,w>oh.eD.

tu'kzd
Images In My Memory

w>uGJ;xXzSd.vXuFdzdwz.
tbh.A(12)

Drum Publication Group

usd.w>&RvDRvHmvJ>w>rRu%l>
,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
Images In My Memory (Karen Version)

Drum Publication Group

P.0 Box 66
Kanchanaburi, 71000
Thailand

drum@drumpublications.org
www.drumpublications.org

vgysKR< 2748 unDeH.

December, 2009
ISBN 978-616-7225-09-8

ii
 w>*h>cd.wD

b.xH.rSHuhReR’fq.tuhvDRq+ 1
[H.zdCDzdpH;w>M. 6
oh.eD.qXxH.uhR,JzJvXwbsDtcg 11
pH;vXuwX>b.q.xHrl[JxD.yX>’H; 19
uoH.zdvXtolySdR 27
zDwRq+.zdvXt[h.xD.tw>eXrlzd 34
wqXvDRz;,J’D;eRb.q. 43
,w>vJRcDzsdvX,o;yhReD.woh 47
w>td.rl’frk>tw>vJRcDzsd 55
o;yhReD.rk.CHvRvXupX>’d.woh 59
zDwRq+.vXtz;xD.vXrh.tlth.cd. 64
zDwRq+.vXrJ;rk>cd. 69
rh>vHxHvHb.q.u’kvX,*D> 81
u|efr&JhrarhEdkifaomae‹&ufrsm; 86
vD>rHuykmvXwRq+.rJzDcd. 92

iii
 w>uwdRvXng
ySR[D.cd.zdud;*R'J;M.td.'D;tw>vJRcDzsdpkmpkm'.0JvXtw>td.rltylRvDRI
vXyo;orltw>vJRtylRw>td.0JtgrHRtguvkmvXtuJxD.wh>to;vX
yo;yhReD.wohb.td.0JM.vDRI w>rRwh>to;oh.wz.urh>w>vXtvDR
ol.yd>o;0;< vDRo;b.'d< vDReHR< vDRrJmqS;< vDRymuzXvXo;'D;vDRysHR
tuvkmuvkmM.vDRI zJyqdurd.xD.uhRw>rRto;oh.wz.tHRtcgu
rRo;zSHySRtod;urRo;tk;'H;ySRtd.ph>uD;0JM.vDRI wbsDbsDw>vXtuJxD.
wh>to;wz.tHRrh>w>vXttd.pJxDwh>to;vXyw>qdurd.tvX>bh.
b.tvdR'D;yxH.rSHuhRtDR'.vJmM.vDRI

uFdzdw>uGJ;jyXweH.tHRywymvDRM>w>*h>cd.wDb.I w>*h>trd>yS>vXyymvDR
tDRtHRt0Joh.uGJ;'D;[h.xD.0Jw>uGJ;zdwz.'ft0Joh.twRv.td.0Jtod;
vXw>ol.ql.o;*JRtylRM.vDRI w>*h>w>usdRvXw>uGJ;wz.tylRrh>w>vX
tvDRol.yd>o;0;'D;vDRxk;M>ol.xk;M>o;'d.r;M.vDRI zJyz;w>uGJ;oh.w
z.tHRtcgw>td.0JtgrHRvXy[H;M>w>rRvdoh0J'.M.vDRI

yo;ck'd.r;vXw>uGJ;jyXweH.tHRuFdzdtg*REkmvDRuGJ;jyXoud;0JvXw>ol.
ql.o;*JRtylRM.vDRI yCkxXxD.w>uGJ;vXtuH>tpD*hRuwX>oh.wz.'D;
xk;xD.&RvDRtDRvXvHmwbh.tHRtylRvDRI yo;td.pH;bsK;b.yyk>zdud;eD>
*R'J;vXtEkmvDRuGJ;jyXw>weH.tHRM.vDRI yrk>v>vXw>uGJ;wz.tHRuuJ
bsK;uJzSd.vXzd'Hzdo.wpH;< ol.uho;yS>wpH;t*D>M.vDRI yem'D;rk>v>vX
cgqlngzd'HuFdzdoh.wz.utJ.uGJ;< z;unDvHmvJ>wz.'D;rR'd.xD.xDxD.
unDvHmvJ>twuGD.M.vDRI

usd.w>&RvDRvHmvJ>w>rRu±l>
vg'H>pJbX.< 2009 eH.

iv
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd

bFTEFmJEkABnBdDsFxkAloBsJU

vgpJ;ywhbX.cHoD[h.,RvXw>o,k>ondrJmxHrJmedvDRI
,o;zdud>tlud>uz;ued;upkm< ,pkcsH.vDRcD.csH.vDR< ,o;rRto;’fv
yDpH.pkmtod;< rJmxHtck.’D;tud>wz.CgCkmvdmto;M.vDRI tdvgpJ;y
whbX.cHoDwb.[JwkRtd.vXR,Rw*hR< ,ysHRw>III,ysHRw>’d.r;vDRI

,[D.ogwuk;vXvD>rHcd.oD.oD.woD.oD.ySJR’D;w>utkupGgvDRI ,rd
rd[JpH.CDRql,td.wJ,Rzdrk.{X[D.vXRw*hRI w>rRwh>to;z;,HmvHb.
rEkRe[D.’H;wkRcJtHRvJ.I b.q.,qduwD>w>[D.ogwuk;tHRwM>b.I
,ysHRw>=,xH.rSHw>=,o;ued;’d.r;vDRI

w>vXtuJxD.to;tHRvDRysHRvDRzk;< vDRotk;oySDR‘D;uJxD.w>ol.tk;
o;tk;< w>ol.b.’do;b.’dvXySRtg*Rt*D>M.vDRI ,rHzk;’.xDbd’D;,

1
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
xH.rSH’.w>vXtuJxD.wh>to;wz.M.vDRI w>uJxD.to;wz.tHRw
pdRo;,o;yhReD.wM>b.< zJw>uJxD.o;tcg,o;td.’.xJEGHeH.{dRvDRI
b.q.,wl>b.w>’fySReD>’d.w*Rtod;M.vDRI ,[D.ogwuk;vXvD>rH
cd.ySJRxD.cHEGHC.C.M.vDRI ,qdurd.vX,o;< ,u[D.uoGH’Hzd’fod;
,rdokwe>[lw*hRM.vDRI b.q.wbsDbsD,[D.xD.zsJ;qlcdM.vDRI ,rd
b.ud>b.*DRw>vX,*D>< b.,d.0JvXuuJxD.M>,RvXw>qgM.vDRI

vX,eD>qH;vHRvHR,rh>ySRvXt&hwHR&houd;oh< ‘D;rh>ySRvXtwHRoud;
tgw*RM.vDRI 'f,rh>zdo.tod;< ,&h’D;ySRo;yS>oh< ,&h’D;t0Joh.vX
,oeX.'.,JM.vDRI zJ,pH.vDRuFdtqXuwD>,[;vdmuGJ’D;,wHRoud;
wz.< [;td.oud;,wHRoud;wz.’D;[;td.oud;ph>uD;rd>vXttd.’D;t
zdqH;wz.M.vDRI w>tHRrh>,vk>,v>wcg< ’D;rh>w>vXtrkmb.,R’d.r;
M.vDRI wbsDwcD.,rdrX,uG>,yk>’D;,ykxD.,yk>’D;,[;pXR,yk>vXySR
’X;M.vDRI ,rdrdrh>ud;uhR,Rr;’D;,[JuhRvDRI ‘f,rh>zdo.w*Rtod;,
td.rl’fzdo.MqX.tod;M.vDRI b.weHR,vJRxD.uFdySJR’D;w>ol.zSHo;nD
vDRI ,wqdurd.’D;,woh.ngvXw>uuJxD.to;’D;w>urRto;M.
b.I w>vXrRto;vDRotk;oySDR'D;vDRysHRvDRzk;tHR,wxH.’D;,we>[l
b.,JeDwbsDb.I

,rdrdrh>o&.rk.w*R’D;od.vdw>tCdy’Dyk>0J>zdoX*RyvJRxD.uFdwylRCD
’D;yvJR’D;yrdrdM.vDRI w>urRto;’fvJ.,woh.ngb.I ,rdrdyk’D;,’hzd
w*R< rdR,’hzdtpkw*R’D;ud;uhR,RwJ0JyuuhRwcDw>uplRz;’d.vDRI ,J
,[;vX,cD.b.q.,vlRySReD>’d.wz.tcHwcsK;b.I rhrh>,yk>vX,rd
rdRtpkw*RySRuFdzdvXt’d.w*RpdmuhRtDRvDRI ,JwcD,rdrX,[;chschsM.
vDRI ,[H.’D;uFdy[;chschsM.wHmwm0JcHqHrH;eH;M.vDRI
y[JuhRwkRusJw0m’D;w>plRvDRz;’d.rlcd.xHtzsX.z;’d.wz.vDRb.,R
qg’d.r;vDRI uvHRph>uD;tlw>wysKmwysDR< vD0>t’H;ujyK>u_yDR< vDoD.
2
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
yd>wxl.b.vDw>cH;olcH;vg,uG>w>wzsgtgtgb.I ,rdwcDyk’D;,yk>w
*RzD.Cm,pkCg,R< [;chschs< [;chschsIII,rdtuvk>oD.CJutJ;wbsDbsD<
oD.ued;upkmwbsDbsDM.vDRI y’Dyk>0J>oX*RvXmyb.pD.’D;,rdph>uD;b.
pD.’Dw*RngM.vDRI

y[JuhRwkRy[H.’D;’fyrh>zdo.tod;yol.cko;ck’D;ypH.wcUwcDGr;vDRI ,
rdwcD*kmvdmbgxk;bh.vDRuGHmM>yulyod;’D;rRuqSJuqSDuGHmySR< ’D;yulxD.
uRxD.uhRw>ulw>od;vXtoDM.vDRI wpd>zdw>oD.%l>%l>&>&>< ySRpH.xD.
pH.vDR'D;ySRud;uvlwxl.b;vDM.vDRI ,rdwcDpdmxD.,yk>tqH;uwX>w
*R’D;ud;xD.ySR’D;rX,R’D;,yk>vXCh>ydmtcHM.vDRI ,rdxD.upX>’D;vJRym
xD.ySRvXySR[H.vXupX>yRvdRwzsX.vXtpDRpkR,HR’D;xHusd’D;rXytd.vX
[H.ylR< wJySRvXpH.vDRvX[H.cD.xH;w*hRM.vDRI

,rduhRvDRu’guhRqlt[H.< 'D;rh>tuhRrRrEkRvJ.M.,woh.ngb.I
,td.vXySR[H.wzsX.tylR,uG>pdvDRw>ql,[H.III,wxH.,[H.vXR
b.I ,xH.xJxH[J’d.vDRz;’d.wysKmwysDR’D;rlcd.wcDplRwywkmeDwbsDb.
M.vDRI oh.z;’d.td.zJxHusduX>cd.wz.vDRwul>uGHmqlxHudsylR’D;[gr>
uGHmcJvXmM.vDRI vX,[H.uydmuyR[H.wz.vDRbsXuGHmqlxHusgcJvXm
'D;[H.txl.wz.’.vJmwtd.wh>vXRb.I wpd>zdw>oD.xD.tuvkmu
vkmM.vDRI ySR[D.ud;yoloD.< ySRud;zS;ud;uvluvDoD.< ySRqd.w>xkw>
oD.< ySRutkupGgoD.< w>oD.r;tuvkmuvkmM.vDRI ySRCh>xD.Ch>vDR
’fod;ySRo;orluylRzsJ;t*D>ySRCh>xD.qlupX>uyRoD.%l>%l>&>&>ySRweDRud;
yolxD.vXw>[D.w>,XRtylR< ?rRpXR,RrRpXR< ,zd,rgtd.wh>vX[H.
ylRIIIvDRxGHvHIIIvDRxGHvH</ weDRud;yol<?pdmpXR,zdpdmpXR,zd/ wpd>zdw>
uvk>zdtHRvDRr>uGHmqlxHusgM.vDRI
,xH.vX,rd[JuhRxD.tpkued;cD.ued;trJmusd.egusd.wJw>wxD.zsJ;
vXR< woD.vXRb.M.vDRI w>rRto;’fvJ.,woh.ngb.I ySRo;yS>’D;
3
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
ySReD>’d.wz.pH.xD.pH.vDRwXR0hRwXR0DRto;wJw>oD.tuvkmuvkmvDRI
[H.wz.vDRr>uGHm< w>cJvXmtd.zsgxJxH’kcH;olcH;*DR’d.r;vDRI ySRwJvdmt
o;rh>ySRoHqH;tgvJ.,rdwcDb.ud>b.*DRw>vX,ng’D;,wcGgwz.t*D>
rh>toHvH{gtd.’H;{gM.vDRI w>tHRuwHmwm0JwbsK;e.&H.r;’D;w>cH;vDR<
'D;xH’d.vDRph>uD;vDRu,;uhRwpJ;M.vDRI rk>qh.xD.ySR[;vlRCkuG>uhRySR
oHtpd.oh.wz.b.q.ySRwxH.cJvXmb.I weDRvDRbsXuGHmvXuyHmusg
weDRvDRbsXuGHmvXw>wCmwySdmwySmwz.tusgM.vDRI ySRCkoh.nguhR
w>*h>w>usdR’D;ySRoHcJvXm 26 *RM.vDRI

ySRoHtusgymCkm’D;ySRuFdzd< zdo.qH;tD.Ek>< ySRrd>’X< ySRzkyS>'D;ySRrk.yS>

wz.M.vDRI ySRtzdweDRylRzsJ;vDRxGHoHvXt0R< weDR0R’D;zdvDRxGHoHuGHmcJ
vXmtd.wh>xJtrgw*RM.vDRI w>vDRysHRvDRzk;< vDRb.,d.b.bSD< w>
ol.u>o;vDRtd.xD.0JM.vDRI ySRtg*R[H.zdCDzdtg’l.b.uG>qX.rJmw>
rd.w>r;< w>[D.w>,XRM.vDRI ySRtg*Rt[H.tCDvDRxGHuGHmylRzsJ;uhR’.
xJtup>{dR< Ckm'D;eH.wbh.qhwbh.vXtvdRM.vDRI [H.wtd.CDwtd.
vXR< ulwtd.uRwtd.vXR[kol.[ko;obH.vDcDwtd.vXRb.M.vDRI
ySRwz.tHRuJxD.ySRb.uDb.cJcHuxXM.vDRI vXySRusgy[H.zdCDzdw>w
td.’D;ySReDwrHRvXRb.I y[H.txl.xJwxl.{dR’.vJ.wtd.vXRb.I
b.q.yo;orlwcDylRzsJ;ud;*R’J;M.vDRI ,pH;vXrh>’.up>,GRtbsK;
tCdM.vDRI ,rdwJb.uhRySRvXoguhR*kmuhRw>zdw>vHRvDRI zJog*kmvdm
[H;uhRw>zdw>vHRtcgySRCgog’D;wJogvX< pH.vDRe[H.uvDRxGHvDRI ySR
ud;CgogoD.o-wK;r;tCdogpH.vDRwkRCDcD.xH;’D;[H.vDRxGHuGHm’DwzsX.
M.vDRI ,rdwJw>oD.’H;tHR,e>[l’D;,o;ued;’d.r;M.vDRI ,rdpH.vDRrh
wylRw>urRto;’fvJ.I wrh>,uxH.b.,rdvXRb.I wrh>,uud;b.
,rdvXRb.I ,ysHRw>,o;ued;’d.r;M.vDRI ,[D.[ho;< [D.r;z;’d.z;
’d.vDRI ,rd[JuhRpH.vX,td.wJ,Rb.rEkRe[D.vJ.I ,uwJtDRw>,
wJwohb.I vDR*mb.,R,rdvDRxGHuGHmCkm’D;,[H.vDRI ,uG>xH,rdt
4
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
rJm,wzs;qH;,rJmb.I rh>,rd{gwrh>,rd{g,uG>xHr;z;,HmvDRI ,oh.
ngvXrh>,rdvDRI b.q.,w>ysHRw>zk;tHRwvDRr>’H;b.I
,wHRoud;ySRvX,xD.CkmuFd’D;tDR,[H.uydmuyR< ySRvX,oh.ng
tDRrkmvdm,o;’D;tDRb.vDRrmuGHm0JvDRI w>[D.w>,XR< w>utkucGg
oD.xD.0JtuvkmuvkmvDRI ySRtg*Rtd.vXw>[D.w>,XRtylR< w>rJm
xHrJmed‘D;w>ud>w>*DRtylRM.vDRI ySRweDRysHRw>zk;w>< weDRb.ud>b.*DR<
ol.tk;o;tk;’D;weDRM>b.uhRo;w>qg‘D;weDR’d;M>b.uhRw>qgvXtrh>
oGH.vXtrRysHRuhRtDR< weDRt,dmu>< wkRtcJtHRrlcd.rh>tX.xD.w>rh>plR
vDRuvHRrh>tlxD.w>’D;ysHRw>zk;w>'D;to;w*X>vXRb.M.vDRI ,eD>up>
’.,JzJM.tcg,rh>zdo.vDRI b.q.,ysHRw>wkRcJtHRwvDRr>’H;b.I ,
rHvXrk>eRIII,rHzk;rHzk;,[D.wrSH[D.wysD>< rHrD>ysD>oDw>xD.b;cHEGHC.C.
ngvDRI ,eD.b.’H;weDR’D;,rdwJb.uhRph>uD;,RweDRM.vDRI

,xH.rSHuhR’.,wHRoud;vX,&hvdm,o;’D;tDRvXtwtd.rlvXR< ‘D;
ySRvXttd.zJ,[H.tuydmuyRvXtwtd.vXRwz.M.vDRI y>w*R’D;t
zdoX*RtzdtDEk>zdw*R[D.oD.M.,e>[l’H;’.wkRcJtHRM.vDRI ySRoh.wz.
tHRvXwzs;rJmtwD>ylRto;orlb.vDRr>uGHm< tuh>t*DR< teD>up>’Dw
*Rb.vDRr>uGHm'D;rh>w>urRto;’D;tDR’fvJ.I rh>twl>b.0J’fvJ.M.,w
oh.ngb.I ,b.xH.rSHuhRt0Joh.’fq.tuhvDRq+tod;< wpd>zd’D;[gr>
uGHmM.vDRI w>rRto;tHR,o;yhReD.uoh’fvJ.I w>uJxD.to;tHRrh>w>
teD>uD>wrh>w>wJrkme>b.I vX,o;wl>b.,JtCduGJ;zsgxD.,J’fod;ySR
tg*Ruz;b.’D;uoh.ngb.t*D>M.vDRI
‘Dyk>0J>ySRz;w>zdcJvXm< okrh>td.b.wylRCD’D;,Rokuwl>b.’f,Rt
od;M.vDRI vgpJ;ywhbX. 2oD< 2002 eH.[gcD 2;00 e.&H.rh>qXuwD>vX
w>uJxD.to;vDRotk;oySDRvX,o;yhReD.wohwM>b.M.vDRI
ySRuGJ;w>*h> = eD>zDzDxl< 8 wDR< eD.*H> 2 wDRxDuFd< rJ>v;tl'Ju0DR

5
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd

hEFPOcoPOSESERtIn `F
[H.zdCDzdpH;w>M.rh>0J[H.CDvXttd.’D;rd>< y>'D;zdvHRoh.w
z.M.r;’D;yud;vX[H.zdCDzdoh0J’.M.vDRI

vX,[H.ylRCDylRM.td.0J’.’D;,rd,yg,yk>’D;,J’.wcDrh>0J’.ySRt’d.
uwX>vDRI ,ygrh>ySRw*RvXb.vJRvXrl’gxDbdvDRI zJ,ygrh>vJRvXrl’g
tqXuwD>tcgM.y0J’Dyk>0J>wz.b.td.wh>uhR‘.’D;yrdzJ’Ju0DRylRM.vDRI
b.q.zJ,ygrh>[JuhRvXytd.M.yxH.b.yyg’D;yo;ck’d.r;vDRI b.q.
,rdM.,uG>trJmo.vDRqD’d.r;M.vDRI ,uG>,rdtrJmo.vDRqDvXusJ’f
vJ.M.cDzsdvXt0JxH.xD.t0Ro;bd[JuhRtCd’D;t0Jo;cktCdvDRI b.
q.wkRrh>,ygM.[JuhRtd.w>qXuwD>rh>,Hm‘D;b.wbsDwcD.ye>uh.’D;
,ygM.to;’d.xD.ySRwbsDCD’D;t0JthMySRwkR’.vJmvXtuvk>oD.xD.
0J’.< ?[;vDRuGHmvX[H.ylR< ,wtJ.’d;xH.okrJmvXRb.< wb.ud;,R

6
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
vXygvXRw*hRI okygwtd.b.I wu;’fb.trJmngwJph>uD;0JwpdRo;tHRok
rRwxD.tD.wxD.b.< okuzSD.u,moku[;ChtD.uhRw>vXusJcd.III/
y0JyuJzdwz.’D;ye>[lb.vXyygM.tw>oD.xD.’fM.’D;yrJmxHwz.b.
,GRvDR0J’.vDRI wkRrh>yrJmxHwz.rh>,GRvDR’D;zJyo;b.zSD.tqXuwD>M.
ywtD.rhR< tDxHvXRbsD’kyygM.b.wJrkmxD.uhRu’D;yo;vDRI ‘D;zJyygwJ
rkmxD.uhRyo;M.wJ0J’ftHR< ?,tJ.oktCd’D;,wJokvDRI ,rh>wtJ.ok
b.M.,wwJok< ,wod.okb.I/ y0Jy’Dyk>0J>wz.yqdurd.uhR’D;rh>ph>
uD;vDRI cDzsdvXyygtJ.ySRtCd’D;t0Jod.ySRoDySR< ‘luvmySRuG>zJt0Jtx;
cd.uxD.’D;t0JwJ0Jb.q.to;rh>ck.vDR’D;ttJ.uhRySRtCdy’Dyk>0J>wz.
yo;rkmxD.uhRvDRI rh>ylRuGHm’D;tgeHRtgoD’D;yw>ur.rh>xD.xJwpJ;zdvDR
M.t0JthM< u’l;u’h.xD.u’D;ySRvH’D;t0JwJ0J< ?,uwJoktvD>cHuwX>
wbsDvDRI okrhue.’D;ue.< okrhwue.b.’D;uG>zJoko;vDRI okCkokusJ
rhb.’D;vJRvXokusJM.I wb.rRb.C;o;’D;,Rw*hRI ,phrhtd.emuh,
w[h.vXRokb.I/ tCdy0JemuhywChphvXttd.vXRb.M.vDRI y’Dyk>
0J>wz.ywJvdmyo;< ?uG>zJto;td.[h.tD.ySR’D;yutD.< uG>zJto;u
vd.xD.vXurRMySRvXtup>’.0JM.’D;yu[HvDRI rhrh>vXyuChtDR’ky
wChvXRb.I/ y’Dyk>0J>wz.yqXwJmvDRyo;’fM.vDRI oemuhrh>ylRuGHm
tgeHRtgoD’D;yChyygtph’D;yyg[h.ySR< yrhChtDRyw>vd.b.wz.’D;t0JrR
M>ySRcJvXmvDRI tCdM.y0J’Dyk>0J>wz.yrhuhRqdurd.xHuhR’D;yeHRvDRI ‘D;y
oh.nguhRvXyygM.tJ.ySRtCd’D;od.ySRthMySR< u’l;u’h.ySRtrFdrFdvDRI o
emuh,rdw*RM.wcDt0JrhuG>ySRvXw>uyR‘D;to;M.b.zSD.ph>uD;vDRI cD
zsdvXy0Jzdwz.ye>uh.tCdvDRI ,rdM.t0Jrh>rd>vXto;ySJmw*RtCdzJt
0Jrh>e>[l0J’.yygM.uwdRqgySR’fM.’D;to;b.’dph>uD;vDRI ,rdto;b.
’dwkR’.vJmvXtrJmxHwz.b.vDRr;vDRI ‘D;,JwcD,rh>xH.vX,rdM.t
rJmxHvDR’D;,o;b.’dtg’d.M>’H;tvD>vDRI ‘D;,qdrd.xD.uhR,rdM.b.
td.zsJ.vDRySR< b.’k;tDySRvXtEk>xH’D;t0JrJmxHb.,GRvDRuhRvXyCdM.
,qdurd.uhR,o;b.’d< ,o;wrkmeDwpJ;vXRb.vDRI b.q.oemuh

7
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
,rdM.ttJ.ySRxDbdvDRI b.q.zJyyg[;tqXuwD>M.ye>rh>uh.< yrh>
vJRwvXuhRwvXb.w>od.w>oDtqXuwD>< ’D;t0JyXRto;wM>ph>uD;
b.I ‘D;w>vX,rdtyXRto;wM>b.’D;t0J[h.ySRw>oh.nge>yX>tcgM.
t0J[h.ySR’fvJ.M.< t0JuFd>yH>ySR< 0Hmxk;ybh.< 0Hmye>ukuG>zJtpk’huwd
M.t0JrRySR'D;[h.ySRw>od.w>oD’fM.vDRI rhrh>vX,ygwcDwrh>’fM.b.I
yrRw>rhwb.b.M.t0JthM< u’l;u’h.vDRySR’fM.vDRI oemuhvX,’D
yk>0J>tusg,Rw*RvDRI ,xd.o}wDRuhR,rd’D;,ygcH*RtHRtw>od.w>oD
M.rh>0J’.w>’fod;od;vDRI

oemuh,xH.vX,rdM.to;ySJmtCdtwJySRrh>wM>vXRb.’D;t0Jtd.
uhR’.’fM.’D;trJmxHwz.,GRvDR0JM.vDRI rhrh>vX,ygwcDwrh>’fM.b.I
u’l;0JzJM.ubJ;ubJ;< wkRtw>bsJb.tDRwpkM.vDRI uG>zJtwJ0JbsJb.
tDR’D;tup>ywkm0JCdu’dvDRI emuhy0JyuJzdwz.yrdyygrhod.ySR’D;yqdu
rd.vXtwb.b.’D;yo;xD.w>vDRI wu;’fb.< ,rd’D;,ygcH*RvXmrh>
thMxD.ySRwbsDCDM.IIIyGgIII,o;b.’d’d.r;vDRI cDzsdvX,ue.w>uvm
wrkmb.tCdvDRI tgbsD’D;b.wbsDbsDwkR’.vJmzJ,rd,ygcH*RvXmthMySR
wbsDCDtqXuwD>M.,[;vDRuGHmvX[H.ylR’D;[;vXt*RvDRI ‘D;,uG>
vXt0Joh.to;rh>ck.vDRtqXuwD>r;,[JuhRuhRql[H.vDRI wkR,[J
uhRvX[H.’D;,rd,ygrh>wuG>,rJmb.q.,wuG>ph>uD;t0Joh.trJmM.
b.I

,ymvDR,o;vX,rd’D;,ygrhwJw>’D;,Rr;,uwJw>’D;t0Joh.vDRI
oemuh,rd’D;,ygM.ttJ.ySR’D;od.ySRtCdt0Joh.wym0Jw>eDwrHRb.I
‘D;,rh[JuhR’X;wbsDCD’D;t0JwJw>’D;,RwbsDCDvDRI ‘D;,o;ck’d.r;’D;,
oh.ngvX,rdM.ttJ.ySRtCd’D;t0Joh.od.ySRoDySRM.vDRI b.q.’D;w>
vX,RM.,rh>zdvXto;’d.w*Rph>uD;vDRI wbsDwcD.< ,rd,ygrhwJw>’D;
,R< od.,RoD,RtcgM.,tJ.’d;ym,rd,ygtw>ur.vDRI ‘D;vX,Cd

