SINGAPORE STANDARD SS 473 : Part 1: 1999 (ICS 13,340.20) SPECIFICATION FOR Personal eye-protectors Part 1: General requirements All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this Singapore ‘Standard may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilming, without permission in writing from the Singapore Productivity and Standards Board at the address below: Director Centre for Standardisation Singapore Productivity and Standards Board 1 Science Park Drive Singapore 118221 Telephone: 2786666 Telefax: 2786665 Email: cfs@psb.gov.sg ISBN 9971-67-808-XSS 473 : Part 1: 1999 se This Singapore Standard having been approved by the Industrial Safely Standards Committee was endorsed by the Standards Council on 3 December 1999. First published, 2000 The Industrial Safety Standards Committee appointed by the Standards Council consists of the following members: Chairman Secretary Members Name Mr Tan Pui Guan Ms Christina Choong Mr Cheah It Cheng Mr William Goh Mr Goh Kng Yan Mr Harry Ho Sai Kwong Mr Ho Heng Huat ‘Mr Hoong Kee Ching Assoc Prof Kam Booi Chung Dr Lee Hock Siang Mr Lim Keng Kuok Assoc Prof M Rahman Mr P K Raveendran Mr Seah Chong An Mr Soh Chen Chew Organisation Standards Council Singapore Productivity and Standards Board Institution of Engineers Singapore ‘Singapore Confederation of Industries Association of Consulting Engineers, Singapore Singapore Contractors Association Limited Singapore Institution of Safety Officers Housing & Development Board Nanyang Technological University Ministry of Manpower PWD Corporation Pte Ltd National University of Singapore Association of Singapore Marine Industries Singapore Productivity and Standards Board Building and Construction Authority The Technical Committee on Personal Safety In Workshop appointed by the Industrial Safety Standards Committee and responsible for the preparation of this standard consists of representatives from the following organisations: Chairman Secretary Members Co-opted Members Name Mr Wiliam Goh Ms Barbara Bok ‘Mr Chan Yew Kwong Prof Foo Swee Cheng Mr Kwan Koon Seng Dr Lee Hock Siang Dr Ong Nan Shing Mr Gopalakrishna Rao Ms Soh Guat Hiong Mr Teo Kong Poon Mr Lee Wooi Sing Dr Peter Tay Mr Yeo Boey Chua Organisation Industrial Safety Standards Committee Singapore Productivity and Standards Board Departmont of industrial Safely National University of Singapore Association of Singapore Marine Industries Department of industrial Health Nanyang Technological University ‘Singapore Contractors Association Limited Singapore Confederation of Industries Institution of Engineers Singapore Individual Capacity Individual Capacity Individual CapacitySS 473 : Part 1: 1999 Tl “The Working Group appointed by the Technical Committee on Personal Safety In Workplace to assist in the preparation of this standard consists of the following members: Name Convenor: Mr William Goh Members: Dr Ang Chong Lye Mr Chan Yew Kwong Dr Chia Hwee Pin Prof Foo Swee Cheng Dr Phua Tan Tee Mr Stuart Seah Organisation Witerm Engineering Pte Lid Singapore General Hospital Department of Industrial Safety Singapore Armed Forces National University of Singapore Institute of Science and Forensic Medicine PDS International Pte Lid(eed yueiq) 6661: LUed = EZy SSSS 473 : Part 1: 1999 EE Contents Page Foreword 7 SS ‘SPECIFICATION 7 1 Scope 8 2 Field of application 8 3 Definitions _ __ 8 4 Numbering of fiters _ 6 5 Classification 26 6 Construction of eye-protectors - _ 28 7 Requirements 28 8 Marking _ a 8 Information for users _ 52 ANNEXES A Harmful radiation to the human eye —__ 4 B General types of eye-protectors __ 56 TABLES 4 Spectral distribution of solar radiation energy in the infra-red spectrum _ 25 2 Scale number for fiters _ 6 3 Permissible tolerances for refractive powers of unmounted oculars without corrective effect covering one eye 29 4 Permissible tolerances for refractive powers of mounted oculars without corrective effect and unmounted oculars without corrective effect covering both eyes __ 30 Variations in luminous transmittance a 6 Requirements relating to increased robustness of complete eye-protectors _ 3 Permissible relative change in luminous transmittance following the ultraviolet radiation test — 4 @ Transmittance requirements for filters used in welding and related techniques - _—_—_ #6 ‘Transmittance requirements for fiters used for protection against ultraviolet radiation _ 36 40 ~* Transmittance requirements for filters used for protection against infra-red radiation _ 37 11 Permissible transmittance for fiters without a requirement for infra-red protection ane 38SS 473 : Part 1: 1999 Page 12 Permissible transmittance for fiters with a requirement for infra-red protection 38 13 Requirements relating to protection against high speed particles 39 14 Identification symbols for mechanical strength _ #8 15 Symbols for field of use 49 18 Symbols for resistance to high speed particles _ 50 FIGURES 1 Solid angle 2SS 473 : Part 1: 1999 nn Foreword ‘This Singapore Standard was prepared by the Technical Committee on Personal Safety In Workplace under the direction of the Industrial Safety Standards Committee. It supersedes SS 314 : 1986 — ‘Specification for industrial eye-protectors. ‘This standard comes in two parts. Part 1 relates to the general requirements which are common to all personal eye-protectors and Part 2 relates to the selection, use and maintenance for personal eye protectors, ‘The standard constitutes the first part of the Singapore Standard on personal eye-protectors. It is based on ISO 4849 - Personal eye-protectors. It deals with general considerations relating to eye- protectors, such as designation, classification, requirements applicable to all eye-protectors, some particular requirements, sampling and identification. It was prepared to be in line with the current international standard with the aim of providing a wider range of safety eye-protectors to the wearers. ‘Additional information is extracted from BS EN 165 — ‘Personal eye-protection — Vocabulary’ which is reproduced by permission of BSI, 389 Chiswick High Road, London, W4 4AL, England In preparing this specification, reference was also made to the following standards: 1 BS EN 166 : 1996 - Personal eye-protection - specifications 2. BS EN 169: 1992 - Filters for personal eye-protection equipment used in welding and similar operations 3, BS EN 170: 1992 - Ultraviolet fiters used in personal eye protection equipment 4. BS EN 171; 1992 - Infra-red fiters used in personal eye protection equipment ‘Acknowledgement is made for the use of information from the above publications. NOTE 1. Singapore Standarts are subject to periodic review to keep abreast of technological changes and new technical developments. Tho revisions of Singapore Standards are announced through the issue of either amendment sips or revised editions. 