College Walk is illuminated in the winter months

The campus Tree-Lighting Ceremony is a relatively new tradition at Columbia, inaugurated in 1998. It
celebrates the illumination of the medium-sized trees lining College Walk in front of Kent and Hamilton
Halls on the east end and Dodge and Journalism Halls on the west, just before finals week in early
December. The lights remain on until February 28. Students meet at the sun-dial for free hot
chocolate, performances by various a cappella groups, and speeches by the university president and a
guest.
Immediately following the College Walk festivities is one of Columbia's older holiday traditions, the
lighting of the Yule Log. The ceremony dates to a period prior to the Revolutionary War, but lapsed
before being revived by University President Nicholas Murray Butler in the early 20th century. A troop
of students dressed as Continental Army soldiers carry the eponymous log from the sun-dial to the
lounge of John Jay Hall, where it is lit amid the singing of seasonal carols.[130] The ceremony is
accompanied by a reading of A Visit From St. Nicholas by Clement Clarke Moore(CC 1798) and Yes,
Virginia, There is a Santa Claus by Francis Pharcellus Church (CC 1859).

[edit]The Varsity Show

Entrance to The Miller Theatre

Main article: The Varsity Show

An annual musical written by and for students and is one of Columbia's oldest traditions. Past writers
and directors have included Columbians Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein, Lorenz Hart, I.A.L.
Diamond, and Herman Wouk. The show has one of the largest operating budgets of all University
events.[131]

[edit]Faculty and research

Riverside Church (left), as seen from Pupin Hall

Columbia was the first North American site where theUranium atom was split. It was the birthplace
of FM radio and the laser.[132] The MPEG-2 algorithm of transmitting high quality audio and video over
limited bandwidth was developed by Dimitris Anastassiou, a Columbia professor of electrical
engineering. BiologistMartin Chalfie was the first to introduce the use ofGreen Fluorescent
Protein (GFP) in labelling cells in intact organisms.[133] Other inventions and products related to
Columbia include Sequential Lateral Solidification (SLS) technology for making LCDs, System
Management Arts (SMARTS), Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) (which is used for audio, video, chat,
instant messaging and whiteboarding), pharmacopeia, Macromodel (software for computational
chemistry), a new and better recipe for glass concrete, Blue LEDs, Beamprop (used in photonics),
among others.[134] Columbia scientists are credited with about 175 new inventions in the health
sciences each year.[134] More than 30 pharmaceutical products based on discoveries and inventions
made at Columbia are on the market today. These include Remicade(for arthritis), Reopro (for blood
clot complications), Xalatan (for glaucoma), Benefix, Latanoprost (a glaucoma treatment), shoulder
prosthesis, homocysteine (testing for cardiovascular disease), andZolinza (for cancer therapy).[135]

Columbia's Science and Technology Ventures currently manages some 600 patents and more than
250 active license agreements.[135]Patent-related deals earned Columbia more than $230 million in the
2006 fiscal year, according to the university.[136] In 2004, Columbia made $178 million (compared to
$24 million made by Harvard).[136]

As of October 2009, 95 Columbia University graduates, faculty, and affiliates have been honored with
Nobel Prizes for their work in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, peace, and economics.[137] In the
last 12 years (1996–2008), 18 Columbia affiliates have won Nobel Prizes, of whom nine are current
faculty members while one is an adjunct senior research scientist (Daniel Tsui) and the other a Global
Fellow (Kofi Annan).[138]

Current Columbia faculty awarded the Nobel Prize) include Martin Chalfie (Chemistry, 2008), Horst
Stormer (Physics, 1998), Orhan Pamuk(Literature, 2006), Edmund Phelps (Economics, 2006), Richard
Axel, a Columbia graduate (Physiology/Medicine, 2004), Joseph Stiglitz(Economics, 2001), Eric
Kandel (Physiology/Medicine, 2000), and Robert Mundell (Economics, 1999). Columbia affiliates
awarded the Nobel Prize in the last 10 years (1999–2009) include Barack Obama (Peace, 2009), Al
Gore (Peace, 2007), John C. Mather (Physics, 2006),Robert Grubbs (Chemistry, 2005), Linda
Buck (Physiology/Medicine, 2004), William Standish Knowles (Chemistry, 2001), and James
Heckman (Economics, 2000).