8
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
M.,rd,ygto;b.zSD.tg’d.r;vDRI wbsDbsD,qdurd.uhR,rR,o;’f
tHRw-uX;wb.b.I ‘fod;,w>ymol.ymo;’ftHRwz.uvDRr>uGHmvXt
cVM.,ub.rRuD;’fvJ.I ,qdurd.’D;w>xd;b.,o;vX,ub.Chbg
xkuz.vDRI ‘D;,Chbgxkuz.uhRvXup>,GRttd.’fod;,urh>uhRzdvX
te>vdR< td.’D;w>ymo;vXt*hRtJ.uhRrdrdygyg< ‘hrk.’hcGgwz.M.vDRI ‘D;
,rd,ygph>uD;Chbgxkuz.vX,*D>xDbdvDRI ‘D;,rd,ygM.t0Jod.ySRoD
ySR’D;wJ0J<?ym’d.,GR< oMRo;vX,GR/‘D;,RM.zJ,vd.b.w>rRpXRtqX
uwD>M.,ud;xD.uhRup>,GRxDbdvDRI ‘D;,oh.ngph>uD;vXup>,GRrR
pXR,RxDbdM.vDRI up>,GRw’k;ol.tk;o;tk;,ReDwbsDph>uD;b.I ‘D;rhrh>
vX,yk>cH*RM.,wJw>‘D;tDRrh>wM>b.M.,o;wrkmph>uD;b.I ‘D;b.w
bsDbsD,wD>b.tpktcD.,0Hmb.tbh.tukph>uD;vDRI zJ,rR,yk>’fM.t
qXuwD>,rd,ygrhxH.0J’D;tthM,RvDRI b.q.oemuhM.,qdurd.vX
,tJ.b.,yk>tCd’D;,rRtDRvDRI ,tJ.,yk>cH*RM.’d.r;vDRI cDzsdvX,
yk>M.td.xJcH*R{dRtCdvDRI rhrh>,rd,ygM.tod.,RxDbdvDRI wJ,R’f
tHR< ?zdrk.’d.{X< tJ.eyk>u[ku,mtDRrh*hR< wb.rR’H.rR’X.tDRw*hRI
uG>xGJeyk>rh*hRIII/‘D;b.q.oemuh,yk>te>rh>uh.’D;,wD>b.tDRvDRI ,
rd,ygrhwJ,R’D;,wJtDRvX<?rdrdygyg{X< ,tJ.,’hrk.’hcGgtCd’D;,wD>tDR
vDRI wrh>vX,wtJ.tDRtCd,wD>tDRb.I/,rh>b.wJvXtvXmM.,’h
rk.’hcGgcH*RtHR,tJ.tDRvXmo;vDRI b.q.’fod;t0Joh.te>uvdR< ‘f
od;,rd,yg[h.,Rw>od.w>oDtod;< ,Jph>uD;,[h.u’gcHuhR,’hrk.’h
cGgcH*RtHRM.vDRI
wrh>vX,o;uh.o;ug,’hrk.’hcGgcH*RtHRtCd’D;,wD>t0Joh.b.I cDzsd
vX,tJ.b.t0Joh.tCdvDRI vXy[H.ylRCDylRM.b.wbsDbsDrkm< b.w
bsDbsDw>th.vdmqd;uhvdmwz.[Jtd.xD.0J’.vDRI b.q.w>oh.wz.
tHRrhtd.xD.oemuh< rh>’.xJwpd>zdvDRI wrh>w>vDRpdRvDRxDb.I xDbd
M.y[H.zdCDzdwz.M.yqXtd.vX[H.vXtySJR’D;w>ol.cko;ck< w>ol.rkm
o;rkmvDRI ‘D;yusJ;pX;td.rlph>uD;vDRI vXyusJ;pX;td.rltqXuwD>M.yCh
9
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
un;ph>uD;vXup>,GRurRpXRySRvDRI ‘fod;’D;y[H.zdCDzdwz.yutd.b.
rkmrkmck.ck.< ClClzd;zd;t*D>yChbgxkuz.ph>uD;vDRI yqXrk>v>ph>uD;vX
yutd.Cltd.zd;b.wpdRo;ph>uD;vDRI rhrh>,rd’D;,ygcH*RtHRM.qSXySRvX
usJtrh>twD< usJtb.ym’d.pXRySRvX,GRxDbdvDRI ‘D;yurh>zdvXtElRvdR
e>vdR< rRxGJw>od.w>oDt*D>yrdygcH*RvXmChxkuz.vXy0J’Dyk>0J>rk.cGgw
z.t*D>xDbdvDRI ‘D;,rd,ygoh.wz.M.wJ0J’.,R‘ftHR< ?zdrk.’d.{X< w
b.rRuh.ee>w*hRI *kmusJ;pX;rhql.ql.vXew>rRvdtylR< ‘fod;rk>weHRe
uuJxD.b.ySRvk>’d.yOR’d.z;’d.w*ReDI ydmMpXRuDeyk>tusJvXtb.’D;w
b.ydmMpXRtDRusJvXtwvdRwb.M.w*hReDI/,ymvDR,o;vX,uusJ;
pX;td.rlvXt*hRuwX>vDRI w>vX,rd,ygwJ,Rwz.’k,uusJ;pX;td.rl
,J’.vDRI ‘fod;’D;,yk>cH*Rph>uD;uxH.M>usJtb.< usJtrh>twDt*D>,u
usJ;pX;td.rlpXR,’hrk.’hcGgcH*RtHRvXt*hRuwX>M.vDRI

,rd,ygxH.b.0JvX[H.zdCDzdtg*RweDReDRtusgwClwzd;b.M.td.
0JvDRI ,rd,ygM.wtJ.’d;0J’.vXt[H.zdCDzdoh.wz.M.okwuJxD.t
o;’fM.w*hR< ‘D;t0Joh.Chbgxkuz.w>vXy*D>xDbdM.vDRI ‘D;wu;'H;
b.< ,rd,ygcH*RvXmtHRph>uD;usJ;pX;td.rl< usJ;pX;tH;xGJuG>xGJySRvXt
*hRuwX>’D;w>vX,rd,ygM.w>cJvXmt0J’.ym’d.,GRvXw>rJmngvDRI w
ysJqdw>t*ReDwrHRb.I

,[H.zdCDzdtw>td.o;oh.wz.vX,uGJ;zsgxD.t*h>tHRrh>yw>td.
o;vXtrh>rRto;xJvJ.xJvJ.b.q.< y[H.zdCDzdwz.wvDRrk>vDRz;<
wtd.’D;w>ol.uh.o;ugvdmo;vXt’d.trk>eDwbsDb.I ,w>uGJ;zd’krh>
’.xJtHRvDRI

ySRuGJ;w>*h>=eD>zDvl.0g< K.A.A uFd< rJ>&RrdR'Ju0DR

10
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd

HAFnoFsiTEFkABye
PelitbLoxKa

wcsK;’H;vXyuvJRxD.b.w>rRvdvXrk>,l>’H;b.M.yb.
xD.w>rRvdvX’Ju0DRylRcHeH.M.vDRI yrRvdb.w>M.wrh>vXyxD.b.
tDR’fyo;b.< cDzsdvXytd.bD’X.tCdyxD.cHeH.’D;ySRrXyvJRxD.u’D;w>
rRvdvXw>udylRM.vDRI vXyw>vJRwbsDtHRtylRvDReHR’d.r;’D;rh>w>oh.
eD.z;‘d.wcgM.,wJohvDRI cDzsdytd.b.wylRCDyzH;oud;rRoud;b.w
ylRCDtCdrkm’d.r;vDRI ‘D;t*RwcgM.rh>vXywvJRb.vX0h>ylReDwbsDtCd
yo;ck’d.r;vXyuvJRb.ph>uD;w>vDRI rh>w>vDRol.yd>o;0;tqduwX>vX
,*D>wbsDph>uD;vDRI ‘D;rh>ph>uD;w>ol.tk;o;tk;’d.r;vDRI ‘D;yuvJRw>M.
w>vDRb.,d.td.ph>uD;rh>vX,dR< yvH;wz.u[JtCdw>vX’Ju0DRtylR
yub.vJRw>M.w>*h>uDtd.ph>uD;vDRI b.q.’D;’fyemvXyuvJRb.o
yS>uwX>CdM.qXuwD>b.M.’D;yvJRw>vDRI ‘D;zJywcsK;vJRw>’H;b.tcg
M.ywJvdmyo;’D;youd;yvJRrh>wkRM.yu[;uG>uD’D;w>qltHRqlEkRvDRI

11
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
b.q.ySRo;yS>pH;0JwcsK;y,l.vDRecD.M.eqh.eDRycH*X>vDRI

zJvg,lR 6 oD< 2007 eH.M.yuvJRw>M.vDRI ySRwJySRvXyub.vJRcd;

odvh.vDRI ‘D;yuwDRxD.yxX.yvD>yusJ’D;yvJRcd;odvh.vDRI ‘D;zJycd;w>
tqXuwD>rlcd.plRvDRoD.ph>uD;vDRI ySRtd.cd;w>vXySR[H.’D;ySR’doD.x;0g
’X’D;,wJvXodvh.[JoD.vH’D;,oud;wz.vJRpH.vDRuG>0J’D;wrh>odvh.
b.I rh>ySR’dx;0g’XvDRI ‘D;t0JwJ,RvX,u;,udmql.M.ogoh.ngvH<
b.q.w>rd.vJRuG>pguG>vDRI ycd;w>’DweHRngtCdodvh.w[Jb.’D;ySR
wJu’D;ySRvXokub.vJRu’D;vXrk>qh.xD.vDRI yuhRw*RvXy[H.w*R
vXy[H.’.0JvDRI wkRrk>qh.xD.’D;ySRrXu’D;y[Jcd;u’D;odvh.tcd.’D;y[J
u’D;vDRI wkRyvJRwkRvXySRcd;w>tvD>’D;ySRwJySRvXydmrk.M.rh>vJRub.
ulzsD.cHvDRI weDReDRulnDEk>zsD.cH’D;weDReDRwulnDEk>b.0JzsD.cHb.I ‘D;ySR
wJySRvXyub.ulzsD.cHoyS>uwX>tCdyulxD.zsD.cH’D;yuG>vDRyo;wbl.
b.I yb.[;_yHmvDRuDyo;vXw>uql;uwhRwz.vDRI ‘D;ySRydmcGgwz.’l
yvdRwJySR’ftHR< ?ySRulzsD.cH’D’l.< okulxD.uDzsD.cHok[l;wbl.0;wbl.</
‘D;wJySRvX< ?oktd.vXySRoltusg’D;okb.ol’D;oktd.vXySR0gtusg’D;ok
b.0gvDRI/ ‘D;yuvJRw>M.ySRwJySRvXb.C;uD>y,DRw>zdw>vHRM.okw
b.vJRpdmw*hRI okrh>vJRpdmyvH;Ckw>rh>xH.M>0J’D;uzD.ok< ‘D;yb.,d.
vXyvH;uzD.ySRtCdyvJRpdmCkmuD;oe;cgwvd.’D;yb.ymwh>uGHmtDRvDRI
yb.,d.vX,dRuzD.ySRvDRI cDzsdvXywvJRbleDwbsDtCdySRwJ'D;yemvDRI
b.q.wrh>’fM.b.I
wkRvX*DRcD 8 e.&H.’D;ug[JwkRtCdy’d;xD.ugvDRI ‘D;y’d;xD.ugtoD
cgrkm’d.r;vDRI ‘D;yvJR’d;ugwcd.M.ySRy.wqH,J>*RtCdy0HCkm’D;yxX.
wz.tCdy’d;uguwHmuwlmM.rkmph>uD;vDRI b.q.wkRywkRvX’Ju0DR0JR
’X;rJmngM.ySR[JtgxD.u’D;cH*RtCduguwHm’d.xD.u’D;vDRI ‘D;yp;xD.
[;xD.rJ>v;tl’D;vJRwkRw0m< wcsK;wkRrJ>&Rrd>M.ugtvh.y.yd>z;’D;ug
M.vJRw>wohvXRb.I td.wpd>zdug[JoD.rh>vXySR[JuhRqSXu’guhRySR’J
12
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
u0DRzdvXtvJRorHord;uG>w>ql;w>qg (Medical check) wz.’D;yud;td.
wh>tDR’D;ySReD.odvh.rXtw>[h.tDRvXodvh.ty.wuyRvDRI ‘D;t0J[h.
vDRySRodvh.y.wy.’D;yySReD.odvh.zdxDxD.0J0HR’D;y’d;xD.< zJyvJRwwkR
’H;vXrJ>&Rrd>’H;b.M.ty.xl.zsdu’D;toDwuyR’D;t0JeD0Ju,Du,DwkR
vX,dRtd.w>vD>’D;rXytd.cd;w>zJM.vDRI ytd.cd;w>z;,Hm’D;w>rd.tD.y
o;vXrhRtCdyCktD.rhRwb.b.I rhrh>ul.ohcd.’D; toud;cH*RvJRCktD.
rhRvX,dRw>zDtD.tvD>’D;t[XzXySJR< rhrh>vXySR’ky[XzXo.0HRxD.wpJ;w
pJ;vDRI b.q.’D;ycd;u’D;wpd>’D;t0Joh.tug[JuhRwkR’D;ySRrXy’d;xD.u
’D;odvh.’D;y’d;xD.u’D;odvh.M.vDRI wcsK;yodvh.[;xD.’H;b.M.ySRrX
,dR ok;zduhRvXtrJmngvDRI ,dRok;zduhRodvh.cJvXmEGHcd.M.ok;zdySJRySJRvDRI
yuG>’kvDRysHRvDRzk;b.ySR’d.r;vDRI
wkRrh>t0Joh.wz.uhRvXm’D;yvJRb.w>vDRI ‘D;ySRrXy’d;odvh.oXcd.
vDRI ‘D;yeDRz;vDRyo;0HR’D;yp;xD.vJRw>vDRI ‘DweHRngM.rlcd.plR’d.r;
vDRI yvJRw>w0myodvh.xD.upX>wM>< ySRrXypH.vDR’D;vJRxD.upX>vX
ycD.vDRI rhrh>vXydmcGgwcDySRrXtqD.xD.odvh.qlupX>t’Dcd.vDRI odvh.
usJ’kw*hRuD;eDwpJ;b.I ‘D;b.u’D;zJ,dRok;wz.uhRtd.zJM.’D;wGH>xD.pXR
yodvh.vDRI ‘D;t0JrXySRvJR[H;M>tDRx;vXvhcd.rh>vXtubHxD.0Jodvh.
ty.vDRI ySRvJR[H;M>tDRx;ysHR0HRySRbHxD.wcd.0HRwcd.< wkRrh>txD.u
pX>M>cJvXm’D;yvJRu’D;qlngvDRI yvJRw>’DeHRrlcd.plR’DeHR< yb.pD.cJvXm
vDRI wkRzJyxD.upX>0HR’D;yvJRb.uhRbVbVqSDqSDvDRI yp;xD.[;vXCd;
e.&H.’D;yvJRwkR[gvDRcDvGH>e.&H.wcD< w>rd.tD.o;vXrhR’kwJwohvXR
b.I vJRwkRb.tXxJuyHmwz.vDRI ‘D;ytDvk.xHvk.ed0HRytD.rhRvDRI
qdrd.o;w>rd.tD.yoH;o;vXrhR’k,utD.vXmz;tgtg< b.q.tD.b.
wpkvXmuhR’.xJwpJ;zdvDRI b.vX[gvDRcDySRweDRuhRrH’D;weDRuG>uD’D;
w>*DRrlvDRI vJRwkRM.rHwM>b.I rh>rHeDRvDR*mvXodvh.oD.< ytd.vXod
vh.ylRtCdyrHwM>tgtgb.I ‘D;y vJRwkRySRrXu’D;vXzDtD.w>< ySRwzDtD.
w>vXoG.b.I ySRzDtD.w>vX’;< ywzDnDEk>eDwbsDyzDwb.ph>uD;b.I ySR
13
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
wJyF;ySR< ySRb.zD’fvJ.’fvJ.M.yoh.ngtgxD.uD;w>wpJ;vDRI ‘D;vXcHM.y
zDtD.b.xD.uhR’D;rh>vXyxH.b.ph>uD;w>toDwz.’D;rh>w>vJRcDzsdtqd
uwX>tCdyo;ck’d.r;vDRI

yvJRwkRrk>qh.xD.ySRuvJR[;pXRySRvXu;pD;vDRI rh>vXyw[;blb.
’fM.tCdyysHRvX,dRuzD.ySRvDRI wbsDM.ySRvJRpXRySRcH*RvDRI wkRrh>y’d;
xD.odvh.,D>’D;yw’d;blb.eDwbsDtCdyb.,d.vXyuvDRwJm< ’D;yzD.
wH>CmySReD.odvh.,D>w*RM.CH;CH;’D;rh>w>vXtvDReHRwcgvDRI yvJRM.
yxH.b.w>vXywxH.blb.oh.wz.M.yxH.b.tqduwX>wbsDtCd
uJxD.ph>uD;w>rRvdvXy*D>’d.r;vDRI yvJRtd.cHoD’D;yp;xD.< xD.w>rR
vdvDRI yxD.w>rRvdb.C;vXthxX.eJ;vDRI wkRrh>yxD.’D;ySRue.Ckm’D;
uGJR'De> (tH,Xzd) wz.vDRI rh>vX0h>ylRrh.tlql.tCd,oud;w*Rue.
xD.0J’D;vDrh.tlvJ;te>’D;trJmqS;< wJ0J'.vXwX>th.ogtCdyeHRb.tDR
vDRI eD>eD>wcDwrh>wX>th.tDRb.I rh>’.vDrh.tlvJ;tDRtCdvDRI rhrh>vX
,oud;w*RoguvJRtDxH< xH.ySRwJw>vXthxX.eJ;’D;t0Jqdurd.vXt
w>wJw>’D;tDR’D;t0JpH;qX0J’.vDRI ySRwJtDRySRwJw>’D;ySRw>tJ.wDvXth
xX.eJ;ylRySRwwJw>’D;eRb.< ‘D;t0JrJmqS;vDRI yvJRwkRtqduwX>M.y
w>rd.tDyo;vXxH< yCkxHb.q.ywxH.b.I teD>eD>wcDxHtd.’.ycD.
xH;vDRI yw>vJRcDzsdwtd.b.tCduJxD.w>vDRrJmqS;’d.r;vDRI
td.,HmxD.woDcHoD’D;rh>vXyxD.w>rRvd’D;yoh.ngtgxD.b.w>wpJ;
vDRI ‘D;rh>w>vDRol.yd>o;0;vXy*D>vDRI ‘D;yvJRcDzsdb.w>tqduwX>w
bsDtCduJxD.w>vDReHRvDRth’d.r;vDRI yvJRtd.M.yuG>uGJR[lzsgql.’d.r;
vDRI vDR*mr;vXywxH.b.w>*DRrleDwbsDb.vDRI rhrh>,J’kySRwJ,RvX,
uG>w>*DRrlql.uwX>vDRI [gcD[H;xD.&H>rd;cD.}xd (uGJR[lzsgtpJ;qD.zd) ‘D;
td;xD.uG>uGJR[lzsgwkRvXrk>eRcDcGHe.&H.bsJ.’D;yrHvDRI ‘D;*JRqXxX.’D;uG>
u’D;wkRySRtD.rhR< ’D;ySRtD.rhR0HR’D;uG>wkRySRxD.w>rRvdvDRI ySRxD.w>rR
vd0HRySRtd.bSH;M.uG>u’D;w>*DRrlvDRI ySRwJ,R’ftHR< ?,R’k,yd.vHI/b.
14
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
q.,ymwtX’.,e>vDRI ,w>td.rl’ftHR’krkm’d.r;’D;rh>w>vX,o;yhR
eD.tDRwoheDwbsDvDRI ,uymtDR’fw>oh.eD.z;’d.vX,o;yhReD.tDRwM>
b.wcgvDRI rh>t*h>’fvJ.M.y’Doud;wz.*JRql.< wJvdmuGJw>ql.’D;y
td.b.’ftHRM.rkmuwX>vX,w>td.rltylRM.vDRI w>td.rl’ftHR,wtd.
b.’ftHReDwbsDb.I b.oh.oh.urh>’.tqduwX>’D;tuwX>ph>uD;wbsD
vX,*D>vDRI ,w>vJRcDzsdwbsDngtHR’kyFD.’d.r;wJuhRt*hRr;wb.b.I
vXyw>vJRcDzsdwbsDtHRtylR,oud;td.w*RvDReHR’d.r;vDRI vDwJpd[J’D;
rh>vXtw>wJunDusdmwb.tCd< tw>wJtDRxJ,dRusdm’D;t0JtX.vDR0J
’. ?c;/ (rh>) vXuFD.wJ.usdmvDRI ‘D;ySRwJtDRrh>uwX>tX.vDR0J’. ?c;/
vDRI ySRvXvDwJpdtylRw*Rrh>twJw>rEkRvJ.M.,oud;w*Rwe>yX>0J'.
b.I
zJyvJRtd.tcgy[;xD.[;vDRM.yo&.wtJ.0Jb.I rh>vXyXRuD>wz.
[;xD.[;vDRtCdyo&.b.,d.0JvXuxH.b.zk;ySRvDRI ‘D;vX,w>vJR
wbsDngtHRtylRvX,w>qdurd.tylRM.rh>,uxH.b.uD;,dRcGgvXt’d.
w>*hR*hRb.q.,wxH.b.eDw*Rb.I ,o;wrkmuD;b.I ‘D;weHRM.,dR
cGg[JuD;w*R’d.w>*hRzJb.’;’D;t0J[J’D;odvh.bDbDz;’d.wcd.< [J’D;to
ud;w*RcH*RvDRI ,uG>t0J’d.w>*hRwpJ;’D;t0J[JoHuG>ySRvX,dRusdmyw
e>yX>’D;yrXtvJRoHuG>vXo&.rk.‘D;,qdurd.vXt0Ju[J[;td.oud;
o&.rk.vDRI vX[gvDRcDyuG>w>*DRrl’D;ywJoud;w>vDRI ‘D;,wJ,o&.
rk.’ftHR< ?,[JwbsDngtHRzJrqgM.,xH.b.,dRcGgw*RvDRI/ ‘D;,wJ
tDR< ?rqgM.t0JwJeRw>rEkRvJ.I/ ‘D;,o&.rk.wJ,RvXt0J[J’fod;u
[Jxk;xD.ySRth.vDRI ‘D;,wJtDR,[JwbsDngtHR,qXxH.b.,dRcGgwz.
ySRwJvXt’d.w>*hRb.q.,wxH.eDw*Rb.I xH.uD;w*RM.II[JuD;vX
t’d.w>*hRrD.< rh>u’D;u;vXt[;xk;xD.ySRth.w*R< uG>w*hRvXRuD;eD
wpJ;b.< ‘D;,o&.rk.eHRb.,RvDRI t0JwJ,R’ftHR< ?,dRcGg’D;ySRunDcGg
rh>euCkxXtDRzJvJ.w*RvJ.I/ ,wJtDR< ?,dRcGgrh>vDRtJ.xJvJ.xJvJ.
b.q.unDcGgM.rh>’.eD.*H>wXvDRI/ ySReHRb.oud;,RvDRI ‘D;yuG>w>*DR
15
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
rlywJeHRoud;w>0HR’D;yuhRrHvXw*RtvD>w*RtvD>vDRI
rk>qh.xD.weHRy*JRqXxX.0HRtD.rhRtDxH0HRxD.oud;w>rRvd’D;rkmyFD.’d.
r;vDRI ,vJRtcgM.b.zJ,wHuvJRtd.vXuD>csXw*R< zJt0JwcsK;vJRt
cgM.t0JrX,wJoud;w>’D;tDRvDRI tCd,wJ,o&.rk.’ftHR< ?o&.rk.
{X< qJ;usXM>,R,wH< ,tJ.’d;wJw>’D;tDRwpJ;vDRI/ ‘D;t0JCh,R,wHt
vDwJpdeD.*H>’D;,[h.vDR0HRt0JqJ;usX0J’D;t0JtvDwJpdtc;tyORvXmuGHm
tCdt0JwJ,RvXphvXmvHtCdogqJ;wM>vXRb.I ‘D;,qdrd.ySRb.wh>
EkmphvXvDwJpdtylRvDRI ‘D;,uhR[H;M>phoXqHb;’D;,[h.tDR< ySReHRb.
,RySRwJ,R’ftHR< ?rh>eoGH.wrRw>b.cD{gI w>M.ySRwhh>Ekmc;< ySRwwh>Ekm
phb.I/ ‘D;rh>vXySReHRb.,RtCd,rJmqS;’d.r;vDRI ,qdrd.yvDRwd>vX
uvkm*RtzDvmz;’d.vDRI w>td.rltywD>wkRtHRr;yrhwoh.ngcgqlngy
rh>vJRb.vX0h>’d.0h>xD’ky[;b.t*D>uD’d.r;vX,*D>vDRI [gcDySRp;xD.
u’guhRw>rRvdvDRI vXw>rRvdtylRyo&.rk.wJySRvXt0JtJ.’d;[h.yF;
ySRw>wcgvXthxX.eJ;tylRvDRI ‘D;t0Jtd;xD.uG>0JvDRI td;xD.0JwqDb.
wqDwkRt0HR’D;t0JwJySRvXuG>’D;yuG>vDRI t0JyF;M.ySRvXw>*DRylRM.yuG>
’kvDReHRph>< tvDRb.,d.ph>uD;vDRI rh>vXywxH.b.bluD;w>’ftHReDwbsD
b.I yuG>w>’D;yxH.vXySRydmcGgrHR[lo.zsgw*R< vXngrh>unDtySRo;
0H.w>zdtuvk>rkm’D;’d.w>*hR’d.r;vDRI b.q.t0JxD.yS>’D;ySRydmcGgvDRI
yuG>M.ySRzsDtDRrlmrlmeD>eD>vDRI ydmcGg’D;ydmcGg[H;vdmto;M.rh>tzdtd.uoh
’fvJ.I yuG>’D;vDRol.yd>o;0;< vDRurXur.’d.r;vDRI ySRwJvXydmcGgoud;
ydmcGg[H;vdmo;M.ywxH.b.bleDwbsDb.I ‘D;toud;uGJ;wJqgtDRqgqg
uvJmb.q.t0JwwJw>eDwrHRb.I ‘D;zk.cD.wJ0Joge>[lydmcGg’D;ydmcGg[H;
vdmto;b.q.ogwxH.b.eDwbsDb.I ogxH.wbsDtHRrh>tqduwX>
vDRI ‘D;yuG>uJxD.uhRw>rJmqS;vXyuJunDzd’D;yrRyo;M.w-uX;wb.
b.M.vDRI

rk>[gvDR’D;yrRvdw>0HRySRys>uGHmM>yw>rRvdvDRI yrRvdw>wkRrk>,J>eHR’D;
16
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
ySRqdwh>w>rRvdvDRI ‘D;wkRCDRu’D;vXrk>CkeHRvDRI ‘D;yvJRu’D;u;vXu;
pD;vDRI yvJRw>’D;vX,oud;tusgw*Rt0JvJRuG>CDRzsD.cHwbh.vJRzD.
uG>0J’D;ySR[H;xD.M>tDRxX.’X’D;t0JwJ0JvX,dRusdm?uF.,h,h/ ’D;,o&.
eHRb.tDRvDRI ‘D;wkRrh>t[JuhRwkR’D;ywJeHRw>’D;yeHRoud;vDRI ytd.wkR
rk>td.bSH;eHR[;xD.M.yub.[JuhRvDRI wcsK;rk>[;xD.’H;b.M.yo&.
vXuD>csXw*R[JwkR< yxH.tDR’D;yol.cko;ck’d.r;vDRI ywJoud;w>rDudm
zd’D;t0Jub.uhRrHvX[H.’GJ’D;uhR0J’.vDRI t0Jw[JuhRvDRvX’Ju0DRtylR
’D;ySRwbsDCDb.< rh>vXt0JuJuD>csXwrSHRtCdvDRI rk>weHR*DRcDEGHe.&H.M.
odvh.[Jtd.ySR’D;y’d;xD.odvh.’D;y[JuhRu’guhRvX’Ju0DRtylRvDRI zJy
[JuhRu’guhRweHRM.rlcd.plRvDR’DweHRngvDRI vXy’Doud;tusgw*Rrh>
ySRvXtcd.rlRql.w*RvDRI t0J[JuhRu’guhRwkRvXusJwulm’D;tx;cd.
xD.vg’D;wJ0JtrRwuJvXRb.I ogurRud>xD.ogoGH.vDRI ‘D;t0Jo;0H.
w>xJw*R’D;toud;eHRb.tDRvDRI oguuG>vdpdo;0H.w>’D;t0Jud;0Jvdpd
vXvdodtCdySReHRb.tDRvDRI t0JwJw>wJw>’D;toGH.ud>xD.u’guhRvDRI
‘D;y[JuhRbl;uwkRvXrJ>&Rrd>’Ju0DRy[JuhRvDRvhcd.uwX>w>plRw>bV'd.
r;vDRI odvh.vDRupX>yb.,d.xJyodvh.uvDRvXusJuyRvDRI yo;tk;
’d.r;vDRI rhrh>,J’k,b.,d.xJvXodvh.uvDRqluGmndylRrh>vX,td.vX
odvh.uyRvXw>zDcd.tCdvDRI
w>qd.*hRqd.0gtCdyodvh.M.[JuhRwkRvXytd.w>qd;w>tvD>M.vDRI
y[JuhRwkRzJ 11;30 e.&H.M.vDRI y[JuhRwkR’D;w>csH.yo;’d.r;vDRI b.
pD.p;xD.vXcd.wkRvXcD.u&J’JvDRI ‘D;y[JuhRwkRM.w>csH.tgtCdrHrkm’d.
r;vDRI ‘D;rk>qh.xD.weHRyo&.[JuhRvDRu’guhRwkRvDRI ‘D;vXy’Doud;
wz.vXrJmngtd.’.[H.’GJwzsX.CDvDRI ytd.cHeH.’D;y[;xD.’D;ySR[Jtd.
’D;vXtoDwzkvDRI ‘D;yrh>’.[H.’GJzdvD>vHRtCdySRud;u’guhRySR< ySRrXy
xD.u’guhRw>rRvdtoDoXvgvDRI ‘D;yxD.w>rRvd’D;ytd.b.u’D;wylR
CDM.rkm’d.r;vDRI yo&.M.zJyxD.w>rRvdtcgyo&.’k;tD.ySRcFD;uvJ;
’D;’k;uG>ySRw>*DRrl’D;yeHRu0JRysD>u’DM.rh>w>vX,o;yhReD.tDRwohb.w
17
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
cgvDRI yxD.w>rRvdoXvg’D;yo&.uhRu’guhRvXtrJ&uRvDRI ‘D;yvJR
qSXtDRusJwulmvDRI ‘D;yo&.M.od.vdySRrkm’d.r;vDRI ‘D;rh>o&.vXyo;
yhReD.tDRwohb.w*RvDRI t0Jrhrh>uvkm*Rb.q.t0J[h.vDRto;wl>
qgto;vDRI yrh>tD.rhR’D;n.tk.xH< bd;uh.’d;b.q.t0JtD.0JvDRI ySR
rh>’k;tD.tDRuolvXt0H.M.t0JtD.0JwyDbJtgtgb.I t0JwJogb.o;
tD.ySRunDw>tD.vDRI ogtd.vXM.ogtD.bsJvHvDRI ‘D;t0J[JtoDcgt0J
wJySRunDwb.eDwzsX.b.I t0J[Jtd.,HmxD.’D;t0JwJySRunDusdmb.
’D;wJvdmuGJw>ql.’d.r;vDRI ,rh>td.wbsDbsD,qdurd.uhR‘D;rh>w>vXt
rRrkm,o;’D;xH.rSH’.tDRxDbdvDRI y’Doud;wz.zJytd.wylRCDtcgy*JR
vdmuGJ< ‘D;ytd.rkm’d.r;vDRI