2 Compliance with @ Singapore Standard does not exempt users from legal obligations.SS 473 : Part 1: 1999 ——— eee ees Specification for personal eye-protectors — Part 1 : General requirements 7. 1 Scope This Singapore Standard specifies functional requirements for the various types of personal eye- protectors used mainly in industry. NOTE ~ The titles of the publications referred to in this standard are listed at the end of the standard. 2 Field of application This Singapore Standard applies to all types of personal eye-protectors used against various hazards, particularly those encountered in industry, which are likely to damage the eye or impair vision, with the exception of nuclear radiation, X-rays, laser beams and low-temperature infra-red radiation (see illustrations in Annex A). This Singapore Standard is not applicable to sunglasses for general use or to “fashion” spectacles which ate used principally as a part of costume or of fancy dress. 3 Definitions NOTE 1 — The general types of eye: protectors are illustrated in Annex B. NOTE 2 — Table 1 gives the spectral distribution of solar radiation eneray in the infra-red spectrum 3.1 Absorption Conversion of radiant energy into a different form of energy by interaction with matter. Reference CIE 17.4 : 845-04-74, 3.2 Achromatic lens A system of lenses in which the images for two wavelengths, ie. for the colour red and blue, Positioned at the same point of the optical axis, is called achromatic. The system consists of a Collective lens and a scattering lens made of different types of glass. 3.3 Air-arc cutting; are gouging One of the thermal cutting methods, but using an arc. 3.4 Arc welding Electric welding method, using an arc that is generated between the rod-shaped metal electrode and workpiece. The electrode metting in the hot arc is used as the filer metal for the welded joint.SS 473 : Part 1: 1999 3.8 Astigmatic power; astigmatism ‘The difference of the maximum powers in the two principal meridians perpendicular to each other. Unit reciprocal meter. mv" Called dioptre dpt 3.6 Attenuation quotient @ ‘The relative visual attenuation quotient Q indicates the ratio of the transmittance of the sunglare filter for a signal light (e.g. red, yellow, green or blue) to its luminous transmittance. 3.7 Base in see38 3.8 Base out ‘The base or the position of the base indicates the direction of the beam deviation in the principal meridian of the prismatic effect of a lens. ‘Base out’ means that the deviation is towards the temples and ‘Base in’ means there is a deviation towards the nose. 3.9 Blacklight blue lamp; ultraviolet radiation source UV-A radiation source, generally a mercury vapour discharge lamp with a UV-A transmitting, but light absorbing, glass fitter bulb (high pressure radiation source) or tube (low pressure radiation source). The glass filter appears almost black in colour. 3.10 Calibration Establishment of the relationship between the indicated value (actual value) and the preset value (set point value), e.g. with the aid of calibration standards (here: calibration lenses with defined vergence). If the indicated value lies outside certain tolerances, adjustment of the measuring device is required Reference: ISO 1012-1 3.11. Calibration lenses Lenses with sufficiently accurately known values used for adjusting or checking measuring and test equipment. Calibration lenses are generally supplied with a test certificate. 3.42 CIE standard illuminant A (2856 K) See also 3.109 Reference CIE 17.4: 845-03-12 NOTE — CIE is the abbreviation forthe "Commission Internationale de IEclairage’ 3.43 Code number “The transmittance characteristics of a fiter are represented by a scale number. The scale number is combination of the code number and the shade number of the filter, joined by a hyphen. The scale number for welding filters does not have a code number, just the shade number. No code number Code number 2 Welding filters, Uttraviolet filters, colour recognition may be affected 9SS 473 : Part 1 Code number Code number Code number Code number Ultraviolet filters, good colour recognition Infra-red fiters = Sunglare filters with no infra-red requirement ‘Sunglare fitters with infra-red requirement oane 3.14 Concave surface Acconcave surface is curved inwards, i.e, there is an indentation (e.g. concave mirror), 3.15 Condenser Optical element that transmits the light from a light source as completely as possible into the path of the image rays. 3.16 Convex surface ‘A convex surface is curved outwards (e.g. surface of a sphere), 3.17 Correcting lenses; corrective lenses; prescription lenses Oculars with optical properties (vertex power, astigmatic power, prismatic power) that correct individual deficiencies in the wearer's eyesight. 3.418 Corrective effect Optical power (see 3.123) of an ocular with a vertex power zero. Usually, the vertex power given is in the point of reference of a lens for the beam path in the particular situation of the wearer's (defective) eyesight. 3.19 Cover plate A generally untinted ocular made of glass or plastic used mainly to protect welding fiers from splashes of glowing particles. Cover plates are used generally only in hand screens, face screens and protective masks. 3.20 Detector element; detector; sensing device A photoelectric component that converts optical radiation into an electrical signal. Reference CIE 17.4 : 845-05-31 to 845-05-33. 