A

REPORT
ON
PRACTICAL TRAINING
TAKEN AT

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED

Submitted in the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Award of the Degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
Electronics & Communication Engineering

2009-10
Submitted by:
MAHIMA VERMA
College No.-060235
(B.E. VII SEM E.C.E.)

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

ENGINEERING COLLEGE, AJMER
(An Autonomous Institute of Government of Rajasthan)
Badliya Circle, Ajmer-300502

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
“A teacher can teach a student a lesson for a day if he could teach
practically; he would remember the learning process throughout his life”.
Most respectfully I would like to express my deep sense of
gratitude to BSNL, Ajmer for providing excellent mentoring,
encouragement, support, wholehearted cooperation, and consistent useful
advice.
It is with profound gratitude that I express my deep indebtedness to
all the employees of B.S.N.L. without whose support and guidance it
would not have been possible for this training to have materialized and
taken a concrete shape. I owe a personal thanks to my training in charges
Mr. B GULATI S.E. BSNL AJMER who extended full support and
cooperation at every stage of my training period .I would like to take this
opportunity to acknowledge the guidance and support from Mrs. REKHA
MEHRA (READER & SEMINAR COORDINATOR OF ECE) for
undergoing training at a reputed company like B.S.N.L. Last but not the
least, I am indebted to my parents and friends for their constant
encouragement and helping me in my endeavor.

MAHIMA VERMA

2
 PREFACE

Organizations are made up of people and function through people.

Without people, organizations cannot exist. The resources of men, money,
material, machinery, and mechanism are connected, coordinated and
utilized through people. It is the effectiveness of the human system that
differentiates successful organizations from the unsuccessful one.
Engineers need to concentrate more on mechanism and the way in which
things have been made.
The need of training arises for doing things yourself, understanding
its way. Practical exposure for doing things makes a person conversant to
the technicalities involved in any job. To overcome the problem of profit
and growth through the soundest utilization of human capacities effective
recruitment and selection process in first step. If it is not done well no
amount of training, supervision or incentive make for it. In view of such
benefits, imparting of vocational training has been made as an integral part
of any academic structure.
“Training is a short term process involving systematic and organized
procedure by which non managerial personal acquire technical knowledge
and skill for a definite purpose.”- Lawrence Steinman’s.
The principle followed is to- “Put right man into right place by
careful selection and placement to make sure that he is physically and
mentally fit for the job he is expected to do”.
In B.S.N.L. training is given to engineering aspirant desiring to
secure future in the dynamic world of Telecommunications.
In this regard, I have to undergone my training at “Bharat Sanchar
Nigam Ltd.” Ajmer Telecom District.

3
 PAGE INDEX

S.No. TOPIC PAGE No.

1 PRACTICAL TRAINING CERTIFICATE 1
2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2
3 PREFACE 3
4 INTRODUCTION ABOUT BSNL 5
5 BSNL’s CONTRIBUTION TO 7
DEVELOPMENT OF
TELECOMMUNICATION
6 MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME 8
7 DIAGRAM OF MAIN DISTRIBUTION 10
FRAME
8 ELECTRONIC SWITCHING SYSTEM 11
DIGITAL
9 DIAGRAM OF ELECTRONIC SWITCHING 14
SYSTEM DIGITAL
10 POWER ROOM 15
11 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF POWER ROOM 17
12 LEASE LINE NETWORK 18
13 MANAGED LEASE LINE NETWORK (MLLN) 21
14 MLLN STRUCTURE 24
15 WIRELESS IN LOCAL LOOP 32
16 WLL CONFIGURATION 38
17 REFERENCES 39

4
 INTRODUCTION ABOUT BSNL
Firstly post and telegraph department came into existence in 1980.
First exchange in Rajasthan was of 25 lines. Control of Ajmer was
upto Udaipur, Agra and Ratlam.
Then exchange of 300 lines came into existence.
After that crossbar exchange of 2000 lines came into existence.
Crossbar exchange was then extended upto 3000 line.
In 1985, post and telegraph seperated into two different departments i.e.
Department of Post and Department of Telegraph.
E 10B came into existence in 1985.
C-DOT came into existence in 1987. It was of 2000 lines.
EWSD (local) came into existence in 1998.
EWSD (TAX) came into existence in 2000.
In the year 2000, BSNL came into existence. It is corporatise from
Government of India.
Internet services started in 2001.
WLL came into existence in the year 2001.

SERVICES:-
Access round the clock help at the following Toll Free number :-
• 1500

• 197- Directory Limited

Queries and solutions provided for :-
Basic Phones :-
• Complaints
• Transfer

• Sifting
Mobile Phones

5
WLL Mobile

Internet :-
• Broadband
• Dialup

Present And Future Challenges:-

Since its corporatization in October 2000, BSNL has actively providing

connections in both urban and rural areas. Pre-activated Mobile connections are
available at many places across India. BSNL has also unveiled very cost-
effective broadband internet access plans (DataOne) targeted at homes and small
businesses. At present BSNL enjoys’s around 45% of market share of ISP
services. Year 2007 has been declared as “Year of Broadband” in India and
BSNL is in the process of providing 5 million Broadband connectivity by the
end of 2007. BSNL has upgraded existing DataOne (Broadband) connections for
a speed of up to 2Mbit/sec without any extra cost. During the financial year
2006-2007 (from April 1, 2006 to March 31, 2007) BSNL has added 9.6 million
new customers in various telephone services taking its customer base to 64.8
million. BSNL’s nearest competitor Bharti Airtel is standing at a customer base
0f 39 million. Presently there is an intense competition in Indian Telecom sector
and various Telcos are rolling out attractive schemes and are providing good
customer services.