vX,w>td.rlylRw>vX,vJRcDzsd’D;td.rlb.wylRCD’ftHRM.rkm’d.r;vDRI
tcJtHR’kqXtd.uhRb.q.wohvXRb.I cJtHRyvDRz;vdmyo;< yqXxH.
b.uhRyoud;wz.b.q.ywxH.b.b.I ‘D;xDbd,oh.eD.b.’.,o
ud;zdwz.vDRI ,oh.ngvXt0Joh.wz.uqXxH.b.ph>uD;toud;wz.
vDRI zJytd.wylRCDtcgytd.’.ySRwqHcH*RvDRI y’doud;w>*DR’D;zJyoh.
eD.youd;tcgyuG>vDRyoud;t*DR’D;yw>qdurd.qSXuhRySRvDRI tCdrh>
w>vX,oh.eD.qXxH.,J’.t’d.ttgM.vDRI

ySRuGJ;w>*h>=eD>zDqSH0g< rH;±SX.uFd< rJ>v;tl’Ju0DR

18
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd

SERliktiIbFsF
liktiIbFsF
TEmvheToFpiI
piIdEdER

'fyrSHRyyS>w>uwdRtd.0Jtod;< ?wcsK;evJR'H;qlng<
ymvDRwJmw>*hRwcg/tod;< ,Jph>uD;,tJ.'d;wJxDxD.u'D;vX ?zJwRv.
td.'D;eRcg< zDxD.o.xD.vXuvkmusg/ M.vDRI 'fw>ySdRySHySdRySD>pH;0J<?w>
oHEGHC.w>trJmwbH./ okqdurd.urh>rwRvJ.I ,J,qdurd.urh>xd.
ySm ?trJ>ql./ tDIIvXmcX;==vXw>M.tCd< vHmvX,uuGJ;qD&J.< uGJ;
uvGRtDRcJtHRwbh.tHRrh>0J< ?,w>&hvdmrkmvdm'D;,[H.zdCDzd'fvJ.t*h>
vDRI w>*h>vX,uGJ;tDRtHRweDReDRuJxD.wh>to;u,Du,DuD;vHI 'D;weDR
eDRuJxD.wh>to;zJ,woh.ng'H;rhRud.vd.tbsK;tzSd.< ,woh.ng'H;pk
ph.pkxGJtcgvDRI rhrh>weDR'krh>0Jw>teD>< toH;tumvX,w>td.rltylR<
ySJR,rJmcsHpD.0JRuJRtylRvDRI vXw>M.tCd<?'fxHtd.*X>xHeXtk./yrh>td.
Cduvm'D;wpD.rJmpD.egvX ?yw>pJRw>'GJ< w>pdRw>yD>/ b.'kueXtk.xJ
vJ.'kvd.wJvXRb.I III tkm IIIw>0JtHR,tJ.'d;wJtcDynDzsdzsdzsgzsgvXw>

19
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
wl>b.vXttd.'D;eRM.erh>ymr>tDR'D;vDR*m'fecl.vDRqdeylRvXwcsK;eoH
'H;b.tcgvDRI yw-uX;ymr>'D;cl.vDRuvDtDRb.I *kmusJ;pX;qJ;usd;'D;u
nDzdvXrk>Ekm< rk>xD.< xHcH< xHx.< uvHRxH;'D;uvHRpd;wuh>I wkRrh>qJ;
usd;'D;xd;zSd.vdmyo;rh>0HRwbsD< ?zJvJ. III ybl.wD>< zJvJ.IIIIw>Clzd;< zJ
vJ. III w>wDRwkRod;/< Ch>0JuylR'fvJ.IIIeqdurd.uG>tcd.wwdwH>vdmt
o;'D;unDzd{J.I t0JtHRrh>,'J;uH.'J;0hRxD.pdRylRuGHmteH. 70 vX,w>
td.rltylRvXtb.C;'D;,[H.zdCDzdtw>&hvdmrkmvdmvdmto;M.vDRI'D;
,R'D;,[H.zdCDzdtw>&hvdmrkmvdmo;w>uGJ;tHR< ,ysdmvJ'D;ud;trHRvX<
?pH;vXuwX>b.q.xHrl[JyX>xD.'H;/ M.vDRI

b.w[gIIIIzJrk>tw>uyDRvDRr>uGHm’D;bl;xD.zJvgzdu[JvJmxD.tudm
tcg< ySR’lzdo0Dzdoh.wz.eHRu0J>ysD>u’D ?0>III0>/ wJw>oD.yDimyDimzJt
vJRvXw>rRylR[JuhRtqXuwD>M.vDRI rhrh>,Rw*R,vdmuGJ’.z.url.
’f,usdm,usmvDRI ,vdmuGJwcDcD’D;,uG>v>’D;qlv>[l< ,uFD’D;,ygu
[JuhRqH;,Hm’D;u[JuhRpdmCkm’D;w>rEkRvJ.M.vDRI wwDR’d.’d.bl;xD.zJ
rk>bl;u[gw>cH;vDR,X>,m,X>,mtqXuwD>< ,uFD[JuhRyX>xD.0J'.'D;
w>eHRurSHzdt&D>wz.’D;w>rJmrkmegqXM.vDRI vXtcsXwcD0H0J’D;ukrh.CR
(ukCdrd)wzsX.vDRI ‘D;vXukylRwcDtd.0J’.’D;wcl;rd>’H.z;’d.wbdvDRI wkR
rh>,xH.wcl;’D;,o;ck’d.r;vX,utD.b.uolvDRI zJM.,wxH.,yg
’D;,oHuG>,uFD< ?’X;uFD< e[JuhRIIIygygrD.vJRzJvJ.I w[JuhR{gI/,uFDwJ
xD.0J< ?yk>’g{X< ygygw[gtHRwJ0Jogw[JuhRvXRb.IIIogurHwh>vX’J’D;
uG>uwDRuhRusD>ye>oh.wz.vDRI/ zJM.,rd’D.vDRzDtD.0J’.wcl;rd>’H.’D;
w>eXrleXqSDStuvkmuvkmvDRI wpd>zd,rdwJ< ?uJIIIzdrk.< zdcGgIIItD.oud;
rhRwcDIII/ ‘D;zJM.y’Dyk>0J>zd,J>*R’D;yrd>< ytD.oud;rhR0Hmedm0HmphRvDRI y
tD.rhR0HR’D;yEkmvDRrHoud;vXyvD>rHylR’D;yrHoud;ySD>ySD>vDRI ?uD;uh&h.uDm<
uD;uh&h.IIIuDm</ qDtd.tdxD.w0DvHrX.I ,rd’dwusdmxD.trdmusdqX.
wD;IIIwD;IIIwD;II ‘D;bs;tl0J’D;zX0JiGmiGmtcg< usdoD.xD.wl>-uL>IIIx.bdRIII

20
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
x.bdRIII-uL>< oD.bHblpSXRoXo-xK;tX.*XRr;vDRI ,rdud;?zdcGg< zdrk.<
zdoh.IIIzdoh.III*JRxX.< *JRxX.< w>oD.IIIokue.uG>oD.vdRzJvJ.wvd.
vJ.I/ zJM.,uFD*JRqXxX.ue.’D;wJ0J< ?oD.vdRb.ogvXo0Drk>xD.w
uyRII/ wkREkRwbsD,eD,uFDoh.wz.wrHeDw*RvXRb.I zJM.,rdrRuJR
xD.rh.tl’D;,eDwcDohpSH> (ohCXR) xD.rhR’D;p;xD.ue.xH0Jw>’D;zDtD.o
ud;0JrhRvDRI rhrh>,J’k< ySRo’g’X;bSXbSXvDRI uogoD.yF.III_cDmimIII _cDmim<
ySRwxd.[l;xd.0;wuF;uF‹>uD;IIIzJM.tcg,o;eH.utd.’H;’.xJ 4 eH.{dR
vDRI zJM.tcgurh>0JzJ 1994 eH.vgqH;q.tylRM.vDRI

wkRrk>qh.0gxD.wbsD,rdud;*JRxX.,R’D;,*JRxX.ys>rJmys>eg0HRtD.rhR
vDRI zJytD.oud;rhRtcgunDok;zdwzk[JEkmqlyo0DylR’D;tusgw*RvJRtD
xHcsDvX,[H.’D;wJ0J== ?r*DRuXm< zguF>e>c;w>vXo0Drk>xD.pHm’JwzsX.
vXtpDRpkR’D;o0DcHe.&H.usJ/II zJM.wbsDCD,uFD,eDoh.wz.uG>vdmtrJm
xX.*X>r;vDRI rh>vXypH.td.vXo0Drk>xD.’D;,ygrHwh>vX’JtCdvDRI vX
w>M.tCd,’Dyk>0J>wz.’D;,rduG>vdmtrJm’D;tw>qdurd.uxD.*RrHR*R
rHRvDR{goX.I rhrh>,R’kc;vHc;rwhR’f,usdmvDRI w>ud>w>*DRwtd.b.I
tM.wbsD,uFDwJ,rdvXuvJR’D;,k>vDRtcD.vJR0JvdRrdRqlpHm’JtylRvDRI
zJM.tqXuwD>,uFDt’d.uwX>w*RtHRto;eH.utd.’H;’.xJ 15 eH.’H;
vDRI wkRrh>t0JwkRvX’JwbsDxH.pd0JvXw>woD.woJ’D;wkRrh>tvJRbl;xD.
wbsDIIIxH.0J’.’JtHRw>’J;uH.’J;0hRxD.tDRvXw>oGH.eXqSHeXr[H.eXr[d.
wz.vDRI zJM.tqXuwD>,yguJ0J’.o0Do;yS>vX,o0DtylRM.vDRI ,
uFDM.tngp>xJM.’D;td.vXcd’d.yS>,dmylRvXtpDRpkR’D;o0DcHe.&H.C.C.
vDRI w-uX;xH.w>oGH.w>pDR’D;w>oHtpd.’fM.b.I ?xH*kRuD>*RyeD.Cm<
wqHCd;eH.qltzDvm< rh>’H;’.zd’Hzdo.< w-uX;cD.b.’fM.b.I wkRrh>,
uFDxH.,ygto;orlwtd.vXRb.’D; III wbsDCDuX>u’g uhRtcd.’D;[JuhR
u’g0Jqlo0DM.vDRI wkRrh>,’Dyk>0J>’D;,rdwz.oh.ngw>*h>w>usdR’D;to;
udylRrRto;’frh.tluJRxD.’D;zJM.wbsDCDrJmxHzdvXtw-uX;vDRq+wz.

21
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
cDzsdvXw>qD.oeH;tDRtCdvDRq+r;0JjyK>jyK>’frlcd.xH[JvDRtod;vDRI zJM.
wbsDCDyvDR*m’fxHtd.vXck.v.tvdR< yo;ylRySJRr;’D;w>e;w>zSD.’D;w>
td.rlqlngt*D>yub.rR’fvJ.t*D>M.vDRI ‘fxgpH;0Jtod;< ?w>*hRvXyrd>
td.’H;< w>*hRvXyy>td.’H;< uwDRM.yCJmwvH< uwDRM>yusmwvH< usD
eD.0mysDbkcD.xH;< bkrJxD.’D;’d.’D;qH;I/wpd>zd,rdwJxD.<?zdoh.{X< ymql.
oko;/,rdwJxD.0HR’D;to;u;xD.’D;trJmxHzdwz.,GRvDRu’D;0JvDRI ,J
wcDvXw>wusXweXtylR,uG>,rd[D.’D;,[D.ydmph>uD;,rdtcHvDRI rR
u;rk>qh.xD.weHR’D;ycl.vDRbgbXuhRyygM.vDRI
wkRrh>yygvXtuxDM>yCJm< yusmtwvHwtd.vXRb.’D;vXy*D>uJ
xD.w>uDw>cJz;’d.wrHRvDRI ‘fxgpH;0Jtod;< ?y>oHvDRCD[H.wyR< rd>oH
vDRCD[H.’DzsX./tod;M.vDRI y0J’Dzdrd>wz.ytd.vDRwJmuhR’D;yzH;tD.rR
tD.uhRuFLRvhRuFLRvhR< u,Du,D’D;vXw>qd.*hRqd.0gtzDcd.ywvDR’d
‘fph>uD;b.I yzH;tD.rRtD.uhR'.’fM.ylRuGHm0J’.cHeH.’D;uvkm’d.pdvXtyX
ql.’D;rRql.rReXRo0Dzdwz.[JxD.vXyo0D’D;rXyok;M>ql.uhRyo;vXo
0Dt*RwzsX.M.vDRI wkREkRwbsDw>uDw>cJb.u’D;ySRt’d.trk>vXywvJR
b.’D;ytd.wohb.M.vDRI zJM.vXw>o;uwHm’D;w>e;w>zSD.tylR,rdwJ
xD.< ?,J’kIIIvJR’X;zH;rRuhRuFgvJ.IIIvJR’X;zH;tD.rRtD.wohohIIItd.wh>
’X;td.wohvXRI rh>oHM.u*hRwuh>’gcD{goX.I/ ,rdwJw>0HR’D;uD>y,DR
ok;zdw*RwJxD.< ?okrk>yS>w&XokuDmylRvJ>M>okcHylRI/ wJ0J0HRbsDc;vDR0Jusd
vX,rdtcD.xH;wD>IIIwD>IIIwD>< utd.CkxH.EGHxH.ngvDRI rhrh>,JwcDII ,
[;ydm,rdtcHql.’X;< wkRrh>usdoD.wbsD< ,Ch>uJ;vh>vh>xD.vX,rdt
vdR’D;zJM.,rduG>vDR,R’D;trJmxHzdwz.,GRvDRu’D;0JM.vDRI zJw>eDuGHm
ySRvXyo0DM.ub.zJ 1998 eH.w>plRvDRoDoDtqXuwD>vDRI zJM.yrR
w>woheDwrHR’D;ySR’Do0Dngb.vJRtd.uhRvXo0DvXt*RwzsX.vXtpDR
pkR’D;yo0Dutd.oXe.&H.wcDusJC.C.vDRI

wkRrh>ytd.vXM.’D;ypHmyySJRvXyygymvDRwJmM>ySRwz.y[JuhRrRzJyo;
22
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
yrRwohb.< wbl.b.'D;wtg,;ph>uD;b.I vXw>qd.*hRtylRM.yrh>
b.[;td.vXo0Dt*RwzsX.b.q.ytD.b.‘H;*DRwuyXR[gwuyXR’H;
vDRI oemuhrhrh>vX ?w>wuRbkwuR[k< w>uRyDngb.vlRCk< w>uR
bkwrh>w>uR< uRyDngvlRCkcd.qg/ wcgtHR’krhrh>,J,qX,uwD>b.yD;
yD;vXuql;o0H;tDtEk>xHvHemuhttd.zJvJ.< ub.vJRCkzJvJ.< yb.
rRtDR’fvJ.I yrRwohyrRwb.’D;ywxH.ph>uD;tDRb.I vXw>pH;bsK;’D;
w>qd.*hRqd.0gtylRw,HmwrD>y[JuhRtd.b.uhRvXy’hvDtylRvXtrh>y
’lyo0DtylRvDRI wkRrh>y[JuhRtd.vXy’hvDtylRwbsD< y[;xl;zV.0mvhR
uhR< ypHmvD>ySJRvD>’D;w>vD>w>usJu,Du,DtCd< vXcHpSReH.twD>ylRyw>
b.ud>b.*DRvXyuvDR’dvXw>0guzDvDuykmvk;vXtrh>?rhRud.vd./ ‘k
wtd.vXRb.I
zJ,o;eH.td. 8 eH.zJ 1998=99 eH.tqXuwD>,’d;M>b.w>cGJ;w>,m
vX,rk>*>ttd.vX,uvJRrRvdw>vXto0DM.vDRI wkRrh>,vJRxD.uFd
vX,rk>*>to0DwbsD< ,xD.b.uFd*hR*hRb.b.’D;zJ,xD.uFdtcgM.,
xH.0J’.,oud;weDRqgtD.0J’.w>vXuFd’D;,oud;wz.yOR’D;[h.’k;td.
,RwbsDbsD< ,phrh>td.,yOR’D;[h.’k;tD.uhRt0Joh.wbsDbsDph>uD;M.vDRI
vXw>M.tCd< ,xD.uFd’D;,oud;wz.rkmb.,R’d.r;M.vDRI emuh,
o;o,k>b.,rd’D;,’Dyk>0J>oh.wz.’d.r;vDRI rh>vX,b.td.,HR’D;t0J
oh.tCdvDRI

,td.vX,ngttd.M.,Hm0J’.EGHeH.’D;,zsdxD.0J’.CkwDRM.vDRI ,R
tHReD. III ,rh>wJvXySRtD.xD.tusdmM.< ySRzsd;pdwvXuGHmtcX;’X;wrh>ph>
b.< e;wkRcsK;’X;wrh>ph>b.< rhb.wJM.,rh>ySR,DR,>ySR*D>rmvDRI emuh
vXweH.’D;weH.tylR,rRM>0J’.< ?wrh>vX,tD.tlwclvDR,cHb.eD.I/
w;wqH;ymzSd.’X;tXud;eH.’J;C.C.vDRI vX,M>cd.z;wX’ftHRtCd,o;
ckvDR,up>to;ph>uD;vDRI wu;’H;b.,rd’D;,’Dyk>0J>wz.ph>uD;o;ck0J
’.vDRI zJ,td.0J’. 6 wDRweH.M.w>uDw>cJb.,Rt’d.uwX>vDRI t
23
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
*h>’fvJ.M.zJuFdxD.tcD.xH;wvgcHvgtcg< ,uFDtrgw*Rtd.zsJ.zdqH;0HR
’D;trk>eHRxD.b;0J’.M.vDRI ‘D;w,HmwrD>ylRuGHmwvgcHvg< ,eDt0Rw*R
ph>uD;vXxHuD>’D;ySRuvkm*D>[h.vDRu’D;to;M.vDRI wkRrh>w>rRto;’D;
,[H.zdCDzd’ftHR’D;,rRvduhRw>wrkmw,k>vXRb.vDRI ,b.o;uhRxJ
,o0DvDRI ,ChuhRvX,rk>*>wcD,rk>*>wysJuhR,Rb.I ,rRw>woh
vXReDwrHRb.I vXcH,xH.ySRvh>vdRvh>xD.’D;,uG>vX,rk>*>rJmw’Xt
cg,uhRCh>ydm0JySR*RtcHM.vDRI wkRrh>,[JuhRwkRvX’X;wbsD< uG>vDR’D;
zd’d.wz.qH;udmzd< wud;b.rdwud;b.yg< ,uG>xD.u’D;,rd>trJm’D;,
rd>wcDuDRtrJmxHwM>vXR’D;trJmxHvDRu’D;0J‘.M.vDRI ,Jph>uD;wkRrh>,
xH.,rd>trJmxHwbsD,o;u;xD.’D;,uDR,rJmxHwM>vXRph>uD;b.I ,
[JuhRtd.vX,’X;,HmxD.’D;,rdrXu’guhR,RvXuuhRxD.u’guhRuFdM.
vDRI ,wue.b.I ,xd.zH’.,e>vDRI rRu;woDcHoD0HRtvD>cH,rk>*>
[JyX>xD.0J’.M.vDRI wkRM.wbsD,rk>*>’D;,rdcH*Rxd;zSd.tcd.’D;rX,[J
uhRxD.u’guFdvDRI ,rk>*>wJ,R< ?zd’d.{XIIIw>vXySRoHM.ySRzD.Cmto;
orlwusXReDw*Rb.I oHweDR’X;urh>’.trk>eHRxD.b;vDRI/ wkRrh>,rk>
*>uGJuGJ,R’D;,Jph>uD;ymql.xD.,o;’D;vJRxD.u’guhRudFvDRI ,qdurd.
xD.w>tHR’kvX,*D>to.wxD.‘H;b.< ,ub.uhRtd.u’guhRuFdvDRI
‘fcU.cDG.pH;0J< ?CJmyJmxHtvD>wzsg/ tod;vDRI wkRrh>,uhRxD.u’guhRuFd
wbsD< ,qdurd.xD.weH.tHR,ub.zsdvXRCkwDR{gI emuhvXw>qd.*hR
qd.0gtylRwkRrh>eH.uwX>’D;,zsdxD.*hR*hRM.vDRI wkRrh>uFdys>wbsD,uhR
ql,o0DvX,rdttd.vDRI w>qXuwD>vJRweHRb.weHR’D;wkRrh>w>qXu
wD>bl;xD.vXuFduxD.u’guhR’D;,Ch,rd>'fod;uysJ,RvX,u[JxD.rR
vdw>vX’Ju0DRtylRM.vDRI tcD.xH;,rdwtJ.b.< b.q.,wJ,rdvX<
?rd{XIII,rh>[JxD.uFdvX’Ju0DRylRM.< w>vXmbl.vXmphRpSRvDRwpJ;< ‘D;,
rh>qJ;td.u’guhRuFdvXzJtHRM.uuJxD.w>uDw>cJvXe*D>wpJ;IIIt0JtHRy
wDRxDxD.vH’X;uFdvJuvXmtgxD.uU>uU>vDRI/ vXw>*h>tHRtCd< vXcH,
rdtX.vDR,RvDRI vXw>M.tCdzJ 2006 eH.’h.ngvgtylR ,[JxD.0J’.

24
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
vX’Ju0DRtylRM.vDRI vXcH< rhb.wJvXw>uwdRzk.M.,[JxD.vX’Ju
0DRylRtHR,zsdxD.0JweH.wwDR*hR*hRvDRI b.oh.oh.zJ,uFD’D;,eDoHtqX
uwD>< ,rh>wqJ;td.vXRuFdb.’D;,uuJxD.’.ySRegpdRw*R’D;,wql;
o0H;b.w>ul.b.ul.ohtEk>xHb.I ‘fxgpH;0Jtod;< ?okwrh>rDRxHwrSHR<
,GRrDuHmrDudmvDRoH;< okwrh>rDRxHwysDR< ,GRrDuHmrDudmvDRqSDI/ ,rh>b.
uG>qX.rJm’D;[H.CDw>uDw>cJxJvJ.b.q.rh>vX,wvDRoH;’D;[gr>uGHm
0J’.vXw>wDRzXb.tCd< ,wkR0J’.yD.vJ.vXtrh>< ?ul.ohEk>xHvXySR
[k.woh/< ‘fySRpH;< ?w>ul.ohtxloyXRvXySR[k.wohb./ ttd.M.
vDRI yw>td.rlvX’lvXmcsXtylRtHRrDRII ‘fxgpH;<
ytd.rl’lvXmcd.tHR< yw>[J0Htd.*RrHR
weDRvDR’drhR0g0g< weDRvDR’dul.yDng
weDRvDR’drd>w>tJ.< weDRvDR’dy>w>tJ.
uol.xD.[H.rkmCDyXR< vd.b.rd>y>w>rRpXR
[H.CDrh>w>u’kvD>< vXy0JunDzd*D>I

,qdurd.vXytd.rlvX’lvXmcsXtHRyw>&hvdmyo;’D;y[H.zdCDzd’ktd.
tgrHRtguvkmvDRI uuH;wbsDbsD< uc.wbsDbsD’D;uqX0J’.wbsDbsDvDRI
wbsDbsD,qdrd.xD.< ,R’D;,[H.zdCDzdtw>&hvdmo;tHRvDR*mr;’fuD.'X
(xH’X) vXtvDRxGHvXxHzH;cd.’D;zJxHuqD.tDRM.ub.zsd;0J’.vDRI

w>*h>vX,uGJ;uvGR'D;uGJ;qD&J.b.C;,[H.zdCDzdtw>td.rlt*h>tHR
rh>0Jw>trh>twDvDRI ,[H.zdCDzdtw>td.rltHRrh>b.'D;uvHRrk>oD.*DRrk>
oemuh< wvDR'hwJmql.b.I rhrh>wcDyvDR*m'fyxd;csHwwd.vXtvDRwJm
vXwRq+.tusg'D;rJxD.o.xD.0J'.M.vDRI w>uGJ;tHR,[h.tcd.wDvX<
?pH;vXuwX>< b.q.xHrl[JxD.yX>'H;/ M.rh>vX,tJ.'d;ymzsgxD.vXw
bsDtcg,[H.zdCDzdrh>vDR*m'f ?xd.zd.CJqDzd.CJ< 'D;xHoH;wlmn.vXusJ
wDR/ oemuhcJtHR,[H.zdCDzdwz.xH.pdCDRouUR0Jw>o;ckz;'d.vXu[J

25
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
vDRwJmb.tDRcDzsdvX[H.zdCDzdtusgw*Ru'd;M>b.0J< ?yDngtxHrloyXR
xl/ M.vDRI 'fxgpH;0Jtod;=
vXeD>qH;cgqDzdCJ
rd>vJRvXck;rd>pdm0J
td.tdxD.vXeD.bSJ.cH
rd>pH;w>ySdRrh>ttHRI
vXcHuwX>tJ.'d;pH;,J=w>uDw>cJtHRyuwl>b.tDRCgreRvDRI yw-uX;
[h.tC.'D;bsH;tDxDcd.tDxDvmyo;b.I rhrh>wcDyub.wdzsd;xD.uGHm
tDR'D;qD.zsd;xD.uGHmtDRqlyw>b.bD.b.nD< b.rkmb.ck.tvD>M.vDRI

ySRuGJ;w>*h>=pDRw>rReXR< eD.*H>wXwDRxDuFd< rJ>v;tl'Ju0DR

26
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd

kHEFPOlixH
ixHvvpJOB

wbsDzJ,rh>’H;,Jzdo.eD>qH;qH;w*RvXpkph.woh.
ngpkxGJwoh.ng< w>*hRwoh.ngw>tXwoh.ngtuwD>M.,rd>’D;,y>
M.t0JtH;xGJuG>xGJ,R< vk>’d.xD.,R< u[ku,m,RySJRr;’D;tw>tJ.w>
uGH’D;w>eHRurSHxDbdvDRI

vXw>M.tCdtcJtHRwJzsgxD.uhR,Jw>vX,xH.b.vX,rJm’D;yvX>
b.,JvX,pkoh.wz.t*h>vDRI ,J’.tHRrD.< ,rh>,J’.zdrk.o;p>zdw*R
vDRI ‘D;w>vX,xH.b.vX,rJmM.rh>0J,rd>,y>tw>tJ.,RuGH,R’D;w>
vX,yvX>b.,JvX,pkM.rh>0J,rd>,y>tw>u[ku,m,R< tw>tH;
uG>yXqSX,R’D;tw>vk>’d.xD.,Roh.wz.vDRI ,rd>,y>tw>tJ.,RtHR
rDR< vDR*m’fxHrlusdvXt,GRvDR’D;uwX>0JwoheDwbsDb.wbdvDRI zJvX
,td.vX,o0DtcgM.,woh.ngw>’H;b.I ,[J’d.xD.,J’.vXb.uD