3.21 Difference in prismatic effect Difference in the prismatic effect at the two observation points of an eye-protector. 3.22 Distance between pupils Distance in mm between the centre of the two pupils when a person is looking straight ahead to an infinitely distant point. In standards on eye-protectors, an average value of 64 mm is assumed as the distance between pupils for oculars without corrective effect. 3.23 Energy density See 3.91 10SS 473 : Part 1: 1999 3.24 Eye-protector ‘Any form of eye protective equipment covering at least the region of the eye. 3.25 Eyelid closing reflex ‘The property of the human eye when stimulated by intense light to close the eyelid within 0.25 s. 3.26 Face screen Face screens ate eye-protectors with face protection that can be worn with @ support directly on the head or in conjunction with a protective helmet, 3.27 Face-shield ‘An eye-protector covering all or a substantial part ofthe face. See also 3.126 3.28 Faultarc Intensive arc that may occur through switching or short circuits in electricity distribution installations. 3.29 Filter ‘An ocular intended to attenuate incident radiation, generally within a given wavelength range. Reference CIE 17.4 845-04-105. 3.30 Filtering action Property of an optical fiter to reduce certain optical radiation wavelength ranges. See also 3.1 3.31 Focal length ‘The focal length is the distance between the focal point and the principal plane of a collective lens. See also 3.32 3.32 Focal point ita beam of rays parallel to the optical axis is incident on the collective lens, they will meet at a point behind the lens. This point is called focal point, See also 3.31 and 3.68 3.33 Frame ‘The frame is that part of the eye-protector or spectacle in which the oculars are mounted. Components, of the frame can be the holders, supports, connecting elements and extension pieces. 3.34 Gas or flame cutting Thermal method of cutting metallic material using @ gas and oxygen. "SS 473 : Part 11999 ——— 3.35 Geometric centre Point of intersection of the diagonals of the smallest rectangle drawn around the ocular. 3.36 Glass; mineral glass Product obtained by fusion of inorganic material, cooled down and solidified without crystallising, NOTE — The term ‘glass’ alone shall not be used for plastic materials. In this case, the term ‘organic lens! should be used. 3.37 Goggles ‘An eye-protector that tightly encloses the orbital area and sits on the face, 3.38 Gradient filter Ocular with a defined transmittance or colour change within the full size of the ocular (generally in the vertical direction), 3.39 Half width; Full width at half maximum (FWHM) ‘The spectral half width is the maximum difference between the wavelength values (half width wavelengths) at which the spectral transmittance has fallen to half its peak value. The spectral half width is also referred to as spectral band width. 3.40 Halogen metal vapour lamp This is a mercury vapour lamp doped generally with a mixture of iodides of certain metals. 3.41 Hand screen Hand screens are eye-protectors with face protection that are hand-held 3.42 Hazemeter Scattered light measuring device with integrating sphere as described in ASTM D 1003-61 See also ISO 3537 3.43 Headband That part of the eye-protector that is fitted round a head to hold the eye-protector in its position. 3.44 Helmet Headgear made of shock-resistant material intended to protect the head from blows and impact. 3.45 |.R.H.D.; International rubber hardness degree ‘The hardness of rubber is specified in IRHD units in accordance with ISO 48: - low hardness 10 - 35 IRHD - medium hardness 35- 851RHD - high hardness 85 - 100 IRHD. 2SS 473: Part 1: 1999 3.46 IMluminance ‘The illuminance (E) is the radiation power evaluated photometrically Unit: Lux (bs). See also 3.94 “5 Reference CIE 17.4: 845-01-38. 3.47 Mluminant Radiation with a specific radiation function defined for the wavelength range in which it is capable of influencing the object colour. NOTE — In English, the expression ‘ituminant is not limited to this meaning but is also used as the general term for any light incident on an object or a scene. See also 3.12 and 3.109 Reference CIE 17.4: 845-03-10, 3.48 Inclination Inclination is the inclination of the sides of the pair of spectacles. The angle of inclination is the angle between the plane of the ocular frame and the centre line of the two sides. 3.49 Induced transmission “This is a reversible reduction of the optical density of the fiter during laser radiation. This process is also called the Q-switch effect 3.50 Infra-red protective filter This is a special fiter to protect against glare and short-wave infra-red radiation. These fiers are used for observation, e g. of molten glass or metal, or other heat sources. 3.51 Optical radiation with wavelengths greater than those of visible radiation with wavelengths between 780 nm and 1 mm. For eye-protectors, only IR-A and IR-B are of importance. NOTE — The infta-red radiation range between 780 nm and 1 mm is generally subdivided into: = IR-A780nm - 1400 nm; = 1R-B 4400 nm - 3000 nm: © IRC 3000. = 1 mm, 3.82 Interference filter ‘These are fiers that use the phenomenon of interference in order to let through or reflect radiation in certain spectral ranges. They consist of a number of thin layers on a glass or plastic substrate. 3.53 Laminated lenses; composite lenses ‘A composite of at least two glass layers by means of an intermediate plastics layer (e.g. PVB bonding film or epoxy resin laminate). Generally, the layer closer to the eye is thinner than the outer layer. IF the laminated lens breaks, the glass splinters are expected to adhere to the plastics layer so that none or only a specific small number of splinters become detached on the eye side. 13SS 473 : Part4 : 1999 ee 3.54 Lateral protection; side-shields ‘That part of an eye-protector which is intended to protect the eye against hazards from the side. 3:65 Luminance ‘Simplified to the standard case, luminance (L) is the quotient of the luminous intensity (1) and the surface perpendicular to the direction of radiation as a projected plane (A x cos¢) 1 mn (Ax cos¢) Unit : cd/m* Reference CIE 17.4: 845-01-36, 3.86 Luminance coefficient (Of a surface element on the surface of the medium in a given direction under specified illumination conditions). Quotient of the luminance of the surface element in the given direction and the illuminance on the medium, Unit: cd/m?