6
 BSNL’s Contribution to Development of
Telecommunication
BSNL’s roadmap for providing customers with access to the latest in
telecommunications services without losing sight of universal service
access has been by way of utilizing optimally the existing infrastructure
and accelerating advances in technological component by innovative
absorption. The main achievements are summarized here:
 Huge monolith state-of-the-art network from Kargil to
Kanyakumari and Lakshadweep to Andman Islands giving it a
national footprint.
 Leader in fixed, cellular and IP networks.
 90% share of the market with 40 million fixed customers
connected to 36000 exchanges.
 More than 4.3 million cellular customers spread across a 1300
cities/towns.
 More than 4 lakh RKM of optic Fiber & 1.6 lakh RKM Digital
Microwave.
 An extensive copper access network ready for broadband.
 2.5 Gbps connectivity between all major cities through
‘Sanchar Sagar’.
 Up to 2 Mbps access available to over 30,000 locations
throughout the country.
 Intelligent Network with Value added services.
 Call centers for customer care.
 More than 43 lakh TAX lines.
 7 lakh STDPCOs.
 460 Satellite Stations.
 More than 6 lakh internet subscribers and 2 lakh CLI based
users.
 More than 3500 internet dhabas

7
 MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME

IT’S PURPOSES:

(1) It is a place where both external and internal cables are terminated.
The external individual cables carry conductors from subscriber, who
are necessarily from the same locality and as such entire no’s cannot
be in numerical order.

(2) On the other hand the internal cable conductors come from apparatus
side in numerical order. This cross connection between two cable
conductor is done on M.D.F. and this is done by means of jumper
wires.

(3) It carries all the protectors used in the exchange the different
protectors that are used are :-
(a) Fuse
(b) Heating coils
(c) Lightening protectors

(4) M.D.F. is the most suitable place for testing purpose. Both the
internal and the external cables are available at this frame and both
external lines and internal wiring or equipments can be tested for this
purpose.

The fuses prevent heavy current from flowing into the apparatus
and save them from being damaged. These fuses are generally tested i.e.
rated for 1A or 3A and are of cartidge or of flat types. If diffuse to some
faults in the circuit an appreciable amount of current flows through the
exchange, it may not blow out the fuses if it’s value is not sufficiently
high, but much heat will be produced and there is a risk of firing taking
place inside the exchange. In order to save the exchange from such risks,
heat coils are used .These are generally rated at 3A for 3 minutes.
Lightening protectors are used to save the exchange equipments
from high voltage, that is induced in the lines due to lightening discharge.
These consist of two carbon blocks with some insulating paint or mica thin
sheet with holes between them. When the line voltage is high the
insulation breaks through and earth the lines and thus saves equipments
from being damaged. They are generally rated at 500-600 volts.

8
 The M.D.F. frame carries some horizontal carrying fuses are fitted
and external cables are terminated on these fuse strips. At the other end of
the cross arms there are strips which carries heat coils and lightening
protectors. These are fitted between 4 springs in such a way that when
either heat coil or lightening arrestors blows. The lines are automatically
earthed. The internal cables are connected from the strips carrying
protectors and the cross connection are done between the strips by means
of jumper wires for reasons mentioned before hand.
The protectors are fitted on 4 springs in such a way that when a
testing plug is inserted the external lines and the internal lines are
disconnected and separated out at this point and so both can be tested
separately from the same points .
When the testing plug is inserted between the pairs of spring
contacts. Their contacts are broken, thus external lines are connected to the
other sides of the plug and the internal lines to it’s inner sides.

9
MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME

10
 ELECTRONIC WORLD SYSTEM DIGITAL

INTRODUCTION:
EWSD is one of the two technologies selected for TAX & is also the
technology for intelligent network & mobile communication.

EWSD (Electronics World System Digital):

Its main functions are:
 It can support maximum 25000 subs or 60,000 incoming or
outgoing or both way trunks.
 It can carry 25,200 erlang traffic.
 It can with stand 1.4 million BHCA.
It can work as local cum transit exchange.
 System architecture.