27
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
b.cJ’Ju0DRtqduwX>wbh.zJrJ.cD.cg’Ju0DRvDRI zJ,[JvXusJtcgM.rDR
rh>vX,eD>qH;’D;,[;,J’.vX,up>woh’H;b.tCd,rd,ygM.t0JrX0J
’.,wHw*RM.[Jyk,RvDRI cDzsdvX,rd,ygM.t0JtJ.b.,R’D;’fod;vX
,okwb.’db.xH;t*D>t0JusJ;pX;Ck0J’.usJvX,*D>< ’D;,[JwkR,J*hR*hR
b.b.vX’Ju0DRtylRvDRI ‘D;zJvXy[JwkRvX’Ju0DRylRoDoDtcgrh>vXt0J
oh.wxH.’D;woh.ngb.’H;0J’Ju0DRw>td.o;tCdt0Jb.*kmusJ;pX;0JvX
y*D>’fod;yokwtd.b.o.0HRvDR’dt*D>t0Joh.[;Ckoh.ngw>td.o;vX
’Ju0DRylR’D;vXcHt0J’d;M>b.w>tD.w>tDvXbkzD’D;t0Jvk>tD.uhR’.ySRvX
wvgwbsDw>[J[h.eDRvDRySRursX>zdw>tD.wz.M.vDRI ‘D;zJvX,td.,J>
eH.tcgM.t0J*kmusJ;pX;[h.*H>[h.bg,R’D;qD.xGJrRpXR,R’D;weH.b.w
eH.< wvgb.wvg< woDb.woD’D;wkRu’D;vX,td. 6 eH.qltzDcd.w
bsDM.,td.b.,J’.uFdvDRI zJM.tqXuwD>y0Jytd.u0DR’h’D;uFdM.pDRpkR
vdmto;z;,HRngtCdyrh>vJRxD.uFdM.yub.vJRbd.tD.’D;rhRtCd,rd
,ygM.rk>rh>qh.xD.M.t0J*JRxX.zDtD.pXRyrhRyxH< ’D;wkRvXzDrhRrHwpkt
0Jud;*JRqXxX.ySR’D;rXyys>rJmys>eg0HR’D;rXytD.rhRtD.xH< 0HR’D;t0Joh.bd.
ymM>yrhR’D;rXyvJRpdmtD.tDRvXuFdvDRI rR’fM.weH.b.weH.’D;ytd.uFdy
zsdxD.wwDR0HRwwDR’D;,J’.w*RtHRvX,’Dyk>0J>tusgM.,td.uFdM.xDbd
,M>0J’.cd.z;vXweH.b.weH.< eH.uwX>w>’d;pJ;M.vDRI zJvX,rh>M>cd.
z;zJvJ.wbsDbsDM.xDbdt0Joh.cH*RtHRo;ck0J’d.r;’D;wJ’d.0J,rHR’d.r;vX
,zdrk.w*RtHRvXt’Dyk>0J>usgrh>ySRcd.Elm*hR’D;rRtD.vHmzFJ;’d.r;vDRI tCd
,o;ck’d.r;vX,rd,ygtw>y-wXR,R’D;[h.*H>[h.bg,RvX,w>zH;vd
rR’d;tylR’d.r;tCdvDRI

w>wJ0JvX,rd,ygcH*RtHRrDRrh>ySRvXttJ.b.tzdtvHR’d.r;< zJvXy
td.uFdM.yrh>b.’d;pJ;wbsDbsDo&.rh>[h.ySRw>z;vHmtqXuwD>M.t0Jw
[h.’k;rRyw>eDwrHRb.< rRvXySJRM>’.ySRcJvXmvDRI td.’.wrHRvXt0J
[h.*H>[h.bgySRvX< ?z;vHmrh>ql.ql.< rRwkRokzsdud;*R’J;eDRI/ tM.r;w

28
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
bsDbsDyz;vHmwrkm< ‘D;ytJ.’d;wJqXtDRvXz;vHmwrkmb.vDRI wbsDbsDt
0Jrh>wJw>’D;,R< ,uG>tDRwrkmb.td.ph>uD;vDRI b.q.oemuh,rd,yg
cH*RtHRrh>vXttJ.b.,R’d.’d.tCdxDbdM.[h.,RvXtw>tJ.’D;tw>
eHRurSHxDbdvDRI wbsDwcD.,rh>th.vdmo;’D;,yk>,0J>M.xDbdt0Joh.cH*R
rRClrRzd;uhRySR’D;rRrkmrRck.uhRySR< ’fod;yutd.uhR’D;w>tJ.yk>tJ.0J>vX
w*R’D;w*R’.0JvDRI tCdM.,oh.ngvX,rd,ygM.rh>ySRvXttJ.,Rt
eD>eD>M.,wJoheD>eD>vDRI

,J’.w*RtHRrDR III p;xD.vX,td.uFdM.,td.’.udFvXusDcHuFdySRud;

vX (R.C) wDRzk.uFdM.vDRI ‘D;zJ,td.uFdwkRzJoXwDRtcgw>[lxD.ogvDR
vXrJ.cD.cg’Ju0DRwbh.tHRub.ok;to;qlw>vD>toDwwDRvXtrh>rJ>
v;tlvDRI vXw>M.tCdw,Hmb.’D;ySRub.uwJmuwDRxD.w>zdw>vHR
’D;ySRub.ok;o;oyS>uwX>vDRI rhrh>,J’.,rd,ygcH*RtHRzJvXt0Joh.
oh.ng0JvXySRuwJmuwDRo;vHM.t0Joh.cH*RtHRuwJmuwDRxD.tw>zd
w>vHR’D;uwJmuwDRCkmM>ph>uD;ySRyw>zdw>vHRt*hRuwX>vDRI ‘D;vXyu
b.[Ju’D;wbsDM.t0Joh.tH;xGJuG>xGJySR< zJvXy’d;xD.ug’D;[JcDCDRqlrJ>
v;tlM.uwJmuwDRM>w>tD.vXy0Joh.wz.t*D>< 'D;zJy’d;ug0HRySR[h.
pH.vDRtd.bSH;td.ogySRvDRI zJvXytd.bSH;td.ogtcg< ,rd,ygcH*RtHRt
0Jtd.0JvXyuyR’D;ymvDRM>ySRvXrhRrXytD.’D;tD.rhR0HR[h.’k;tDySRvXxH’D;
vXt0JtxX.ylRM.0HCkmph>uD;’D;ud.vXy*D>’D;[h.’k;tD.ySR’D;y0JytD.’D;y
ySJRr;’D;w>ol.cko;ckcDzsdvXyrdyygtw>tJ.oh.wz.tqXwvDRwlm< vDR
*mr;’fxHrlusdtod;M.vDRI

zJvXy[JwkR0JqlrJ>v;tltqXuwD>,rd’D;,ygcH*RtHRt0JusJ;pX;CkM>
w>td.uok.vXy*D>’fod;yokwb.’D;rk>w>ud>qg’D;b.wrkmul;uqJt*D>
M.t0JusJ;pX;0JvXm*H>vXmbgvDRI zJw>vD>vXy[Jtd.[Jqd;tvD>M.bl;0J
’D;xHusdwbdvXtrh>rk>,lmusdvDRI xHusdwbdtHRrDR III ySRe>[lvXt0JtD.

29
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
ySRunDwbsK;*R< ‘D;ySRvDRxGHoHwbsK;*RtCd,rd’D;,ygcH*RtHRxDbdM.
t0JwJySRvXwb.vJR*JRxH< vJRyd>xHzJxHusdwbdtHRb.I t0Joh.cH*RtHR
b.,d.M>w>vXy*D>’d.r;tCdxDbd[h.yvD>ySRvDRI oemuhwbsDwcD.M.
,J’.,Rw*RtHRrh>vX,w*JRb.xH< yD>b.xH’ftHReDwbsDtCd,vJRcl
ol.vXt0Joh.tvD>cHvDRI wkRvXt0Joh.rh>[;[JuhRwbsDM.’l,R’D;wJ
,RvXzJogwtd.b.tcgM.,vJR*JRxH{gM.vDRI rhrh>,JwcDvXw>ysHRb.
tDRtylRwJvH.,JtDRvX,wvJR*JRb.I emouht0Jwem,Rb.’D;oHuG>0J
vX,yk>,0J>’D;,yk>,0J>pH;qXtDRvXtvJR*JR0JvDRI ‘D;zJ'.,rd,yguvm
,Rtuvk>oD.r;yJ; III yJ; III yJ;’fw>uyDmuvmoD.tod;vDRI t0Joh.cH
*RtHRrh>’l,Rrh>uvm,RwbsDbsDM.,o;xD.clol.tDRM.vDRI uvm,R
rh>0HR’D;wJuhRw>’D;,RvXcHrkmrkmtCd,o;zdck.vDRub;vDRuhR’D;,qdu
rd.,JvX< ,rd,ygtHRrh>uvm,RxJvJ.xJvJ.b.q.tJ.b.,RvXmt
o;vDRI tCdM.rDRvXcHM.’fod;vX,rd,ygcH*RtHRto;zdurkmt*D>xDbd
,[h.tDRvXw>e>vdRvDRI zJvXt0JxH.,[h.tDRvXw>e>vdRM.o;ck0J’d.
r;vDRI ,td.zJrJ>v;tl’Ju0DRM.,p;xD.td.uFdzJ,b.xD.vGH>wDRvDRI ,
td.uFdM.weH.b.weH.vJRto;bVbVqSDqSDvDRI

zJvX,td.CkwDRweH.M.wzs;rJmtwD>ylR< vXw>wwdmol.ymo;b.t
ylR,‘d;M>,Jw>qgvXtrRwHmwm,RwcgvXtrh>w>xD.M.vDRI zJvX,
’d;M>w>qgwcgtHRM.,xD.uFdM.wkR0JzJ’H.pJbX.uFdys>uok.’D;,Jph>uD;,
ub.[;xD.uFdvDRI rh>vX,oh.ngvDR,o;vX,td.uFdwohvXRb.M.
vDRI ‘D;zJvX,rd,ygM.t0JxH.w>rRto;’D;,R’ftHRtCdrh>w>vDRurX
ur.vXt*D>z;’d.ngvDRI oemuhM.t0Joh.cH*RtHR’fod;vX,w>qgwcg
tHRubsgt*D>M.usJ;pX;0JvX,*D>< CkM>0JuoH.uoDvX,*D>< [;Ck0Jo
&.orgvXu,gbsg,w>qgt*D>’D;Chxkuz.vX,*D>xDbdvDRI wbsDbsD
ySRrh>[JwJtDRvXo&.w*RM.,g0Jw>qgwz.tHRohM.t0JvlRCk0JwbsDCD
vDRI b.q.wkRo&.tHR,g0JM.wb.vdmb.I t0Jto;[;*DRwbsDbsD

30
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
vDRI b.q.vXtw>tJ.b.,Rt’d.ttgtylRxDbdM.t0JtH;xGJuG>xGJ
,R’fod;vX,okwwkRvXw>oHt*D>w*hRvDRI rhrh>,JwcDM.td.vXw>ql;
w>qgtzDcd.M.ol.wrkmo;wrkm< tD.rhRw0H.tDxHw0H.< Cd>oHCJRoH
vDR*mr;‘fwhwh0h>zdwbh.vDRI ,rd,ygM.t0Joh.xH.,R’ftHRtCdxDbd
[h.*H>[h.bg,R’D;td.vX,uyRwbd,lmCDvDRI wkRu’D;vXeH.p;xD.u
’D;vXuFduxD.M.,yk>,0J>oh.wz.tHRxD.b.uFdud;’HeD>*R’J;vDRI rhrh>,J
’.tHR,wtd.b.uFdb.< b.td.’.vX[H.vXw>wuJwuDtzDcd.vDRI

w>weH.tHRuFdrh>ys>M.,rd,ygqdurd.0JvXuuhRvDRulpg,RvXuD>y
,DRvDRI ’ftw>qdurd.tod;uFdys>’D;uhRvDRpXR,RvXuD>y,DRvDRI zJuhR
vXusJtcgM.xDbdt0J[;’.vX,uyRvDRI wysJtd.z;,R’D;t0Joh.eDw
bsDb.I zJvX,uhRwkRvXuD>y,DRM.[;Ck0Jo&.’D;rX’G;uG>0J,RvDRI o
&.w*RM.wJtDRvXw>qgt0JtHRuJxD.to;vXw>o;uh.vDRI zJM.,rd
,ygM.qdurd.0JvXrh>ySRo;uh.,Rw*R*R[D{gI rh>vX,J’.,Rw*RtHR
,td.uFd’H;tcgvXwDRylRM.,rRM>0J‘.wX< cH< oXxDbdtCdrh>,orlo
ud;zdo;uh.,Rw*R*RcD{gI o&.M.xDbdy-wXRph>uD;,RvX,oud;zdrJm
ngr>r>vDRI b.q.,J,up>qdurd.’kwrh>’ftHRb.< uuJxD.’.0JvX
oGH.’D;uvHRtCdvDRI zJM.o&.oh.wz.M.ulpg0J,Rw*Rb.w*R< b.
q.wb.vdmeDw*Rb.< b.wbsDbsD,rd,ygM.ySH>xD.w>’D;bl;uusDo
&.’D;CJm< b.q.oemuhvXt0Jtw>tJ.b.,RtzDcd.td.0Ho;plRto;
’fod;,utd.uhR’D;w>td.ql.td.cVt*D>vDRI

,w>uhRvDRulpgo;vXuD>y,DRM.uwHmwm0J’.cHvgbsJ.bsJ.b.q.
zsgvXwudn>vDRp>’H;b.I rh>vX,td.’D;w>qg’ftHRtCd< ,rd,ygM.xD
bd,rh>vJRrh>uhR< rh>Ch>rh>[;M.ub.ydm0J,cHvDRI wbsDM.ySRw*R[JwJ
tDRvXezdtHReub.vJRvDRulpgtDRvXuD>y,DR0h>ylRM.vDRI erh>vJRvDRul
pgtDRvX0h>ylRM.ubsgoyS>uwX>vDRI ‘D;wJph>uD;0JvXySRysK>r;ySR,gbsg<

31
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
rhrh>vXw>qgt0JtHR’kwbsgb.’krwRuwJvJ.I ‘D;zJM.,rd,ygM.t0Jt
o;,D.0J’.r;rh>ub.vJR{g< wb.vJRvDRb.{gM.t0Jto;w*X>vXR0J
b.vDRI ,rd,ygM.qdrd.0JwqDb.wqDrh>vJRvDR’kuvXm0J’D;usd.phtg
tg*D>*D>tCdvXclylR0h>ylRng’kvJRvDRwM>b.I rh>vXusd.phwulwvXtCd
vDRI t0Joh.cH*RtHRwJuhR0J’.vXyutd.ulpg’.tDR’ftHR’fEkR< yu[h.
tDRulpguhRtDRvXuoH.wrHRrHR’D;uudn>vDR{goX.I ‘D;t0Joh.rR0J’fM.
’D;wvJRvDRvX0h>ylRb.I yuhRvDRtd.w>M.bl;uwkRxD.b;nDvXoXvg<
’D;y[JuhRxD.u’guhRvX’Ju0DRylRvDRI zJvX,[JuhRvXusJtcgM.rRt
o;vXw>qgwcgtHR*JR’H;,RtCd,rd,ygM.o;zSD.nD0JvX,CdvDRI [J
uhRxD.u’guhR’D;,qdurd.vXw>weH.ngtHR’k,uxD.b.uhRuFdvDRI
rh>vXwtd.b.vXRuFdtd. 2 eH.vHvDRI zJw>weH.M.ySRvJRqJ;vDRrHR’D;,rX
ySRqJ;vDRph>uD;M>,RvDRI ySRqJ;vDRrHR0HRySR[h.vDRvHm< ‘D;zJySR[h.vDRvHm
M.,oguvJR[H;M>M.,rd,ygwtJ.0Jb.< t0Joh.b.,d.0JvXw>qg
wcgtHRuuJxD.b.zk;o;’D;,RtCd,ub.’db.xH;b.zk;vDRI zJvXySR
[h.vHm0HRw,Hmb.tvD>cHuFdxD.’D;,qdurd.vX,uvJRxD.uG>uG>uFd
M.vDRI zJvX,vJRxD.uFdtqXuwD>< ,rd,ygM.rmvdm0J’.,uFDM.vX
uG>xGJeyk>rh>*hR*hR< ydmtcHwy,lmCDzJevJRvXusJtcgwuh>I rh>t*h>’fvJ.
M.rh>vX,rd,ygtJ.b.,R’D;wtJ.’d;xH.0JvX,ub.’db.xH;b.vDRI
b.q.,vJRxD.uFdM.,vJRw*DR*DRb.[JuhRu’guhR,J< vJRu’D;cH*DR
*DR,b.[JuhRu’guhR,JcDzds vXw>qgwcgtHRuJxD.to;’D;,RtCdvDRI
vXw>M.tCd,rd,ygM.o;unDR,R’D;wJuhR,RvXzdrk.{XevJRrh>wuJ
M.wb.vJRvXRw*hR< td.bSH;td.oguhRwkRu’D;vXew>qgtHRb.*D>b.
’GgxD.uhRwpkeDRI ‘D;zJM.,rd,ygM.usJ;pX;0JvX,*D>’D;vXcHt0JvJRvXw>
qg[H.’D;wJb.M>,RuoH.o&.wz.M.vX,*h>,usdR’D;< o&.oh.w
z.M.[h.vDRtDuhR,RuoH.< vX,tDtDR’D;urR*X>vDRuhR0J,w>qgt
Cd,tD,J’D;,w>qgtHR*X>xD.uhR0JwpJ;wpJ;’D;vXcHrRto;vX,td.rkm
xD.uhR’D;,xD.b.u’guhRuFdph>uD;ySJRr;’D;w>ol.cko;ckcDzsdvX,rd>,y>

32
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
cH*RtHRusJ;pX;wl>qgto;< [h.vDRto;ySJR’D;tw>ol.td.o;td.’D;tw>
tJ.b.,Rt’d.ttgtCdvDRI

vXw>M.tCdrd>y>w>tJ.tHRrh>r;w>tJ.vXtvXtySJR< tqX0J’ftHo.
qX< eXrlr;’fzDz;xD.< CHvRr;’fysDvg[htod;vDRI ‘D;rh>ph>uD;uoH.wzsX.
vXt’Do’XCmw>ql;w>qgvXttXtoDwz.vDRI vDR*mph>uD;vXyR&Rzd
wzsX.< zJvXw>n.*d>rh>xD.eRM.etDvDRtDR’D;uvDRp>uhR0JvDRI tCd,
rd>,y>tw>tJ.b.,RtHR< rh>w>vXw>ySJRvX,*D>’D;rh>uoH.toltySdR
vX,*D>wzsX.vDRI

ySRuGJ;w>*h> = eD>tJv>zD< eD.*H>wXwDRxDuFd< rJ>v;tl'Ju0DR

33
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd

PotBsJ U F
FPP O
lixhAFToFxtInimvPO

zDwRq+.zdvXt[h.xD.tw>eXrltHRrh>’.,tJ.’d;’dvDR,
eD>up>’D;,rd>,y>vX,w>’d.xD.’D;b.xGJvdmto;t*h>’D;rh>’.,tJ.’d;
uGJ;zsgxD.w>b.xGJvdmo;vX’ftzDvmtod;M.vDRI

,w>uGJ;wbsDtHRrh>’.,eD>up>’D;,rd>,y>vX,w>’d.xD.wbsDtHR
M.vDRI ,td.vXcsX.vGH>xl.< rduD>q.< ok;uh (3) ok;&h. (8) tu0DR<
,td.o0DM.rh>o0DrsJ;,JvDRI zJ,eD>qH;,td.EGHvgtcgySRunDok;wz.c;
vdmto;’D;uD>y,DRok;’D;tw>oHuGHm0J 14 *RvDRI tcgzJM.,o0Db.w>
rR[;*DRtDRM.vDRI ,y>uD>y,DRok;zD.tDR’D;toud;oh.wz.’D;pXCmtDR
vXwrX.tzDcd.w*Rw*R< ‘D;uD>y,DRok;oh.wz.pH;0JvXurRoHySRcJvXm
vDRI ,rd>wcDb.w>xXEkmtDRvXwDRuFdtylR’D;o0DzdcJvXmvDRI zJM.tcg
,td.’. 7 vg,woh.ngw>eDwrHRb.’D;[H.CDoh.wz.b.w>wD>vDR

34
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
ySD>cJvXm’D;xd;< qDoh.wz.y,DRrRoH’D;zDtD.0JM.vDRI zJw>’k;uJxD.tcg<
uD>y,DRok;tusgw*RCh>ylRzsJ;to;’D;o0Dzdwz.ymclol.tDR’fod;ySRwrR
oHtDRt*D>vDRI zJvX,rd>,y>’D;toud;oh.wz.uD>y,DRok;zD.tDRtcg<
'D;wcsK;uD>y,DRok;urRoHtDRM.uD>y,DRok;vXySRymclol.tDRw*RwJ0J<
?wb.rRoHo0Dzdoh.wz.w*hRI o0Dzdoh.wz.tw>ur.wtd.b.< rh>
’.yw>ur.vDRI wb.rRoHtDRw*hR< o0Dzdoh.wz.rh>ySRoh.wz.vXt
rRylRzsJ;,o;orlvDRI/ wJ0J’fM.’D;uD>y,DRok;cd.wz.wJ0J< ?rhrh>’fM.yw
rRoHvXRb.I yurRylRzsJ;tDRcJvXmvDRI/ rh>vXuD>y,DRok;w*RwJb.t
ok;cd.ok;e>‘fM.’D;,rd>,y>’D;o0DzdcJvXmxl.zsJ;xD.vXw>oHM.vDRI w>
tHRrh>’.up>,GRuwJmuwDRw>tCdM.vDRI

‘lzdo0Dzdoh.wz.w>ysJvDRtDR’D;t0Joh.b.[;xD.vXw>vD>toDwwDR
vDRI zJtvJRwkRw>vD>wwDRM.’D;vJRwkRwtDb.xHb.I ‘fod;t0Joh.u
tDb.xHt*D>b.vJR’X.0Jz;,HRvDRI ‘lzdo0Dzdoh.wz.Ckm’D;,rd>,y>oh.
wz.rRoud;tD.oud;0JzJw>vD>wwDRM.wHmwmcHEGHngvDRI ‘D;wu;’H;b.
trJmng< w>eD.[;xD.uGHmt0Joh.vXw>vD>wwDRM.tylR’D;w>vJRymt0J
oh.vXw>vD>toDwwDRM.vDRI t0Joh.wz.xH.b.w>uDw>cJw>ud>w>
*DRtgr;vDRI zJt0Joh.vJRwkRw>vD>wwDRM.’D;w>vD>wwDRM.rh>’.yS>rk>u
eX’D;t0Joh.b.zJ;ysD0J’fod;ubSDxD.tw>td.w>qd;tvD>vDRI w>tD.w>
tD’D;xHoh.wz.utDb.utD.b.0Jt*D>rh>w>uD’d.r;vXt0Joh.wz.t
*D>vDRI t0Joh.td.,HmxD.,HmxD.’D;bSDxD.t[H.tCD’D;td.qd;0J’.vX
w>vD>zJM.vDRI w>vD>M.b.w>ud;M>trHRvX ?,.rFdtD./ M.vDRI ytd.
yqd;zJM.rh>vXwrh>yvD>yusJtCdyzH;tD.rRtD.rh>w>uDvXy*D>’d.r;vDRI

zJ,td.weH.M.,rd>vJRym,RvXuwDRqduFd’D;,xD.,JuFdzJM.vDRI ,
td.uwDRqduFdcHeH.’D;,rd>[JuhRym,RvXwDRzk.uFdvDRI ,td.uFdM.,rR
vdy,DR’D;udRvR0gusdmvDRI ,wrRvdb.unDusdmb.I ,td.uFdw>vXm
bl.vXmphRvXm0JvDRI ‘fod;,utD.b.tDb.< ulb.od;b.t*D>< ,rd>
35
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
,y>*kmusJ;pX;rRw>vX,*D>vDRI ,y>M.[;’D;tD.wHRwkRbX’fod;,rd>’D;
,RyutD.b.t*D>vDRI ,rd>M.[;ol.tD.bk’fod;,R’D;,y>yutD.b.
t*D>vDRI rR0J,HmxD.,HmxD.’D;,yk>td.u‘D;w*RvDRI yy>M.’fod;y[H.zd
CDzdutD.b.t*D>t0Jb.[;’d;igto;vDRI ,eD>up>’.,J< cDzdsup>,GR
tbsK;tzSd.tCd,td.b.uFd*hR*hRvDRI ,td.0J’.uFdweH.wwDRweH.w
wDRvDRI ‘fod;,urRvdb.ySRunDt*D>,rd>vJRqSX,RvXtd.bSH;eHRw>rR
vdM.vDRI ,td.wDRuFd’D;,xD.b.td.bSH;eHRw>rRvdtCd,oh.ngb.
ySRunDvHmrJmzsX.wpJ;wpJ;vDRI ,td.uFdzsdwkRvXvGH>wDR’D;cDzsdvX,rd>,
y>rRtD.w>wohtCdtJ.’d;uhRtd.uhRvXyw>td.w>qd;tvD>vXngvX
ttd.wh>0JvDRI y[Jtd.vX,.rFdtD.M.td.vHteH.wqHvHI wbsDCDzJM.
,rd>,y>uhRtd.u’guhRvXtw>td.w>qd;tvD>vDRI b.q.w>vD>w>
usJwz.cJbH.cJbX0J’.tCdyb.rRysD’D;td.qd;uhRzJM.vDRI ,eD>up>’.
,J,rh>ySRvXttJ.’d;rRvdw>w*RM.vDRI rh>vX,eD>qH;’H;tCd,rd>,y>
tJ.’d;xk;xD.,RuFdb.q.xk;xD.0JwohtCdqJ;ym,RvXuFdvDRI ,rh>ySR
t’d.uwX>w*RvDRI vX,zDvmM.,yk>td.’H;0JvGH>*RvDRI ,vJRtd.b.
uFdwzsX.’D;,o0DM.ySRb.vJR’D;ySRcD.wHmwm0JwcDe.&H.vDRI ,td.uFd
w>vXmbl.vXmphRvXmtgr;vDRI yw>tD.w>tDt*D>ph>uD;w>vXmbl.vXm
phRtg0JvDRI ,vJRtd.uFdM.,xD.rRvd,J>wDRvDRI ,yk>oh.wz.xD.0JoX
wDRw*R< cHwDRw*R’D;wDRzdo.w*RvDRI ,eD>up>’.,JcDzsd,xD.wDRxD
uFdtCd,ub.uluRqhuRt0g’D;zsD.cHtvgvDRI ,rd>yORM>,RqhuR0g
wbh.’D;zsD.cHvgwbh.vDRI ud;eHR'J;,vJRxD.uFdM.,uR’.,qhuRt
vD>vD>vDRI ,vJRxD.uFd[gcDvDR,[JuhR,b.q+.uhRtDRvDRI ,rh>vJR
uRb.emuhqhuRtvD>vD>’D;,rh>tD.b.rhR’D;tHo.emuhvX,w>rRvd
tylR,wympSRvDR,*H>,bgb.< xDbdM.,ymql.,*H>,bgvDRI

,y>M.cDzsdvX[H.ylRySRrRtD.w>td.’.t0Jw*RtCduJxD.w>ud>w>*DR
vXt*D>vDRI t0JM.rk>qh.xD.’D;ub.vJRxlpHmvDRI wu;’H;b.trJmng

