Aim: Prepare standard Na2CO3 solution.

Standardize the given HCl solution and estimate the

amount of Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in the given solution.
Part I : Preparation of standard sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) solution.
Part II: Standardization of given HCl solution.
Part III: Estimation of NaOH in the given solution
( Eq.Wt. of Na2CO3 = 53, Eq.Wt. of HCl = 36.50 and Eq.Wt. of NaOH = 40.)

Part I : Preparation of standard sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) solution.

Chemicals : Anhydrous Na2CO3, distilled water
Apparatus : Beaker, 100 ml standard measuring flask.

Theory : Normality is defined as the number of grams equivalent weight of solute dissolved in liters of
solution. That is,

Normality =
Weight of solute in grams
________________ X ___
1000
Equivalent weight of solute ml of solution
Normality X Equivalent weight of solute X ml of solution
Weight of solute in grams = ____________________________________
1000
Normality X Equivalent weight of (Na2CO3) X ml of solution
Weight of solute (Na2CO3) = ____________________________________
1000
0.1 X 53 X 100
= ________________
Thus, 0.53 grams of Na2CO3, is dissolved in distilled water to prepare 100 ml of solution.
1000
Procedure : 0.53 grams of anhydrous
= Na 2CO
0.53 3 is accurately weighed and dissolved in distilled water suing
grams
100 ml standard measuring flask. This is 100 ml of 0.1 N solution of Na2CO3.

Part II: Standardization of given HCl solution.

Chemicals : Standard 0.1 N solution of Na2CO3, given HCl solution and Methyl orange indicator.
Apparatus : Beakers, pipette, burette conical flask etc.
Theory : Sodium carbonate is neutralized by HCl and completion of neutralization is detected by
methyl orange indicator. The end point is yellow to pink.

Na2CO3 + HCl 2 NaCl + CO2 + H2O

Procedure
1) The burette is rinsed and filled with given HCl solution.
2) 10 ml of Standard (0.01N) sodium carbonate solution is pipetted into a 100 ml conical flask and
added a 2-3 drops of methyl orange indicator.
3) Titrated the above with HCl solution till yellow colour of solution changes to pink.
4) The titration is repeated to get three concordant readings.

Burette reading
S. (Volume of HCl)
No.
Initial Final Difference
(1)
(2)
(3)

1
Calculation:
N1 = Normality of HCl solution. = ?
V1 = Volume of HCl solution. = B.R. =
N2 = Normality of Sodium carbonate solution. = 0.1 N
V2 = Volume of Sodium carbonate solution. = 10 ml

HCl v/s Na2CO3

N1V1 = N2V2
N1 = N2V2
V1
= 0.1 x 10
B.R.

Normality of HCl solution = ____ N

Part III: Estimation of NaOH in the given solution

Chemicals : Standardized HCl solution, given NaOH solution and phenolphthalein indicator.
Apparatus : Beakers, pipette, burette conical flask etc.
Theory : Sodium hydroxide is neutralized by HCl and completion of neutralization is detected by
phenolphthalein indicator. The end point is colourless to pink.

NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O

Procedure
1) The burette is rinsed and filled with given Standardized HCl solution.
2) 10 ml of given sodium hydroxide solution is pipetted into a 100 ml conical flask and added a 1-2
drops of phenolphthalein indicator.
3) Titrated the above with HCl solution till solution changes from colourless to pink.
4) The titration is repeated to get three concordant readings.

Burette reading
S. (Volume of HCl)
No.
Initial Final Difference
(1)
(2)
(3)

Calculation:
N1 = Normality of NaOH solution. = ?
V1 = Volume of NaOH solution. = 10ml
N2 = Normality of HCl solution. = x N (calculated as above)
V2 = Volume of HCl solution. = __ ml (B.R.)