The main hardware units are:

1) Digital Line Unit (DLU): Functional unit on which subs
lines are terminated.
 Analog or digital (ISDN) subs or PBX lines are terminated
on DLU.
 It can be used locally with in the exchange or remote
switching unit.
 DLUs are connected to EWSD subs system via uniform
interface standardized by CCITT i.e. PDC (primary digital
carrier) facilitate local or remote installation
 One DLU is connected to 2 different LTGs for reason of
security.
 A local DLU is connected to 2 different LTGs via
4Mbps(64TSs) links each toward different LTGs.
 In case of remote DLUs maximum 4 PDCs of 2 Mbps.
(37TSs) are used per DLU, two towards each LTGs
.Hence total 124 channels are available between a DLU &
2 LTGs out of which 120 channels are used for user
information (speech or data) & signalling information is
carried in TS16 of PDCO & PDC2.

11
 2) LTG (Line /Trunk Group):LTGs form the interface
between the digital & environment of an EWSD exchange &
switching network.
There main functions are:
1) Call processing functions i.e. receiving & analysing line & register
signals, injecting audible tones, switching user channels from & to
the switching network etc.
2) Safe guarding functions i.e. detecting errors in the LTG, analysing
the extent of errors & initiating counter measures such as disabling
channels or lines etc.
3) Operation & maintenance functions: Acquiring traffic data,
carrying out quality of service measurements etc.

3) SN (Switching Network):
Different peripheral units of EWSD i.e. LTGs, CCNC, MB are
connected to the SN via highways called SDCs (secondary digital carriers)
which have 128 channels each .The SN consists of several duplicated.
Time stage groups (TSG) & Space State Groups (SSG) housed in separate
racks. Connection paths through the TSGs & SSGs are switched by the
switch group controls (SGC) provided in each TSG & SSG, in accordance
with the switching information from the coordination from the
coordination processor (CP). The SGCs also independently generate the
setting data & set the message channels for exchange of data between the
distributed controls.
The SN is always duplicated. Each connection is switched
simultaneously through both planes, so that a standby connection is always
immediately available in the event of a failure.

4) Coordination Processor (CP):

CP works as TR. It handles the database as well as configuration and
coordination function, eg. :

 Storage and administration of all programs, exchange and

subscriber data.
 Processing of received information for routing, path selection, and
zoning charges.
 Communication with operation and maintenance centers.
 Supervision of all subsystems, receipt of error messages, analysis
of supervisory result messages, alarmtreatment, error detection,
error location & error neutralisation & configuration functions.

12
5) Input/Output processors (IOP):
Various types of IOPs are connecting to CP113 to the other
subsystems & functional units of the exchange as well as to the external
mass storage devices, (EM i.e. MDD, MTD) the two O & M terminals
(OMT), to OMC via data lines etc. Maximum 16 IOPs can be connected to
one IOC.
The other functional units of CP113 are call processors (CHP),
which dial only with call processing functions.

Other units assigned to CP are:

1) Message Buffer (MB) for coordinating internal message traffic

between the CP, the SN, the LTGs and CCNC in an exchange.
2) Central clock generator (CCG) for the synchronization of the
exchange & where necessary the network.
3) System panel display (SYPD) to display system interval alarms
& the CP load.
4) Operation and maintenance terminals for I/O. Two OMT's are
provided for O & T functions.
5) External Memory (EM)

13
ELECTRONIC WORLD SYSTEM DIGITAL

14
 POWER-ROOM

INTRODUCTION:

Power room is designed to deliver continuous and filtered power

supply for electronic switching type Telephone exchanges such as E-10B,
TAX, and OCB etc. & for various transmissions

Terminal equipments-
The Power plant consists of the following sections:

1) Rectifier section
2) Float Cum Battery Charger Section
Switching Cubicle Section
3) Batteries

Rectifiers:
Rectifiers operate with 3-phase ac input to deliver highly stabilized
dc o/p voltage with in close limits under varying i/p voltage & o/p load
conditions. Rectifiers can be classified as:

a) Conventional rectifier
b) Switch mode rectifier (SMR)

Conventional rectifiers are also known as float rectifiers because the

batteries connected in parallel to it floats since the o/p of the battery is less
than the rectifiers. They require frequent maintenance & are less efficient
than SMR. Whereas SMR is maintenance free and if the capacity of an
Exchange has to be increased than several SMRs can be connected in
series to cop-up the requirement, which is an additional feature of SMR
over conventional type rectifiers.

MAIN SECTIONS:
The major sections of the unit are:
1) Input section
2) Control section

15
 3) Converter section
4) Alarm section
Output section

Float Cum Battery Charge Section:

This section is given this name because it works as rectifier cum
battery charger. When the battery gets discharged working under the
condition of mains failure, this section functions to recharge the battery.

Switching Cubicle Section:

Float rectifiers can work in parallel or in load sharing mode with
other float rectifiers of any rating when connected to FBC cum switching
cubicle. This is rack in float rectifiers, in which the required power is sent
to the particular exchange using knife switches & fuses via set of cables.
This is an useful section since power in individual section of an exchange
can be cut off using a particular knife switch.

Batteries:
Batteries can be classified as conventional & maintenance free.
Maintenance free batteries consist of 24 cells termed as VRLA. As the
name indicates it requires less maintenance & hence are more efficient.
But life of these batteries is less than conventional ones & any fault can't
be corrected in these batteries. Batteries are connected in parallel with the
rectifiers. Under the condition of power failure, when the rectifier stops
working the load automatically switches over to battery side.