36
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
t0Jb.rRpXRuD>y,DRok;tw>rX< ’D;wbsDbsDt0JvJR0H[h.’k;tD.ph>uD;ySR
unDok;tw>tD.vDRI wu;’H;b.M.b.cd;0JuD>y,DRok;tuh’D;wu;’H;
b.b.cd;0JySRunDok;tuhvDRI vX[H.ylRCDylRph>uD;zdrgutD.b.tDb.
t*D>b.rR0JvDRI ‘D;uJxD.w>ud>w>*DRvXt*D>vDRI t0Jrh>vJRcDzsdb.w>e;
e;uvJmxJvJ.b.q.t0Jrh>ySRw*RvXtwwh>p>vDRt*H>tbgb.I xDbd
M.rh>ySRvXtymql.xD.to;vDRI ,rd>wcD’fod;yutd.b.uFdt*D>< yu
ulb.uRb.t*D>M.rk>qh.xD.’D;t0J0HxD.’D;tukzdwzsX.’D;vJR’d;vJol.
tD.bkvDRI t0Jrh>rRb.w>ud>ud>*DR*DRoemuhwrh>ySRvXtwh>p>vDRt*H>
tbgb.I xDbdM.vXzd*D>*kmusJ;pX;0Jt*hRuwX>M.vDRI ,y>teD>up>’.
0JwJ0J< ?,w>td.rlylR,rh>rRb.w>e;e;uvJmb.q.< ‘fod;,zdoh.w
z.okwrRb.w>ud>ud>*DR*DRt*D>,u*kmusJ;pX;oyS>yS>vDRI/,rd>emuhwJ
0J‘fod;,y>wJph>uD;vDRI ,eD>up>’.,JzJ,td.uFdtcgM.’fod;,utD.t
*D>[gcDvDR,[JuhR’d;wHRwkRbX< rk>qh.xD.,vJRuG>bX’D;,b.vJRqg’D;
,vJRxD.uFdvDRI ,rR’.’fM.ud;eHR'J;vDRI ,rR’fM.’D;,td.uFdeH.uwX>
vDRI ‘D;,zsdxD.,J>wDRvDRI qlrJmngweH.,utd.uFdt*D>< ,rd>,y>ym
,RuFdwM>vXRb.I cDzsdw>*h>tgrHRtCdrX,[;xD.uFd’D;rRpXR,y>tw>
vDRI ‘D;ymuhR0J,yk>uFdcDzsd,yk>oh.wz.qH;tCdvDRI rh>w>vDRo;tk;vX
,wtd.b.uFdvXRb.I ,qdurd.xD.uhR< ,y>b.rRtD.w>w*RvDRI
vXM.trJmngzdwz.w>ql;w>qgtCd,ub.rRpXR,y>vDRI 'D;p;xD.zJ
M.,[;xD.uFdvDRI ,[;xD.zJ,zsd,J>wDR0HRtvD>cHM.,o;td.’. 11
eH.M.vDRI rh>vX,eD>qH;tCdvXw>zH;w>rRtylR< ,rd>,y>wysJ,Rb.I
xDbdM.vJRydmpd>0J,cHM.vDRI yrh>’.ySRxltD.pHmzdvDRI ‘fod;yuxltD.b.
pHmt*D>yub.’d;vJySRw>zdw>vHRvDRI y’d;vJySRw>zdw>vHRweH.M.yb.
[h.tDRbk 50 M.vDRI ,RM.,uG;tD.w>tcg,o;td.0J 13 eH.M.vDRI
,y>w’k;eD.,RxJ.ue>b.< rX,uG;eD.’D;usD>M.vDRI ,rRtD.w>weHR
b.weHR< ,vJRcDzsdb.‘DweH.ngcDzsdvXup>,GRtbsK;tzSd.tCdvDRI rh>
vX,o0DM.[H.eD.*H>pSRtCdySRb.0Hb.,d;w>tgM.vDRI ySRweDRtd.’D;

37
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
t’Dyk>0J>tg< zd.o.cGgxD.’D;rRtD.w>M>’D;udn>0J’.M.vDRI ySRweDRM.t
’Dyk>0J>wtd.< td.’D;[H.CD’D;td.’.xJw*RtCdt0Jb.rRtD.w>e;vDRI
rh>vXb.[h.w>tcdtg< b.0Hw>tg’D;rRtD.uhRtup>w>rRwcsK;tgtg
tCduJxD.w>uDw>cJw>ud>w>*DRvXt*D>vDRI rhrh>,JwcD,td.’D;,y>w
*R< ,y>rh>vJR0HM>y,DRok;tw>M.,b.td.vX[H.’D;b.rRw>vDRI ,
yk>oh.wz.rh>ySRtqH;tCdrRw>woheDwrHRb.I ,y>rRpXR,Rw>csK;xJ
pSRoDvDRI rh>vXt0Jb.cd;uh< b.0HM>ySRunDtw>wbsDbsD'D;b.0HM>y,DR
tw>wbsDbsDvDRI
wbsDwcD.,b.rRw>,o;vDRbSH;’d.r;< rh>vX,rh>ySR’d.xD.oD’D;,
w>e>yX>wxD.b;b.I ySRo;yS>uwdR’d0J’.< ?zdo.vXt’d.xD.oDM.w
oh.ngxH’d.xH,dmb.I/ w>uJxD.to;’D;,RwbsDvDRI w>rRto;wcD
’ftHR< ,rRw>M.,b.’d;vJySRw>zdw>vHR< b.w*DR,y>rX,yX>xD.’D;zD
tD.rhRvDRI ‘D;rh>vXyrHvX’JylRtCdw>C>wz.th.w>tgr;vDRI ‘D;,y>rX
,RtCd,yX>xD.’D;zDtD.rhRvDRI ,usD>w‘kM.w>C>th.tDRtCd[JrR[;
*DR,w>zDtD.rhRtvD>’D;vXw>wymo;tylR,[H;xD.CJmwbh.’D;,usDt
cHvXCJmvDRI ‘D;,wymo;eDwrHRuD;b.I rk>qh.0gxD.’D;,y>rdRxD.usD>w
’k’D;xH.0J’.vXusD>w’ktcHoh.z;vDRI ,y>oHuG>,R<?eusDusD>tcHvXCJm
{gI/‘f,rRtod;,wJ,y>vX,usDvDRI ,y>wwJqXuhRw>eDwrHRb.I ‘D;
usD>w’ktcHM.vX.xD.0JvDRI vX.xD.’D;tD.vDRuvdRw>ylRvD>tCd,y>
b.,d.w>vDRI usD>cHylRvD>tHRubsgt*D>,y>*kmusJ;pX;,gbsg0JvDRI b.
q.w[gr>b.tCd< ,y>’D;,Rw>ud>w>*DRb.ySRvDRI usD>w’ktHRwrh>y
w>zdw>vHRb.I usD>w’ktHRrh>oH’kyub.vd;uhRusD>tyORvDRI wbsDCDM.
zJ,td.vX’JylRvXrk>eRcDxJw*Rtcg,csH;vDR,cD.< ,ymzSd.xD.,pk’D;,
Chbgxkuz.vXup>,GR’fod;urRpXRySRt*D>vDRI ,wJup>,GRvXuwJm
uwDRM.uoH.vX,*D>’fod;,uulpgusD>w’ktHRvDRI ‘f,Chw>vXup>
,GRtod;< up>,GRrRvXySJR,w>xkuz.vDRI zJrk>qh.xD.M.,y>[Jql,
td.’D;[JuhRpdmuoH.< zSLvDR0JvXusD>tylRvD>vDRI vXoXoDtwD>ylRusD>w
38
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
’ktHRtcHylRvD>bsguhR0JvDRI w>tHRrh>vXup>,GRtbsK;tzSd.tCdvDRI ,
y>od.oD,R< ?w>vXeurRw>wcgM.eub.qdrd.tDRvDRwH>vDRqJ;0HRr;
eub.rRtDRvDRI erh>wqdurd.xH’D;erh>rRtDRM.uJxD.0Jw>uDw>cJvDRI
zJuJxD.o;tcgerh>yXReo;M.rDudmzdew>o;xD.u[gr>uGHmvDRI vXcHvX
vmM.wd>eD.rReD.tDRwkReoHwpkIII/w>uJxD.wbsDtHRrh>w>rRvdvX,*D>
vDRI cgqlng,urh>ySRt*hRtb.w*Rt*D>,y>od.vDRoDvDR,RvDRI ‘D;
,rReD.Cm,y>tw>uwdRvX,o;uH>ylRvDRI p;xD.rk>weHRtHR’D;cgql
ngw>rRvX,urRtDRM.,ub.qdurd.xHtDRvDRwH>vDRqJ;vDRI ,ym
vDR,o;’ftHRrh>vX,ub.’d.xD.cgqlngt*D>vDRI w>tHRrh>w>rRvdvX
,*D>vDRI

,rRoud;w>’D;,rd>,y>weH.b.weH.M.w>tD.w>tDwvXwvD>0J'.
b.< rh>vXb.[h.w>tgr;tCdvDRI yrRw>weHRb.weHRvXy*D>w>rEkR
r;wtd.b.< oemuhrhrh>y’h.yur.M.yrRtDR±SJ±SJvDRI yxH.b.ySRweDR
M.rRw>’DweH.’D;vXtup>t*D>w>rEkRr;wtd.wh>b.< ‘D;[h.t’h.tu
r>wlmwvXmb.I ySRoh.wz.tHRcDzsdtw>ud>w>*DRtgtCdweDRto;[;
*DR’D;weDRtrJmxHb.,GRvDR0JvDRI rhrh>y0J[H.zdCDzdw’l.tHRyrh>e;emuh<
cDzsdup>,GRtbsK;tzSd.tCdytD.b.’H;*hR*hRvDRI ‘fySRweDRwl>b.0Jtod;
ywwl>b.ph>uD;b.I

b.wbsDvXw>wymo;tylR,rd>tcD.b.’d’D;u>obSH;uGHm0JvDRI vX
w>ud>w>*DR’D;w>vDRbSH;vDRwDRtylR,rdto;[;*DR0J’d.r;vDRI zJM.tcg
,rd>td.’D;tzdtD.Ek>zdw*RvDRI rh>vX,rd>tcD.u>uGHmtCd,yk>wtDb.
Ek>xHb.I ,rd>qdurd.vXwrh>t[;uhRuoh’D;ub.’D.wlmuGHmtcD.vDRI
oemuhw>vX[D.cd.csXtHR,GRrRwohb.M.wtd.eDwrHRb.I ,ymvDR
,o;vXw>cJvXmtd.vXup>,GRtpkylRvDRI ,rd>xD.w>qg[H.’D;ySRvX
tcd.tCXR[JrRpXRtDRzJtohtod;vDRI zJM.tcg,o;td.’. 13 eH.vDRI

39
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
,y>wcDb.rRw>tguyRtgrHR< ,JwcD,b.rRw>vXpHmysDylRvDRI ,yk>
wz.qH;’D;woh.ng’H;w>eDwrHRtCd,R’D;,y>w>uDw>cJ< w>ud>w>*DRw
z.b.ySRtgr;vDRI ,rd>xD.w>qg[H.’D;pH.vDRw>qg[H.tvD>cH< b.w>
vJRqSXtDRvXuoH.o&.bh’Dw*Rttd.vDRI o&.w*RM.rh>ySRvXttl
w>oh’D;ulpgw>ohtCdwJb.ySRvXwvd.okud>ok*DRw>eDwrHRb.< rk>w
eHRM.t0J[;uhRuohvDRI ‘D;ySRvJRym,rd>vX,rk>*>t[H.vDRI o&.ulpg
,rd>wqH,J>oDtwD>ylR’D;ysJpH.vDR,rd>’D;wJ0JvXw,Hmb.[;uhRuohM.
vDRI w>tHRrh>w>*H>w>bg’D;w>ol.cko;ckz;’d.wrHRvX,R’D;,y>t*D>vDRI
‘D;w,Hmb.,rd>[;uhRohvDRI rh>w>o;ckz;’d.wrHRvX,*D>vDRI

zJM.tvD>cHyzH;tD.rRtD.b.w>weH.b.weH.b.q.ytD.wulwvX
b.I ,eD>up>’.,Jp;xD.vX,[;xD.uFdM.,wxH.b.vHmtrJmo.eD
wbs;b.I ,rRvdb.’.w>vXw>ud>cgw>rRvdvXo&.o&.rk.oh.w
z.[JvDRw>od.vdM.vDRI t0JM.r;,xD.csK;’.vXrk>eRcDvDRI rk>qgcDM.
,xD.wcsK;b.< ,b.rRw>vDRI ,xD.b.w>rRvd’fM.tCd,e>yX>tg
xD.ySRunDtusdmwpJ;wpJ;vDRI ySRtd.’H;0Jtgr;vXuGJ;uhRtusdm< z;uhR
tusdmr;wb.vXRb.M.vDRI t0Joh.rh>vXteD>qH;tcgwtd.b.uFd’D;
wxD.rRvdb.w>tCdvDRI rh>w>o;tk;z;’d.wrHRvXt0Joh.wz.woh.
ngvHmvJ>vDRI ,td.,HmxD.,HmxD.’D;,rd>,y>e>[lvXySRb.uDb.cJt
’Ju0DRwz.td.0JvDRI b.q.ub.[JusJzJvJ.M.woh.ng0J’.b.I vX
w>wqdurd.ymo;tylR< ySRw*R[JwkRvXytd.w>tvD>’D;oHuG>ySR< ?ok
tJ.’d;vJRvX?w>tD.rH/tvD>{gI okrh>tJ.’d;vJRM.,uvJRqSXok< [Jydm
,cHI/ zJM.’D;,rd>,y>wJvdmto;vXtuvJR0JvDRI

wcsK;y[;xD.’H;tcg< y[H.zdCDzdwz.tw>vJRwbsDtHRuvJRto;
b.*h>b.0Dt*D>< yud;w>td.zSd.o&.’D;ySRol.uho;yS>wz.’D;yuGJbgw>
vDRI w,Hmb.y[JvDRI y[Jtcg,rd>’X’D;bl;vXutd.zsJ.vDRI zJy[JusJ

40
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
M.,rd>td.zsJ.tzdvDRI rh>vXup>,GRtbsK;tzSd.tCdtd.zsJ.0JM>*hR*hRM.
vDRI w,Hmb.’D;y[JwkRvX’Ju0DRtylRvDRI y[Jtd.zJ’Ju0DR’D;ySR[h.ySR
w>tD.w>tDvDRI ,eD>up>’.,J,ymvDR,o;vX,u[JCkzH;CkrR< b.
q.w>cGJ;w>,m*hRvX,ub.rRvdw>vDRI ,td.vX’lo0Dtcg,rh>ySRxl
tD.pHmzdvDRI ,rh>CkxXo;orlwHRoud;w*RM.< o&.rk.’kwvd.,uD.
u;b.< ,urRM>’.ySRol.tD.bkrk.zdvDRI ‘D;vXw>ul.b.ul.ohwu
yRemuh,w>td.rltHRwrh>,vk>tD.vDR,o;uxD.b;b.< ,urh>’.
ySRxltD.pHmzdw*RvXuyHmuedtusgvDRI ,w>qdurd.M.wb.b.I vX
vHmpDqSHylRup>,GRtuvk>uxgpH;ym0J< ?zdoh.vHRoh.{X< okw>qdurd.
M.wrh>b.,w>qdurd.b.I ,w>qdurd.M.xDM>,dmM>okvDRI/ ,eD>
up>’.0J,qdurd.w>M.wrh>b.,GRtw>qdurd.b.vDRI

,[JwkRzJ’Ju0DRM.,o;td. 16eH.vDRI ,[JxH.vdm,o;’D;,rk>*>zg

wH>zJ’Ju0DRtylRvDRI ,tJ.’d;CkrRw>vDRI ,rk>*>wJ,R< ?w>vD>0JtHRw
rh>ySR[;CkrRw>tvD>b.I rh>ySRCkw>ul.b.ul.ohtvD>vDRI erh>wtd.
uFdM.eorloud;zdvXwtd.uFdoh.wz.u[JuGJM>vGJM>eR’D;euwkR0Jqlw>
[;*DRvDRI/ rhrh>,JwcDrh>vX,[;xD.uFdbl;xD.vXvGH>eH.bsJ.,J>eH.vHt
Cd,urRvdu’D;vHmM.rh>w>uDvX,*D>vDRI b.q.,ue.,rk>*>zgwH>
’D;,rd,ygwz.tuvk>vDRI ,[;xD.uFdzJ,td.,J>wDR< ‘D;,rRvdb.EGH
wDRzJzObDvl>M.vDRI ,rRvdb.vHmvXudRvR0g’D;ySRunDusdmvDRI ,rR
vdvHmuDb.,R’d.r;< rh>vX,td.uFdtcg,wrRvdb.ySRunDusdmtCd
vDRI ,uGJ;ySRunDusdmwb.tgtgb.I ,u’d;tXoH< t;oHwz.wvdR
cd.vdRcD.b. (,uGJ;w>tbsJ.M.,uGJ;b.vXysJ.vDRI) w>’fM.tod;< t
*kRt*Rwz.td.tgr;’H;vDRI ,ydmvdm,cH’D;,oud;w*R< td.vX,uyR
’D;t0Jrh>uGJ;M.,uGJ;uG>ultw>M.vDRI cDzsd,uGJ;ySRunDusdmwb.tgtg
b.tCdM.vDRI ‘fod;,uGJ;ub.t*D>,Chw>vXup>,GR’D;zJw>ohtd.’D;
,RM.,*kmusJ;pX;uGJ;vDRI ,[Jtd.uFdM.b.e;qgzJ,’d;pJ;unDul.ohqJ;

41
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
vR0JRusdRw>’d;pJ; (KED) vXtrh>0J 9 wDRM.vDRI ,rd>,y>vXtb.rR
w>e;e;usHRusHRwz.tcJtHRwrRb.w>eDwrHRb.I td.‘.tD.rHtD.rHvDRI
zJ,’d;pJ;tcD.xH;w0Dtcg,vDRwJm’.xJwbh.{dRvDRI ,zDvmM.ySRtd.’H;
tgr;vX,wDRylRM.vDRI tCdo&.rk.wJ,R< ?w>vXeRM.euGJ;ySRunDt
usdmwvdRwCDRb.I erh>ySR[JoDtCd,ub.rRe>yX>eRvDRI/ ,RM.zJ,
[;w>vD>wylRylRySRtJ.b.,RvDRI w>tHRrh>vXup>,GRtbsK;tzSd.tCd
vDRI eH.uwX>M.,’d;pJ;’D;,zsdvDRI cDzsdvX,Chw>vXup>,GRtCdup>
,GRrRvXySJR,w>Ch’D;,o;ck’D;pH;bsK;b.up>,GR’d.r;vDRI ,tJ.’d;wJ
M.cDzsdvXup>,GRtbsK;tzSd.uwJmuwDRw>vXy0JunDzdt*D>< ‘D;wu;’f
b.cDzsdvXyySRuvkmunDok;cd.ok;e>oh.wz.’D;rRxl&Roh.wz.*kmusJ;
pX;w>vXy*D>’fod;yutD.b.tDb.’D;yokwtd.vXuvkm *RtzDvmw*hR<
‘fod;yuCkw>ul.b.ul.oht*D>’D;*kmusJ;pX;oyS>yS>vXyuuhRrRpXRb.
w>vXyySRuvkmt*D>M.vDRI tCdpH;bsK;b.t0Joh.’d.r;< cgqlng,qX
*hRqX0gb.t0Joh.vXup>,GRtrJmuvJRw>’D;t0Joh.vDRI

ySRvXtz;b.,w>uGJ;wz.{X< ,uGJ;vHmtHRwrh>vX,u;,udmb.I
rh>’.w>rRo;teD>uD>’D;trh>twDvX,R’D;,rd>,y>wz.vJRcDzdsb.tDR
M.vDRI ,xH.b.ph>uD;ySRt*kRt*Rwz.M.rh>w>rh>w>wDM.vDRI

vXcHuwX>,tJ.’d;pH;b.ok’ftHR< ?’fzDwRq+.zdvXt[h.xD.tw>eX
rltod;,eD>up>’.,J,ymzsgxD.,w>vJRcDzsdvXtb.xGJ’D;,[H.zdCDzd
M.vDRI y0JvXtrh>unDzdoh.wz.yw>vJRcDzsdutd.w*RwrHR’D;yuwl>
b.w>w*RwrHRvDRI ‘fvJ.*hR< up>,GRrh>ySRvXttJ.ySRxDbdvDRI tvD>
td.vXyuoh.ngqXuhRup>,GRtbsK;tzSd.’D;tw>o;td.ySRwz.M.
vDRI/

pDRtJ.wvXmrl< eD.*H> 1 wDRxDuFd< rJ>v;tl'Ju0DR

42
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd

tsiloBPRyedodRo nBbFsF

w>pH;0JvXysXRySR’Drg0Rtd.0JcH*RvDRI ySR’Drg0RcH*RtHRt
rHRrh>0JpDRxd.uH.bD’D;eD>,DRvDRI t0Joh.rh>ySRxD.yS>oDoDvDRI weHRwcD.
M.ud;xD.vdmto;’D;tyk>vXuvJRCktD.w>t*D>vDRI vJRoud;0JwkRvX
xHusdwbdtylR’D;[;CktD.’h.zdn.zdqGJ.zdo’D.zdvDRI CktD.0JwkRrk>xl.
tqXuwD>< zJt0Joh.uuhRtD.oud;rHRtcgt0RM.rRM>0JvXcGH.CD;tCd
o;ckvXutD.b.0JuolvDRI ‘D;’D.vDR0JvXCD.xHt*H>vdR< zDtD.0JvXqD
’H.bh.tdtylR< rhrh>eD.wXRwcDrR0JvXCD.xHo.tbh.vDRI zDtD.0J0HRtD.
oud;0J0H.0H.bJbJM.vDRI wkRttD.0J0HR’D;tyk>w*RM.uJxD.0JvX*k>wbd
vDRI wkRrh>tyk>uJxD.*k>’D;[;Ckud;uhRtyk>’D;tyk>M.ud;qX'.tDRvXuX>
uDmvmvDRI wkRrh>tuG>Ekmw>qluX>tzDvmwbsDCDxH.0JvX*k>wbd’D;teD
M.pH;b.tDR< ?’hzd{X< ,qdrd.vXySRud;qX,RM.rh>eRvDRI b.q.,w
xH.eRb.I ,xH.’.xJ*k>wbdvDRI/ ‘D;t0JwJ< ?eDeD{X< *k>vXexH.M.rh>

43
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
’.,RvDRI cDzsdvX,tD.b.cGH.CD;wbdtCd,uJxD.vX*k>’D;uhRwJb.t
y>vXw>*h>w>usdRb.C;t0RrRM>cGH.CD;wbd’D;’D.vDR0JvXCD.xH*H>tvdR
0HRzDtD.0JvXqD’H.bh.utdylR< rReD.wXRvXCD.xHo.tbh.’D;tD.oud;
0J0HR’D;t’hzdM.uJxD.0JvX*k>wbdM.vDRI wkRrh>ty>e>[lw>*h>w>usdRwbsD
CDty>pH;b.tDRvXe0RM.wrh>ySRrlmySReD>b.I rh>0J’.ySR0HySRegM.vDRI wkR
rh>trme>[l’D;to;wrkmb.< oemuhwJtrHRyS>vXwrh>og0Hogegb.I ‘D;
trHRyS>M.tw>wJtDRvX,rXeol.vDREGJ.0g’D;rh>rJxD.vXEGJ.[D;M.rh>’.e
0HeegvDRI ‘D;,rXeol.vDREGJ.[D;’D;rh>rJxD.0JvXEGJ.0gM.rh>‘.e0Heegph>uD;
vDRI zJtrmol.vDREGJ.0g0HRzJtrmrJmo’Xtcgt0JvJRqDwvJol.vDRuhR0J
vXEGJ.[D;M.vDRI ‘D;EGJ.[D;tvD>M.qDwvJph>uD;0JvXEGJ.0gM.vDRI ‘D;wkRt
[JrJxD.’D;pH;b.trmvX<?ewJvXew0Hewegb.I vJRuG>vXeol.vDRw>
tvD>M.EGJ.0g[JrJxD.vXEGJ.[D;< EGJ.[D;[JrJxD.vXEGJ.0gtCdrh>’.e0Heeg
vDRI/
wkRtrHRyS>yJm0HyJmegtDR’D;’dM>0J’.trHRyS>txg’D;pH;0J<
?ol.vDREGJ.0gwH>EGJ.[D;< zDy>yJm0HyJmeguFD
ol.vDREGJ.[D;wH>EGJ.0g< zDy>yJm0HyJmegySRI/
‘D;’dqXtrHRyS>xg0HR’D;uuhR0Jqlt[H.tCDt’lo0DvDRI ‘D;rhrh>trgwcDw
tJ.’d;vXt0RuhRqlt’lo0Db.I ‘D;p;xD.bk;x.bk;0J0HRwbh.’D;xg0Jbl;
u0HRp;xD.bk;u’D;0Jwbh.vDRI ‘D;t0J’dM.t0Rxg<
?eH.uH.0HRqhuH.w0HR<
xd.uH.bDokwuhR’H;I/
‘D;t0J’dqXtrgvXxg<
?[D.,Rw*hR{D>eD>,DR<
ey>uCkM>ezDI/
‘D;’dqXuhRt0RvXxg’D;pH;0J’.<
?xd.uH.bD’D;oh.w&h<
uvDRzS.rRto;ohI/

44
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
‘D;trgM.oh.ng0JvXt0RuuhRoyS>wX>tCd’D;trgM.b.,d.0JvXt0R
ub.w>uDw>cJtCd’dM>t0Rxg’D;pH;0J<
?euhRrh>wkRoh.tl.*DR< w>uoHeRuG>xD.tDR
euhRrh>wkRvX>xd;zg< rRzsJ.rRqSgxD.eo;
euhRrh>wkRvX>xd.vJR< bS.vDRrhRtlxD.euGJR
euhRrh>wkRvX>yDR[X< uhRuFH.u’HuFH.u’XI/
xJM.wbsDt0RM.uhR0J’.vDRI zJtuhRvXusJtcg’ftrg’dM>tDRxgtod;
w>vD>wwDR’D;wwDRtd.0J’D;w>yvD>y’DtCdylRzsJ;’D;t’k.t’gcJvXmvDRI rh
rh>xgvXtrg’dM>tDR< ?euhRrh>wkRvX>yDR[X< uhRuFH.u’HuFH.u’X/wzsX.
M.rh>vXo;yhReD.0JtCdwyvD>to;b.I ‘D;qdurd.0JvXt’k.t’gwtd.
vXRb.M.vDRI b.q.trHRyS>ys>vDR0JtchtySRvXuvJRcd;w>vXusJzJM.
vDRI w>vD>vXtuuhR0JcJtHRwwDRt’k.t’gtd.wh>’H;0Jw*RvXtrh>0JySR
tk;t;wJw>wohb.’D;zJM.ySRiDi;w*RrRoHuGHm0JeD>,DRt0RvXtrh>pDRxd.
uH.bDM.vDRI tw>,JmbsJ;uGHmtn.’D;zSHvDRuhR0JqlwySDmusg‘D;rhrh>to;
wzsX.M.uJxD.vXo.rHnDRt0gw’kvDRI wkRrh>xd.uH.bDoH’D;ySRiDi;w*R
uhRwJb.0Jxd.uH.bDtrHRyS>vXogrRoHerm0HRvH’D;’k;eJ.0JbDvXtqJ;oH
xd.uH.bDvXtb.tXxJw>oGH.tCdtrHRyS>o;ck’d.r;vDRI rhrh>trgwcD
w>ud>w>*DRb.tDR’D;ymvDRto;vXuvJRvlRuhRt0RvDRI uwJmuwDR
xD.to;’D;pdmxD.0JeD.,lmoHeD.,lmrl’D;p;xD.vlRuhRt0RM.vDRI vJR0J
wkRvXt0RtvD>vXtrh>0JvX>yDR[XM.xH.0JvXw>oGH.w>pDRoh.wz.’D;
oh.ng0JvXt0RM.ySRrRoHtDRvHvDRI ‘D;[;vlRCkuhRt0Rtpd.vXwySDm
cd.wySDmvmtcge>[l0JvXo.rHnDRw'kud;oD.’D;tw>[Jqlttd.’D;oHuG>
tDRvXeCkw>rEkRvJ.vDRI ‘D;t0JpH;qX0J< ?,[;CkuhR,0RvDRI/ ‘D;o.
rHnDRM.pH;b.tDR< ?e0RM.ySRrRoHtDRvHI tn.wz.b.w>,JmbsJ;tDR
’D;zSHuGHmtDRvXwySDmusgvDRI rhrh>to;wzsX.M.uJxD.vX,RvDRI ?xJM.
wbsDeD>,DRM.rXo.rHnDRw’kM.[;CkxXuhRt0Rtn.’D;o.rHnDRM.[;
xXuhR0Jw>n.vXw>,JmbsJ;tDRwz.cJvXm0HR’D;[JuhRpdm0JqleD>,DRttd.