NaOH v/s HCl

N1V1 = N2V2
N1 = N2V2
V1
= x X B.R = ____ N
10

Strength of NaOH = Normality X 40 grams / liter

2
Aim: Estimate the amount of NaOH and Na2CO3 in the given mixture using standard HCl
solution.
Chemical: Standard (0.1N) HCl solution, Given (NaOH + Na2CO3) mixture solution, phenolphthalein
and methyl orange indicator.
Apparatus: Beakers, pipette, burette conical flask etc.
Theory: The neutralization of NaOH and Na2CO3 by HCl is indicated by phenolphthalein and methyl
orange indicator. Phenolphthalein indicator show complete neutralization of NaOH and half
neutralization of Na2CO3. Methyl orange indicator indicates the remaining half neutralization
of Na2CO3. This is illustrated as –
First Stage (phenolphthalein is used as indicator)
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
Na2COStage
3 +(methyl NaHCO3 +
HCl orange is used as indicator) NaCl + H2O
Second

Procedure: NaHCO 3 + HCl NaCl + CO 2 + H2O

1) The burette is rinsed and filled with given Standardized HCl solution.
2) 10 ml of given (NaOH + Na2CO3) mixture solution is pipetted into a 100 ml conical flask and added
a 1-2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator.
3) Titrated the above with HCl solution till solution changes from colourless to pink. The burette
reading is noted as X ml. This indicates complete neutralization of NaOH and half neutralization of
Na2CO3.
4) To same solution, 2-3 drops of methyl orange indicator is added. The solution turns yellow.
5) The titration is continued (from X ml) till yellow colour changes to pink. The burette reading is noted
as Y ml. This indicates the remaining half neutralization of Na2CO3.
6) The titration is repeated to get three concordant readings.

Burette reading Burette reading

(Volume of HCl using (Volume of HCl using methyl (X-Y)
2Y ml
S. phenolphthalein indicator) orange indicator) ml
No.
Difference Difference
Initial Final Initial Final
(Xml) (Yml)
(1)
(2)
(3)

Calculation:
Estimation of NaOH in the given mixture:
N1 = Normality of NaOH solution. = ?
V1 = Volume of NaOH solution. = 10ml
N2 = Normality of HCl solution. = 0.1 N
V2 = Volume of HCl solution. = __ ml (X-Y ml)

NaOH v/s HCl

N1V1 = N2V2
N1 = N2V2
V1
Normality of NaOH in mixture solution = 0.1 X (X-Y ml) = ____ N
10
Strength of NaOH in given mixture solution = Normality X 40 grams/liter
3
Estimation of Na2CO3 in the given mixture:
N1 = Normality of Na2CO3 solution. = ?
V1 = Volume of Na2CO3 solution. = 10ml
N2 = Normality of HCl solution. = 0.1 N
V2 = Volume of HCl solution. = __ ml (2Y ml)

NaOH v/s HCl

N1V1 = N2V2
N1 = N2V2
V1
Normality of Na2CO3 in mixture solution = 0.1 X (2Y ml) = ____ N
10
Strength of Na2CO3 in given mixture solution = Normality X 53 grams/liter

4
Aim: Standardize
2Na2S2O3 I2the given sodium
2Na2thiosulfate
S4O6 2NaI solution using standard iodine solution and estimate
the amount of Na2S2O3 in the given solution.
Theory: Sodium thiosulphate is oxidized by iodine giving sodium iodide and sodium tetrathionate.

Starch solution gives an intense blue colour in presence of traces of iodine. Hence, titration of sodium
thiosulfate solution against I2 solution is carried out by using freshly prepared starch solution. The change of
colour of the solution from blue to colourless is the end point of reaction.
Chemicals: Sodium thiosulfate, Iodine, Potassium iodide and Starch solution.
Apparatus: Burette, Pipette, Conical flask, Beakers, Etc.
Procedure :
1) The burette is rinsed and filled with Sodium thiosulfate solution.
2) 10ml of standard iodine solution is pipetted into 100ml conical flask.
3) Sodium thiosulfate solution is run down gradually from the burette into conical flask till the solution
attains faint yellow colour.
4) 2ml of freshly prepared starch solution is added to the above solution and titration is continued till
the colour of solution changes from blue to colourless.
5) The titration is repeated to get three concordant readings.

Burette reading
S. (Volume of Sodium Thiosulfate)
No.
Initial Final Difference
(1)
(2)
(3)
Calculation:

N1 = Normality of Sodium thiosulfate solution. =?