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17
 LEASED LINE NETWORK
Leased Line:

A leased line is a telecommunication path between two points that is

available 24 hours a day for use by a designated user (Individual or
Company).
A leased line can be a physical path owned by the user or rented
from a telephone company like BSNL/MTNL/VSNL.
Leased lines are dedicated circuits provided by Basic Service
Providers (BSPs), which provide permanent connectivity to the Internet.
Leased lines provide the last mile access from the user premises to the ISP.
They provide permanent connection as compared to the temporary
connectivity through dialup access. The quality of the connection is far
superior to what is normally available through dialup, thanks to digital
signaling, less noise, fewer exchanges etc.
Leased lines provides a scalable access method, important
particularly for organizations with large user groups, including corporate,
banks and financial institutions, educational and R&D organizations,
government, military etc. Starting typically with 64 Kbps, it is possible to
deploy a scalable architecture, with multiples of E1 (2 MBPS) pipes,
providing the necessary bandwidth. In fact, leased access becomes a must
for large organizations in most situations.
Since the access is "always on", it is possible to associate a pool of
permanent IP addresses with a particular leased line. Normally, the ISP
would provide 16/32 IP addresses for each 64 Kbps chunk of bandwidth.
Using these IP addresses it becomes possible to deploy a variety of
services such as mail, FTP, WWW, DNS, and proxy, to name the most
common requirements of organizations. In other words, leased lines enable
hosting of services of all types, and provide a platform for enterprise
intranets and extranets, apart from what we may term as "entry level"
services such as messaging, which still account for over 70 percent of all
Internet access.
We can look at two types of equipment requirements. The first set of
hardware is required for establishing the last mile link between the
customer premises and the ISP. Currently, 64 Kbps and 2 Mbps leased line
modems are commonly deployed for terrestrial leased line access to the
Net. The equipment required is one pair of leased line modems (one each
with V.35 and G.703 interface) and one G.703/V.35 interface converter,
supporting either 64 Kbps or 2 Mbps. Depending on the bandwidth, there

18
are some technical differences between the 2 types of modems as well.
This equipment may be provided either by the ISP or the customer can buy
it himself.
The other set of equipment required is at the customer premises.
This includes a router and various servers as needed in specific sites. The
router establishes the link with the ISP. Typically, users need to consider
services like DNS, mail, proxy, firewall, FTP, databases, file servers, and
security services which can be set up on the available connectivity.

Applications of leased lines:

Point-to-point: For Data Only: One of the widely used applications of

leased lines is having a secure dedicated data circuit between two locations
via a private line, used to transmit data at a constant speed equal to the
bandwidth of the circuit.

Point-to-point: For Voice and Data: This kind of application allows

transmission of voice and data over the same connection. Here also two
separate locations are joined together. This type of configuration is
commonly provided on a higher bandwidth circuit. The bandwidth of the
circuit is divided into individual voice channels and data channels.

Advantages:

It provides permanent, reliable, high-speed connectivity as

compared to the temporary connectivity of dial up access. The quality of
the connection is far superior to what is normally available through dialup,
because of the digital signaling, less noise, fewer exchanges etc.

19
Disadvantages:

Leased bandwidth prices are quite high, compared to dialup bandwidth of

comparable size. Entry level annual port prices are also high at present, so
that this access method is only feasible beyond a fairly high threshold
level.
Permanent connectivity to the Net exposes the organization to a variety of
threats including hacking, malicious code including active vandals,
viruses, Trojan Horses, macros, denial of service attacks etc.

LEASED LINE NETWORKING

20
 Managed Leased Line Network
The MLLN is an integrated, fully managed, multi-service digital
network platform through which service provider can offer a wide range of
services at an optimal cost to Business Subscribers. Backed by a flexible
Network Management System with powerful diagnostics and maintenance
tools, the MLLN can be used to provide high-speed leased lines with
improved QOS (Quality of Service), high availability and reliability. The
Network Management System also supports Service Provisioning,
Network Optimization, Planning and Service Monitoring.
The system offers features such as end to end circuit creation and
monitoring, Circuit Loop Test and fault isolation, Alternate re-routing of
traffic in case of trunk failure, Software programmability of NTUs, etc.
Due to its wide range of applications in various sectors like banking,
financial institutions, stock markets, newspaper industry, broadcasting
houses and Internet Service Providers, this managed leased line equipment
will benefit all sections of people by way of faster Internet access,
accessibility of bank accounts from anywhere, instant news coverage etc.
Various organizations like banks, ATM operators, IT companies will be
using this flexible leased line solution.

The following are the few features, which are the beneficial for the
customers.
1. Customers need not to buy 2 pairs of Modems.
2. Modems will be supplied and maintained by Service Provider.
3. 24 Hours performance monitoring of the circuit.
4. Circuit fault reports generated proactively.
5. On demand the bandwidth can be increased.
6. Low lead-time for new circuit provisioning.
7. On demand the bandwidth can be increased.
8. Long drive on single pair copper.
9. Centrally managed from Network Management System.