45
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
’D;wkREkRwpkeD>,DRM.zV0J’.o.rHnDRw’kM.vXeD.,lmoH’D;o.rHnDRM.oH
uGHm0HR’D;zV0J’.o.rHnDR’D;w>n.vXw>,JmbsJ;tDRwz.vXeD.,lmrl0HR’D;
tw>rlxD.uhR0J’.vDRI ‘D;t0RM.pH;b.tDR< ?b.rEkRvXe[JvlRuhR,R
’D;rRrlxD.uhR,RvJ.I/ t0JpH;qX< ?cDzsdvX,tJ.eRtCd,[JvlRuhReR
vDRI/ ‘D;uhRud;t0Rqlt[H.’D;trHRyS>xH.trm’D;w>tXw>oDEkmu’D;vX
tylRvDRI ‘D;p;xD.ul.oHu’D;trm’D;trmM.oh.ng0JvXtrHRyS>ul.oHu
’D;tDR’D;xkuz.o.urJR0J’ftHR< ?,rh>oHM.,uoHCkm’D;,rg< ySRrh>vJR
cl.vDR,RM.ySRxk;z;,R’D;,rgokwM>w*hRI/wcsK;vXtrHRyS>rRoHtDRM.
t0J’D;trgcH*RrRoHvDRuGHmto;M.vDRI xJM.wbsDySRuvJRcl.vDRuGHmxd.
uH.bD’D;eD>,DRvDRI xd.uH.bDtrHRyS>M.wJ0JvXogwcl.vDRogzdrk.’D;xd.
uH.bDwylRCDb.I rh>wJ0JvXogucl.vDRxd.uH.bD’D;ySRvJR,d;tDRw*R
M.wM>b.I ySRrh>pH;vXySRuvJR,d;tDRcH*RvdmM.wbsDCDySR,d;xD.tDRM.
zSHovd;vDRI rh>vXySRxk;z;t0Joh.tpd.wM>b.tCdvXcHySRvJRcl.vDRuGHm
t0Joh.wbsDCDwylRCDvDRI ‘D;vXw>cl.vDRxd.uH.bD’D;eD>,DRtvD>M.[J
rJxD.uhR0JvXobsK.wrk>’D;qXwxl.M.vDRI vXw>M.tCdySRrRtd.0JvX
xg’ftHR<
?ol.vDRCkmobsK.’D;qX<
qX*hRysdRobsK.*hR[X/ tod;M.vDRI

ySRuGJ;w>*h>=pDRtJ.ck.rl< eD.*H> 1 wDRxDuFd< rJ>v;tl'Ju0DR

46
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd

ytIleBKoPLOliyHRpA
liyHRpABnoFtHA

,rHRrh>pDRv;wX.b;ch.< ,o;td. 18 eH.<

,rh>ySRrRvdw>< ,rRvdtwDR 10< eD.*H> 1 wDRxDuFd< ,td.rJ>v;tl’Ju
0DRu0DR’hoXb.qd.*hRbD’X.vDRI ,’Dyk>0J>td.oX*R< rk.cH*RcGgw*R’D;,
rh>ySRcH*Rw*RvDRI tcJtHRrh>vX,rRvdw>tCdwxH.vdmb.o;’D;,yk>,
0J>eDwbsDvXRb.I ,td.qd;vD>vXngrh>0JpDRrk>ysDu±l>b.C;bkod.uD>&h.<
rk>}wDRuD>q.< ok;uh,J>[D.u0DR’D;,o0Drh>0Jvhcd.o0DM.vDRI ‘f,rh>o;
p>w*Rtod;w>vX,vJRcDzsd’f,oh.ngvDR,o;vX,rh>unDzd< w>vX
,wl>b.< ,uG>qX.rJmb.’D;’k.’guD>y,DRok;y'd.tw>rRtXrRe;vXy0J
unDzdtHR,woH,o;yhReD.wohvhRwuhRb.I wo;qH;,Jb.I b.rR
,J’fvJ.< usJ;pX;rRvd’H;,Jw>vDRI w>vX,uGJ;tHR,w>ynd.rh>’fod;’Dyk>
0J>rd>y>vXtz;b.0Jwz.uoh.ngvDRto;vXtrh>ySRuFdzd’D;urh>unDzd
okwtd.’D;w>o;qH;w*hR< utd.’D;w>o;ql.w>o;’lzJw>ohtd.tod;ym

47
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
zsgxD.twRv.zdvXttd.’D;tDRwohzJtohw>yD>,>wpJRcH’H;b.I w>vX
,wl>b.zsg’fvmtod;vDRI

wbsD,rh>zdo.zJ,o;td.cHeH.tcg,woh.ngpkph.pkxGJ’H;b.I ‘D;,
xH.vX,rdtd.’D;t[k;to;e;r;’D;,rdub.uG>qX.rJm’D;w>tgr;vX’k.
’guD>y,DRok;y'd.tw>rRtXrRe;< t0Joh.[;vXukRylRyS>ylRrRw>tXtX
oDoD< xH.o0D’GJ.o0D< xH.bkzD’GJ.bkzDtXr;e;r;vXy0Jo0Dzdwz.t*D>M.
vDRI b.weHRt0Joh.[J0Jql,o0D’D;y0Jo0DzdcJvXmpH.td.vXyS>usgvDRI
pH.0HtD.w>r;wcsK;b.I ,ygupH.0HtD.bk0Hb.vXoJ;wCh>< ,rdupH.yk
,Rpdmb.vXpkpdmwclwbh.vDRI rHvXrk>eRvk;,.r;wtd.b.I rlcd.plRt
Cd,rdvJRrHpXR,RvXye>uvDmtvX>wuDRtzDvmvDRI wkRt0Joh.uhRu
’guhR’D;y[JuhRqlyo0D< yxH.vXt0Joh.’GJ.tluGHm0Jw>'Dwo0D’D;c;oH0J
usD>< ye>< rJmwJ;vJ;'D;wtD.0Jph>uD;b.I c;oH*DRuvD0JvDRI tD.0J’.xJqD
oh.wz.vDRI t0Joh.zD.M>0JzgwH>o;yS>w*R’D;wD>u>0JtpktcD.’D;ymoH0J
’fM.vDRI wkRy0Jo0Dzdwz.[JuhRwkR’D;wxH.vXRt[H.tCD’D;weDR[D.r;
b.q.rRwoheDwrHRb.I zJM.y0Jo0Dzdwz.rh>vXyub.uG>qX.rJm’D;
[H.CDwtd.vXRtCdvXw>vl>ysDvg[hzdtuyRM.yb.td.vDRz;’D;y[H.
’D;y0Jo0DzdcJvXmvDRz;vdmo;’D;rh>vXw>plRcgtCdw*R’D;w*Ryub.vJR
td.’.vXyck;’D;zJ[gvDRcDrk>bl;u[g< uvHRtlb.bkzdwz.tcgw>o,k>
b.,RvX,o0DwbsDCDvDRI ‘D;,uG>vDRvXck;cHwcD,rd’D;,ygusDeD.uk>
’D;uFD;ukvDRo,k>b.,R’d.r;< ,rh>oh.eD.xD.zJ,tD.rhRtcgrhRwwXR’k.
r;,[H;xD.wM>vXRb.I ,rh>oh.eD.xD.zJ,rHeDRtcg,rHwM>b.’D;,
b.o;uhRr;wbsDCDb.q.,*JRqXxX.r;wM>vXRb.I ,td.zJ,ck;ylR
w,Hmb.’D;uD>y,DRok;[JxD.u’D;vHI t0Joh.[;Cku’D;w>vHI xH.ck;’J
’D;’GJ.tl0J‘D;t0J[JxH.,ygtbkzD’D;’GJ.tl0J< [JxH.u’D;,ck;’J’D;’GJ.tl0JzJ
M.ytd.wbl.vXRb.’D;yb.pH.td.uhRvXw>vD>t*RM.vDRI y[;td.
’.vXyS>’d.yS>,dmtylR< w>uk>wtd.b.< w>plRtgr;< yub.td.’.vX

48
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
xHcHuGmpd;vXvX>vhuql;vXw>vD>vXySRvJRwohtvD>M.vDRI ,td.'D;
,rd,yg'D;,eDw*R< w>tD.vXyub.tD.b.weHRt*D>M.yub.tD.
tDR'DwEGHng< [ko;wbh.M.yb.zDuydmtD.'D;bD.< tD.'.oDCJmbD.csDtH
o.rd>[Jo.r;wtd.vXy*D>b.I 'D;yub.tD.'.'fM.tod;vDRI ,rd,
ygM.t0JwwJtgw>b.< usJ;pX;0JvDRI ,ygM.[;CktD.bk'D;b.weHReHR
M.,yg[JuhRpdm'.xJtbh.wqHvDRI b.weHR,ygvJR[H;M>w>upD.vX
w>vD>vXySRtd.tvD>< t0JvJRCktD.ph>uD;'D;bkvDRI rh>vXw>vD>,HRtCd
'DweHR[JuhR0JwwkRb.I zJvXrk>[gvDRtqXuwD>M.,rdrRuJRvDRrh.tl'f
od;uzDtD.pXRyw>t*D>vDRI vXw>wymo;tylRt0JvJRbd;oh.'h'D;rh>vX
w>cJtCd*k>oh.th.b.tDRvDRI ,rdvDRCHR'D;*JRqXxX.uhRwM>vXRb.I
'D;tc.th.wH>< tc.obSJxD.'D;xD.vg'Dw*RngvDRI zJM.,rdwJw>woh
vXRb.< ,eDud;tDRoemuhwud;qX0JvXRb.I 'DweRusXR,R'D;,eD,
rRw>wohw>eDwrHRb.I vXrk>qh.xD.,yg[JuhR'D;xH.0J,rd'D;qdurd.0J
vX,rdutd.zsJ.tzdvDRI 'D;wkRt[JuhRwkR'D;uG>xH0J'D;,eDwJyF;tDRw>*h>
'D;t0JvJRuG>0J'D;xH.vX,rdwD>oH*k>oh.wbd'D;oh.ng0JvX*k>oh.th.tDR
M.vDRI ,ygvJRud;0JySRvXu[JrRpXRtDRvDRI zJM.ySR[J'D;ySRuhR,d;,rdql
o0Dt*RwzsX.wkR< b.q.,rdweD.xD.to;'H;b.'D;b.0J'DEGHng'D;,rd
td.zsJ.xD.tzd0HR'D;oH0J'.M.vDRI 'f,rh>zdo.tod;,R'D;,eDySRw'k;xH.
ySRvX,rdtpd.b.< 'D;ySRvJRymuGHmySRvXySR[H.t*RwzsX.vDRI zJ[H.w
zsX.M.,uhRuG>pl.td.'.xJySRo;yS>vDRI vXrk>eRcgM.,rH,Jrkmrkm'D;,eD
vDRI w>ud>w>*DRwrHRr;wb.,Rb.I vXrk>0gxD.,uhRuG>w>'D;,xH.
vXySR'doHuGHmxd;vXttd.vX'X;zDvmcJvXm'D;ySRvJRuk>tlCkm0J'D;,rdvDRI
wkRySRvJRuk>tluGHm,rd0HRrk>qh.xD.weHRySR[H.zdwz.CdvDRuGHmt[H.'GJ.
tluGHm0J'D;[;xD.td.uhR0JvXw>vD>t*RwwDRvDRI ,yg'D;y0Joh.wz.y
wtd.vXySRusgb.I yvJRtd.vXw>vD>t*RwwDR< ,ygwh0J'JzdwzsX.'D;
zJM.,ygub.uG>xGJ'D;,'hzde;r;wJ0JvXrh>oH'D;0HRvDRI 'D;ySRo;unDRtDR
ySRrRpXRtDRtd.ph>uD;0JvDRI ,ygM.ub.uG>qX.rJm'D;w>tgrHRvDRI qkbk

49
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
CRbkub.tl0JvXtx;cd.'D;,uG>,ygM.vDRo;unDR'd.r;vDRI t*h>'f
vJ.< vXteD>qH;cgt0Jrh>ySRto'g'D;trdtygtJ.b.tDR'D;qSXtDRvXuFdt
Cdw>'fM.oh.wz.rR0Jwohb.I td.'.vGH>wDR'D;[H;trgtCdw>uJxD.
to;'ftHRrR0JwoheDwrHRvXRb.I

zJ,uG>ye>oh,ygrX,vJRuG>M>zgwH>w*Rtye>< rdRM>ySRye>zJySRxJ.
w>uG;w>tcgvDRI ,vJRtd.w>vD>bl;'D;ySRvJRxD.uFdtusJ'D;zJ,rdRye>t
cg,xH.b.,oud;zdoh.wz.vJRqluFdol.zSHo;nDrkmr;'D;,uG>,tJ.'d;
vJRb.q.,ygqSX,Rwohb.I ,vJRtd.'D;zgwH>t0JrRpXR,ygvXbk[k
'D;w>vXtvd.'D;,ygvDRI ySJRxD.weH.'D;eH.[JvXtoDweH.,[JuhRtd.
'D;,yg'D;,wJ,ygvX,uvJR'D;,wcGgrk.'D;,vJRvDRI 'D;,vJRrRvdw>
M>'.wEGHcHEGH'D;b.weHRubD,lR[Jc;vDRw>'D;,ue.wbl.b.I ,td.
wohvXRb.'D;,wxH.vXR,wcGgrk.vXRb.I xJw*R,qh.eDR'.zJuFd
ylRvDRI zJM.,uG>,CXR0;0;'D;,xH.pdwcd;wxl.'D;,vJR,xH.vX,w
cGgrk.t0Jqh.eDR[D.0J'D;wbsD,o;tk;r;vX,ub.rRuhR'fvJ.M.vDRI 'D;
rk>[gvDRM>ySR'D;y0JcH*Rrk>[gvDRvHI ,wcGgrk.[D.'D;,[D.ydmtcHph>uD;M.
vDRI zJM.yrH0JvX0.'d.wcd.tuql;'DeR< ywtD.b.rhRb.< wvk;b.
ph>uD;,.b.I 'D;vXrk>qh.xD.,[JuhRwkRvX,ygttd.'D;,ygxH.,R'D;
o;ck'D;oHuG>,R< ?zdcGg< ez;vHmb.ySJRzsX.vHvJ.I/ ,wJvXu'd.wzsX.
r;,uGJ;wb.b.I 'D;,ygwJ,R< ?zdcGg{X< euvJR'H;{g'D;,wJ,yg< ?,
wvJRvXRb.< ,wvJRrRvdvXRw>'D;,ub.vJRuG>M>ySRzdvDRI ySRzdth.
,csXCH,udmbdtvD>td.r;ud;rk>eHRbl;ub.vX,uzs;oHtw>vXyD;wl
vDRI/

zJM.bl;xD.vXbku*DRxD.tqXuwD>'D;uD>y,DRok;[JxD.u'D;vHI pH.
u'D;vXoDCJ.wySDRvm< yb.,d.xJuxH.ySRvDRI zJM.,uhRtd.'D;,yg<
'D;uD>y,DRok;M.[l;*JR0Jtgr;< t0Joh.rR0J'fod;yokwtD.b.vXRrhRt*D>

50
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
vDRI zJM.ySRpH.td.vXyS>ylRwxH.[H.xH.CDvXRb.I vXuvDR'doHwcD
vDRI ySRub.uhRul;tD.'.bkvXvguyDRusg< b.zSL;tD.'.bko.'fod;
'D;wRtk;tod;vDRI ySRtg*RwhxD.0J'Jzd'D;td.oud;0J'fM.vDRI rhrh>,ygw
cDrh>vX,yk>qH;tCdySRymtDRvXySRck;'JwzsX.< td.,HR'D;ySR*Rw'Xuh.xH
vDRI b.weHR,yg'D;,eDwJ0JoguuhRvDR[;vXySRtd.wpd>zd'D;ymwh>,R
'D;ym,yk>vX'JzdylRcH*R'D;,eD'D;,yguhRxD.qlt'JvXupX>tzDcd.'D;,uG>
xGJtcHySJR'D;w>o,k>r;< zJt0JuhRvDRylRwpd>zd'D;,e>[lusdoD.,uykxD.
,yk>vX,upH.t*D>,ykxD.,yk>wohb.I ,qdurd.,utd.cd;,ygw
pd>zd'D;u[JuhR0J< ,cd;tDRb.q.,eD'D;,ygw[JuhRb.tCd,ykxD.,
yk>'D;,pdmw>woheDwrHRb.I zJM.,td.clol.'.zJck;CXR,uG>pl.'.vX
,eD'D;,ygvXtu[JuhRuG>CkuhR,R< rh>[JuhRuG>Ck,R'D;,uuhRqlt
td.vDRI ,td.cd;t0Joh.p;xD.vX*DRcDub. 8;00 e.&H.wkRvX[gcDb.
q.,wxH.,yg'D;,eDeDw*Rb.I wbsD,ol.tk;o;tk;'d.r;< ,wtD.
b.rhRvXRb.I ,'hzdw>rd.tD.to;vXrhR< [D.ogouk;r;b.q.,rR
woheDwrHRb.I t0J[D.rh>'d.'D;,[X.bXtudmylRwpJ;wpJ;'fod;t[D.
oD.uqH;t*D>vDRI
wkR,'hrk.rHb.to;'D;,uhRpH.vXbkusgcVcVwkRvX'JylR'D;,xH.vX
wuGHcHoH.< 'D;,zXEkmvX,vhuG;xX.C;zdwzsX.tylRvX,'hrk.t*D>M.
vDRI ,uhRwkRvX,'hrk.ttd.b.q.,'hrk.rHwyX>xD.'H;b.I ,td.cd;
wpd>zd'D;,'hrk.rHyX>xD.'D;,th.bsJ;M>tDRvXwuGHo.'D;,'k;tD.tDR0HR,
[;xD.zJM.'D;,vJRtd.vXxHuGmcH< vhzdtcD.xH;'D;vhcD.xH;td.'D;oh.z;
'd.wcd.t*H>tgr;'D;wul;vDRto;< tzDvmM.cH;olr;'D;,vJRtd.u'kvX
tzDvm'fod;weRtHR,urHzJM.vDRI wbsDtHRrk>[gvDRvHI w>o;tk;'D;w>
ysHRw>zk;wkRtd.,Rb.q.wysHRvXR,Jb.I vXw>o;ql.tylRw>o;ck[J
wkRtd.,RvDRI ,xH.vXzk[J0Jw*R'D;,uG>vXtvD>cH'D;,xH.vX,eDydm
tcHvDRI ,o;ckr;vDRI t0Joh.[JwkR'D;,oHuG>zkvX,ygvDRI t0Joh.ng
vX,ygoHb.q.t0JwwJyF;,Rb.I 'D;,eDwJ,R< ?'h'h{X< ygyg'koHvH/
51
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
'D;zJM.trJmxHvDR0JvDRI zJM.zkw*RpH.M.ul'.xJ&J;wbh.vDRI tpktd.ph>
uD;xJwuyRvDRI t0JpdmxD.0J,'hrk.'D;wJ0J'ftHR<?yuvJRCkxH.uhRySR*R
oh.wz.vDRI yrh>rHzJtHR'DweRywtD.b.rhRb.I/

zkw*RM.xD.pXRySRupX>cDzsdvXywtD.b.rhRb.tCdyxD.upX>wuJ
b.q.yb.xD.upX>xD.b;'D;rk>[gvDRvHwxH.'H;ySReDw*Rb.I wbsD
tHR'k,o;tk;'d.r;'D;ytd.uwD>zJw>vl>cd.usJuyR< td.wpd>zdySR[;oD.
wbsD'k,ysHRw>,td.wohvXRb.< 'D;zkw*RM.vJRuG>pl.0J'D;xH.0JvXySR
,d;0JySRqg'D;yydmxD.ySRqgtcH'D;w>cH;vDRvHtCdwxH.vXRusJb.I 'D;ySR
qgtd.0JoX*RymCkm'D;ySRvX,o0DylRw*Rw,HRph>uD;'D;,Rb.< t0Jb.
'de;r;'D;weD.to;vXRb.I y[;'DeRusXR'D;yvJRwkRvXySRo0DwzsX.b.
zJz;zDrk>'D;ySRzD'k;tD.yrhR'D;,tD.rhR0HR,rHb.,o;vDRI wkRrk>0gxD.'D;,
vJRuG>0JySRqgw*R< t0JvdR0JvX,wHph>uD;vDRI wkRt0JxH.,RwbsDCDM.
t0Jud;,R'D;zd;[k,RwbsDCDvDRI t0JwJ,R< ?'h'h{X< wHuwJb.eR< eyg
M.IIII/ ,wJtDR< ?wJyF;p>cDIII,yg'fvJ.I/ t0JwJ0J< ?rh>vXeygtCdySRw
oHeDw*Rb.I ySRpH.ylRcJvXmvDRI ySRoH'.xJeygw*RvDRI rh>vXy,DRM.
td.vXuzD.ySRcJvXm III b.q.xH.eyg[JuhRvDR'D;pdmusdtCdt0Jc;pd0Je
ygM.bl;bl;vDRI/ 'D;wJ0JvXySRrh>vJRqSXogvXe>,dRx.w>qg[H.*hR< 'h.
ylRed.*hRM.,ub.vJRydmtcHvDRI 'D;,tX.vDRtDRvDRI 0HRwpd>zdySR,d;
xD.tDR'D;,wJ,eD< ?,uvJRydmwHw*RtHRtcH/< 0HR'D;,cgxD.,cD.'D;
,eDuG>xGJ,cHySJR'D;rJmxHrJmedvDRI wbsD,ymvDR,o;< ?rdrdygygtpd.zdw
xH.b.< ,Rw*RvXw>o;qgtylR,uEkmvDRvXok;usg'D;uydmzgwH>w
*RtHRtcHvDRI/ wkRzgwH>w*Rbsgwpk'D;t0JwJ,R'ftHR<?'h'h{X< wHuwJeR
IIIeRw*RtHRwHuqSXeRvXuFd< rRvdw>rh>ql./ ,tX.vDRtDR'D;,o;ckr;
'D;t0JvJRqSX,RqlrdRcHvDRI w>vD>t0JM.,wvJRb.eDwbsDb.I ,vJR
wkRt0JvJRt;,RvXySRw*R< rX,td.'D;tDRzJM.woDcHoD0HRt0J[JuhR0J
vDRI ySRw*RM.wkR,wHuhRylR'D;< t0JwJySRunDusdmb.vDRI b.q.< t

52
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
0JwwJvXRySRunDusdmvXRb.I t0JwJ'.xJy,DRusdmvDRI wbsDM.,u
e.y,DRusdmwrkmb.I ,vJRqluFdySRwJ'.xJy,DRusdmtCd,xD.uFdwrkm
b.I

wbsDvXw>wymo;tylR,xH.b.vXySRvJRxD.0HtD.tHo.vXrdRcHw
'l.< t0JvJRrHzJ,'J'D;,oHuG>tDRvXrh>t0Joh.wtd.bl;'D;e>,dRx.b.{g
vDRI t0Joh.wJ0JvXtd.bl;tCd,oHuG>tDR< ?oktd.zJvJ.I/ t0Joh.wJ0J
vXogtd.b.vX*Jmvho0D'D;,wJtDR< ?*Jmvho0DM.,zgwH>td.w*R< t
zdwtd.eDw*Rb.I rh>eoh.ng{gI/ t0JwJ0J'.vX< ?td.0JxJw*R< tzdw
td.eDw*Rb.IIIb.q.td.0J'D;zdo.ydmrk.zdcH*R/ 'D;,wJtDR<?t0JM.rh>
'.,eD'D;,'hrk.vDRI erh>uhR,uuhRydmecH/ 'D;t0JtJ.0JtCd,uhRydmt
cHwkR*Jmvho0D'D;,xH.b.vdmuhR,o;'D;,eD'D;,'hrk.vDRI ,td.'D;,
wH,ngzJM.zJ;tD.ck;< rRtD.pHm< ,td.bl;uySJRxD.weH.vDRI b.zJw>
ud>xD.tqXuwD>,o;zSHr;< ,vJR'd;tDRuFJvXxHzdcH< b.xd.tgr;tCd
,[JuhRrk>[gb.r;to;vDRI ,[JuhRwkR,ngwJ,R?cJrk>qh.M.eoud;
uvJRrdRusD>vXoCDRx.< euvJRydmtcH{gI/ wbsDM.,o;ckr;vX,u
[;b.vDRI 'D;,wJ,ngvX,uvJRvDRI [gcD,rHeDR< 'DweRng,rHr;w
M>vXRb.I *DRcD*DR*DR,ngzD'k;tD.,RvXqDwbh.'D;bd.M>,RrhRbd.'D;[k
o;*hR*hR0HRt0Jud;tD.,RrhRvDRI ,*JRqXxX.,tD.rhR0HR'D;ywJoud;w>
vDRI ,wymo;vX,u[;,Hm,Hmb.I 'D;vXrk>0gxD.'D;,cgvDR,cD.'D;
,wH,nguG>xGJ,cHySJR'D;w>o,k>vDRI ,[;vXySRusg,rh>ySRvXtqH;u
wX>vDRI 'D;ySRrX,Rql.r;'D;,[;,o;zSHr;vDRI wkR,[JwkRoCDRx.'D;
,oud;wz.[;_yHjygvdmo;< weDRtphtd.'d;xD.csHwbsD,qdurd.vXw>
wbsDtHRuDvHI ,rh>'d;csHuvXmph'D;,rh>'d;csH,uvJRuD;zJvJ.r;,woh.
ngb.I wkRrk>0gxD.rD.cd.w*RwJ0J< ?usD>uvDRwkRvXrJ;cgx.< ySRvJRw
td.vXRb.I euvJR{gI wvXmcsHvJb.I/ ,wJtDRvX,uvJR'D;,'d;xD.
csHvDRI zJye>wkRvDRrJ;cgx.'D;ySRoHuG>,RvX ?euvJRqlpvg{gI vXpvg

53
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
M.ySRtd.tgr;/ vDRI 'D;,'d;xD.ugzJrJ;cgx.'D;ySRvJRymvDR,RvXpvg
}wJRcd.xd;< zJM.,xH.ySR[H.tgr;vDRI wbsD,ymql.,o;'D;,vJRxD.<
,e>[lvX,ngtd.zJM.w*R'D;,oHuG>ySRw*R'D;t0JwJ0JvXoh.ng0J'D;t
0JvJRqSX,R'D;,ngw*RtHRwoh.ng,Rb.I ,woh.ngtDRph>uD;b.I
t0JwxH.bl,ReDwbsDb.I ,wJvDR,*h>,usdRr;t0Joh.ng,R'D;,u
uhRu'guhRM.wtJ.0Jb.I 'D;,ngw*RtHRt0Jub.uG>zd.CJph>uD;tzd
vGH>*R'D;qSX0JvXuFd< rh>w>uDw>cJph>uD;'D;,td.'D;tDRM.vDRI ,rRvdw>
ySJRxD.weH.< ,oh.ngvX,ngqSX,RwM>b.tCd,ymvDR,o;vX,
wrRvdvXRw>b.I b.w*DR< rk>*>w*R[Jql,ngttd.'D;rX0J,vJRtd.
vXbD'X.'D;wJ0Jw>vd.cJvXmySRrRpXRvDRI tCd,o;ckr;vX,urRvdb.
w>t*D>M.vDRI zJuFdup;xD.'D;,vJRtd.vXbD'X.'D;,xH.b.ySRoh.w
z.qH;M>'H;,R'D;t0Joh.ph>uD;trd>ty>wtd.vXRb.vDRI emouhvXrk>*>
zgwH>od;wtd.vXR0Jb.I ySR[JvXtoDb.q.,Jw*R'kwzsd'D;td.wh>'H;
wkRcJtHRvDRI

