Dynamics of Structures

Lecture 1.1

Indian Institute of Technology

Kanpur, India
March 3-6 2009

1
 Simple System

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 Simple System

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 Free Vibration of Idealized Systems

Idealized Systems Free Vibration

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 Decay of Free Vibration
Aluminum Model

Plexiglass Model

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 Equation of Motion

f1  fD  fS  0

mu  cu  ku  mug  t 

Single-Degree-of-Freedom System

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 Lateral Stiffness

3EI
k 3
h

96 EIc
k
7 h3

EI b  EIc
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 Undamped Free Vibration

mu  ku  0

u  0 
u  t   u  0  cos nt  sin nt
n

k
n 
m

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 Natural Frequency (Period) of Vibration

k
n  rads/sec
m
2
Tn  sec
n

n
fn  cps (Hz)
2

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 Three-Story Steel Frame Building

Direction Period, sec

Long 0.63
Short 0.74
Torsion 0.46

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 Sixty-Story Steel Frame Building

Period = 2.90 sec

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 Golden Gate Bridge

Direction Period, sec

Transverse 18.2
Vertical 10.9
Longitudinal 3.8
Torsional 4.4

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 Pine Flat Dam, 400 ft high

Water Depth, ft Period, sec

310 0.288
345 0.306

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 Damped Free Vibration

 Equation of Motion  Damping Ratio

mu  cu  ku  0  
c

c
u  2nu  n2u  0 2mn ccr

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 Effects of Damping (<1)

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 Effects of Damping

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 Measurement of Period & Damping

1 ui
  ln
2 j ui  j

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 Example

Peak Time, Peak,

ti (sec) ui ( g )
1 1.110 0.915

11 3.844 0.076

3.844  1.110
TD   0.273 sec
10
1 0.915g
  ln  0.0396 or 3.96%
2 10  0.076g

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 Vibration Generator

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 Vibration Generator

 
mu  cu  ku  mee 2 sin t

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 Measurement of Frequency & Damping

Frequency fn

Damping Ratio
fb  fa
 
2fn

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 Earthquake Ground Motions

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 Earthquake Ground Motions

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 Ground Acceleration, Velocity & Displacement

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 Equation of Motion

mu  cu  ku  mug  t 

u  2nu  n2u  ug  t 

For a given ug  t  , response u  t  depends on

Natural vibration period Tn
Damping ratio 

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 Structural Response Depends on Tn and 

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 Structural Deformation & Forces
 Equivalent Static Forces
fs  t   ku  t 
fs  t   m n2 u  t   mA  t 

 Pseudo-Acceleration
A  t   n2u  t 

 Internal Forces by Static Analysis

Vb  t   mA  t  Mb  t   hVb  t 

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 Earthquake Response Spectrum

 Peak Response
ro  max r  t 

 Plot of ro versus Tn
for fixed damping

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 Deformation Response Spectrum

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 Pseudo Velocity Response Spectrum

Plot of V v’s Tn

2
V  n D  D
Tn

1 2 3
Tn , sec

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 Pseudo Acceleration Response Spectrum

 Plot of A v’s Tn
2
 2 
A  n D    D
 Tn 

 Peak Force
A
Vbo  fSo  mA  w
g

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 Combined D-V-A Spectrum

A Tn 2
 V  n D A V  D
n 2 Tn

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 Combined D-V-A Spectrum
 = 0, 2, 5, 10, and 20%

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 Pseudo-Acceleration Response Spectrum
 = 0, 2, 5, 10, and 20%

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 Deformation Response Spectrum
 = 0, 2, 5, 10, and 20%

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 Peak Response from Spectrum

2
Tn  Tn 
uo  D  V   A
2  2 

fSo  kD  mA

Internal forces by statics

Vbo  kD  mA Mbo  hVbo

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 Example
3EI
k  0.211 kip/in
L3

w 5.20
m  kip-sec 2 /in
g 386

k
n   3.96 rad/sec
m

Tn  1.59 sec

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 Example

D  5.0 in.

A  0.20g
uo  D  5.0 in.

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 Example

A
fSo  w  1.04 kips
g
Mmax  12.48 kip-ft
Mc
 max   46.5 ksi
I
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 Response Spectrum and Peak Ground
Accleration, Velocity, and Displacement

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 Response Spectrum Plotted on Normalized Scales

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 Mean Response Spectrum & Design Spectrum

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 Construction of Elastic Design Spectrum

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 Amplification Factors

Median (50th percentile) One Sigma (84.1th percentile)

Damping,
 A V D A V D
(%)
1 3.21 2.31 1.82 4.38 3.38 2.73
2 2.74 2.03 1.63 3.66 2.92 2.42
5 2.12 1.65 1.39 2.71 2.30 2.01
10 1.64 1.37 1.20 1.99 1.84 1.69
20 1.17 1.08 1.01 1.26 1.37 1.38

N. M. Newmark and W. J. Hall, Earthquake Spectra and Design, EERI, Berkeley, CA, 1982, pp. 35, and 36.

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 Construction of Design Spectrum, 84th Percentile,  = 5%

ugo  1g, ugo  48in. / sec, ugo  36in.

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 Elastic Design Spectrum, 84th Percentile,  = 5%

ugo  1g, ugo  48in. / sec, ugo  36in.

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 Elastic Design Spectrum,  = 1, 2, 5, 10, 20%

ugo  1g, ugo  48in. / sec, ugo  36in.

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 Elastic Design Spectrum,  = 1, 2, 5, 10, 20%
ugo  1g, ugo  48in. / sec, ugo  36in.

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