The MLLN also supports enhanced features such as Corporate

Internet Access, Point to Point Data, Point to Multipoint Data, LAN-IC,
Hotline, EPABX Inter-connect, EPABX Remote Extension and ISDN
Line Extension, Virtual Private Network, etc.

21
 Advantages:

 Today’s Lease Line Network is unmanaged. The concept of

manageability is currently not a novelty, but rather a need. TRAI
had currently advised the mandatory need of Service Level
agreements (S L As) for every service being provided. This SLA
today exists only as a matter of dispute between the service
provider and the subscriber, which can be ensured only with
statistics on an end-to-end status, which is totally achieved with
MLLN.
 Today a degradation / disruption in service is known to the service
provider on a subscriber notification. With the competition of
service providers, the subscriber would definitely choose a
provider who could proactively detect a fault and take corrective
measures. This is totally achievable using MLLN.
 In such an above faulty status, MLLN feature of automatic re-
routing of traffic ensures both customer satisfaction and also
prevent a likely loss of revenue of BSNL/MTNL. These could be
the only measure for ensuring Carrier class operation and the
uptimes cited in the S L As.
 With the tomorrow’s network the Customer would be demanding
the service. Flexibility in the SLA i.e. the negotiable bandwidth
during the different time of the day would be requirement, which
can only be provisioned through MLLN. Also today’s leased line
network being dedicated to fixed speeds has absolutely zero
flexibility, which would be unheard of in the future.

Typical Structure Of MLLN System:

The MLLN is planned as three-tier structure of consisting of

aggregation and connectivity at two different levels:
A. Central Node: It will provide following functionality:
(i) NMS Center.
(ii) Connectivity to second stage nodes.
(iii) Leased line aggregation.
B. Second stage Node: It will be located at major cities of a Telecom
Circle, where demand for leased line is high. (Number of such nodes and
their capacity is to be planned by respective circles).
It will provide following functionality:

22
 (i) Connectivity to third stage nodes.
(ii) Leased line aggregation.

C. Third Stage Node: It will be located at smaller cities / towns of a

Telecom Circle, where demand for leased line is lower (near 10). (Number
of such nodes and their capacity is to be planned by respective circles). It
will provide Leased Line aggregation.

Functional Requirements:
The MLLN system is able to provide the following functionality:
(i) Speedy end-to-end service provisioning.
(ii) Round-the-clock end-to-end performance monitoring.
(iii) Automated alarm / fault management.
(iv) Easy re-routing and configuration.
(v) Accounting and Security management.
(vi) On-demand bandwidth availability up to 2 Mbps.

Technical Requirements:
The various components of the MLLN shall be:
a) Network Management System (NMS).
b) Digital cross Connect (DXC).
c) Versatile Multiplexer (VMUX).
d) Network Termination Unit (NTU).

23
24
A) Network Management System:

 The network is fully managed both from the local and from a
utilized location through industry standard commercially
available workstation with Graphical User Interface (GUI). It is
having the capability to consolidate all NMS information to one
unified console and provide a unified system having single
database command set for all platform.
 The NMS of MLLN is centrally managing all the elements of
MLLN viz. Digital Cross Connect, VMUX and NTUs. This
NMS shall be built using the open architecture utilizing an
industry standard commercially available operating system and
relational data base management system.
 The NMS is cost-effectively expandable to meet the
requirements of future network growth. As such, the NMS shall
be able to be expanded to manage at least 1000 nodes
(VMUX.DXC) and 1,00,000 NTUs.
 The Network Management System shall allow the Network
operator to configure, Provision, manage and monitor all aspects
and parameters of the remote elements of the MLLN without the
need of local intervention.
 Failure of the Network Management System shall not result in
loss of any network Service or features except the viewing of
long term statistics and event logs. In the event of node
communication failure with the NMS, node faults shall be
buffered in the node for presentation to the NMS when the
communication with the NMS is restored. The delivery of all
faults to the NMS shall have a reliability of 100% with no fault
events being lost .It is possible to manage the entire network
from any single location.
 The information to be collected from the network elements by
the NMS does not require any additional physical connection. It
is accessible from the remote site using a remote terminal of the
NMS either through dial-up or by using leased line. The interface
between the NMS and the network elements of the MLLN is
through industry standard protocol.
 The NMS supports hot standby connectivity between the NMS
hardware and the network. It is ensured that in case of any link
failure NMS connectivity to network is not disrupted and there is
no loss of NMS data from the network. Further NMS

25
 connectivity to the nearest network element is at the 64 Kbps or
more.
 The NMS is able to perform the following:
1. NMS auto recognize any change of configuration of any
network element. The change of configuration or other
settings locally at NTUs shall not be provided. All local
settings on VMUX and DXC shall be password protected.
2. Re-initialisation of the network element shall be possible
from NMS. This shall be equivalent to manual start-up
(physical jack-out and jack-in) of the network element.
This might be required in case of a complete or partial
'network element' stoppage due to hardware/software
failures.
3. NMS has the capability to configure the bandwidth on
demand of any leased line for specified time of the day.
This bandwidth on demand is configurable to all possible
programmable bandwidths of NTUs.
4. NMS has the capability to assign priority to the leased line
at the time of configuration. This allows the high priority
customer lines to be routed first to the standby route, in
case of failure of the main route.
5. The configuration of the various network elements like
building, viewing, and changing is possible remotely from
the central NMS. The configurations of the network
elements are stored at some place in NMS from where it
can be retrieved in case of failure.
6. It supports macro command facility to carry out the same
kind of operation on a group of interface by a single
command.
7. The NMS is capable of placing the Network elements In
or Out of service.

