Sei sulla pagina 1di 24

485

XV.-ITALIAN AND URALIC POSSESSIVE SUFFIXES COMPARED. By H.I.H. PRINCE L.-L. BONAPARTE.

OF the three great olassea into which all human languages are divided-s-I", Isolating; 2°. Agglutinative; 3°. Inflectional-only the last two, which have grammatical forms, are capable of furnishing possessive suffixes. Nevertheless it is not every language that belongs to these two classes which possesses such pronominal forms. Although there are not only agglutinative, but also inflectional extra-European languages (for instance, the Semitic and modern Persian) which have these suffixes, Europe itself, with a single very curious exception, shews them only in the U ralic languages, which form the fifth family of the Altaic stem, one of the independent members of the agglutinative class.

It is to the above-named very curious exception that I intend to direct the attention of my hearers, without even attempting to explain its cause. An interesting and positive fact will always have more intrinsic value in philology than a doubtful explanation; precisely a8 the well-ascertained existence of some rare chemical compound will excite more interest than an analysis of it to which exception might be taken.

The dialects of Europe (without reckoning the Caucasus) belong: P. To the Basque language, subdivided, WI I think. into eight dialects (J?8rhaps nine if Roncalese be more than a simple subdialect), constituting by itself alone a whole family (the Iberian) and the whole Iberio stem, which is one of the agglutinative olsse ; 2°. To the Uralic family, which, as I have already stated, belongs to another independent stem (the Altaic) of the same class; 3°. To the Aryan stem, one of the inflectional class. No possessive suffixes are to be found in Basq ue. The U ralic languages, fJilll. Finnish, Esthonian, Krevingian (extinct), Livonian (not yet extinct), Lapponese, Mordvinian, Tsheremissian, Permian with Sirianian its co-dialect, Votiak, Hungarian, Vogulic, and

Digitized by Coogle

486 ITALIAN AND URALlC SUFFIXES.-PRINCE BONAPARTE.

Ostiak, are generally richly provided with them, the only exceptions being Esthonian, Krevingian, and Livonian, in which they are ignored. The languages of the Aryan stem, represented in Europe by the Celtic or Gaelo-Cambrian, the Greco-Albano-Latin, the Germano-Scandinavian, and the Slavo-Lettio families, are all, with the single exception to which I now come, without possessive suffixes. 1 should state that I do not consider the Greek enclitics to be such; for example, JI-OV in 'TT'aTf,p JI-Ou 'my father,' pronounced 'TT'an1pp.ov as a single word, although, owing to the general rules of accentuation affecting enclitics, JI-Ou loses its accent. In fact, JI-Ou and EJI-OU are perfect synonyms meaning' of me.'

Certain Italian words, and other words belonging to the Neapolitan, Abruzzese, Northern Calabrian, Northern Corsican, and perhaps some other Italian dialects or varieties, present the curious exceptional cases referred to. These words always relate to a single possessor belonging to the first or the second person, and may be used both in the singular and plural. With the exception of the dialectal pairone, patrona 'master, mistress (of servants)' and the Italian COBa 'house,' rita' life,' cara 'dear (applied to a female),' these words are all names of kinsfolk. They are still used with the possessive suffixes both in the above-named Italian dialects and in the U ralio languages, but in the latter the use of such suffixes (aU derived, more or less evidently, 8.8 in Italian, from the personal pronouns) is extended to every class of words, to one, two, or more possessors, to all three persons, and to all three numbers when the dual exists, as it does in Lapponese, in Vogulic, and in Ostiuk. In standard modem Italian, however, this use has died away and their former existence can only be proved. by citations from existing works, as follows (See Table I., Old Classical Italisn column) :

1. Pdtremo, for patre mio. Patremo e matrema, in luogo di patre mio e matre mia: Pairemo and matrema, instead of patre mio and matre mia. (Prose del Cardinal Pietro Bembo. Firenze, 1549, libro 2, p. 97.)

Pdtreto, for patre tuo. Non mi tocchenl. patreto per quanto avere ha in Bari: TII!/ father wilt not toucll me for tu

Digitized by Coogle

ITALIAN AND URALIC SUFFIXES.-PRINCE BONAPARTE. 487

much property he has at Bari. (Amante e Madonna, verso 23.) See note 2.

2. Mdtrema, for matre mia. See 1. Pairemo.

Mammata, for mamma tua. Meglio la conobbe mammata :

Thy mamma kne!D her better. (Novelle di Franco Sacchetti. Firenze, 1724, nov. 165.)

3. FigliuOlmo, forfigliuol mio. Ora farebbe bisogno a me d'aver moglie piu ehe a figliuolmo, ehe m' atasse ; Now it rrould be more neceBBary for me than for my Bon to have a wife fhatwould help me. (Cronaea di Firenze di Donato VeUuti. Firenze, 1731.)

FtgliOlmo, for figlwl mio. Figliolmo: My Bon. (VocaboIario della Crusca. Firenze, 1731, vol. 2.)

FigliuOito, for figliuol tuo, Va', raceoneola figliuolto: ehe morir postu di stento !: Go, comfort thy Bon: maYBt thou die of anguiBh! (Canzoni a ballo del Magnifico Lorenzo de' Medici. Firenze, 1562, canz, 23.)

Figlio/to, for figliol too: Figliolto: Thy son. (Vocabolario della Crusea. Firenze, 1731, vol. 2.)

4. Figliuotata, for figliuola tua. Marita figliuolata, e farai grand' opera; e dalla ad uom savio : Marry thy daughter, and thou foilt do a great work; and give her to a wise man. (Volgarizzamento de' tre Trattati d' Albertauo Giudice da Brescia. Firenze, 1610, tratt. 1, p. 22.)