Other awards and honors won by current faculty include 30 MacArthur Foundation Award winners,
[139]
4 National Medal of Sciencerecipients,[139] 43 National Academy of Sciences Award winners,
[139]
20 National Academy of Engineering Award winners,[140] 38 Institute of Medicine of the National
Academies Award recipients[141] and 143 American Academy of Arts and Sciences Award winners.[139]

[edit]Notable Columbians
Main articles: List of Columbia University people and List of Presidents of Columbia University
[edit]Alumni and famous past students

Barack Obama, President of the United States, Nobel Laureate, Class of 1983
Four United States Presidents, nine Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States and 40Nobel
Prize winners have studied at Columbia.[142][143][144] Alumni also have received more than 22 National
Book Awards and 101 Pulitzer Prizes. (See List of Columbia University people--National Book Awards,
Pulitzer prizes.)[citation needed] Four United States Poet Laureates received their degrees from Columbia.
Today, two United States Senators and 16 current Chief Executives of Fortune 500 companies hold
Columbia degrees, as do three of the 25 richest Americans and 16 billionaires.[145][146] Alumni of the
University have served (in more than 70 positions) as members of U.S. Presidential Cabinets or as
U.S. Presidential advisers. More than 40 U.S. senators, 90 U.S. congresspersons, and 35 U.S.
governors have received their education at Columbia. Alumni have founded or been the president of
more than fifty-five universities and colleges in the nation and the world.

Attendees of King's College, Columbia's predecessor, included Founding Fathers Alexander

Hamilton, John Jay, Robert R. Livingston, Egbert Benson, and Gouverneur Morris.

Alexander Hamilton, the most famous attendee of King's College (Columbia's progenitor)
Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States, Columbia Law School

Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States, Nobel Laureate, Columbia Law School

Former U.S. Presidents Theodore Roosevelt andFranklin Delano Roosevelt attended the law school
without graduating as it was common at the time for young men to enter the bar after completing only
a year or two of legal education.[147] TR would have graduated from Columbia in 1882 as the law
school curriculum was covered in two years at that time. TR (class of 1882) and FDR (class of 1907)
received posthumous law degrees from Columbia Law in 2008.[148] U.S. Supreme Court Chief
Justices Harlan Fiske Stone, Charles Evans Hughes and Associate Justices Benjamin
Cardozo, William O. Douglas, andRuth Bader Ginsburg are alumni of Columbia Law School. Chief
Justice John Jay and Associate JusticeSamuel Blatchford studied law at and graduated from King's
College and Columbia College, respectively, before the establishment of the law school. Associate
Justices Stanley Foreman Reed and Joseph McKennaattended Columbia Law but did not graduate.

Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, Columbia Law School

Former U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower served as President of the University. Other significant
figures in American history to attend the university were John L. O'Sullivan, the journalist who coined
the phrase "manifest destiny", Alfred Thayer Mahan, the geostrategist who wrote on the significance of
sea power, Jewish philanthropist Sampson Simson and progressive intellectual Randolph Bourne.
Former Secretary of State Alexander Haig studied at Columbia Business School between 1954 and
1955. Wellington Koo, a Chinese diplomat who argued passionately against Japanese and Western
imperialism in Asia at the Paris Peace Conference, is a graduate, having honed his debating skills in
Columbia's Philolexian Society, as is Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar, one of the founding fathers of India and
chief architect of itsconstitution. Local politicians have been no less represented at Columbia,
including Seth Low, who served as both President of the University and Mayor of the City of New York,
and New York governors Thomas Dewey, also an unsuccessful presidential candidate, DeWitt Clinton,
who presided over the construction of the Erie Canal, Hamilton Fish, later to become U.S. Secretary of
State, and Daniel D. Tompkins, who was a Vice President of the United States.

Toomas Hendrik Ilves, the President of Estonia, received his BA in psychology at Columbia in
1976. Abdul Zahir (Afghan Prime Minister)received his M.D. from Columbia University. Philip
Gunawardena joined Columbia in 1925 for his post-graduate studies. General, historian, and
author John Watts de Peyster attended Columbia College and later received a M.A. degree at
Columbia.
John Jay, Founding Father, diplomat and First Chief Justice of the United States, graduate of King's College
(Columbia's progenitor), class of 1764