/ex = sr* Reference CIE 17.4: 845-04-71 3.57 Luminance coefficient, reduced In order to obtain a luminous coefficient (14) corrected for the transmittance of the fiter, the luminous Coefficient (1) is divided by the luminous transmittance + of the filter giving: 5 Ext) Unit: (caim?yix, 3.68 Luminous flux Quantity obtained from the radiant power by evaluating the radiation in accordance with its influence on the CIE standard photometric observer: e= Olt Unit: Lumen, Reference CIE 17.4: 845-01-25. 14SS 473 : Part 1: 1999 nl 3.59 Luminous transmittance “The ratio, t, of the luminous flux let through by the filter and the incident luminous flux. The basis for calculating this is the spectral luminous efficiency V (2). The values of the spectral luminous efficiency \V (a) are given in CIE Publication 17.4 [On aaaarcama FEO oarcanae his the incident (spectral) radiant flux for which a standard illuminant is generally used See also 3.109 and 3.115 3.60 Meniscus ‘An ocular without dioptric effect, generally an ocular with two spherical surfaces one of which is convex and the other concave. NOTE — The expression flatglass is incorrect and theretore should not be used 3.61 Mercury vapour high intensity (pressure) lamp Gas discharge lamp with an operating pressure in the burner tube of approximately 2 - 15 bar. NOTE — This term includes mercury vapour high intensity lamps with and without fluorescent and mixed light lamps. In mereuty vapour high intensity lamps with luminescent material, the ight is partially generated by the layer of luminescent material that is excited by the ultraviolet radiation of the discharge. 3.62 Mercury vapour low intensity (pressure) lamp Gas discharge lamp with or without fluorescent layer, but with relatively large tube dimensions (fluorescent lamp) and an internal pressure of between 3 mbar and § mbar. 3.63 Mercury vapour medium intensity (pressure) lamp Obsolete term. These discharge lamps are usually specified within the range of high intensity lamps. ‘The medium working pressure is approximately 0.2 bar. 3.64 Mercury vapour very high intensity (pressure) lamp ‘The luminous density of an arc discharge can be increased by increasing the pressure. To achieve this, the arc has to be reduced. Mercury vapour very high intensity lamps attain pressures exceeding 100 bar. 3.65 Monochromatic light Radiation in the visual spectral range containing only parts from a very narrow wavelength range Therefore, it can be characterised:-by giving a single wavelength. Spectal lines of linear radiation are tobe regarded as monochromatic 3.66 Observation point; visual centre The point on the lens which is used as the prime viewing point 15SS 473 : Part 4: 1999 ——— 3.67 Ocular Light transmitting part of an eye-protector (made of mineral or organic material) permitting vision, e.g lens, visor, screen, 3.68 Optical axis ‘Straight line through the centre point of the curvature of the optical surfaces. See also 3.32 3.69 Optical class; optical grade Cculars for eye-protection without corrective effect are classified into a maximum of three optical classes according to their spherical, astigmatic and prismatic imperfections resulting from manufacture. Class 41 is the best quality class to be aimed at Class 3 is not recommended for permanent use because of noticeable optical imperfections. 3.70 Optical density (spectral) The (spectral) optical density D is the logarithm to the base ten of the reciprocal (spectral) transmittance: D (4) = Ig (1/t (2) spectral optical density; D=g (1h) optical density Reference CIE 17.4: 845-04-83, 3.71 Optical radiation Electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range between 100 nm and 1 mm. This is usually subdivided into the following spectral ranges: - Ultraviolet radiation UV 100 nm - 400 nm; Visible radiation VIS. 400 nm - 780 nm; - Infra-red radiation IR 780 nm-1 mm, 3.72 Organic oculars Lenses made of transparent organic materials, 3.73 Photochromic ‘An ocular is photochromic if its luminous transmittance (and generally the colour also) is reversibly changed under the influence of radiation by a certain minimum factor. This principally concerns Ultraviolet and shortwave radiation in the visible range of sunlight. 3.74 Photocurrent; Lightbeam Electric current of a radiation detector generated by incident radiation 16SS 473 : Part 1: 1999 3.75 Photophobia ‘Translated, this means ‘fear of light. Itis an unpleasant sensation in the eye when subjected to light. It can occur with any external eye ailment (e.g. conjunctivitis) 3.76 Plane mirror; plane reflector A plane mirror is a completely flat and reflecting surface 3.77. Plasma are cutting ‘Thermal cutting process for metallic materials. 3.78 Point of reference Point on the object-oriented surface of the lens at which the specified optical effect is achieved. 3.79 Polarisation Light and radiation travel as transverse electromagnetic waves in which the electric and magnetic vectors may oscillate in any direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation. If the direction of oscillation is specified, this is referred to as polarisation of the radiation. This polarisation may be linear, circular or elliptical. Partial polarisation is also possible. 3.80 Polarisation plane; plane of polarisation Light is an electromagnetic wave. In polarised light, the polarisation plane is defined by the electric vector and the direction of the diffusion of the light. 3.81 Polarised radiation Radiation with specific polarisation as a result of transmission through a polarising fiter, for example. 3.82 _Polarising filter; polarisation filter; polariser Optical element that produces radiation of a specific polarisation condition regardless of the condition of the incident radiation. There are linear, circular and elliptical polarising fiers. NOTE — Often, the term polarising filer is used for linear polarising fiers. 