Figliotata, for figliota tua. 10 voglio che tu mi dea figliolata per moglie: I !oish that thou mayst give me thy daughter to reife. (V olgarizzamento della Storia di Barlaam e Giosafat, Roma, 1714, p. 23.)

5. Fratelmo, for fratel mio. Disse fratelmo, e poi non me l' attese: Said my brother, and then he did not keep his promise to me: (Pataffio di ser Brunetto Latini. Napoli, 1788, cap. 6.)

FratMio, for fratel tuo, Quando da fratelto ti dividesti:

When thou separatedst thYBe/f from thy brother. (Voigarizzamento della Rettorica di Marco Tullio Cicerone, di Ser Brunetto Latini. Firenze, 1734.)

Frdteio, for frate too. Senze mille rimbrotti de' frateti e de' fanti tuoi: With()Ut a thollsand reproaches of thy brothers nnd men-servants. (Laberinto d'amore, 0 sia il Corbaccio, di Messer Giovanni Boocaccio, Firenze, 15{14, nwn. 125.)

Digitized by Coogle

488 ITAt.IAN AND URALlO SUFFIXBS.-PRtNCE BONAPARTE.

6. SirOccniama, for Birocchia mia. E sirocchiama pare sbalordita: And mll sister seems to be stunned. (pataffio. Napoli, 1788, cap. 5.)

15. Maritoto, for manto tuo, &spireri. il maritoto, che non sii di lui piena: Thy husband will 8igh, that thou art Itof ,cith cMld by him. (Poesie di fra Iacopone da Todi. Venezia, 1617, t. I, cant. 6, str. 17.) N.B.-Il maritoto (with the article), contrary to what Bembo says. See 16.

16. Mogliama, for mogUs mia. Mogliama nol mi crederi:

Mll rife will not believe it if I said it. (Decamerone di Boccaceio. Firenze, 1587, nov. 76, num. 8.)

Hogliema, for moglie mia. See 16. Mogliela.

Hogliatn, for moglie tua, Godiamci i denari, e a mogliam di' ch' e' ti sia stato imbolato: Let us enioy the money, and iell thy wife that he (the male pig, ital. 'porco') has befit stolen from thee. (Decamerone. Firenze, 1587, nov. i6, num.3.)

Moglieta, for moglie tua. Mogliema e moglieta, aile quali voci non si da l'articolo, ma si leva j che non diciamo ' della moglieta,' ma 'di moglieta': Mogliema and mogliela, f&Ord~ which do not admit the article, but from which it is remored; because fee do not Ball 'della mog/ieta,' but "di moglkta.' (prose del Cardinal Bembo. Firenze, 1549, libro 2, p. 97.) See 15.

21. OaBala, for casa tua. Molti son li garofani che a easata mandai: Many are the pinkB th,at I8ent to thll hovee. (Amante e Madonna, verso 91.) See note 2.

22. Vitama, for fJifa mia. Deo 10 volesse, vitama, ca te fos' morto in casa!: Would to God I had died in thll howle, mlllije! (id., verso 101.)

23. Cdrama, for cara mia. Bene 10 saccio, carama; altro non posso fare: I knOll) it well, mll dear; I can do tt'Othing else: (id., verso 131.)

These quotations, as far as I have been able to render my researches exhaustive, contain all the old Italian words capable of receiving a possessive suffix. The Neapolitan dialect, however, as Table I. shows, is muoh richer in this respect than the old standard language. In fact, the words meaning 'grand-father, grand-mother, grand-son, grand-

Digitized by Coogle

lTALIAN AND UBALIC SUFFIXBS.-l'BINCE BONAl'ABTE. 489

daughter, uncle, aunt, nephew, niece, brother-in-law, sisterin-law, master or mistress (of servants)' appear in this dialect accompanied by the suffix, which is not the case in' old Italian.

With regard to the Uralic languages, it is noteworthy that while, on the one hand, they are exceedingly rich in words of every kind that are capable of receiving the possessive suffix, on the other hand, they seem to be often without words corresponding exactly in meaning to the Italian and Neapolitan names of relationship, which form the principal subject of this paper. This relative property, however, is only apparent and I have prepared Table II. to prevent anyone from falling into the gross error of thinking them deficient in names for family relationships. This table will show that the Uralic languages are, on the contrary, much richer in names of such relationship than any other European language. It will be seen that while the Italian or Neapolitan names expreea a relationship generally, the U ralic languages often substitute particular words indicating the numerous ways in which the relationship could occur in individual cases, without having, in most cases, any word for expressing it generally, so that they are unsuited for admission info Table I. To take two examples, the Italian word cognato means 'brother-in-law,' and nipote 'grand-child,' either , grand-son' or 'grand-daughter.' Although there is (in this particular case) a V ogulic word, njuobins (8ee Table I., Vogulic column), for the general meaning of the Italian and English terms, there are five more different ones in Vogulic for five different cases (See Tables I. and II., Vogulic column): 1°. ak' husband's' or ' wife's elder brother'; 2°. liegu' husband's younger brother'; 3°. juriS' wife's younger brother'; 4°. pant 'elder sister's husband'; 5°. t:Uiips 'younger sister's husband.' (See Hunfalvy, 'Reguly Antal Hagyomanyai.' Pesten, 1864, pp. 111, 112: "Anthony Reguly'8 ia8t Di8position8.") The second word is rendered in Lapponese either by agjob or byakkob (8ee Table II., Lapponese column), but agjob is only 'man's grand-child,' either' grandIOn' or 'grand-daughter,' while akkob means 'woman's grand-

Digitized by Coogle

'.

NOTES TO THE TWO TABLES.

(1). Words preceded by • belong to modem Italian.