More recent political figures educated at Columbia include U.S. President Barack Obama,[149]former
U.S. Senator Mike Gravel of Alaska, current U.S. Senators Judd Gregg of New Hampshireand Frank
Lautenberg of New Jersey, Governor of New York David Paterson and his Chief of StaffCharles J.
O'Byrne, U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder, former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, UN
weapons inspector Hans Blix, former UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, conservative
commentators Patrick J. Buchanan, John McLaughlin and Norman Podhoretz, U.S. Supreme Court
Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, former chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve BankAlan
Greenspan, George Stephanopoulos, Senior Advisor to former U.S. President Bill Clinton,George
Pataki, the former governor of New York State, and Mikhail Saakashvili, the current President of the
country of Georgia. In engineering and technology, Columbia alumni include founder of IBM Herman
Hollerith, inventor of FM radio Edwin Armstrong, inventor of nuclear submarine Hyman Rickover,
architect Santiago Calatrava, inventor of industrial robot Joseph Engelberger, professor and
engineer Raymond D. Mindlin, astronaut Michael Massimino, educator and founder of Harvey Mudd
College Harvey Seeley Mudd, current Executive Vice-President ofBoeing James Albaugh, computer
scientist Lotfi Asker Zadeh, architect of Manhattan Bridge Leon Moisseiff, and chief-engineer of New
York City subway William Barclay Parsons. ScientistsStephen Jay Gould, Robert Millikan and Michael
Pupin, cultural historian Jacques Barzun, literary critic Lionel Trilling, sociologists Immanuel
Wallerstein and Seymour Martin Lipset, behavioral psychologist Charles Ferster, poet-professor Mark
Van Doren, philosophers Irwin Edman andRobert Nozick, and economists Milton Friedman, former
Afghan Finance Minister Ashraf Ghani,Nur Mohammed Taraki (Prime Minister and President of
Afghanistan, 1978–1979), Daniel C. Kurtzer, and communications economist Harvey J. Levin all
obtained degrees from Columbia. Amelia Earhart enrolled at Columbia as a pre-med student in 1919.

Edwin Howard Armstrong, inventor of FM broadcasting, Class of 1913

In culture and the arts, Rodgers and Hammerstein, Lorenz Hart, screenwriters Sidney
Buchmanand I.A.L. Diamond, critic and biographer Tim Page, musician Art Garfunkel, and children's
songwriter Bobby Susser, are all among Columbia's alumni. The poets Langston Hughes,Federico
García Lorca, Joyce Kilmer and John Berryman; the writers Eudora Welty, Isaac Asimov, J. D.
Salinger, Upton Sinclair, Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, Phyllis Haislip, Roger Zelazny, Herman
Wouk, Hunter S. Thompson, Aravind Adiga, Apostolos Doxiadis, and Paul Auster; playwrights Tony
Kushner and Eulalie Spence; photographer Manuel Rivera-Ortiz; sculptorJohn Rhoden; the
architects Robert A. M. Stern, Ricardo Scofidio, Peter Eisenman and Christine Wang; composers Béla
Bartók and Robert Kurka; and film director and screenwriter Cetywa Powell also attended the
university. Famous singer and piano player Vanessa Carlton has also attended the school. Academy
Award-winning director and producer Kathryn Bigelow graduated with an M.F.A. Kate Millett turned her
Ph.D. thesis into the book Sexual Politics. Trappist monk, author, and humanist Thomas Merton is an
alumnus both as an undergraduate and graduate student. Jim Dunnigan, considered "The Dean of
Modern Wargaming", founder of Simulations Publications, Inc. and the most prolific board
wargame designer in history, graduated in 1970.Silent Film actress Miriam Cooper attended writing
courses at the school during her later years. Urban theorist and cultural critic Jane Jacobs spent time
at the School of General Studies, and educator Elisabeth Irwin received her M.A. there in
1923. Vampire Weekend band members Ezra Koenig, Rostam Batmanglij, Chris Tomson, and Chris
Baio graduated from the College in 2006 and 2007. Grammy Award-winning R&B singers Lauryn
Hill and Alicia Keys both attended Columbia for one year. Singer and songwriter Sean Lennon as well
as Japanese-American pop-star Hikaru Utada and Korean-American pop-star Lena Park briefly
attended the College. Founding members of the nostalgia rock band Sha Na Na, George Leonard and
Robert Leonard, were also graduates from Columbia.

Contemporary celebrities who graduated from Columbia include the actors Maggie Gyllenhaal, Casey
Affleck, Julia Stiles, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Rachel Nichols, Amanda Peet, Matthew Fox, Famke
Janssen, Brian Dennehy, Jesse Bradford, Ben Stein, George Segal, Rider Strong, James
Franco, Jonathan Taylor Thomas, and Mario Van Peebles. Academy Award-winning actors James
Cagney and Anna Paquin, and Academy Award-nominated actors Ed Harris and Jake Gyllenhaal each
attended Columbia for a time. Radio personality Tom Griswold of the nationally syndicated morning
radio show The Bob and Tom Show graduated from Columbia, as did television talk show host Sally
Jesse Raphael. Alumni and former students have won at least 30 Academy Awards, exceeding New
York University, Yale University and theUniversity of Southern California for the most Oscar-winning
alumni and student affiliates.