3.83 Power density “The power density, in Wint, is the power of the radiation that is transmitted through the cross-section area relative to the cross-section area of the bean See also 3.94 3.84 Principal meridians; principal section; principal plane Principal sections of the astigmatic effect of a lens. Principal sections are the two meridian planes in which the vertex powers exist. Further definition: Sections of a lens containing the optical axis and in which the optical powers assume their maximum and minimum value. 7SS 473 : Part 1: 1999 a 3.85 Prismatic power; prismatic effect ‘One hundred times the ratio of the apparent displacement of an object by an optical system to the distance of the object. The dimension of this quantity is one. Unit: crm/m called prism dioptre. NOTE — In some countries, the symbol » is used. NOTE 2 ~ A prismatic effect can be produced by prismatic power in the ocular itself, by the position of the ‘ocular relative to its optical axis or by a combination of both. 3.86 Protective mask Protective masks are eye-protectors with face protection that can be worn with a support either directly fon the head or in conjunction with a protective helmet, and protects the face, throat and neck in addition to the eyes. 3,87 Protective screen See 3.26 3.88 Pulse duration The pulse duration, in s, is the maximum interval between the times in the timelpower curve at which the power has fallen to half the peak power. NOTE = Pulse duration is also referred to as FWHM (Full Width at Half Maximum). 3.89 Pupil diameter The opening diameter of the iris of the human eye. This opening (pupil), recognisable as a dark spot, can vary in diameter between 1mm and 8 mm. 3.90 Radiant flux; radiant power Power in the form of radiation emitted, transmitted or received. Unit: W (Watt). 3.91 Radiation H; energy density; irradiation Radiation (H) isthe integral time of radiation power (E) over a duration of time (): H= [ Edt Unit: (W - s)/ mi? or Jim See also 3.23 Reference CIE 17.4: B45-01-42, : 18SS 473: Part 1: 1999 3.92 Radiation detector ‘A radiation detector is @ component in which an initial magnitude such as voltage, current, resistance or temperature, for example, changes on irradiation with photons (e.g. light) Reference CIE 17.4: 845-05-32 to 845-05-36 3.93 Radiation polarised See 3.81 3.94 Radiation power (E); power density; irradiance Radiation power (E) is the quotient of the radiant flux (¢) incident onva surface (A) and this surface’ (A): E= gia Unit: wim? See also 3.46 and 3.83 Reference CIE 17.4: 845-01-37. 3.95 Reduced luminance coefficient See 3.57 3.96 Reduction of reflection ‘A reduction of reflection is a reduction of the reflection at interfaces, e.g. air/glass. It is obtained generally by mono-or multi-layer vacuum coating which reduces the originally reflected radiation by interference and, therefore, increases transmittance. 3.97 Reflectance; reflection factor Ratio of the reflected radiant power or of the reflected luminous flux to the incident radiant power or luminous flux under given conditions. Unit: 4 : Reference CIE 17.4: 845-04-58. 3,98 Reflection ‘The return of radiation from a surface or a medium without any change in the frequency of its monochromatic components. A distinction is made between specular (regular) reflection and scattered (diffused) reflection Reference CIE 17.4: 845-04-42 3.99 Reflectometer 'A special photometer that measures an equipment-specific value of the radiation reflected from the test sample, the so-called reflectometer value. Reference CIE 17.4: 845-05-26. 19SS 473 : Part 4: 1999 ee 3.100 Refractive power; refractive effect The physical unit of this property of lenses is the vergence. See also 3.123 3.101 Safety ocular ‘An ocular with a defined higher mechanical protective effect. It can be both transparent and also have a filtering effect. 3.102 Scale number The scale number consists of a code number and a shade number: - the code number indicates the type of filter: however, the welding filter is an exception because its scale number does not have a code number. - the shade number is defined by the following expression: N= 1+(7/3)-Ig (1h) For +, See 3.59 and 3.13 NOTE ~ For laser fitters, the shade number is defined by the expression N- int (Ig 1r (2)), where + (2) is the spectral transmittance of the laser wavelength. The real scale number is determined by the additional requirements specified in resistance to laser radiation, 3.103 Scattered light In terms of radiation physics, scatter means the deviation of a beam in any direction through a material (surface of volume). 3.104 Signal light Signal lights used in road traffic such as green, amber and red traffic lights and the blue flashing light of emergency vehicles. 3.105 Solid angle The solid angle 0 is the ratio of the area A described by a spatial angle (e.g. light cone of a pocket amp) from the surface of a sphere to the square of the sphere radius r. The source of the light cone originates from the centre of the sphere (see figure 1): Q2Ar Unit : Steradiant sr 20SS 473 : Part 1: 1999 Figure 1 — Solid angle 3.106 Spectacles ‘An eye-protector with oculars mounted in a spectacie-type frame, with or without side-shields, 3.107 Spectral transmittance See 3.116 3.108 Spherical power; spherical effect Power ofa lens with spherical power or mean value of the powers in the two principal meridians. Unit, Reciprocal metre m* called dioptre pt NOTE — For toric corrective glasses, the spherical power is the vertex power in the mathematical smaller principal meridian 3.109. Standard illuminants CIE CIE standard illuminants: The simplified colorimetric illuminants A, D 65, P and other illuminants whose radiant functions are specified by the CIE. The most important illuminants used in eye-protection are: ‘A Planckian radiation with a temperature of 2856 K; D 65 daylight including the ultraviolet section, P _Planckian radiation with a temperature of 1900 K. See also 3.12 and 3.47 Reference CIE 17.4; 845-03-11 and 845-03-12. 