(2). This word, not found in the-Italian dictionaries, occurs in Ciullo da Camo (more generally d'Alcamo's), Cf Amante e Madonna." (See "Poemi del Primo Secolo della lingua italiana." Firenze, 1816, vol. i.)

(3). In Northern Calabrian I have found pairimma, pdirim« or patremma, pcitretta; lrcititta j nannu, ncinnuma 'grandfather, my grand-father'; nanna, nannama 'grand-mother, my grand-mother'; nepuie, neputita ' grand-child, nephew, niece; thy grand-child,' etc.; sduma, siuta, etc., with final -maand -ta or -mma and -tla, both masculine and feminine, instead of -mo and -to or -me and -te.

(4). Nepotemo, nepoteto; nepOtama, nepOtata j cainciiemo or eojendiemo, cainateto or cqjenciteio; cojencitama, cajenatata, I have not yet met with in Neapolitan, but nep6teme, nepo/.ete, from nepoie, meaning both 'grand-son' or ' grand-daughter' and' nephew' or 'niece,' as well as cuntiieme, cunateie, from cunaie, meaning both 'brother-in-law' and 'sister-in-law,' are found at any rate, in an analogous way, in Abruzzese, where besides seiore or sire, scioreme or 8ireme, sciorele or sirete 'grand-father' or 'grand-sire, my grand-father, thy grand-father,' and seiore, scioreme, 8ciorete, meaning also

490 ITALIAN AND URAUC SllFFIXBS.-PRINCE BONAPARTE.

child,' either' grand-son' or 'grand-daughter.' (See Leem, 'Lexicon Lapponico-Danico-Latinum.' Nidrosise, 1768, pp. 28,33.)

But now, is it not delightfully satisfactory to find in Basque, particularly in the Biscayan dialect, the same distinction in certain names of kinsfolk determined not only by their own sex, as generally happens very often in all languages, but also by the sex of the persons to whom they are related? In fact, what happens in Lapponese with agjob and akkob takes place in Biscayan with anajja 'man's brother,' neba 'woman's brother'; arreba 'man's sister,' aizta 'woman's sister,' in such a way that Peter can only have agjo//s and either anaija's or arreba's, while Mary is only able to have akkob's and either mba's or aista's.

Digitized by Coogle

PEB1UAN. VOTLU:. HUNGAlIIAN. VOGULIC. OSTIAK.
AI ATYA. JAG Jrv
aii atyam jaum jivem
aied atyAd jaUD jiveD Digitized by Coogle

F D'gil,zed by Coogle

TABLE II.

ENGLISH DEl'INITIONH, FINNISH, LAPPOSESF., MORDVINIAN, TSHERKK18SU .. 'i:,
~
1 elder brother - - Ijaliii g zii
2 younger broth" - - baeD Kolja
8 elder ,ilt.r - - patiii iikii
~ younger sister - - sazor 80zar
5 father', father - - - tjotja
6 mother', father - - - cliCia
7 lon', ,on pojannin agjob - -
8 daughter', IOn - akkob - -
9 ,on', daughter - agyob - -
10 daughter" daug/ller - o.kkob - -
11 father', elder brother sete. Illkke pokSiii kuguza
12 father', younger brot/ltr seta emcce Ijalai8 kuguza
18 mother', elder brother eno mno testj -
14 mother', younge)' brother eDO reno testj -
15 father's elder .i,ter - aiessa - jiengi
16 father'. yOll1lg~r sister - aiessa - jiengii
17 mot/Iill", elder sister - goasBke tjoBCI1. -
]8 mother', youllger RiRter - muotha tj08Ca -
19 elder brother'. ,on nepaa sessa1 - -
20 Y01lllger brother', '011 nepas mkkeb - -
21 ,ister', Bon - nappad - -
22 elder brother', Mughter - sessal - -
28 younger brother'. daltghter - mkkeb - -
24 mter', Mug bter - ibme - -
25 hUBband', elck1' brother kyty - alai -
26 hwlband', younger brother kyty - arne -
27 wife'. elder brother nule. - Ijaliii 8 ODe&U
28 IVift', younger brother niiiile. - baCb. p6m
29 husband', elder .iBter nato mannje arne onjo.ka
30 /m.band', younger sister nato msnnje arne -
81 wife'o elder .iBter - sivjug baljduz onjo.ka I
32 Idfe', younge)' sister - sivjng sazor - I
33 husband'. niece - ibme - - !
34 elder ,ister', hUBband nuode lja.lii.i 8 I
- -
85 youllg" .uter', hu .. band nllode - baeks. - i
36 elder brother', uiife - mannje uriiB -
I
37 younger brother'. mife - mannje uris - I
311 ullcle', wife - ibme - -
39 hUBballd', ,uter', husballd - ppilii - -
40 leife', ,iller', hluband - apiliR baljza - I
,
41 husband'. brother'. '1'((1' - spilii - - ,
42 lV;fe'~ brother', w((e - apHis ur&s - D;gilized by LoogLe

PERMIAN. I VOTIAK. HUNOARIAN. VOOtlI.lC. OSTIAK.
I --~ ----_-
- njunj blLtya kink jai
- I vyn iicBe kiis apsi
- aky nlme9 opu opi
- suzer hUg jezi apai
- - - - jiri
- - - - aair-asi
- - - - -
- - - api -
- - - - -
- - - api -
- njunj - iiki jai
- njunj - ksnk jai
- poles apai - ilki orti
- poles apai - Biisgi orti
- varmaka - a.gu opi
- varmska - 6be opi
- - - nin nl
- I - - anji nl
- - - - apsi
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - apsi
- - - - -
- vyny - - fLr-posyx
icipijan sidnar - ilk lego
icipijan sidnar - liegll lego
- varmyska - ilk -
- varmyska - juris -
- vyn suzer - Ag ort-ne
- uzi - ing ort-ne
- bultyr - plLnt kill
- bultyr - pals kili
- - - - -
zetj emespi - pant -
zetj emespi - vuiips -
- kenak lLngy unj angige
- kenak lLngy milnj angi
- - - - -
- - - - -
- busjono - - kili
- vyn murt - - -
-~ - - - - Digitized by Looglej ~

\

Digitized by Google

ITALIAN AND URALIC SUFFIXES.-PRINCE BONAPARTE. 491

'grand-mother, my grand-mother, thy grand-mother,' are st~ll in use. In Southern Corsican I have met with a kind of possessive interfix, as in babuziu 'father's brother,' babitus;" 'thy (father's brother) , or 'patruus tuus,' from bab« 'father' and siu 'uncle.' I do not speak of possessive prefixes, as masia or mazi 'my aunt,' etc.