V1 = Volume of Sodium thiosulfate solution. =
N2 = Normality of standard iodine solution. = 0.1 N
V2 = Volume of standard iodine solution. = 10 ml

N1V1 = N2V2
N1 = N2V2
V1
= 0.1 x 10
B.R.
=

Strength of Sodium thiosulfate solution = N1 X equivalent weigt of Na2S2O3

= N1 X 248.2
= grams/lit

Result:
1) Normality of Sodium thiosulfate solution =
2) Strength of Sodium thiosulfate solution = grams/lit

5
Aim: Estimate the amount of Cu++ in the given solution using standard Na2S2O3 solution.
Theory: Copper ions oxidizes iodide to liberate iodine. The liberated iodine is oxidized by Sodium
thiosulphate giving sodium iodide and sodium tetrathionate.

2Cu2+ + 4KI 2CuI2 + 4K+

2CuI2 colour in presence Cu
Starch solution gives an intense blue
I2 + I2of iodine. Hence, titration of sodium
of 2traces
thiosulfate solution against
2 Na I2 solution
I2 is carried out by using2Na
freshly prepared starch solution. The change of
2S2 O3 2S4O6 2NaI
colour of the solution from blue to colourless is the end point of reaction.
Chemicals: Sodium thiosulfate, Iodine, Potassium iodide and Starch solution.
Apparatus: Burette, Pipette, Conical flask, Beakers, Etc.
Procedure :
1) The burette is rinsed and filled with Sodium thiosulfate solution.
2) 10ml of standard Cu2+ solution is pipetted into 100ml conical flask.
3) Sodium carbonate solution is added dropwise till the appearance of a slight turbidity.
4) The turbidity is dissolved in dilute acetic acid so as to get a clear light blue solution.
5) 10ml of 10% KI solution is added into the flask.
6) Sodium thiosulfate solution is run down gradually from the burette into conical flask till the solution
attains faint yellow colour.
7) 2ml of freshly prepared starch solution is added to the above solution and titration is continued till
the colour of solution changes from blue to colourless.
8) At this stage added 2 ml of ammonium thiocyanate solution and continued the addition of sodium
thiosulphate solution till the blue colour disappears.
9) The titration is repeated to get three concordant readings.

Burette reading
S. (Volume of Sodium Thiosulfate)
No.
Initial Final Difference
(1)
2Cu2+ = I2 = 2Na2S2O3
(2)
(3)
Calculation:

N1 = Normality of standard Sodium thiosulfate solution. = 0.1N

V1 = Volume of standard Sodium thiosulfate solution. = B.R.
N2 = Normality of Cu2+ solution. =?
V2 = Volume of Cu2+ solution. = 10 ml

N1V1 = N2V2
N2 = N1V1
V2
= 0.1 x B.R
10
Strength of Cu2+solution = N2 X equivalent weigt of Cu2+
= N2 X 63.5
= ________ grams/lit

Result: Strength of Cu2+solution = ______ grams/lit

6
Aim: Find out the strength of supplied NaCl solution using standard NaCl and AgNO3 as link solution
(Mohr’s method).

Part 1: Standardization of AgNO3 solution.

Part 2: Estimation of NaCl
NaCl + AgNO3 NaNO 3 + AgCl

Theory: Mohr’s method is used for determination of chloride by titrating with standard solution of silver
nitrate in a neutral medium. It is
AgCl + K CrO KCl
a direct
+ Agtitration
2CrO4
method. Potassium chromate (K2CrO4) used as indicator.
2 4

At the end point: The excess of Ag+ reacts with the indicator to precipitate as red silver chromate after
precipitation of all chlorides as silver chloride.

Chemicals: Sodium chloride, Potassium chromate as indicator and Standard (0.01N AgNO3 solution).

Apparatus: Burette, 10 ml Pipette, 100 ml conical flask, beakers etc.

Part 1: Standardization of AgNO3 solution.