2SS 473 : Part 1 : 1999 eS 3.110 Static deformation Bending or deformation of an ocular or protective lens through the action of a force on the surface of the test piece. 3.114 Sunglare filter | Sunglare fitters are intended mainly to protect the human eye against glare. In addition to the specified absorption of visibie radiation, the sunglare fier shall also ensure protection of the eye against ultraviolet and infra-red radiation, depending on its specification. These requirements and recommended use are specified in the corresponding standard, 3.112. Telescope method Optical test method to determine mininium vergence of oculars with a resolution of 0.01 dpt. For this, a telescope (special telescope or theodolite) with focusing adjustment abilty is used. 3.113 Theodolite ‘A modified telescope with focusing adjustment ability as well as horizontal and vertical adjustment. It is used mainly for land surveying (geodesy). 3.114 Thermal conductivity Thermal conductivity is the material property indicating the amount of heat transmitted perpendicularly through a measured surface in a given temperature field 3.418 Transmittance The (spectral) transmittance 1(3) or x{x(4)] of a filter (for the wavelength 4) is the ratio of the transmitted (spectral) radiant flux to the incident (spectral) radiant flux. See also 3.59 3.116 Transmittance in infra-red region; infra-red transmittance ‘The general designation of transmittance for the infra-red range. For eye-protector filters, these are generally mean values for the spectral ranges from 780 nm - 1400 nm and 780 nm - 2000 nm respectively pit 1 ae fi” coe oe 6 te [7 oe 3.117 UV-A; ultraviolet spectrum A By definition, the UV-A range (near UV) is generally the wavelength range from 318 nm to 400 nm 3.118 UV-B; ultraviolet spectrum B By definition, the UV-B range (middle UV) is the wavelength range from 280 nm to 315 nm, This range Is partially included in solar radiation. 223.119 UV-C; ultraviolet spectrum C By definition, the UV-C range is the wavelength range from 100 nm to 260 nm. For eye-protection, only the longer wavelength part of the UV-C range from 180 nm to 280 nm is of importance. This range is not contained in solar radiation and only occurs in a few artificial radiation sources, The short-wave part from 100 nm to 180 nm is absorbed in the atmosphere and, therefore, is only of importance in a vacuum. 3.120. UV-filter; ultraviolet filter {A filter for protection of the eyes when working with ultraviolet sources for medical, technical and scientific purposes. 3.421. UV-radiation; ultraviolet radiation Short-wave range of optical radiation subdivided into: -NearUVUV-A. 345 nm - 400.nm = Middle UV UV-B. 280 nm - 315 nm -Far UV Fu 180 nm - 280 nm (FUV + VUV = UV-C) Vacuum UV VUV 100 nm - 180 nm (Fuv + Vuv= UV-C) 3.122 V (2) detector ‘A radiation detector with optical fiters for adjustment of its relative spectral sensitivity to that of the adjusted values for daylight vision V (i) of the eye. 23. Vergence; (optical) power; dioptric power The vergence is the reciprocal of the focal length of a lens. Unit: reciprocal metre mt called dioptre pt 3.124 Vertex power Reciprocal of the focal length of a lens for an infinitely distant object, given in m. 3.125 Visil le spectral range ‘The range of optical radiation visible to the human eye. Wavelength range between 400 nm and 780 am 3.126 Visor ‘A face screen covering the eye area and all or parts of the face. See also 3.27 23SS 473: Part 1: 1999 ES 3.127 Wavelength ‘The wavelength is the distance between two points with the same phase as the electromagnetic wave in the propagation direction. ‘Symbol, generally (3). Unit: ~ metre m; ~ in particular use of the decimal parts: = micrometre jim = 10° m; nanometre nm = 10° m, 3.128 Welding filter A special filter that provides protection against glare when welding and in addition reduces the UV radiation and IR radiation that is dangerous to the human eye. There are 19 different transmittance anges indicated by scale numbers for matching to the luminous density of the arc, including the required UV and IR protection 24SS 473 : Part 4 : 1999 Table 1 — Spectral distribution of solar radiation energy in the infra-red spectrum” Wavetength | Spectrat | wavelength | Spectral | Wavelength | Spectrat | Wavelength | Spectrat irradiation irradiation irradiation irradiation (power per (power per (power per unit unit of area Unit of area of area and por and per and per and per wavelength) wavelength) wavelength) » 5, a & A & B 5 nt | sawirtinm | nen = | miviiiorn | orm | mvt | nm Winn 720 907 7090) 514 4400) ° 1710 124 730 923 1100) 252 1410 iat i720) 16 800 357 mo | 26 1420 372 1730 105 310 698 1120 698 1430 73 1740 ora [820 aor 1150 983 1440) 137 1750 e02 830 263 1140 164 1450) 238 1760 588 840 “358 1150 216 1460 305 “i770 388 850 839 1160 at aro | a8 1780) | ee 1170 328 1480 337 “1790 87 870 798 1180) 348 1490) vs | 1800 092 880 era 1790 344 “1500 187 1810 ° 390 517 1200 1510 187 1820 ° “909 480 1210 402, 1520 208 1890) @ 910 375 1220 a1 1630 a 1840 ° 920 258 1230 420 1540 228 1880 0 980 169 240 387 wss0 | (2a 1860 o | 940 _ 278 1280 328 1860) 27 1870 ° 950 Sym 5 | Gas and fine dust particles | Gases, vapours, sprays, smoke and dust with a particle size <5um 8 Short circuit electric arc Electrical arc due to a short circuit in electrical equipment 9 ‘Molten metals and hot solids | Splashes of molten metals and penetration of hat. solids 50SS 473 : Part 1: 1999 83.4 Resistance to high speed particles. Frames which satisfy the requirements of 7.2.2 shall be marked with the appropriate symbol given in Table 16, Table 16 - Symbols for resistance to high speed particles Symbol Description of the level of impact + Low energy impact B Medium energy impact “A High energy impact NOTE — Symbol F may be applied to all types of protectors, 8.3.5 ‘Symbol - B may be applied to goggles and face-shields only ‘Symbol- A may be applied to face-shields only Certification mark A certification mark, where applicable, may be included with the frame marking in accordance with the requirements of the certification body 83.6 a) b) Examples of frame marking Frames used for protection against iquids (droplets or splashes) xX 2 