(5). Compare with the Albanian ~ld 'brother.'

(6). Compare with the Tosk Albanian tiJ88 'mother's sister.' (7). This word belongs to the Irtysch Southern Ostiak,

while all the other words of this column belong to the Northern Ostiak dialect.

(8). Compare with the Gheg Albanian {laija 'young father' and also ' grown-up eldest brother.'

(9). Compare with the Gheg Albanian nanna' old mother.'

ADDITIONS.

Tab. I., after number 16, add the two following numbers : 1 {5'. FATHER-IN-LAW, my father-in-law. Italian ·SuoClmo.

Northern Calabrian SUOCRU, suocruma. Finnish ApPI, appini, Lapponese Vuop, vuoppam. Hordvinian Tiitiii (1Iltsband'8 father), tiitiim; TKSTJ (lcife'8 father), testem. Teheremissian OBA, obam. Permian Joz AI (huslJ(ltld'8father), joz aie; TE8J (,rife'8 father), tesjd, Votiak VARMAI, varmaie, Hungarian IPA, ipam, Vogulic Up, upom. Ostiak IKI (hu8band'sfather), ikem; Up (wife'8father), upem.

16"'. MOTHER-IN-LAW, my mother-in-law. Italian·SuOcERA.

Northern Calabrian SOcRA, socrama, Finnish ANOPPI, anoppimi. Lapponese VUONE, vuodoam. Hordt'inian AVAI (husband'8 nwther), avam; TjoBca (!Clfe's mother), tjoseam. Teheremiesian KUGu, kugum. Permian ANJ (husband'8 mother), anjo; T08BA (Icife'8 mother) tOssao. Votiak KUBA, kubaa. Hunqaria« NAPA, napam, Vogulic ANIP, anipom. OlJtiak UN-IMI (hu8hand's mother), un-imem; UPIMI (leife'8 mother), up-imem.

ERRATA.

Tab. Land IL, Lapponese Column, in8tead of AOYA, agyam, agyad, and agyob, read AGJA, agjam, agjad, and agjob.

Digitized by Coogle

492

XVI.-ALBANIAN IN TERRA D'OTRANTO. By H.I.H. PRINCE L.-L. BONAPARTE.

IN the following southern provinces of Italy sub-dialects or varieties of the Tosk dialect of the Albanian language are still more or less spoken: 1°. Abruzzo Ulteriore I. (one village); 2". Molise (about five villages); 3°. Capitanata (about four villages); 4°. Principato Ulteriore (one village) ; 5°. Basilicata (about five villages); 6°. Terra d'Otranto (two villages); 7°. Calabria Citeriore (about twenty-seven villages); 8". Calabria Ulteriore II. (about five villages); 9°. Palermo (five villages), that is, approximatively, fifty-five in all. I say "approximatively," because, up to this time, I have not been able to ascertain with certainty the exact number of the localities of six of these ten provinces, as I have in the case of Abruzzo Ulteriore I., Principato Ulteriore, Terra d'Otranto (the special subject of this paper), and Palermo. For this last, see my "088ervazioni sulla pronunzia del dialetto pianiota," preceding the translation, edited by me in London in 1868, of the Gospel according to Saint Matthew from the original Greek into this Palermo variety, by the late Don Demetrio Camarda, the lamented author of the "Grammatologia Albanese." My pbonetic orthography, adopted in this translation, as well as in the CalabroAlbanian, London, 1869, although differing from that generally followed by the translators, has not been disapproved by them.

Having had occasion, three or four years ago, to make inquiries as to the number of the localities in which Albanian is still more or less spoken in Terra d'Otranto, I received the following very valuable, because very reliable information, from Taranto, through the kindness of the Rev. P. D. L. De Vincentiis, O.P., the well-known author of the "Storia di Taranto." Taranto, 1878-9, 5 vol. Svo., as well as of the "V oeabolario del dialetto tarantino." Taranto, 1872,8vo.

According to this distinguished writer, out of the seven

Digitized by Coogle

ALBANIAN IN OTllANTO.-PRINCE BONAPARTB. 493

villages of the diocese of Taranto, the only places in which the Albanian language has been still more or less spoken within the memory of man, f)jz. San Marzano, Roccaforzata, Monteparano (anciently Parello), San Giorgio, San Martino, Faggiano, and Carosino, there is only one, San Marzano, where Albanian is at present more used than Italian, while at Fnggiano, Albanian is to be heard only from a few old persons. In the remaining villages Albanian is quite extinct. Thus, at Roccaforzata, it has ceased to be spoken for more than fifty years, and of San Martino nothing remains but the parish church. (See the small map at the end.)