[edit]Faculty and affiliates

Jacques Barzun, Lionel Trilling, and Mark Van Doren were legendary Columbia faculty members as
well as graduates, teaching alongside such luminaries as the philosopher John Dewey, American
historians Richard Hofstadter, John A. Garraty, Charles Beard and Reinhard H Luthin,
educator George Counts, sociologists Daniel Bell, C. Wright Mills, Robert K. Merton, and Paul
Lazarsfeld, art historian Meyer Schapiro, and Renaissance scholar Donald M. Frame. The history of
the discipline of anthropology practically begins at Columbia with Franz Boas. Margaret Mead,
a Barnard College alumna, along with Columbia graduate Ruth Benedict, continued this tradition by
bringing the discipline into the spotlight. Nuclear physicists Enrico Fermi, John R. Dunning, I. I. Rabi,
and Polykarp Kusch helped develop the Manhattan Project at the university, and pioneering
geophysicist Maurice Ewing made great strides in the understanding of plate tectonics. Thomas Hunt
Morgan discovered the chromosomal basis for genetic inheritance at his famous "fly room" at the
university, laying the foundation for modern genetics. Philosopher Hannah Arendt was a visiting
professor in the 1960s. Noted Chinese author and illustrator, Chiang Yee taught Chinese from 1955 to
1977, and retired as Emeritus Professor of Chinese. In 1978 Frank Daniel began his Columbia
teaching career; he is most notable for his development of the sequence paradigm of screenwriting.
Columbia's biomedical engineering department is home to President of United States Orthopaedic
Research Society Van C. Mow, and its financial engineering department is headed by former director
of Goldman Sachs and author of Financial Modelers' Manifesto Emanuel Derman.
Ferdinand Freudenstein and Elmer L. Gaden, each widely credited as the "father of modern
kinematics" and "father of biomedical engineering" respectively, had been professors at Columbia.

Melvil Dewey, creator of the Dewey Decimal Classification, was librarian of the University and also
founded the first library school in the U.S. at Columbia.

Also, celebrated faculty members include string-theory expert Brian Greene, Ricci flow
inventor Richard Hamilton, American historians Eric Foner and Alan Brinkley, Middle Eastern studies
expert Richard Bulliet, Eric Kandel, a Nobel prize winner who conducted fundamental research in
neuroscience, New York City historian Kenneth T. Jackson, Je Tsong Khapa Professor of Indo-Tibetan
Buddhist Studies Robert Thurman, composers Tristan Murail, Fred Lerdahl and George Lewis,
conductor Igor Buketoff, electrical engineering professor Nicholas F. Maxemchuk, professor of
industrial engineering and operations research Clifford Stein, physics and applied physics professor
and Nobel Laureate Horst Störmer, developer of MPEG-2 technology and electrical engineering
professor Dimitris Anastassiou, literary theorist Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, philosopher Philip Kitcher,
British historian Simon Schama, art historian Rosalind Krauss, director Mira Nair, East Asian studies
expert William Theodore de Bary, scientist, critic, writer and physician Oliver Sacks, world-renowned
environmental engineer, developer of synthetic tree, and pioneer of carbon capture and storage Klaus
Lackner, This American Life producer Alex Blumberg, Turkish author and Nobel Prize winner Orhan
Pamuk, and economists Jeffrey Sachs, Jagdish Bhagwati, Nobel Laureate Joseph Stiglitz, Nobel
Laureate Edmund Phelps, Xavier Sala-i-Martin, and Nobel Laureate Robert Mundell. Nobel
Laureates Liu Xiaobo (Nobel Peace Prize, 2010) and Vargas Llosa (Nobel Prize in Literature, 2010)
are affiliates (Visiting Scholar and Visiting Professor, respectively) of the University.

Among Columbia's superstar computer science faculty in the School of Engineering and Applied
Science are Vladimir Vapnik, co-developer of Vapnik–Chervonenkis theory, Mihalis Yannakakis, Marr
Prize recipient Shree K. Nayar, Steven M. Bellovin, co-developer of Aho–Corasick string matching
algorithm Alfred Aho, co-developer of Jenkins-Traub Algorithm for Polynomial Zeros and former head
of Carnegie Mellon University's Department of Computer Science Joseph F. Traub.

Sunil Gulati, President of US Soccer, is a professor of Economics at the University. Dr. Michael Stone,
the star of the I.D. show Most Eviland a leading expert in forensic psychiatry, is a professor of
Psychiatry.