3 Identification of the manutacturer | The number of this standard a Symbol for liquids ___ Frames used for protection against large dust particles 2) Identification of the manufacturer eo ‘The number of this standard ‘Symbol for large dust particles In place of symbols 3 and 4 in the above examples the symbols 5, 8 and 9 would be used to indicate frames for protection against gases and fine dusts (5), short circuit electric arc (8) and molten metals and hot solids (9) 61SS 473 : Part 1: 1999 SS ©) _ Frames used for protection against solar radiation Zz Identification of the manufacturer ‘The number of this standard The marking example shown above would also apply to frames for basic use and frames for protection against ultraviolet andlor infra-red radiation. d) Frames used for protection against high speed particles (low energy impact) Xe z2, Identification of the ‘oun __| ‘The number of this standard ee ‘Symbol for low energy impact 1m place of the symbol -F in the above example the symbol -B would be used in the marking of a frame used for protection against high speed particles of medium energy impact, and the symbol -A in the marking of a frame used for protection against high speed particles of high energy impact. ) Frames for several fields of use Eye-protector frames may be marked to show more than one field of use and to indicate protection against high speed particles. The following example is for a frame for protection against liquids, large dust particles, molten metals and hot solids and high speed particles of medium energy impact. 3 x 2 4 9 8 Identification of the manufacturer The number of this standard ‘Symbol for liquids _ ‘Symbol for large dust particles : ‘Symbol for molten metals and hot solids ‘Symbol for medium energy impact 62SS 473: Part 1: 1999 ee EEIIIEIEEEEEEnaanae rammed 8.4 Marking of eye-protectors where the frame and ocular form a single u! Eye-protectors in which the frame and ocular form a single unit shalt be marked on the frame. The marking shall comprise the full ocular marking, @ hyphen, the number of this standard and then any appropriate symbols for field of use and level of impact. The following two examples illustrate the principle defined above. @) Single unit eye-protector with ocular complying with welding fier specification aki ze Shade number _ Identification of the manufacturer Optical class, ‘The number of this standard b) Single unit eye-protector with ultraviolet fiter effect resistant to low energy impact, resistant to adherence of molten metals and penetration of hot solids, with the frame offering protection against liquids, molten metals and hot solids and being resistant to low energy impact, 34 xX 2 F 9-223 9 +F —_____] Code number for infra-red fiters Shade number Identification of the manufacturer Optical class. ‘Symbol for low energy impact ‘Symbol for molten metals and hot solids ‘The number of this standard ‘Symbol for liquids Symbol for molten metals and hot solids ‘Symbol for low energy impact 53SS 473 : Part 1 }999 a S 9 Information for users ‘The manufacturer shall provide with each eye-protector, replacement oculars and replacement frame, ‘and at least the following information: a) ) °) dq) e) o) 9) hy) d k) m) n) name and address of the manufacturer, the number of this standard and the date of its publication; the eye-protector model identification number, instructions for storage, use and maintenance; specific instructions for cleaning and disinfection; details of the field of use, protection capabilities and performance characteristics; details of suitable accessories and spare parts and instructions for fitting; the obsolescence deadline or period of obsolescence, if applicable, for the complete eye- protector andlor component parts; the type of packaging suitable for transport, if applicable; the significance of the marking on the frame and the ocular; ‘a warning that Optical Class 3 oculars are not intended for long term use; ‘a warming concerning the compatibility of marking. (See notes (4), (5) and (6) to Table 12 of BS EN 166 : 1996); a warning that materials which may come into contact with the wearer's skin could cause allergic reactions to susceptible individuals; ‘a warning that scratched or damaged oculars should be replaced. 54000! 93 wnnoeds onaubewonsajo ous - Fy eunb}4 SUYALIWONVN NI HLON3T3AVM 006 008 ~—00L_—Q0S_—OS_——H_—OHE_——00Z_ovt oxo | cxsvavao ony 2 20.9 2 B® 3 | @ |S) Soma ser abr wvania a Bem |e g 258 | § Ih 59 2 wi sane apna sof ste Leuvanetewvsebe—3nsuLxs— a3uyy4NI >t aTaISIA ae LF 01H » SAVY VINAID PUD SAVE — ES sesuo) onjdiosqe pow, ewig | wu ooz—oort | paxeyul | sasua| endiosge paris euyey | wu oori—oze} parewuy sostie| amdiosqe pai. | eunsy| © wuorr-orr | Ubi! enig sosus} angdiosqe pajug pue sieqiosqe | AN WWM ayeUOqIeDKjod Jeep eawog | wu oor-o0z | yelo1ewiN, (Zyv 614 885) (Ly 61g 229) | uonsajoid yo sue | parsaye ued—oGewep of3| — yBuejeaem | uoneIpey (onpewsoyut) eXo uewiny 2y} 0} UO! vy xeuuy 6661 Fed: £27 SSSS 473 : Part 1: 1999 ee Lens. bes Comea Vitreous . humor Retina Harmful rays Optic nerve Far-infra-red and far-ultraviolet radiation on the comea Harmful rays Near-ultraviolet radiation on the lens Harmful rays Visible and near-infra-red radiation on the retina Figure A.2- Effect of radiation on the human eye 56SS 473 : Part 1: 1999 Annex B General types of eye-protectors Figure 8.1 — Spectacle, single lens with side-shields Figure B.2 ~ Spectacle, dual lens with side-shields Figure B.3 — Spectacle, metal frame with side-shieldsSS 473 : Part 1: 1999 Se Figure B.4 ~ Single lens cover spectacle Figure B.5 - Cover spectacle for welding Figure B.6 — Spectacle, lift front 58SS 473 : Part 1: 1999 nl Figure B.7 - Cover goggle, no ventilation Figure 8.8 - Cover goggle, indirect ventilation Figure B.9 — Cover goggle, direct ventilation 59Figure B.10 - Cover welding goggle, indirect ventilation Figure B.11 — Face-shield Figure 8.12 ~ Welding helmet, hand held 60SS 473: Part 1: 1999 Figure B.13 - Welding helmet, stationary window Figure 8.14 — Welding helmet, lift front 61Publications referred to: ASTM D 1003-61 BS EN 166: 1996 BS EN 167: 1995 