The same thing happens in other provinces. Thus, at Oervicato, in the diocese of San Marco, and at Rota, in the diocese of Bisignano, both in Calabria Citeriore, Albanian has but lately become extinct"

In the following thirteen villages of the province of Terra d'Otranto, all belonging to the diocese of the same name, riz. Martano, Calimera, Sternatia, Martignano, Melpignano, Castrigliano, Coregliano, Soleto, Zollino, Cutrofiano, Curse, Caprarica, and Cannole, no Albanian is heard, as has been erroneously stated, but only modern Greek, in a corrupted dialect, which, as well as the Greek of Calabria Ulteriore I., has been scientifically treated by Comparetti, by Pellegrini, and especially by Morosi. (See map.)

With reference to the Albanian of Terra d'Otranto, which is still in use at San Marzano, in the diocese of Taranto,

1 This gradual extinction of a language haa a mournful iutere8t. Had I been born twenty years earlier, I could have heard Albaniau still spoken at Pianiano, near Canino, formerly in the Duchy of Caatro, and now in the province of Rome. This small hamlet of about twenty families waa given by the Pope, at the end of the 1ll8t century, to these poor Christians who were seeking refuge from MRhometan penecution under the guidance of their ve'1. courageous and soldierly rector Don Simone, a man whom some of them still recollected about half a centnry ago, when I used to pay them frequent visits. Don Simone wns a very intelligent man, and quite fit to be the guide and administrator of a much larger community. As he waa a man of some means and very charitable, his name WII8 still held In great veneration by the I talianized Albanians, who called a detached portion of the principality of Canino .. Piane di Don Simone." Legenda~ stories made him sometimes appear in these plains by moonlight, spreading out his cloak, as if to protect his cherished Albanians.

Such words as liui: 'bread,' mil 'meat,' ""' 'grapes,' jo 'no,' and some ethers, Tery few in number, were still in their memory, but it is impossible to judge from tbem of the nature of their dialectal variety.

A8 tbese facts are almost unknown, I have thougbt them worthy, notwithstanding their comparatively ema1J. philological importance, to be preserred from oblivion.

Digitized by Coogle

494 ALBANIAN IN OTRANTO.-PRINCE BONAPARTE.

P. De Vincentiis has not limited his kindness to the preceding information, but has also succeeded in procuring me, from a native of that village: 1°. A list of about forty words; 2". Three phrases; 3°. A very short song, improperly called in Italian "Novella degli sposi;" viz. "Romance of the Betrothed." The song and the phrases appear in a more corrupted form than the isolated words of the list. They are accompanied by an Italian translation; and, as I know enough of Albanian to perceive that this translation is not always literal, while my knowledge of that language is not sufficient to allow me to undertake the responsibility of the task of properly correcting or modifying it, I shall limit myself to giving the English of the Italian translation, to transcribing the unsettled Italian orthography I of these

2 According to my ear, the Gheg and Tosk Albanians, inclnding those of Beutari, Greece, Calabria, and Sicily, p088888 the following sounds, which, when they occur in this paper, are represented by the annexed symbols. I have heard all of them from the mouths of native A Ibanians, particularly from the pUl?w of the College of Propaganda in Rome. These sounds are not all to be found m the same dialect, but each of them exists at least in one dialect. No reall1 complete list of the Albanian sounds has been given before this, although Hahn s seems to be the richest of all. (See the Table below.)

1. a=a in/lither. 29. 'Yh = Dutch fI in flaa" 'to go.'

2. e=l) French e in rucci. 'BUccees.' 30. t=FreDch tin tolU; 'cough.'

3. e = 2) French; in Iii 'thimble.' 31. d = French d in tkm: ' two.'

4. i =e in he. 32. n = French" in nona' name.'

6. 0 = 1) French 0 in or 'gold.' 33. nj = French !/" in dig,,~ 'worthy.'

6. 0=2) Freuch 0 in mot 'word.' 34. th=t" in thill.

7. U =GO in/ool. 36. dh =t" in t"u.

8. y = French u in lum 'moon.' 36. 8 =, in '0.

9.9=1) French eu inpeur 'fear.' 37. z=Modem Greek (in (_' ani-

10.9=2) Frencheu infell ~fire.' mal.'

11. f=nasal a, approximatively. 38. ie,,, in,~.

12. ~=nasal e, id, 39. ! =. in plearur,.

13.1• "'nasal i, id, 40. ts=Italian z in la ~ia 'the aunt.'

H. 9 = nasal 0, id. 41. dz=Italian z in hJ __ 'the

16. 9=nasal N, id. zone.'

16. X = nasal !/, id. 42. fA = Italian e In hJ eer« 'the wax.'

17. 'l=nasa1', id. 43. dZ=Italian I in hJ lenU • the

18. k =~ in cat. peol?le.'

19. kj = Italian chi in hJ ehiall' 'the 44. p =p 1D pea,..

key.' 46. b =6 in but,

20. g=1 in flO. .6. m= .. in mil.

21. gj = Italian I"i in III fllIiandG 'the .7. f=fin/al.

acorn.' 48. v = 11 in IIi" e,

22. It .. " injing"'. 49. Ih=Polish I in lana 'boeom,' ap-

23. j =!/ in you. proximatively.

24. h =" in "ow. 60. I = French I in Umu 'plate.'

26. X = German ell in "ae"t • night.' 61. Ij =Ita1ian gl in Jiflli 'sons.'

26. xi = German e" in raicht ' not.' 62. rr= Spanish r in rey , king.'

27. 'Y=Modem Greek 'Y in -r¥of 63. r=Spanish,. in oro • gold.'

'wedding.' (') = accent ; n = long quantity; n

~8. 'Yj = Modem Greek 'Y in 'Yillo! 'race.' id. with accent.