More recently, architects Bernard Tschumi, Santiago Calatrava and Frank Gehry have taught at the
school. The postcolonial scholar Edward Said taught at Columbia, where he spent virtually the entirety
of his academic career, until his death in 2003.

[edit]In geography
Mount Columbia in the state of Colorado

Columbia Glacier in Alaska named after Columbia University

The Columbia Glacier, one of the largest in Alaska'sCollege Fjord, is named after the university, where
it sits among other glaciers named for the Ivy League andSeven Sisters schools. Mount Columbia in
theCollegiate Peaks Wilderness of Colorado also takes its name from the university and is situated
among 4 other peaks named for Harvard, Princeton, Yale and Oxford.

[edit]See also
New York City portal

University portal

 116th Street–Columbia University (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line) a station in the New York

City subway system

 Columbia/Barnard Hillel, a Jewish student organization at Columbia University

 Columbia Secondary School, a secondary school formed with partnership with Columbia University

 Columbia Blue, a standardized color combination in the Pantone Matching System, used as a

school color by Columbia University

 Columbia Center for New Media Teaching and Learning

 Columbia-Chicago School of Economics

 Columbia College of Columbia University, the main undergraduate college at Columbia University,

New York

 Columbia Daily Spectator, a student newspaper at Columbia University, New York

 Columbia Glacier, a glacier in Alaska, USA, named for Columbia University

 Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School, New York City

 Columbia Institute for Tele-Information, New York City

 Columbia Journalism Review, a bimonthly journal published by the Columbia University Graduate

School of Journalism

 Columbia Law School

 Columbia Business Law Review, a monthly journal published by students at Columbia

Law School

 Columbia Human Rights Law Review, a law review published by students at Columbia

Law School

 Columbia Law Review, a monthly law review published by students at Columbia Law

School

 Columbia Business and Law Association, Columbia Law School's organization dedicated

to the interaction of law and business [2]

 Columbia Lions of Columbia University

 Columbia MM, a text-based mail client developed at Columbia University

 Columbia Non-neutral Torus, a small stellarator at the Columbia University Plasma

Physics Laboratory

 Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center (album), an album of electronic music

released in 1961

 Columbia Political Review, a journal published by the Columbia Political Union at

Columbia University

 Columbia Queer Alliance at Columbia University, the oldest such student organization in

the United States

 Columbia Scholastic Press Association

 Columbia Soccer Stadium at Columbia University

 Columbia Spelling Board a historic etymological organization

 Columbia Revolt, a black-and-white 1968 documentary film

 Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal published by students at Columbia University

 Columbia University Marching Band

 Columbia University Tunnels

 Columbia University Library System

 Columbia University Medical Center, New York

 Columbia University Press, publisher of the Columbia Encyclopedia

 Columbia Encyclopedia

 Education in New York City

 Go Ask Alice!
 Goddard Institute for Space Studies
 Jester of Columbia
 John Bates Clark Medal
 List of Columbia University people
 List of Columbia College people

 List of Columbia Law School alumni

 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize

 Medical School for International Health
 Nobel laureates by university affiliation
 Teachers College, Columbia University's Graduate School of Education
 The Bancroft Prize
 Biosphere2
 Columbia Daily Spectator
 The Blue and White
 The Earth Institute
 The Fed
 The Philolexian Society
 The Pulitzer Prize
 The School at Columbia University, New York City
 The Varsity Show
 WKCR
 Columbia University in Films and Television

[edit]References
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86. ^ "The Fed". Retrieved 2006-08-10.

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95. ^ "CIRCA - About". Retrieved 2006-08-10.

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97. ^ Office of Undergraduate Admissions site about Campus Life. Retrieved 2007-

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104. ^ Baker Field: Birthplace of Sports Television

105. ^ 20th-Century Greats
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107. ^ http://www.worldleaders.columbia.edu/participants
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128. ^ McGurn, William, "A Columbia Marine To Obama: Help!", Wall Street Journal,
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129. ^ Colleges and Universities with NROTC Units

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[edit]Further reading

 Robert A. McCaughey: Stand, Columbia: A History of Columbia University in the City

of New York, 1754–2004, Columbia University Press, 2003, ISBN 0231130082

 Living Legacies at Columbia, ed. by Wm Theodore De Bary, Columbia University

Press, 2006, ISBN 0231138849

[edit]External links

Wikisource has the text of

the1911 Encyclopædia
Britannicaarticle Columbia
University.

 Media related to Columbia University at Wikimedia Commons

 Official website
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Coordinates: 40°48′27″N 73°57′43″W

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