BS EN 168: 1995 CIE Publication 17.4 180 48: 1994 ISO 3537: 1993, 180 4007: 1977 ISO 4850 : 1979 ISO 4851: 1979, ISO 4852: 1978 ISO 4854: 1981 ISO 4855: 1981 1SO 8980-1 : 1996 ISO 8980.2: 1996 ISO 1012-1 : 1992 Test method for haze and luminous transmittance of transparent plastics Personal eye protection - Specifications Personal eye protection — Optical test methods Personal eye protection - Non-optical test methods International lighting vocabulary currents to flow. Rubber, vulcanised or thermoplastic - Determination of hardness (hardness between 10 IRHD and 100 IRHD) Road vehicle ~ Safety glazing materials — Mechanical tests Personal eye-protectors — Vocabulary. Personal eye-protectors for welding and related techniques — Filters — Utilisation and transmittance requirements. Personal eye-protectors — Ultraviolet filters — Utilisation and transmittance requirements, Personal eye-protectors — Infra-red filters — Utilisation and transmittance requirements. Personal eye-protectors ~ Optical test methods, Personal eye-protectors — Non-optical test methods. Ophhaimic optics — Uncut finished spectacle lenses Part 1 : Specifications for single-vision and multifocal lenses Ophhalmic optics ~ Uncut finished spectacle lenses Part 2 : Specifications for progressive power lenses Quality assurance requirements for measuring equipment Part 1: Metrological confirmation system for measuring equipment 62SS 473 : Part 1: 1999 ‘THE SINGAPORE PRODUCTIVITY AND STANDARDS BOARD ‘The Singapore Productivity and Standards Board (PSB) is a statutory board established in April 1996, with the integration of the functions of the National Productivity Board (NPB) and the Singapore Institute of Standards and Industrial Research (SISIR) and the takeover of the small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) development function from the Economic Development Board (EDB). It is governed by a board-ofdirectors comprising representatives ftom government, employers, trade unions and academia. While NPB's activities focused on training, productivity consultancy and promotion, SISIR's work centered on. technology, quality, standards and industrial research. With the formation of PSB, syneray is derived by putting the “soft” and ‘hard aspects of productivity with the same organisation so that PSB is greater than the sum of NPB and SISIR. PSB's mission is to raise the productivity and enhance Singapore's competitiveness and economic growth. The Board's vision is to be a leading player with a global perspective in matters related to productivity and standards. One of the functions of PSB is the establishment of a national standardisation programme to support industrialisation in Singapore. The Board is vested with the authority to appoint a Standards Council to advise (on the preparation, publication and promulgation of Singapore Standards and Technical References and the promotion of their adoption. ‘Singapore Standards are in the form of specifications for materials and products, codes of practice, methods of test, nomenclature, etc. The standards are drawn up by various Technical Committees appointed by the Product ‘Standards Committees (for product standards), the Practice Committees (for codes of practice) of the Standards Committees (for both product standards and codes of practice). the final approval body being the Standards Council. To ensure adequate representation of all viewpoints in the preparation of Singapore Standards, all Committees appointed consist of representatives from various interest groups which include government agencies, professional bodies, tertiary institutions and consumer, trade and manufacturing organisations. ‘Technical References are documents developed to help meet urgent industry demand for specifications or requirements on a particular product or process in an area where there Is an absence of reference standards. Unlike Singapore Standards, they are issued without full consensus, as public comments are not sought. Technical References wil be reviewed with a possibilty of processing them to Singapore Standards. PSB operates a number of national certification schemes. “The Board is the owner of the Certification Marks shown in Figures 1 and 2. These Marks can be used only by companies certified under the Singapore Quality Mark Certification Scheme and Product Listing Scheme Operated by PSB. The presence of these Marks on a product with the inscription *Certified/Listed to Singapore Standard" is an assurance that either the product has been produced to comply with requirements of the relevant. Singapore Standard under a system of supervision, control and testing operated during manufacture and including regular inspection at the manufacturer's premises, or the product has been batch-tested. PSB also operates the PSB ISO 9000 Certification Scheme which is a third party quality system certification of manufacturing processes and services to the relevant part of the SS ISO 9000 series of standards on quality Systems. The scheme confers recognition to companies which have properly designed and implemented quality ‘ystems. It enables companies to gain greater international recognition thereby facilitating access to overseas markets, It also helps companies to reduce reject costs and improve quality and productivity. Certified companies fre entitled to use the PSB ISO 9000 symbol as shown in Figure 3 in their marketing programime including letterheads, advertisements and other promotional materials. In addition, PSB also operates the PSB ISO 14000 (Environmental Management System) Certification Scheme which is a third party certification of environmental management systems to the ISO 14001 environmental management system standard. The scheme provides an independent and impartial assessment with a view for Continuous improvement in environmental performance. Certified companies are entitled to use the PSB ISO 14000 Mark as shown in Figure 4 in their promotional materials WM &® & Figures Fig 2 Figures Figure 4 For further information on PSB services and activities, please write to PSB, PSB Building, 2 Bukit Merah Central, Singapore 159895. 63