Digitized by Coogle

ALBANIAN IN OTRANTO.-PRINCE BONAPARTE. 495

three documents into one more phonetic, and to making some observations on the isolated words of the list, comparing them with those of the other Albanian dialects of Albania, Greece, Calabria (Frascineto variety), and Sicily (Piana de' Graci variety).3

P. ISOLATED AI,RANIAN WORDS.

1. Baf 'bean'; bathe t. gr. c. j bath, bakel 8C.; frasula g.

2. Bekkumia 'Virgin Mary,' viz. 'the blessed'; bekuem ·8C. 'blessed,' and also 'Virgin Mary'; Perndiljema sc, 'Virgin Mary,' cis. 'God's Mother,' from Perndi 'God' and ema 'mother,' corresponding to the Greek e€OTO/C~. For' blessed,' I find in g. bektima j t. bekuara ; c. 8. bekiiar. (See 12.)

3. Brek' breeches'; breka t. gr. g.; tirk C.; tirk, SandervAr, ~arvAr, brendevek 8C. In t. and gr. 'tirk' is ' gaiter.'

4. Brem' evening'; mbrome t. c. 8.; prama gr.; mbreme, premo c. ; mrama g.; mbramie, mramie, mrame, pramie 8C. 5. Bukka 'the bread'; bUka 'bread' t. gr. C. 8. g.; buk 8C.

6. Drit' day,' as in mir drit 'good day,' but drit» in t. c. 8.

g. and drit in 8C. mean' light.' Dita' day' in t. c. 8. g. and in 8C. dit.

7. Duf' gun (portable) '; dufek t. gr. 8.; duffek c. j dyfek

t. j puska g.; puSk, pusk e giat 8C.

8 E' ., , t ,. v

. . nJa yes ; po • gr. g. 8C.; p0881 8C. j e, al gr. j aX c. ;

9xj 8.

9. Erbi • the barley "; eljp 'barley' t. gr. c. g. j elp 8. ;

elb 8C.

10. Fli 'sleep (thou)'; fiji t. j fi~ c. j fla 8.; fiji g.; fI~i 8C.

11. Greg 'raise (thou)'; ngre t. C.8. g.; ngri t. j ngreh 8C.

12. Ibekkiimia 'God,' cis. i Bekkumia 'the Blessed,' corruptly for i Bekkumi, as Bekkumia (8ee 2) is properly the definite feminine without the prepositive feminine article e when it means' Virgin Mary,' while the prepositive mas-

I Gbeg Albanian is indicated by g.; T08k Albanian, by t.: Albanian of Greece, bY.9!,'; Albanian of lfrascineto (C.alabria), by,.; Albanian of Piana de' Greci (Sicily), by •. ; Albaman of Scutari, by Ie.

Digitized by Coogle

496 ALBANIAN IN OTRANTO.-PRINCE BOlfAPARTB •

.

online article i makes all the difference, which seems very strange, between 'God' and 'Virgin Mary.' Bekkutlii. I repeat, ought to be the masculine and bekkumia the feminine. as is shown by all the other Albanian dialects, in which' the blessed' or 'benedictus' is: 'i beKuemi' in 8C.; 'i bekumi" g.; 'i bekiieri" t. These are the Albanian names of 'God • :

Perendi g.; Perendi, Perenni 8C.; Perndi t. 8t'.; Hji 8C.; ... ~go (archaic) g.; Inzot gr. C. 8. BC.; Tinz6t C. B. BC.; Tenz6t eo. ; Zot g. se, (Zot, in the other dialects, means 'lord, master, God,' but not 'God' exclusively); Dzot, Zotyn BC.; Dhey gr. ; Alba (Turkish) t., AlhhA (Turkisll) BC.

13. Jatta' the father'; tate' father' t. gr.; babe, ljalja t. (This last word, in g., according to Hahn, either means 'young father,' or ' grown-up eldest brother.') Tat c. B. sc.; at gr. c. B. g. sc.; jat (corruptly, which properly means' his' or 'her father') gr. c. e., as is the case with' jatta'; bab BC.

14. J 0 ' no,' in all dialects.

15. Kali 'the horse'; kalj' horse' t. gr.; kalja t.; kalj

c. g. j kal B. j kAI SC. •

16. Kampara 'the bell"; kambane 'bell' t.; kumb6ra gr.; kumb6r, kempsn C.; kumb6na g. j kumon BC.

17. Kavaljeria 'the staircase'; skala 'staircase' t. g.; §kalha gr. ; ;kal C.; skalh, skalh BC.

18. KliSa' the church' ; kjlSa 'church' t. c.; kljisa gr. e. ; kH§a c. If. j kfsa g.; kiS BC.

19. Krist 'wine' (modern Greek "paul); vera t. gr. c. 8. ; yarra t.; v~na g. j v~n BC.

20. Krura ' the corn'; grur' corn' t. gr. C.; gr~n g. Be. ; dritha t. gr. g.; drith 8. BC.; bardh sc.; krapda c.

~1. Kumare 'ass' j gomar t, gr. g.; gomAr t. SC. j magjar g.; magar, margats 8C.; gaidhur C.; ryhaidhur s, (modern Greek ryai&po~).

22. Kuputs ' shoe'; keputsa t. c. B. g.; keputs, kputs SC.

23. Leijidi 'the hairs'; lje~ 'hair' t. c. g.; Thes gr.; le~ Be.; flok c. se.; kjime t. ~. e. g.; tsyme, tsym, kjym, kym, kim se., krip e.

24. Mir' good ' j mira t. gr. C. B. g. j mir SC.

25. Missi ' the flesh'; mis 'flesh' t. gr. c. s, g. 8C.

Digitized by Coogle

ALBANIAN IN OTRANTO.-PRINCB BONAPARTE. 497

26. Mma 'mother'; mamma, amma, ema, nanna, nana, nene t.; mama, ama t. c. 8.; jama c. (this word properly means' his' or ' her mother'); muma 8.; amma g.; am, nllD, non 8C.; and in g., according to Hahn, 'old mother' nanna, 'young mother' and also 'grown-up eldest sister' momma.