 Fault Management
1. It is able to inform the operator about the problems
occurring in the network elements and their modules.
2. The fault events are logged in a fault log file and are
accessible when required through database style facilities
for information retrieval.

26
 3. The fault information provided contains type of network
element, the time at which fault occurred, time when it
corrected.
4. In addition to the fault information, it provides a brief
explanation of the cause of the fault and proposed
corrective action to be taken to rectify the fault.
5. The printout of active faults and fault log file is possible.
6. It is possible to list:
(i) Total number of active faults in the network.
(ii) Number of active faults in a specified network
element.
(iii) Number of active faults in each of the faulty network
elements.
7. The equipments of MLLN is capable of reporting to a pre-
specified destination on detection of an alarm condition.
Faults in the network elements, links & system generate
audible alarms also. The activation / inhibition of the
audible alarm is controlled by the Network Manager.

 Security Management
1. It supports the user identification and operator passwords
with various privileges for giving commands. It records all
the login and logout operations done on the NMS. It is
able to set the time of expiry of the operator passwords. It
supports password protection for the network elements in
the MLLN.
2. Network Manager is able to create the operators'
passwords. Network Manager is also be able to control
and limit operator's authorisations, rights and privileges.
(Here Network Manager is an account in NMS will full
control, rights and privileges. Operator created accounts
by Network Manager for other personnel to help him in
controlled way.)
3. NMS allows changing of the password by the Network
Manager for all accounts. NMS allows Operator to change
their own password. Change of password shall not
required system reboot.
4. NMS provides for validation of source addresses of all the
data that are coming from the network elements. The data
transport mechanism from network elements to NMS

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 centre has necessary in built facility for error checking and
correction.

B) DIGITAL CROSS CONNECT (DXC or DACC):

DACC or DXC is a large capacity cross connect device and is

installed at different main sites for providing VMUX connectivity. DACC
is made up of Cluster Master control subrack and slave subracks. Single
Subrack (RXS-S) is used as slave subrack and its units depend on the port
capacity ordered.
In addition to multiplexing and demultiplexing the signal, the node
takes also care of cross-connecting the signal. (The signal is first
demultiplexed into a lower level after which it is cross-connected and then
multiplexed again).
A digital corss-connect (DXC) is a device used in transmission
networks. It separates channels coming from other devices and rearranges
them into new channels for output.
A digital cross-connection means that the connection is set up and
released by the network operator, but not through subscriber minimized,
which is the case in switching.

1) DXC NOMENCLAUTRE:
(a) DXCs at metros (Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata & Chennai) for
maintenance regions will be designated as Regional DXCs (R-
DXC).
(b) DXCs of maintenance regions apart from Regional DXCs as
above will be called sub-regional DXCs (SR-DXC).
(c) DXCs in the SSAs will be called SS-DXC.

The DXC comes in the following configurations.

• DXC-256 = 256 E1 ports.
• DXC-128 Expandable to 256 = Equipped with 128 Ports.
• DXC-96 Expandable to 128 = Equipped with 96 Ports.
• DXC-64 Expandable to 128 = Equipped with 64 Ports.
• DXC- 16 Expandable to 64

DXC SS-DXC TO SR-DXC :

The DXCs of the SSA will also be connected to the
subregional DXC initially by 2 E1 for each SS-DXC, for the circuit

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 going out of the city. Additional E1s to meet the demand shall be
connected to those SS-DXC under whose coverage area demand has
grown, if there are more than one SS-DXCs at a station.

SR-DXC to SR-DXC:
Sub-Regional DXC to Sub-Regional DXC in the same region
may initially be connected by 1 E1 each.
Multiple R-DXCs at the same station:R-DXC at metro
stations consist of multiple DXCs. Connectivity among these DXCs
should be in mesh configuration of 2 E1s each to meet the
requirement of switching the time slots from a station connection at
one DXC to the destination connected on the other DXC.

Core Network of R-DXCs:

All four regional DXC stations will be connected to each
other with 8E1s each. The links may be distributed among multiple
DXCs. The no. of links may increase as the demand increases.

R-DXC to SR-DXC:
• DXCs are to be connected to SR-DXCs in the same region by
3E1s each.
• R-DXCs are to be connected to all SR-DXCs in the distant
regions also by 2E1s each to start with.
• SR-DXC links are to be distributed among multiple DXCs at
the metro stations to _inimize use of inter-DXC links at that
station. At the start up it will not be possible to connect SR-DXC
to all of such DXCs. It may be done as and when additional links
are justified in future.