,w>td.rl,w'd;M>rd>y>w>tJ.oemuhw>pH;0JvX ?rd>wtd.rd>tg< y>

wtd.y>tg/ M.t0JM.rh>'.,RvDRI ,rh>b.uG>qX.rJm'D;w>uDw>cJxJ
vJ.b.q.,wwkR'H;qlw>[;*DRtylRtCd,o;wqH;b.I w>uwdR'dw
zsX.pH;0J< ?erh>vDRCHREGHbsD'D;*JRqXxX.Cd;bsDwuh>I/'Dyk>0J>rd>y>oh.{X< ok
rh>wl>b.w>e;w>zSD.xJvJ.b.q.o;yhReD.w*hR< C.'l.csXo;w*hR< vX
w>e;w>zSD.tylRM.o;[;*DRw*hR< xJod;'D;w>*H>w>bgvXtd.'D;eRM.usJ;
pX;'H;oyS>yS>wuh>I [D.cd.rh>'.w>weHRwoDt*D>< wrh>ytd.rlvDRpdRtCd
yub.wl>b.w>tHRrh>'.yy>vXttJ.ySRxJw*R'D;pH.nD.0JySRvDRI w>
wl>b.vX,wl>b.tHR,o;yhReD.wohb.< b.q.,ymvXw>cJvXmrh>
w>rRvdvX,*D>vDRI

ySRuGJ;w>*h>=pDRv;wX.b;ch.< eD.*H> 1 wDRxDuFd< rJ>v;tl'Ju0DR

54
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd

tIxOFEmvdDmumIu xtIleBKoPLO

,rHRrh>pDRcF‹.rFJ.vDRI ,td.0J’.zJrJ>v;tl’Ju0DRu
0DR’h 1 eD>*H>wXwDRxDuFdvDRI cJtHR,tJ.’d;wJzsgxD.w>*h>b.C;,w>vJR
cDzsdvXtvDR*m’frk>vXtvJRcDzsdrlcd.uvHRoD.*DR< w>tX.wz.tod;vDRI
,w>td.rlw>vJRcDzsdp;xD.zJ,oh.ngvDR,o;M.,xH.b.0Jw>uD
w>cJtgr;vDRI zJ,td.vX,[H.,o0DtcgM.’f,rd>,y>td.rlCkm,R’D;
vk>tD.o;orl’ftrh>xlpHmzJ;ck;tod;weH.b.weH.zJ,td.cGHeH.tcg< w
eHRM.zJ,td.vX[H.’D;,rd>vJRvXck;tcg< uD>y,DRok;[JxD.o0DylR’D;c;0J
ySRxd;ySRqD’D;rXql.rXpd;0J’.ySRo0Dzdoh.wz.weDReDRc;oH0J’D;zJySRpH.’Do0D
tcg,ysHRw>’D;,R’D;,y>[;td.clol.vXyS>ylR< ,rd>ph>uD;[JuhRqlo0DylR
wbl.b.tCdyxH.vdmuhRyo;’D;ywtd.b.wylRCD'D;tD.b.0H.0H.bJ
bJ’D;tD.tDbsJtD.bsJtDph>uD;wtd.b.I tD.rhRcsD’D;,y>vJRym,RvXo0D
t*RwzsX.’D;vJRvlRtd.uhR,rd>vXw>ysHRw>zk;tylRwHmwm0J’.oXoDt
CdvX,*D>uJxD.w>wl>b.cD.b.vXtvDR*m’fzd.CJqJcd.vXrd>wtd.y>
wtd.< b.[;td.vXySR’lySRo0D< wtd.b.’fvXtylRuGHmCkm’D;rd>y>vXR

55
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
b.tod;M.vDRI wkRrh>,rd[JuhRwkR’D;vXw>td.rl< w>td.w>qd;toDt
*D>rh>w>uDw>cJw>e;w>zSD.< ’D;ytd.0J’.zJySRo0DM.ySJRxD.cGHvgbsJ.’D;b.
zJuFdp;xD.uhRtqXuwD>tCd,rdvJRym,RvXuFd< ’D;xD.uFdcHvgbsJ.M.
uD>y,DRok;[JxD.u’D;yo0DtCd< ,[H.zdCDzd’D;ySR’lzdo0Dzdwz.b.pH.
td.vXyS>usg’D;b.rRvdw>vXyS>usgvDRI o&.rk.od.vdySRvHmyuuGJ;eD.
tDRt*D>yvHmyvJ>wtd.< yb.uGJ;eD.vXvX>oh.b.zdtylR'D;w>uGJ;bdw
td.b.< ,b.[;CkxXvX>bD.vX>ubk;*DR*DR0g0gzdwz.’D;,b.uGJ;zSD.
zSD.,m,m’fM.wvgcHvgM.vDRI
wkRyoh.ngvXuD>y,DRok;vXt[JxD.vXyo0DwzkM.uhRvDRvHtCd’D;
yuhRu’guhRqlo0DylR< ’D;ytd.xD.b;0J’.weH.’D;,y>M.xH.b.0Jw>e;
w>zSD.w>uDw>cJ’ftHR’D;b.,d.w>vX[H.zdCDzdt*D>ph>uD;tCdt0JuhRtd.
uhR0J’.zJtcJtHRySRud;vXysDcHo0DvDRI p;xD.zJM.,td.b.uhR’D;xH.b.
uhR,rk>*>zgwH>weDR’D;td.b.uhRrkmxD.wpJ;’D;rRtD.rRtDuhRudn>xD.<
vJRuhRvJR[;wylRv>v>w>ysHRw>zk;vDRpSRwpJ;’D;,y>ph>uD;rRw>b.C;
w>ul.vJRrRuRw>wrHRv>v>'D;M>b.0JtbsK;tzSd.tgxD.M.vDRI rhrh>
,R’D;,rd>td.wD>vX[H.< rRw>b.C;w>rRtD.tvD>usD;zdwbh.’D;ol.
tD.ol.tDw>rk>w>bd< w>’d;w>v.< w>olw>o.tgrHR’ftrh>wcd;< wM<
xHvlR< bkch< ob.’D;w>t*RtgrHRtguvkm’D;,rh>uG>vX,u&X>ylRM.
zsgvg[hCHvR*hRr;< rhrh>,JwcDtd.vX[H.M.*DRcD*JRqXxX.zDrhRuol[D.
bD.0HRbd.xD.rRtD.rhR0HR,rd>vJRvXusD;ylRvDRI zJ,rd>vJRw>ylR’D;,td.
wh>vXcHbk.vDRxd;q.< ys>vDRxd.zdqDzdrRuqSD[H.u&X>ylR0HRcJvXm’D;,
tD.vk.xHvk.ed0HR,0HxD.,xX.zd’D;,vJRqluFdCkm’D;,wcGgzdwz.ySJR’D;
w>ol.zSHo;nD< rkmb.,o;’d.r;M.vDRI vXuFdph>uD;o&.o&.rk.oh.w
z.[h.vDR[H.w>rRwrHRrHRwbsDbsDv>v>M.,rRM>t0Joh.ud;bsD’J;tCd
o&.Ark.oh.wz.tJ.,R’d.r;vDRI wkRrh>[gvDRcDuFdpH.vDRM.,uhRwkR
[H.wbsDCD< ,vJulvJuR’D;,p;xD.rRu’D;[H.w>zH;w>rR’ftrh>0HxHzD
rhRbk.vDRxd;< zD.uhRqD0HR’D;vk.xHvk.ed0HR,rd>[JuhRvk.xHvk.ed0HR’D;y
56
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
tD.oud;[gw>tD.< td.bSH;td.og0HR,[H;xD.vHm’D;rR[H.w>rRvXo
&.[h.vDR,R0HR,z;vHmwkRtb.0HR,uhRrH0J’.vDRI
,td.weHRb.weHRwvgb.wvg’D;,y>rh>[JuhRwbsDv>v>uJxD.
w>ol.zSHo;nD< w>rkmw>ck.'D;w>tJ.w>uGHoh.wz.vkmbXuGHm0J’.,o;
’D;rh>ph>uD;[H.zdCDzdw>xH.vdmuhRo;wbsDwcD.tCdrh>w>rkmb.,o;’d.
r;M.vDRI ,HmxD.’D;,HmxD.M.o0Dph>uD;vJRxD.vJRxD’D;uD>y,DRok;wz.
e>[lo0Dzdoh.wz.t*h>tusdRtusJ< 'D;[JrR[;*DRw>zH;w>rRtusdRtusJ
’D;[JxD.c;u’D;yo0D< ’GJ.tlxD.uGHmy[H.yCD< bkzD'D;w>zH;w>rRtvD>t
usJwz.rR[;*DR0J< ‘D;ySRo0DzdvXtCh>ylRzsJ;to;orlwz.tw>zdw>vHR
q.zduD>zdwz.y,DRrRzJto;c;oHtD.0J< vDR*m’ftw>vXt[Jbk.ym0J’D;
tD.qgo;rR*DRuvDuvD0JzJw>b.to;M.vDRI

ySRweDReDRo;vDuDuhRtw>zdw>vHRq.zduD>zdwz.oemuh< uhR0Jw
bl.b.I ySRweDReDRph>uD;M.cDzsdvXym0J’.tbk< ymclol.< whxD.clol.bk
zDvXyS>usgtd.weDR’D;b.[H;vd>tD.tbk< bkph>uD;cDzsdySR,D>w0HRySRwvd
tDRb.tCdrh>w>uDw>cJph>uD;vXuzDtD.tDRt*D>M.vDRI bko.oh.wz.
uuJxD.[ko;t*D>yu,D>vXqX.< qX.wtd.'D;yrRoD.rRoJw>wbl.
b.I tJ;'.bkbh.vXpkwwd.b.wwd.< rh>M>wbh.bh.M.b.csDtD.tDR<
b.tD.’.rhRcsD’D;oh.wH>0.bdweHRb.weHR< 'D;rh>0Jw>zSD.w>,mw>e;w>
zSD.t’d.trk>vX,*D>M.vDRI ,td.zJM.tqXuwD>qhulqhuRwvX< w>
tD.w>tDwvXwySJRb.td.ph>uD;M.vDRI vXw>ysHRw>zk;w>b.,d.b.bSD
tylR< uzDtD.rhRtcg’.vJmrXySRvJRcd;usJ’D;uG>CkmusJ< b.,d.0JvXuD>y
,DRok;wz.rh>xH.yzDtD.w>rh.tlvk>wz.M.u[JvlRb.zk;ySRtCdyb.
td.yvD>o;xDbdM.vDRI ,td.zJM.wHmwmwEGHbsJ.cHEGHC.C.ywtD.b.
ululvXvXvXRb.tCdyCJRvDRCd>vDR’D;,y>qdurd.xD.’D;ul.xD.vdm
yo;’D;,rd>’D;wJvdmto;vXuuhRtd.uhRvX,zkto0D’D;wJ0J< yrh>td.zJ
tHRywtD.b.tDb.vXvXySJRySJRb.tCd< w,Hmb.M.yuoH’D;yuuhR
57
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
td.uhRvX,zkto0DvDRI
zJ,uhRtd.vX,zkto0DM.,b.zH;b.rRtD.u’D;’fucD.xH;tod;< zJ
M.tcg,rRvdw> 3 wDR,o;eH.td. 13 eH.’D;vXw>td.rlub.tD.b.
tDb.0Jt*D>,rd>M.uFD.qgud.’D;,J,[;qgud.weHRb.weHRM.vDRI ph
vXtM>wz.yORtD.bko;weDRphvXtd.wh>wz.yORw>zdw>vHRvXtvd.’f
trh>uyXR’J>< ud.url.vXuuFD.ud.t*D>odzdcsgzd[H.ylRCDylRw>vd.oh.
wz.M.vDRI rhrh>,y>wcDrRw>’fvXngxlpHmzJ;ck;< rhrh>,rd>wcDrRw>vX
[H.ylRCDylRrRvXySJR0JcJvXm’D;rhrh>,JwcDrk>qh.xD.b.[;qgud.< xD.uFd
‘D;zJM.tqXuwD>,o;wtd.vXvHmtgtgb.’D;,zk,zHM.wJb.,rd>,
y>vXerh>tJ.ezd’D;rh>b.oko;vXokzdcGguuJxD.ySRohvHmohvJ>M.wb.
ymtDRvXeuyRw*hR< eb.ymtDRvXt,HR’D;uvJRw>,HRurRvdb.w>
tgM.vDRI rh>td.zJo0DylRtHRwusXwcD’D;rk>weHRub.ydmye>tcH’D;eXye>
tcH’D;ypdRw>C>uth.< ub.zSD.b.e;’foktod;tCdqSXtDRvXt,HRM.
u*hRuwX>vDRI p;xD.zJM.,rd>qSX0J,Rql,dRuD>ylRb.uDb.cJ’Ju0DR’D;
,rRvdb.uhRw>rkmrkmck.ck.’D;xH.b.uhRw>ul.b.ul.ohtuH>tpD’D;
w>uwdR’dtd.wxH.<?w>ul.b.ul.ohM.t*H>c.b.q.to.M.qX0J
’.vDRI/ w>uwdR’dwxH.tHRuJxD.w>*H>w>bgvX,urRvdw>t*D>vDRI
,ymvDR,o;*X>*X>usXRusXRvXw>rRvdtylRvDRI

w>vJRcDzsdvX,vJRcDzsdwz.rh>tXoDuDcJxJvJ.b.q.‘frk>wbh.tw>
vJRcDzsdtod;ub.cDzsd0Jw>plR< w>ud>'D;w>*d>vDRI w>rh>plRrk>rh>wud>vDR
b.M.ySRwJwrFd< w>rh>ud>wcDrk>ud>vDRqgtd.wrkmrk>wbh.uud>ChoHySR
wcD{gI rhrh>w>*d>wcDrk>rh>qgw>ud>rk>rh>eRw>*d>uJxD.w>*h>uDcJvXmoem
uhvJRcDzsd0JweH.b.weH.ohtod;,w>td.rlrh>uDcJxJvJ.b.q.,uym
vXw>vJRcDzsdcJvXmvDRI
pDRcF‹.rFJ.< eD>*H>wXwDRxDuFd< rJ>v;tl'Ju0DR

58
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd

HRpABnoFmuFlikSiIdO
cElBFtHA

upX>’d.td.0J’.vX0h>xd.uD;trk>xD.uvHRxH;zJ
xHusdwbdtcHwd>xD.M.vDRI xHusdtHRw>ud;tDRvXweDo&H.usddvDRI u
pX>’d.rh>w>vD>zJySRunDtoltySdRwz.td.0JM.vDRI ySRolySRySdRwz.tHRrh>
wvD.zsgto;b.M.ySRxH.tDRwohb.I t’lo0Dt[H.tCD’D;tvD>tusJ
wz.b.w>rRbH.rRbXtDRvXupX>uvd< vhrk>pdRuGDR< yS>rk>oDxd’D;oh.
’d.0.xDxHusdxHuGmwz.vDRI ySRolySRySdRwz.tHRrh>tJ.’d;vD.zsgxD.to;
M.tqduwX>uvHRzd[JtlxD.w>uzDvDzdql.xD.0J’.uU>uU>wkRoh.’hoh.
v.wz.[l;0;xD.0JM.vDRI ‘D;zJM.w>uvk>oD.xD.0hvh0gvgqltHRqlb;
oukRq;’;’fySRuwdRw>tod;zJySRrk>CHvRu,J>u,lmvDRtJ.vDRuGHwz.
td.zsgxD.0J’.M.vDRI
w>’ftHRtod;rRto;wbsDwbsDtCdrh>w>vDRurXur.tvD>z;’d.w
rHRvDRI vXtylRuGHmySRcHpdRoXpdRM.ySRrk>CHvRvXupX>’d.wz.[JvDRvdm
59
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
uGJxHvXxHusdwz.’D;yD.vJ.eHRwbsDwbsDvDRI ySRc;tD.w>zdvXttd.bl;
’D;upX>’d.wz.wbsDwcD.zJt0Joh.[;Ckc;w>vXyS>ylRM.e>[l0JySRuwdR
w>’D;eHR’D;thySRqkbk,D>bk’D;xd.ud;qDud;toD.b.q.uG>w&H;w>0;0;’D;
wxH.w>eDwrHRb.I wbsDbsDxH.b.0J[H.’d.usdRoGgusJrk>usJbdCHvRw
z.b.q.wkRrh>vJRbl;xD.M.w>wz.tHR[gr>uGHm0JvXtrJmcsHw>xH.t
ylRvDRI wbsDpH;0J’.vXySRz;w>zdw*RvDRz;0J’D;toud;wz.vXupX>’d.
tyS>,dmylR’D;rHb.to;vXoh.z;’d.wxl.tcD.xH;vDRI wkRrh>tzk;oHeD.
xD.’D;e>[l0JvXySRw*RpH;b.tzdrk.< ?zdrk.{XpJRvDRM>ySRwrSHRtCD’D;rXt
[JxD.ql[H.ylRrD.M.vDRI/

upX>’d.rk.zdrR’fty>pH;b.tDRtod;’D;ud;xD.wrSHRtHRql[H.ylRvDRI zD
’k;tD.0JtrhRvXuol0H.[D.bD.qXvDRI t0JrHoud;’D;ySRupX>’d.weR0HR
wkRrk>qh.xD.tD.rhRtD.xH0HRM.pH;b.0J[H.up>’D;tzdtvHRwz.vXog
uuhRM.vDRI zJt0JpH.vDRwkRcD.xH;tcg[H.CDwz.[gr>uGHmcJvXm’D;oh.
ngvXt0Jtd.u’D;vXoh.wxl.tcD.xH;xJw*R{dRvDRI zJM.trJmtd;xD.
to;wuD>cgxH.0JusJrk>wbdvDRI ydmxD.0JusJtHRwkRtwkRuhRqlt[H.w
pkvDRI vXySRtHRt*D>vXupX>’d.tyS>,dmylRrh>xJw*R{dRvDRI b.q.vXt
o0Dzd’D;t[H.zdCDzdt*D>M.tw>[gr>,Hmr;wvgC.C.ngvDdRI
upX>’d.rk.CHvRwz.tHRwkRrh>t0Joh.[JvDRvk>xHvk>edwbsDwbsDql
yXRcd.ysDylRyD.vJ.eHRM.ySRtd.rh>tg’D;wvD.zsgto;b.I ySRrh>td.xJpSR*R
{dRM.t0Joh.vD.zsgxD.to;vDRI ySRwbsK;*RxH.b.0JupX>’d.rk.tw>
u,J>u,lmvDRtJ.vDRuGHvXtvGJM.&J>M>t0Joh.’D;rRo,k>ondrRrl,lRrl
ysRt0Joh.to;M.vDRI rk.CHvRoh.wz.tHRtcd.olcd.v.*hRr;xDr;’D;
0;,JR0;,DRu&.’.u%k’k< p>p>’GJ’GJzJuvHRtlwysKm’Ggw%lmtDRtcgM.vDRI
ulod;0JunDqhrd>0gz;xDvDRbH.cD.ng’D;uwdRusdmunDvDRI zJw,HRwbl;
’D;upX>’d.rk.[JvDRvk.xH*JRxHtvD>M.unDo0Dw>vk>xHvD>td.0JwwDR
vDRI
60
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
b.weHRM.zd.o.cGgvd.bdvXo0DylRw*RvJR[;b.twDRqlxHeHRtcg
w>eXrleXqSDqXol.qJ;o;vXteXyd>vDRutDvDRuz;wz.uvHRtlpdmqSX
Ekmqlteg’hylR'D;qltyod.uoGDuylRvXt’k;td.xD.w>ol.rkmo;rkm’D;w>
vDRurXur.t’d.ttgvXt*D>M.vDRI

zJw>vD>wbl;w,HR’D;tDRM.t0Je>[lySReHR< ySRul;oD.cHcHc;c;’D;e>[lySR
uwdRw>oD.eHElReHElRCHCHClClM.vDRI zJM.vXw>o;vDRuwkRvDRurXu
r.tylRt0JqJxD.te>’D;ue.xHw>vDRI t0Jok;bl;CDRto;oGJ;oGJ;upk’k
qlw>uvk>oD.vdRb.tDRtvD>wuD>cg< xH.0Jrk.ueDRvd.bdCHvRwz.
bh.vDRbsH;vDRtqhrd>0gvXuvk>xHt*D>vDRI

zJM.zdo.cGgw*RtHRtcd.uzDe>u,lRol.o;csH.vDR< rJmbh.uqS.&H
&H< ql.uH.qlrSmxD.&>&>r;vDRI tcd.xHck.vDRwkRcD.eXpd;vDRI rk.ueDR
uh>*DRzsX.y,GJR’fn.vl>zgzsdwz.yD>xH0H>xH< ,lRvDRoGH;rdmxD.zsH;vDR*mr;’f
n.ysRxD.vXxHzH;cd.tod;vDRI rk.vd.bdtw>CHw>vRx;egbdwz.xk;
zSd.’D;pSDRwH>zd.o.cGgzdto;’D;t0JxD.qSd.’D*Rng< vDR*m’fvDyhs>b.tDRt
od;vDRI zJydmcGgtHRqdurd.xD.0JvXw>tHRtrh>twDeD>uD>{g< w>rHrD>{gtcg
oh.ng0JpJCJRvXtrh>w>teD>toH;trh>twDeD>uD>vDRI ySRrk.CHvRwz.
vk.xHvk.ed< rkmvRo;ck0HRod;xD.uhRtqhrd>0gwz.’D;[gr>jyH;uvmvX
wzs;rJmtwD>ylRtCdzd.o.cGgzdoh.ng0JvXySRwz.tHRrh>upX>’d.rk.ySRol
ySRySdRwz.vDRI b.q.rk.vd.bdCHvRvDRtJ.vDRuGHySJR’D;w>eHRurSHtuh>
t*DRtu’kwz.td.xD’H;’.w>vXzd.o.cGgto;< trJmySm’D;tegxH.t
ylRvDRI wbsDCDt0JutH.utl;< utkupGg< ogozSdxD.pHGuvm’D;pH;vXt
o;<?tgvgIIIw>tHRrD.< rk.CHvRwz.rh>tJ.,Rw*R*R’ku*hRqH;’d.vJ.I
urkm’d.r;vDRI tJ.uG>,Rw*RrD.< tJ.uG>tJ.,RII/ zJM.zd.o.cGg[D.
ogwuk;M.ql.'D;xG.vHmvlmto;vX[D.cd.vdRvDRI t0JcD.rSHb.w>o;
rkmvXo;rd.CDRtylRwpd>wyemvDRI w>tHRylRuGHmz;,Hm’D;vXcHwbsDt0J

61
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
[JxH.u’D;rk.vd.bdbh.vDRtultod;'D;vk.xHvk.edvDRI zJM.t0JvJR[H;
M>clol.uGHmrk.vd.bdvXtuG>0J*hRuwX>w*Rtultod;vDRI zJrk.CHvRw
z.vk.xHvk.ed0HRulxD.od;xD.uhR0J'D;xd.vDRr>uGHmto;cJvXmvDR< rhrh>
vXtusgw*RwxH.tultod;’D;xd.vDRr>uGHmto;wohvXRb.I wkREkR
wpkzd.o.cGgtHRym’lqJ.’lxD.to;< ’D;vJRCDRyhs>xk;’D;pSDRwH>upX>’d.rk.zd
tpknguykmvk;uzDvDtHR’D;pH;<?rk.CHvR{X,tJ.b.eR’d.r;vDRI ew>CH
w>vRu,lmu,JR< p>y,GJR’Jwz.vGJM>&J>M>,R< pSDRwH>,o;pSH>EkmvX,u
vh>urDylR’.vJmvH< ,uDRtk;’D;yXR,o;wM>vXRb.I tCdw>rRto;’D;
,R’ftHRvDRI o;’d.,Rw*hR0Ho;plRb.,Rwuh>I/
zJM.upX>’d.rk.CHvRwcDusJ;pX;eHRurSHxD.wpJ;vXw>cd.zDrJmqS;e;e;
uvJmtylR’D;pH;0JvX<?twG;wtd.b.pDo;bd{X< erh>tJ.,ReD>eD>M.eb.
[Jydm,cHqlupX>’d.vDRI wkRrh>ydmcGgtX.vDRvXuvJRydmtcHqlupX>’d.M.
rk.CHvRwz.vD.zsgxD.uhRto;cJvXmvDRI wkREkRwpkt0JydmxD.ySRrk.CH
vRwz.tcHqlupX>’d.vDRI wkRrh>twkRwpkt0Je>[lySRuwdRw>oD.b.
q.wxH.ySReDw*Rb.I urXur.0JvDRI t0Jqh.eDRvXoh.wcd.tcD.xH;
’D;ue.xHySRuwdRw>vDRI zJM.t0Je>[l0Jrk.CHvRvXttJ.b.0Jw*Ru
wdRoud;w>’D;ty>vDRI ty>pH;b.tzdrk.< ?zJ’.eo;vDRzdrk.o;bd{X< y
w}wDeRb.I erh>tJ.b.tDRM.ud;xD.tDRql[H.ylRwuh>I ygy>uzsD’.w>
eRvDRI/ b.q.zd.o.cGgzdtHR’D;upX>’d.rk.CHvRty>wzsDtDRb.I cDzsd
vXzd.o.cGgzdtHRtw>olw>ySdRwtd.’fod;upX>’d.rk.CHvRb.tCdvDRI
rh>'.ty>wJrkm’.upX>’d.rk.CHvRto;vDRI upX>’d.rk.CHvRtHRzd.o.
cGgzdwo;yhReD.tDReDwbsDb.rh>vXzd.o.cGgzdtJ.b.tDRtCdvDRI 'D;pH;0J
vXxg< ?woh.ngtCdtJ.b.eR? tHRM.vDRI
zJrk>eRvgzduyDR< xJw*R{dR,qh.eDR
oh.eD.uhRw>vJRylRuGHm< bl;,o;uvDRq+uGHmI
vXrk>eR,dmxJw*R< w>qdrd.vkmbXuGHm,R
w>cJvXmtd.bO.td.bSD.< xJw*RrJmxHb.vDRI
62
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
ex;cd.zdvXtqX< rRvDRuvJ,o;oX.
rhrh>eo;c.’d.r;< uvDR*m’fepH;,RI
e.&H.eHRoDqXuwD>< vJRylRuGHm,o;b.zSD.
rhrh>,o;w>wl>b.< vJRylRuGHm,Rwohb.I
rk>eRrh>oh.eD.b.eR< cDzsdeymwh>uGHm,R
uG>,R0H>0>xD.epk< uG>xGJecHo;o,k>I
tcD.xH;ytJ.vdmo;< epH;vXeutJ.,R
edmzH;zdvXtvDRtJ.< rRobSH;,o;b.vJ.I
erdeygySRw>td.< ,rh>,J’.ySRzSD.zd
eR’D;,Ryb.vDRz;< cDzsd,rh>ySRzSD.,mI
ul.ohxl;wDRtd.’D;eR< usJ;pX;tJ.eRwl>qgo;
vlReJ’.erd>to;< ‘f,Rrd>y>woh.ngI
rRvX*DRtD.,JvX[g< ySR’f,RewtJ.,R
b.vlRb.xJ’.eo;< eym,R’fySRzSD.{gI
w>uwdRqg’frh.tl< ud>tlud>oG;,b.wl>
w>cJvXmb.wl>,J’.< cDzsdvX,tJ.b.eRI

ySRuGJ;w>*h>=pDR0gqSH< eD.*H> 1 wDRxDuFd< rJ>v;tl’Ju0DR

63
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd

PotBsJUFlixPRTo F
limAFxvxAFKOF

p;xD.vX 1983eH.M.rdrd>td.zsJ.xD.,R’D;wkRcJtHR
,xH.’D;uG>qX.rJmb.ph>uD;w>tgrHRvDRI vX,w>td.rltylR,rh>ph>uD;zd
vXte>uh.w*RvDRI rdrd>’D;ygygrh>wJ,R<?zdcGg’d.{X< tDeJoH;w*hRrD.I erh>
uD;ySRvXt0J>w*R</ ,JwcDwJqXrdrd>’D;ygy>vX< ?,tJ.’d;pguG>wpJ;vDRI
rh>*hR’D;,u[H;M>< rh>w*hR’D;,w[H;M>b.I? t0JwJuhR,RvXw>vX,wJ
eRrRw*hRM.wvd.vXerRuG>eDwrHRvXRb.I rhrh>w>t0JM.tXvDRI/ t0J
wJ0J0HR’D;,wJu’D;tDR<?tXemuh< ,J,wvJRcDzsd’ftCd,upguG>wpJ;vDR
{JR< wtgb.I/rdrd>’D;ygy>wJxD.0J<?ezdM.rRCkmw*hR{JR< w>’fM.pgtgol;
tgrSH’d.r;< ysJtDRzJturR’.0JzJw>rkmb.tDRrh>wl>b.0Jr;uyD>,>vDRuhR
to;< trkmtu.td.zJM.wbsDCDxH.b.0JvDRI/

,JwcD,ue.w>uwdRtHR,rR,o;uvdmuvm< w>tHR,wtDb.