27. Muskia 'the mule'; mwka 'mule' t. gr. c. g.; musk, musk 8C.

28. N ussi 'the twine'; spango 'twine' t.; spago gr.; spanga g.; spag, spag, sidaim 8C.

29. Pelja 'the mare'; pellja 'mare' t.; pelja t. c. g.;

pela 8.; pel 8C. .

30. Potsare, 'the fair'; puar' fair' t. gr. g.; pazar, bazar, pats8.r 8C.; mark at c.

31. RruSa 'the grapes'; rrUs 'grapes' t, c. 8. g. 8C.; ruB gr.

32. Russia' the bride'; mise ' bride' t. gr. c. 8.; n us &c.; nfse gr.

33. Zimbra 'the heart'; zamara 'heart' t. c. 8.; zambara t.; zemara, zembars g.; zemer, zember 8C.

34. Stipia 'the house'; stapf 'house' t. gr.; stapi t. g.; spi c. 8C.; spi 8.; stpi, stpie BC.

35. Sendra 'saints'; saint, sent 'saint' t.; sait c. i seit gr. B.; s~it, st;nt BC.

36. Ski6kkje (H6kkje) 'wife'; s6kje t. c. 8. g.; ~otS, fat &c.; ljakurik t.

37. Tresira 'the oats'; tarsara 'oats' t. g.; dra~ara gr.; trisan, ter~a.n 8C •.

38. U' I'; u t. gr. C. B. g.; uua t. g.; une c. BC.; un g. I!C.

H", PHRASES.

1. Lenji sadrat dritne, Ital." Laseio a voi il buon di."

I wiBh'You good day. Liter. I leave you the good da!l.

2. Pentso pe gyam ime se iete metti.

Think of m!l relative who is with you.

3. Ets, ka ta funja.

Go, leBt I beat thee.

I'_

Digitized by G<;)ogIe

498 ALBANIAN IN OTRANTO.-PRINCE BONAPARTE.

lIIO. ROMANCE OF THE BETROTHED.

1. Finja ke u ge te denja, rna is! pansan, I feigned not to lote thee, but it soae false,

2. Ma ti e denji pinsieri imi.

But thou didst penetrate my thoughts.

3. Perpona ti skoda me bus.

I passed proudlll before thee.

4. Klevui pe de kristera sengetava mir drit.

It teas because oj the people (liter. Oh"i8tians) that 1 did not say good day.

5. Kom leu kusl denja miru u,

I have maintained (liter. left) in me the good lore,

6. De tua mire ti, zimbra imme, To lote lCell thee, my heart.

7. Nan!, pierrimi didukami mira; Note, let the sincere love return to U8;

8. Se skiokkje (?sokkje) mi kadiessiei, ged6 Ibekkumia.

For thou slialt be my wife, please God.

N.B.-The language of this song and that of the preceding phrases is very corrupt.

The following notes are referred to on the next page.

, The Roman numerals in the first column refer to the sounds of Note 2. The Arabic figures in the other columns give the current numbers of the sounds of each dialect.

6 The Albanian of Calabria is her€< meant that of Frascineto in Calabria Citeriore. G The Albanian of Sicily is here meant that of Pinna de' Greci in the Province of Palermo.

7 A preceding dot means that the Bound represented by the number is only partially used.

Digitized by Coogle

ALBANIAN IN OTRANTO.-PRINCE BONAPARTE. 499

TABLB BNUMBRATING THB SIMPLE ALB4NLUf SOUNDS ACCORDING TO DIALBCTS.'

SYlIBOLB. I ScUTA.I. GRF.O. I Ton. I Ga~Ec". CALABIlU6 SlCILV.8
I. B 1 1 1 1 1 1
II. e 1) 2 2 2 2 2 2
III. e 2) 3 3 3 - 3 3
IV. i , , 4 3 , ,
V. 01) 6 6 5 , 6 6
VI. 02) 6 6 6 - 6 6
VII. u 7 7 7 6 7 7
VIII. Y 8 8 8 6 - -
IX. "1) 9 9 9 7 8 8
X. "2) - - '10 - - -
XI. , 10 10 - - . - -
XII. 'I 11 11 - - - -
XIII. \ 12 12 - - 9 -
XIV. P 13 13 - - - -
XV. " 14 14 - - - -
XVI. Y. 15 15 - - - -
XVII. 'l - - - - 10 -
XVIII. It 16 16 11 8 11 9
XIX. kj 17 17 12 9 12 10
XX. g 18 18 13 10 13 11
XXI. gj 19 19 14 11 14 12
XXII. II 20 20 15 12 15 13
XXIII. t 21 21 16 13 16 l'
XXIV. 22 22 17 14 /' - -
XXV. X - '2:P '18 15 17 15
XXVI. xj - '24 '19 16 18 16
• XXVII. "1 - - '20 - - -
XX\'III. "1L - '25 '21 - - 17
XXIX. "1 - - - - - 18
XXX. t 23 26 22 17 19 19
XXXI. d 2' 27 23 18 20 20
XXXII. n 25 28 2' 19 21 21
XXXIII. nj 26 29 26 20 22 22
XXXIV. th 27 30 26 21 23 23
XXXV. dh 28 31 27 22 24 2'
XXXVI. S 29 32 28 23 25 25
XXXVII. z 30 33 29 2' 26 26
XXXVIII. 8 31 3 .. 30 25 27 27
XXXIX. f 32 35 31 26 28 28
XL. ts 33 36 32 27 29 29
XLI. dz 3 .. 37 33 28 30 30
XLII. fA 35 38 34 29 31 31
XLIII. df 36 39 35 30 32 32
XLIV. I: 37 40 36 31 33 33
XLV. 38 '1 37 32 34 3'
XLVI. m 39 42 38 33 35 36
XLVII. f 40 43 39 34 36 36
XLVIII. V 41 44 '0 35 37 37
XLIX.lh '2 '45 '41 36 - -
I •. 1 43 46 '2 - 38 38
LI. lj 44 47 43 37 39 39
LII. rr 46 48 " 38 40 40
I LUI. r 46 '9 46 39 '1 41
-1- ---
I S. 53 I 46 49 '6 39 41 '1 Phil. TranI. 1882-8-4.