R-DXCs to SS-DXCs:
SS-DXC may also be connected directly to Regional DXC if
the bandwidth consumed by the circuits from the SSA to concerned
Regional is more than 8 Mb. The E1s may be optimally distributed
among DXCs at SS-DXC side as well as R-DXC side such that the
use of inter DXC connectivity at the same station is minimized.

2) REDUNDANCY REQUIREMENT:
MLLN has to provide high reliability service and it is proposed to
offer SLA for 99.5% or better efficiency. Therefore, all the E1 links should
be provided as rings wherever available. In long distance network, E1,
between same stations can be split into alternate physical path of rings to

29
the extent feasible. This will also save on port capacity required for
providing alternate path within MLLN.

C) VERSATILE MULTIPLEXER (VMUX):

Versatile Multiplexer (VMUS) is a small capacity cross connect

device and is installed at different sites for providing user connectivity.
VMUX is made up of Basic Node, which is the building block of the
MLLN system. The VMUX is provided with two types of interfaces to
connect STU-160 ( SDSL product family used for point- to- point
connections) and CTU-S ( HDSL product family modem , with line
connection rate up to 4640 Kbit/s ) modems. The number of interfaces
depends on the type of VMUX configuration supplied. There are Four
types of VMUXs supplied Viz. VMUX-Type I, VMUX-Type-II,
VMUX-Type-III/DC operation, VMUX-Type-III AC operation.

• The V-MUXs also have a digital cross connect capability and

additional E1 ports have been provided in the V-MUXs.
Therefore inter-connectivity among V-MUXs in the same city
can be established using the spare E1 ports for extending local
circuits.
• Initially one V-MUX should be connected to a maximum of 2
other V-MUXs in the same city directly with one E1 each. As the
demand for circuits in the areas served by V-MUXs grows, more
E1 links can be directly established among the V-MUXs.
• If there are more than one VMUXs in one exchange area, then
depending upon justification, one of the VMUXs can be
dedicated to provide local circuits through direct route to other
VMUXs in the city. This will save DXC ports. However, SS-
DXC connectivity, where SS-DXC is available, shall also be
maintained for setting up leased circuits to VMUXs with which
direct route is not available.
• Efforts should be made that no circuit should pass through more
than three VMUXs. However, use of more than four VMUXs in
tandem for one circuit must be avoided.
• Routes shows as ‘standby’ in Annexure IV A(b) are to be used
for meeting incremental requirements of long distance circuits
from other V-MUXs if the direct routes are full and the other link
has spare capacity (utilized below 80%). This is done with the

30
 intention of saving port capacities. Protection path can also be
provided against failure of other links to SS/SR-DXC.

D) NETWORK TERMINATING UNITS (NTUs):

• Base band modems (Network Terminating Units = NTUs) are

usually customer premises equipment (CPE). They are typical
“last mile equipment.”
• NTUs can also be used for standalone point-to-point connections
without the NMS.
• NTUs allow use of the existing telecom copper cables
(twistedpair) for digital traffic with medium distances (~5 km)
and high speeds.
• NTUs must be capable of being managed from the centralised
NMS for the following essential parameters:
(i) Speed
(ii) Line loop testing
(iii) Diagnostic
• NTU on the DTE side must support the V.35/V.24/V.28/V.36/
V.11/G.703 data interfaces.
• NTU must be functionally compatible for all features with the
integrated Line drivers of the VMUX ports.
• NTU should work with the line side interface, which is a built-in
feature of the VMUX and shall support the end to end
manageability with NMS of the Managed Leased Line Network.

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 WIRELESS IN LOCAL LOOP
Why Digital Wireless Communication?
• Increased Spectrum Utilization
• Robust Radio Access
• Matured Digital Signal Processing
• High Integration on VLSI
• High reliability and precision
• Compatibility with Data Communication and Digital networking
• Reduced Cell Equipment Size and Cost

Introduction to WLL:

WLL is a wireless local communication network which is capable of

providing users access to ‘PSTN’ Network and associated facilities
supporting local loop functionalities to serve users with voice and non -
voice services.
WLL uses the radio waves to transmit signals over the ‘last mile’ i.e.
the distance between the subscriber premises and the nearest switching
point. Also WLL substitute the copper wire up to the subs. Premises or
part of the connection and can be accessed by various wireless
technologies.

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 a) It is an application of radio technology and personal
communication system.
b) It uses multiple access radio system instead of wires in the
distribution/access network.

It is also used in remote areas where it is uneconomical to lay cables

and also for rapid development of telephone services.

CDMA WLL is a widely used system around the world. Any one
can avail this facility and it is the perfect replacement for land system as it
is very cheap and affordable.

The technologies employed shall depend upon various radio access

techniques like FDMA, TDMA, CDMA.

FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (FDMA):

In Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) different signals
are assigned different frequency channels. Interference to and from
adjacent channels are limited by the use of band pass filters, which pass
energy within the specific narrow frequency band.