Procedure
7) 10 ml of Standard (0.01N) sodium chloride solution is pipetted into a 250 ml stoppered conical flask.
8) To the above, added 10 ml distilled water and 1 ml potassium chromate indicator.
9) Titrated the above with AgNO3 solution, swirling the liquid constantly, until the red colour formed
by addition of each drop of AgNO3 solution begins to disappear more slowly; this is an indication
that most of chloride has been precipitated and that the end point is near.
10) The titration is continued until a faint, but distinct, brick red color is formed and does not disappear
on vigorous shaking.

Calculation
AgNO3 V/S NaCl
N1V1 = N2V2
N1 = N2V2
V1
=
Normality of AgNO3 = _______ N

Part 2: Estimation of NaCl

Procedure
1) 10 ml of Standard (0.01N) sodium chloride solution is pipetted into a 250 ml stoppered conical flask.
2) To the above, added 10 ml distilled water and 1 ml potassium chromate indicator.
3) Titrated the above with AgNO3 solution, swirling the liquid constantly, until the red colour formed
by addition of each drop of AgNO3 solution begins to disappear more slowly; this is an indication
that most of chloride has been precipitated and that the end point is near.
4) The titration is continued until a faint, but distinct, brick red color is formed and does not disappear
on vigorous shaking.
Calculation
NaCl V/S AgNO3
N1V1 = N2V2
N1 = N2V2
V1

Strength of NaCl = N1 X 58.5 gms / liter.

7
 Aim : Standardize the given EDTA solution by using standard Zn2+ solution and
estimate the amount of Ca2+ from the given solution.

Standardization of EDTA Solution

Theory: EDTA from complex with Zn(II) and hence can be standardized by with titrating given
EDTA solution with known volume of standard Zn(II) solution.
2-
O O
O HO O O

-
O N O N
Zn
Zn2+
- O
O N N
O O
O O
HO O

EDTA EDTA - Zn Complex

Chemicals : Given EDTA solution, Standard (0.01M) Zn2+ solution, buffer solution,
Eriochrome Black T indicator.

Procudure:

1. 10-mL of the standard Zn2+ solution is pipetted into 100-ml conical flasks.
2. To the above, added 10 mL of pH 10 buffer (2/3 test tube) and 15 mL of water (1 test tube).
3. Further, added 2-3 drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator.
4. The above content is titrated immediately with EDTA until the light red solution turns a light
sky M
blue.
1V I
(Titrations
M2V 2 must be performed swiftly (but carefully) because ammonia will
As n1 = n2
evaporate
n1 and thus
n2 the pH of the solution will change. In general, the faster the titrations are
performed
M1VI the better
M2V2 the results will be)
5. The molarity of the
M2V 2EDTA is calculated from the volume of EDTA used.
M1
VI
EDTA v/s Ca2+

Result: Molarity of EDTA = M1 =

8
Estimation of Ca2+ Solution

Aim : Estimate the amount of Ca2+ from the given solution.

Theory: EDTA from complex with Ca(II) and hence can be estimated by titrating with standardized
EDTA solution with known volume2-
of Ca(II) solution.
O O

O HO O O

-O N O N

Ca
Ca2+
-O O N
N
O O
O O
HO O

EDTA EDTA - Ca Complex

Chemicals : Given Ca2+ solution, Standardized (____M) EDTA solution, buffer

solution, Eriochrome Black T indicator.

Procudure:

1. 10-mL of the Ca2+ solution is pipetted into 100-ml conical flasks.

2. To the above, added 10 mL of pH 10 buffer (2/3 test tube) and 15 mL of water (1 test tube).
3. Further, added 2-3 drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator.
4. The above content is titrated immediately with standard EDTA until the light red solution
turnsM1aVIlight skyMblue.
2V 2
(Titrations must be performed swiftly (but carefully) because ammonia
As n1 = n2
will evaporate
n1 andn2 thus the pH of the solution will change. In general, the faster the titrations
are performed
M1VI the
M2Vbetter
2 the results will be)
2+
5. The molarity of the M2V 2Ca solution is calculated from the volume of EDTA used.
M1
VI
Ca2+ v/s EDTA

Result: Ca2+ present in the given solution = M1 x 40 grams = _______ grams