34

~

Digitized by Coogle

500 ALBANIAN IN OTRANTO.-PRINCE BONAPARTE.

CONCLUDING REMARK.

Although in appreciating tho Albanian BOunds I have principally depended on my own ear, I have not neglected to consult the following works: 10. The Grammar, the Italian Albanian, and the Albanian Italian Dictionaries by P. F. ROBBi. Rome, 1866-75. The works of this author, in spite of his great practical knowledge of the Gheg dialect of Scutari, being wholly unscientific, I have been obliged to submit several of his statements to one of the most competent judges of this dialect, Monsignor G. Crasnich, Mitred Abbot of Mirditta, and a native Albanian. A long-continued discussion with this Prelate and P. Rossi has almost always confirmed my appreciations of the Albanian BOunds of Scutari. 20. The Gospel according to Saint Matthew, translated by P. Rossi into this dialect, but at the same time carefully revised and corrected by Monsignor Crasnich. 30• My own "Osservazioni sulla pronunzia del dialetto scutarino, etc.," preceding that translation, edited by me in London in 1870, and one copy of which I have had the honour to present to our Society. 40." Elementi grammlltieali della lingua albanese," by G. Jungg, S.J. Scutari, l~RI. For the Gheg central or general dialect, Hahn's great work has been one of my guides, but above all Kristoforidhis's works. For the Tosk dialect of Albania, I have not failed to consult Hahn's, Dozon's and Kristoforidhis's works on or in Tosk. For the Tosk of Greece, my only printed guide has been ", A).j3av,,,ov &;'lI.rpa/3rrrapuJV ICaTa TO EV • EAAcic, o/.u'Mup.evov /i'll./3av,ICov l,Su.,p.a," by Kolorioti. Athens, 1882 ; but several Albanians of Greece have also enabled me to appreciate the sounds as uttered by themselves. For the Tosk dialects of Frascineto in Calabria Citeriore and for the Tosk of Piana de' Greci in the Province of Palermo, I have followed my own "Osservazioni" preceding the translution of the Gospel according to Saint Matthew into these two dialects; the first by Sig. V. Dorsa (London, 1869), and the second by Don Demetrio Camarda, the well-known author of the" Grammatologia albanese " (London, 1868). These two translations I have already presented to our Society.

Digitized by Coogle

\ \

\

\

\

\

,

\

\

\

\

\

\

\ \

/

.,. ....

I /

" .... - ... -

i I

Dl9itlzedbyGOOg! ann 7

AT,BANIAN IN OTRANTO.-PRINCB HONAPARTE. 501

Albanians of Scutari, Middle Albania, Southern Albania, Greece, Calabria, and Sicily, I have had frequent occasions to hear at Rome, Venice, Leghorn, Ancona. Sinigaglia (before the suppression of the celebrated fair of this pretty little town). and even here in London, where Don Demetrio Camarda of Piana de' Greci was my guest for some months; but, in spite of all my researches and so many oral contributions, it is not to be expected that all the sounds occurring in the innumerable varieties of the Albanian language are to be found registered in the preceding Table, which has no other pretension than that of presenting the richest list of these sounds hitherto compiled.

XVII.-THIRTEENTH ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT, TO THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY, DELIVERED AT THE ANNIVERSARY MEETING. FRIDAY, 16TH MAY, 1884. By J. A. H. MURRAY, B.A., LL.D.

SUIUIARY OF CONTBNTS.

PAOB

INTRODUCTION. By the PRBSI.

DBNT... ... ... ... ... • .. 601

OBITUARY NOTICBS. By the

PREIlIDBNT ..... ..• • •• 602

OX THB 'VORK OF THB PHILOLO· GICAL SOCIBTY. By the PRBSI. DENT... .., ... ... ... • .. 606 RBPORT ON THB PHILOLGICAL

SOCIETY'S DICTIONARY. By

the PRESIDBNT 608

REPORT <>N SLAVONIC PHILrlLOOT AND LITBRATURE. By W. R.

MORFILL, ~{'A. 631

RBPORT ON RBCBNT HUNOARIAN

PAO.

PHILOLOOY. By A. J. PATTBR-

SON, M.A. ... ... 639

RBPORT ON THB TURJUSH LAN.

OUAOB, AND TURIISH PHILO·

. LOOT. By E. G. BROWNB ... 6«

RBPORT ON THB HAMITIC LAN.

OUAOBS OF NORTH AFRICA. By

R. N. CUST ... ... ... • .. 672

ON THB PRACTICAL STUDT OF LANOUAOB. ByR.SwBET,M.A. 677 CONCLUSION. By the PRESIDBNT 699 LIST OF RKADBRS AND 'VORK8 READ FOR THB DICTIONARY

1879-1884 601

LADIBS AND GBNTLBMBN,

MBHBBllS OF THB PHILOLOOICAL SOClBTY,-

WHEN you did me the honour of re-electing me to the office of President two years ago, it was with an understanding that, in consideration of the claims of the Dictionary upon my time and energies, I should be spared the labour of preparing an annual Presidential Address. Last year, accordingly, our annual meeting took place without any such accompaniment, and I believe I might have claimed Ii similar

,

Digitized by Coogle

Potrebbero piacerti anche