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (TDMA):

In Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) a channel consists of
time slots, in a periodic train of time intervals make up a frame. A given
signal energy is available in one of these time slots. Adjacent channel
interference is limited by the use of a time GATE that passes the signal
received at the other end at proper time.

CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA):

Code Division Multiple Access Technique is widely used. It is an
advance communication technology which has inherent anti jamming and
security features. CDMA is the platform over which the 3G (third
generation) telephony standard is based. CDMA is capable for use with
fixed as well as mobile wireless phones.
CDMA system assigns a specific digital code to every user in the
mobile network and it then encodes each bit of information transmitted

33
from them. As the codes used are specific, multiple user can transmit
simultaneously on the same frequency without interface from each other.
This is known as ‘spread spectrum frequency technique’ where
information contained in a particular signal is spread over a larger area
than the original signal. The specific nature of the coded signals allows the
system to treat other radio signals and interferences as noise which can be
filtered.
This technique enables the recovery of signals when S/N ratio is -15
to -25 dBs. i.e. signal level is much below the noise level.
In this technique signals are transmitted on the top of one another.
The receiver used operates over the large band width, interfering noise is
spread over the routine bandwidth in such a way that it has the least effect
on the desired signals. It enables reduction of power in watts/hertz as the
transmitter power is spread over the BW of 100 to 200 Mhz.
Whenever the signal is received, the narrow band receiver receives
only a small percentage of noise power. The unwanted interference is
therefore negligible.
Spread spectrum receiver compresses the signal to the original
bandwidth while the interfering signal is spread over the wide bandwidth.

What is WLL?
• WLL is sometimes called fixed cellular.
• WLL system can be treated as a wire line loop without wire line
connected
• WLL is normally used for rural or unpopulated.
• WLL can be a quick solution for developing telephones
infrastructure.

Why to use WLL?

• Eliminates many problems and reduces cost inherent to wire line
loop system in certain areas.
• Decreases the time to deploy a network.
• Mobility and flexibility.

Advantage of WLL:
• Advantage over wire line
- Ease of installation and deployment and lower cost.
- Ease of operation.

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 - Administration and maintenance and lower cost.
• Advantage over mobile
- Bigger coverage area.
- Improved signal and reduced interference (fixed to fixed link).
- Higher capacity.
• Fixed –to –fixed propagation.
• Under a non – multipath condition.
• Antenna- The link are placed at high sport of building.
• Frequency reuse is reduced.

WLL Attributes:
• Range can be 62Km (best propagation condition)
Based on free –space loss
Based on high gain antenna
Based on spread spectrum waveform
• The capacity is higher then that of mobile radio

Services:
• Voice
• Data services
• Customer services
• Mobility

Subsystems of WLL:-

BSC (Base Station Controller)

Base station controller (BSC) is located between Base Transceiver
Station (BTS) and public network switching center in STAREX_WLL,
which is a WLL system that applies CDMA digital mobile communication
technology, to control up to 48 BTS systems and provide interface with
public network. That is, it controls calls established through the BTS and
performs maintenance function for the BTS and BSC.

BSC Function:-
• Call processing between WLL network and PSTN
Handoff
• Subscriber management

35
 • Custom calling services (R2/No.7 only)
• Provides interfaces to PSTN
• Provides Data internetworking (IWF)
• Provides QASM of WLL system through BSM

BTS (Base Transceiver Station):

BTS is located between MS (mobile station) and BSC in the WLL. A
repersonal communication system adopting CDMA digital mobile
communication technology and it controls calls for MS and performs
maintenance function. It allocates traffic channel upon call request and call
path.
• Call control and call resource management.
• Loading
• Configuration and operating information processing.
• Fault handling.
• Packet routing and transmitting.
• Inventory.
• Remote control
• Provides the means for a subscriber unit to access network services
using radio
• Consists of radio devices, antenna and equipment.

Base Station Manager (BSM):

The Base Station Manager performs initialisation, configuration,
diagnostic monitoring of the Base Station Subsystem. After system
initialisation the role of manager is not essential for steady state operation,
but manager continues its function as an monitoring element. By
monitoring the other sub systems in the wireless loop system the manager
detects faulty equipment, reconfigure the system and then communicates
the status of the Base Station to the Operation and maintenance centre.
The abstract of OAM functions is:
• Initialisation of the system
• Fault Management of the System.
• Configuration Management of the System.
• Security Management of the system.
• Performance Management of the system.
• Account Management of the system.

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 The Manager connects all the subsystems both directly and through
CDMA interconnect subsystem.

SU (Subscribers Unit):
• Used by subscribers to access network services over a radio
interface.
• Can provide external interfaces with terminals.
Local Exchange

BSC
BTS BTS

Mobile BTS

Block Diagram of WLL

• Wireless cost is constant over distance for WLL

• Wireline depends on distance AND terrain

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WLL CONFIGURATION

38
 REFERENCES

1.)Wireless Communication and Networks- William Stallings

2).Wireless Communication (Principles and Practice)- Theodore S.
Rappaport
3.) www.bsnl.co.in
4.) www.wikipedia.com
5.) www.google.com

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