64
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
{JR< w>rRto;ohr;< ,oud;w*R[Jud;,R< ?vJRtDoH;{gcGg/ wbsD,Jw
cDwoh.eD.vXRrdrd>’D;ygy>tw>uwdRvXRb.tCd< ,wJ,oud;<?qJ;vHI
td.zJvJ.w>M.,wtDb.eDwbsDb.I rh>tbJph>{gI/,oud;wcDwJ0J<?yF;
oX< rhrh>oH;wcgtHRbJuwX>vDRI/ wbsDCD,vJR’D;,oud;wcDtD0Jto;
zSH*hRr;< ,JwcD,tDxD.wpJ;c;vHvlb.,R&;vh< tDu’D;toDwpJ;cd.rlR
xD.vHI zJM.,oh.ng,JvHvXw>0JtHRwnDvXRb.I

oemuh,x;tD’D;wrl0HRtvD>cH,rJm[H;vH’D;,[JuhRuh.0Huh.0H< wkR
vX,[H.rHvDRtd.CdoD.wbl.vXReDwpJ;b.I zJM.rdrd>’D;ygy>wJxD.0J<
?wcD.ngtHR’ktw>b.tDRz;e;’gcDI emuhurH’.0JIIIrh>*JRxX.r;yuwJpg
uG>tDRI vD>cHrh>eurR’ftoDwbsD{gI/ ,JwcD,wrHb.I ,wJxD.< ?w>
vD>cH’kqdvdR,wrRvXRb.I/ t0JwJ0J<?erh>wrRvXR*hRvHI uJxD.uhR’.
ew>vJRcDzsdwcgvDRI wvd.b.I/ p;xD.zJM.*hRxD.uhR,JwqDvHI rR,J
’ftHR0HRtvD>cH< rRu’D;toDwcgvXtrh>w>*JRvdmuGJwuyR< w>tgrk>[g
ud;rk>[g< rRtD.wcsK;rRtDwcsK;< tD.rhRwcsK;tDxHwcsK;< zJM.td.uySJR
xD.wEGHC.C.< ,rd>’D;,y>uG>0Jw>t0JtHRtgwvXvHI ,rh>wwJ’kwoh
b.I ,ub.wJvDRI t0JwJu’D;,R< ?eJw*R< ,rh>wJwylRerRwylR< ,
rh>wJwcgerRwcgII rh>eogurRuhRtDR’fvJ.I/

,J,wJxD.uD;< ?,ogrR’d.,rHR< cJtHR[D.cd.’DzsX.ySRym’d.w>vdmuGJ

tCdM.< ,u*JRvdmuGJwg,vk>tD.,o;orlohvDRI/ zJM.rdrd>’D;ygy>u
e.0JwJ0J< ?wusXb.I w>vXeuJySRunDtHRwrh>vXunDvXe*D>b.I/ ,J
wcD,wJ<?ygy>w>usXwusX*JRtd.wEGH’X;ewtJ.vXRbsDyuuJxD.ySRvdm
uGJpJ.eDRuoh{gI/ t0JwJ0J<?e*JRemuhwrh>vXtuohtgtgxJM.b.{JRI rh
wem*JRrD.I rh>usX,u[h.eRw>vRuyDRwcg< rh>wusXeub.[h.,Rw
cgI ewRbl.{gI/ ,JwcD,wRwbl.b.I
t0JwJ0J<?rh>wbl.M.rRvdw>z;vHmql.ql.< rk>weHRvXe*D>uuJbsK;z;
65
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
’d.< rhrh>,J’kwrh>vX,uoltD.ew>ph>b.I ,rh>wJeR’D;ue.uD;tDRph>I/
p;xD.w>uwdR0JM.b.,RwbsDCD< ,*JRvdmuGJvXtqXuwD>< z;vHmvX
tqXuwD>'D;tD.vXtqXuwD>vDRI ,&J.usJRvDR,o;ohxD.u,Du,D
vHoemuhwrlmeD>’H;b.I 0HR’D;[JwkRtd.u’D;,RtoDwcg< b.zJvg’H.pJ
bX.w>*d>cgtqXuwD>,vJRvXc&Hmtd.zsJ.< zJM.tcg,rRvdCkwDR< ,
vJRxH.0JySR[Jtgr;b.q.ySRtd.weDRuRw>ulw>wcDvDR*mvXuvkm*R<
u,Du,Dt0JzsD.tpk’k.’D;pkcD.< zSLtcd.ql.*DR*DR’D;ulzsD.cHtd.w0m< zSJ;0J
tEGHwbdwbd< zJM.,uG>’D;rRo;vX,o;uH>ylReHRurSHwpJ;wpJ;b.q.
wxD.zsJ;b.I
0HR’D;[JuhR,JvX[H.’D;,wJrd’D;yg<?[h.uD;,Rph,J>qHrD.I ,uvJRyOR
w>wcgI/ t0JwJ< ?eoguvJRyORw>rEkRvJ.I yphwtd.b.’X;yog[h.eR
uFgvD.I/ zJM.,rRwoheDwylRvXR’D;td.cd;,JvXuul.M>pht*D>woDcHoD<
zJM.tcg,wrRc&Hmtd.zsJ.vX,uFd’H;b.I ,vJRvXuFd,[JuhRwJu’D;
tDR<?[h.,Rph,J>qHrD.I/ rdrd>’D;ygy>wJ,R<?eChpheogrRw>rEkRvJ.I/,
wJtDR<?o&.rX,[h.xd;n.yORvH< wJ0Jub.rh>w*R,J>qHb;vDRI/ zJM.
[h.vDR,RwbsDCD< ,o;ck’d.r;vX,o;ylRvDRI eD>eD>wcDo&.wCh,R
w>eDwrHRb.I ‘D;,vJRuFd0HR,[JuhRzsD.pkzsD.wJ0J< ?evJRyORpkzsD.vDR{gI/
,JwcD,wJ< ?tk.[kII,oud;[h.,RuD;vDRI/ t0JwJ0J< ?w>toDwbX;
bX;tHRrwRu[h.eRvJ.I/,wJu’D;vXtuG>0Jw*hRvXRtCd[h.,RvDRI
b.q.wrh>b.I pkzsD.0JM.,yORwDwDvDRI phwcDtd.bsJ.wqHb;< ,yORu
’D;w>zSL*DRcd.’D;,wHRoud;zJM.0HR,zSLxD.*DR[k.uvm’D;,[JuhR< rdyg
uG>CDRwbsDCDwJxD.0J<?w>vk>w>v>0JtHRevJR[H;M>vXrwRttd.vJ.I/
,JwcD,wJxD.w>uwdRwxH.vXtb.C;’D; ?pdR/ vDRI ,wJu’D;rdrd>’D;
ygy>vX< ?,w[H;M>vXySRtd.eDw*Rb.I rh>’.w>ul.b.ul.ohtpdRt
Cd< ,uvlRxD.csK;pdR0JtHRvDRI/ rdrd>’D;ygy>w’lvXR,Rb.I wJ0J< ?euJ
ol.bD.o;p>w*RtCd< w>vXeuG>*hRM.erRrh>ohrR,w}wDeRb.I b.
q.wcsK;rR’H;tcgqdurd.0HRr;rRtDRI/ ,JwcDzsgvXw>uwdR0JtHRw0.
66
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
vX,e>ylRb.I ‘D;vXw>o;’d.tylR,wJxD.,J< ?ySRunDwusXoHb.t
Cd< wpdRpdRvXySRvD>cH< cHpdRpdRvXySRvD>cH'D;vJRxD.vJRxDwoheDwbsDb.I
rh>wJxJt}wDvdmto;wcgtHR< vJRxD.vJRxDwpJ;< vDRw-oK;uhRcHpJ;oX
pJ;tCdw>rReXRrRC.tDRxDbdvDRI 0HR’D;,oh.eD.xD.u’D;xgtd.wzsX.<
ySRunDtw>td.rltHRtd.rl’D;&D;0JvDR*m’fxgvXySRwJ0J< ?tD.cds.w’dcsd.t
cH< td.vDRwJmvXySRvD>cH/ tod;M.vDRI

zJM.,ygwcDrRo;vXrRxgb.ph>{JRI t0JwJ,RvXxg’ftHR< ?okwuG>

vdvd.’D;wDR< vd.’D;wDRtv.zk.xDI/ ,ygwJ,RvXxg0HR,wJqX<?[hIII
vd.v.wDRv.rh>zk.xDuzk.xD’.0J< uG>vXySRunDtv.rhwzk.xDM.b.
vDRI/ ‘D;,ygwcDue.0JwwJw>eDwrHRb.’D;*JRqXxX.[;0J’.vDRI ,Jw
cD’f,w>qdurd.’D;,o;qSX,R[J0Jtod;,xH.qltHR,wl;qltHR< ,xH.
qlEkR,wl;qlEkR< ymxDcd.olwcDwHmuGHmtDRwcD'D;rRzJ’.,o;vDRI rdrd>’D;
ygy>wwJ,Rw>eDwrHRvXRb.I b.q.woh.ngvDR,o;vX,uuJxD.
ySRvXtwydmusJvDRwbsDngtHR’k< b.q.ySRwwJ,ReD*Remouh,usJ;pX;
bSDvDRuhR,o;u,Du,D< ’D;rR*hRxD.uhR,w>td.rlvk>v>oh.wz.wpJ;
wpJ;’D;rdrd>’D;ygy>cH*Rp;xD.wJu’gu;,R’D;wwJ0JvXw>uwdRtql.vXR
b.I wJ0JvXw>uwdRuykm’D;w>wJvXt0Jrh>wJ0JrRw*hRM.,JwcDw>rd.rR
,o;b.q.,usJ;pX;yXRvDR,o;u,Du,D’D;w>t0JM.,[;qSJ;tDRoh
upD’DvDRI

rdrd>’D;ygy>to;ckxD.uhR0JwpJ;wpJ;vHI ,uG>vXtrJm< ,Jph>uD;,yJm

z;eDRz;w>*hR’D;w>tXvXttd.vX,*D>vXurR[;*DR,Roh.wz.,oh.
ngxD.uhR,JwpJ;b.wpJ;vDRI w>vXtw*hRwz.< ,rh>oh.ngvH’D;,
}wDqX,J’l’lvDRI ,xd.o}wDRuhR,w>td.rltoD’D;w>tvD>vHRwz.,
qdurd.vDRuhR,o;< ,o;qgvDRuhR,o;’d.r;vDRI b.q.,wwkRql
w>[;*DR’H;b.tCd< wbsDwcD.qdurd.xD.uhR,w>vJRcDzsd’D;zk;b.z;’d.

67
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
,o;tCd,wJxD.zsJ;vXcd< ?jyKuhR,uvR/ ySRweDRvXtd.bl;,ReHR
xD.0J’D;wJ0J< ?rh>eogysK>xD.uhRwcD{gI/ ,JwcDwwJw>eDwrHRb.I ySRrh>
eHReHR< eHR0Jrh>wuJvXRuqdrd.’.0J’ftup>tusd.vDRI t&hw’d.vX,*D>
b.I ,o;ylRwcDrh>’.w>td.rlvXpdRcHpdRtw>b.*Hm*lmtCd< pl.e.rH.
[JuJxD.to;’D;w>qDwvJtd.xD.vX,ylRtCdvDRI

cJtHRwbsD,ymvDR,o;vX,wolw>td.rlvk>v>xloElvXtylRuGHm
vXRb.’D;wolph>uD;,Jw>td.rltoDcJtHRwz.b.I w>td.rltpdRchcgtHR
,upDRuG>uhRtuH>tpD’D;,u[H;M>cHpdRvXmvXt*hRwz.vDRI xJwpdR,
wolb.I ,rh>olcJuXmuur.M>b.zk;,RvDRI vX,w>td.rlwpdRtHR,
qX’D;rk>v>ph>uD;vXrk>weHR,uuJxD.cd.e>z;’d.w*RvXtxk;pkeJ.usJySR
vXcHwpdRvX’d*hRwJmb.’D;uJxD.ph>uD;w>pH.pdRwJpdRvXcHwpdRt*D>M.vDRI
rk>weHRrf,w>ynd.wz.uvXxD.yJSRxD.’D;uJxD.ph>uD;w>rh>w>wDvXySR
tg*RtrJmngM.vDRI

ySRuGJ;w>*h>=pDRvX>rk>xl< eD.*H> 1 wDRxDuFd< rJ>v;tl'Ju0DR

68
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd

PotBsJUFlimeRmuIKOF

zDwRq+.zdwxl.vXtrh>rJxD.b.vXrJ;rk>ysD’D;rh>w’d;M>b.
rlcd.xH< rh>w’d;M>b.[D.cd.vXtcsgtd.trJmngrh>’d;M>b.xJrk>tw>ud>
ql.ql.uvJm< ’D;zDwRq+.zdwxl.tHRtw>td.rlvXu’d.xD.xDxD.t*D>
w>urRto;’D;tDR’fvJ.I

b.zJvgySJRweR< vgzdvXrlcd.tHR’k;eJ.zsgxD.0J’.[D.cd.tw>CHw>vR
wz.cDzsdvXtw>uyDR’D;wl>vdmrkm0J[D.cd.zdoh.wz.vXw>rJmrkmegqXw>
rkmw>ck.tvXtySJRvDRI ‘fM.tod;q.zduD>zdwz.ph>uD;rRCHrRvR0Jrlcd.
vXwRv.vXttd.’D;tDRwohzJtohtCdrlcd.tHRzsgCHvR0J’d.r;vDRI w
u;’H;b.trJmnguvHRzdoh.wz.ph>uD;qD.zsd;uGHm0Jw>ud>w>*DR’D;[h.vDR
w>rkmw>ck.wz.qlu,J>rh>w>vXto;orltd.vX[D.cd.csXwz.ttd.
vDRI rhrh>’fM.’D;vgySJRweRtHR[h.ySRtg*RvXw>o;rH’D;w>rkmw>ck.vDRI

69
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
b.q.ySRvXtxD’gMqX.tw>CHw>vR’D;w>rkmw>ck.M.td.0Jw*RvDRI
ySRw*RtHRurh>rwRvJ.I rh>pDRxlbDvDRI eRweRtHRrh>rkmrh>ck.xJvJ.b.
q.vXpDRxlbDto;ylRwcDud>tlud>uJRb.r;to;’frh.tluJRvXto;ylR
tod;vDRI ?rd{XIIIw>uwdRzdvXepH;,RvXetJ.,R’d.r;< xDbdeurRrkm
,o;< ew>ynd.vX,*D>’ftrh>0J,uuJxD.b.0JySRul.b.ul.oh< ,u
uJxD.b.xHuD>cd.e>M.vDRI eymwh>,R’D;ygy>b.q.t0Jwue.Ckm,R
b.I vJR’.zJto;rR’.tw>’.0JvDRI tdoH;’DweHRusXR’D;rh>rlRxD.wbsD
rRql;rRqg,RxDbdvDRI w>vXte;uwX>rh>’.ygy>rh>[H;M>trgvXtoD
vDRI ,w>td.rlvXtrkmtck.tHRuwX>0JzJebH.vDRerJmtrk>eHR’D;w>ud>
w>*DR’D;w>uDw>cJtHRp;xD.to;zJygy>trgzdo.tHR[JxD.0JvX[H.ylRt
qXuwD>vDRI t0JwJclol.w>’D;trd>vXto;ylR’D;to;vDR’d.r;cDzsdtw>
td.rlzSD.,mtCdtrJmxHvDRb.r;to;jyK>jyK>vDRI [D.0J,HmxJvJ.woh.
ngvDRto;b.I rhrh>wcDe>[l0JvXtrd>zdo.tHRud;xD.tDRvXw>ol.’d.
o;zsd;tylRtCdt0Jzk;b.to;’D;ud;qX0JvX ?rd/ 'D;uhRpH.0Jqlttd.chschs
M.vDRI
wkRrh>uhRwkR0Jqlrd>zdo.tHRttd.’D;tw>oHuG>tDRvXw>ol.’d.o;zsd;
tylR ?eud;qX,R’fvJ.I/ t0JpH;qXu’guhR0JvX< ?,ud;qXb.eRvXrd
vDRI/ ‘D;trd>zdo.tHRwJu’D;tDR< ?,wJymeR’fvJ.I ewb.ud;,RvXrd
b.I ,wrh>erd>b.I w>tHRewoh.ngb.{gI cDzsdvXeud;,RvXrd>tCd
b.’db.xH;,ol;oh.,vRuyDRxJvJ.< ySRvXcd.CXRwz.uxH.qH;,R
xJvJ.ewoh.ngb.{gI zFg< zFg< zFg ?vXcHwd>eD.< ee>[l{gI ySSR[;*DRzd{X/
t0JpH;qX0Joh’.xJ ?rh>/ wzsX.{dRvDRI rgzdo.tHRvXw>wb.to;wpJ;
zdtylRt0J’l0JpDRxlbDwu;’H;b.’J0JtrJmcsK;oXxH.’H;vDRI w>tHRwuwX>
’H;b.I tygpDRoJ;zDw*R[JCDRqlt0Joh.ttd.’D;oHuG>trgzdo.vX< ?e
wJySRw*RtHR’fvJ.I eud;tDRvXySR[;*DRzdrh>{gI/ ‘D;trgzdo.pH;qXtDR<?e
zdw*RtHRwusXw>eDwrHRb.tCd,pH;vXwusXb.vDRI oh’.xJwrHRvX
tD.vXmrhR< td.CX[D.cd.vDRI wu;’H;b.trJmngrR[;*DR,ol;,oh.<
70
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
,vRuyDRtCd,ud;tDRvXySR[;*DRzdM.vDRI etJ.’d;wJtgw>td.’f{gI eJ
ph>uD;etdoH;’DweHRusXRvDRI vXw>M.tCdezdcGgtHRurRto;’ftHRvDRI y
,DRzdtw>uwdR’dtd.0JwbD ?iSufaysmyifpdkuftrsdK;vdkuf/ vDRI w>uwdR’d
wzsX.tHRySRuxH.qdympXRvHok’Dzdy>cH*Rtw>td.o;vHtCdySRxk;xD.M>
okvXoku’due.< yD>,>vDRuhRoko;t*D>vDRI/ pDRoJ;zDtHRrh>vXwJqXt
rgwohvXRb.tCdw>ur.cJvXmM.ymvDR0JvXpDRxlbDtcd.vdRcJvXmM.
vDRI

t0JC.CDRto;qltzdcGgtd.’D;vXw>ol.’d.o;zsd;tylRwJxD.0J< ?w>
tHRrh>vXeRtCd,b.uwdRvHI/ t0JwJ0J’fM.0HRwXRyHmxD.tpkcd.vX>’D;
xX.0JtzdcGgtrJmoXxH.oD.b.r;to; x;< x;< x; vDRI 0HRIIIwJxGJ0J<
?t0JtHRrh>w>yeD.tbDvXe*D>vDRI rReD.wkReoHI ee>[l{gI/ t0JwJ0J’fM.
’D;zD.xD.toH;yvDzd’D;uhRqltrgzdo.td.vDRI rhrh>pDRxlbDwcDtd.wh>vX
cH’D;vXtw>o;b.’dtylRrJmxHzdwz.,GRvDRb.r;to;vXrJmbd;yRzdt
vdRvDRI vDR*mrR’ftrJmo.zdtHRud>tl0JuzDuzDvDRI vXw>M.tCdt0JzD.
vDRuG>0JtrJmo.’D;vDR*mr;’ftpkrk>zdwz.b.pD.tCdt0JuG>vDR0Jtpkrk>
’D;xH.0JvXtpJvXw>oGH.M.vDRI

vXw>M.tCdt0JuhRpH.EkmqltvD>rH’X;tylR’D;uG>vDRtrJmo.vXrJm
xHuvRtylRvDRI xH.b.0JvXtrJmo.’Dwbh.ngtd.’.xJySRpkngo;t
vD>xD.*DR’D;ty>xX.tDRoXxH.tHRnd;xD.’D;yX>oGH.b.r;to;vDRI t0J
to;b.’d’d.r;cDzsdvXw’d;M>b.y>tw>tJ.tuH>upD’D;w>u[ku,mw
z.trJmng< xDbdb.w>rRe;rRzSD.tDRvXy>’D;trgzdo.tHRtCd< t0JrH
eDRvXvD>rHcd.us;CmtrJmo.’D;cd.wcX.’D;[D.0JjyK>jyK>vDRI [D.0J,HmxJ
vJ.woh.ngvDRto;b.I [D.[D.wkRtrHb.to;vDRI
?zdcGgIIIxlbDzd{X< rdoh.eD.b.eR’d.r;vDRI etd.ql.td.chsupD’D{g/ t
0JpH;qXuhRtrd>< ?rh>,td.ql.td.chsupD’DvDRI rd{X,oh.eD.b.eR’d.r;
71
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
vDRI ud;rk>eHR’J;,cd;uG>v>eRvXeu[JuhRql,td.vDRI ,td.’D;ygygw
rkmb.I t0Joh.’Drg0RcH*RtHRrReXR,R’d.r;vDRI pDRxlbDtHRqXxH.b.
uhRtrd>,Hmwh>r;vHtCdwkRrh>txH.xD.0JwbsD’D;vXw>o;ckz;’d.tylRu
wdRw>’D;trd>wkR’.vJmweD.xD.to;vXuuog0Jt*D>vXRb.I wJwcDcD
[D.wcDcDvDRI rd>w*RtHRwkRrh>txH.b.tzdcGgtw>td.rlzSD.,m’d.r;’D;
to;b.’d’d.r;tCdzd;[kCm0JtzdcGgCH;CH;’D;vXtuvk>ued;tylRwJxD.
0JzdcGg{Xew>[J0HtX’d.r;vJ.< rdo;unDRb.eRvDRI/ t0JwJqX0Jtrd<?rd
{XIIIerh>o;unDR,R’D;[;o’.,RvXRw*hReDRI/ trd>wcDpH;tDR< ?zdcGg{X
IIIwohb.cJtHRrdub.vJRw>td.’H;tCdrduvJRympXReDRI cDzsdvXw>td.
o;tCdrdb.vDRz;’D;eRvDRI rdwqXtd.,HR’D;eReDwbsDb.I w>td.o;rh>
*hRweHRrdu[JuhRud;eRoyS>uwX>vDRI tcJtHR’krduvJRympXRvDReDRI/ rd>
w*RtHRwJ0J’fM.0HR’D;[;xD.0JvDRI?rd{X< vJRo’.,Rw*hRI td.cd;,R’H;<
td.cd;zdcGg’H;rDR IIIrd< rd< rdIII/ [H.uk>rk.eD>0gtHRwkRrh>te>[lb.pDRxlbD
ud;oD.vXtvD>rH’X;tylRtCd< vJRCh>0Jqlttd.’D;ud;yX>xD.0J< ’k;tD0JxH
wcG;0HRoHuG>0JxlbDzdeb.w>rEkRvJ.< pDRxlbDzd;[kCmeD>0gtudmbdr;r;
’D;wJzsgxD.0JvXtw>rHrD>t*h>wqDb.wqDvDRI eD>0gtHRwkRrh>te>[lb.
pDRxlbDtw>uwdRwz.< ’D;to;b.’db.xH;’d.r;tCdtrJmxHzd,GRvDR
b.rRto;vXpDRxlbDtysd>vdRvDRI 0HRwJuoGH0JvXto;ylR<?xlbD{X< erh>
ySRxl;wDRzdw*Rb.q.ew>[J0HtHRtX’d.r;vJ.I ,qdurd.vXySRxl;wDR
ud;*R’J;M.uvXySJR’D;w>rkmw>ck.vDRI/ t0Jqdurd.0J’fM.0HR’D;‘fod;pDRxl
bDto;urkmxD.uhRt*D>uwdRbsH;uGHm0Jw>uwdRvXusJt*Rwbd’D;pH;0J<
?xlbD*JRqXxX.< ys>rJmys>egI vk.xHvk.ed< rh>0HRyutD.oud;rhRcH*R0H.
0H.bJbJvDRI/
w>uwdRvXtuykmvk;zdwz.tHRrRrkmxD.xlbDto;’d.r;vDRI xlbD*JR
xX.vXw>ol.zSHo;nDtylRvJRys>trJm’D;wl>b.0JvXtrJmo.zdtHRqgb.
tDR’d.r;tCdud;0Jrk>*>eD>0g’D;pH;0J< ?,rJmo.qg< ud>tlud>uJR’Dbh.ng<
,ys>,rJmwbl.b.I/ tM.r;eD>0gymol.ymo;0JvXxlbDtrJmo.zd’D;yX>
72
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
oGH.b.r;to;vDRI t0JoHuG>xlbDvX<?t0J[JuJxD.to;’fvJ.I/ xlbD
pH;qXtDR< ?cDzsdvXygyg’D;trgtHRrR’X.,RreRuXmtCdvDRI/ w>pH;qXzd
wxH.tHRrRb.’deD>0gto;’d.r;M.vDRI b.q.eD>0gwymzsgxD.tw>o;
b.’db.< b.,d.0JvXuuJxD.w>b.wHmwmvXzdo.tHRt*D>vDRI ys>M>
xlbDtrJmo.zdtHRvXxHcsDzdtuvXRwcG;’D;xGgysDM>0JuzDuzD0HRzkM>0JvX
uoH.’D;us;M>0JvXuoH.us;w>ylRvD>vDRI 0HRtD.oud;rhRcH*R0H.0H.bJbJ
vDRI

pDRxlbDtD.rhR0HR0HxD.xX.’D;vJRqluFdvDRI wkRrh>twkRvXuFd’D;toud;
wz.eHRb.tDRcDzsdtrJmo.’Dwbh.ngySJR’D;uoH.us;rJmtCdvDRI vXt
usgweDRvJRwX.tDRvXo&.uFdcd.’D;pH;0J'.< ?pDRxlbDtHR[;vdmrX;to;<
[;Ckth.vdmto;’D;ySR*RtCdcJtHRtrJmo.’Dwbh.ngySJR’D;uoH.us;rJm
vDRI/ uFdcd.ud;xH.vdmtDR’D;oHuG>0Jw>*h>w>usdRb.q.rh>vXt0JwwJzsg
0JtCduFdcd.to;[JxD.’D;pH;b.tDR<?eRw*RtHRe[;rR[;*DRuFdtrHR< uFd
tvRuyDRtCdeub.w>pH.nD.vDRI uFdwzsX.trHRrh>[;*DRM.uFd’DzsX.
tylR=o&.o&.rk.vXttd.wz.’D;uFdzdvXttd.wz.cJvXmph>uD;trHR
u[;*DRvDRI vXuFdwzsX.tHRtylRuFd’D;o&.o&.rk.cJvXmtd.ySJR*RvJ.I/
rh>vXo&.uFdcd.oHuG>tDRtCdtpH;qX0J<?cJvXmtd.,J>u,RvDRI/ o&.
uFdcd.tuvk>oD.xD.0J< ?rhrh>’fM.’D;’fod;erRur.ySR,J>u,RtHRtod;e
ub.qXxX.qh.eDRtxH.,J>u,R0HReub.qXxX.vXuFdrJmngwcDcD.
’DweHRusXRvDRI erRuuJ{gpDRxlbDI/ rh>vXo&.uFdcd.oHuG>tDRtCdt0J
pH;qX0J< ?rh>IIo&./ ?rhrh>’fM.’D;p;xD.ew>rRIII/o&.uFdcd.w*RtHRtJ.
tzdtvHR’d.r;< [h.vDRto;vXw>cJvXm< vXtzdtvHRt*D>[h.vDRt
o;vXmvXmqhqh’D;rh>[h.0Jw>ur.M.[h.0JwkRvDRwDRvDRvDRI tcJtHRpDR
xlbDb.w>[h.tDRw>ur.vHI t0JrR0J’H;o&.uFdcd.[h.tDRw>ur.t
od;vDRI wkRrh>[gcDvDRuFdys>’D;t0J[JuhRqlt[H.I weHRtHRrh>vXt0JvDR
bSH;’d.r;tCd< wkRrh>twkRvX[H.’D;ymvDRtxX.’D;uGHmvDRto;vXvD>rH

73
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
cd.vDRI ?pDRxlbD< eog[JvX,td.wbDI uFdys>e[JuhRwkR’D;eoHvdRvX’X;
ylR’kwrh>b.vJ.I rRrh>chschsIII/pDRxlbDtHRvDRbSH;’d.r;tCdymvDRto;vX
urHvDRI b.q.e>[l0JvXrd>,>w*RtHR’ltDR’D;ud;tDRtCdb.vJR0Jqlt
td.vDRI wkRtvJRwkRwbsDtw>pH;b.tDR< ?erRw>rEkRvX’X;udylRvJ.I
uFdys>ew>rRtd.ewoh.ngb.{gI ok;uGHmzDoyXRwz.tHRvXM.wuyRI
rh>0HRvlM>txHee>[l{gI/t0JvDRbSH;b.q.cDzsdvXysHRb.trd>,>tCdb.
rR0JvDRI zgwH>bD.vXtcd;M>[H.w>bH.w>bXw*RuG>pDRxlbD’D;o;ub.
nDR0JtCd[J0JqlpDRxlbDttd.’D;pH;0JpDRxlbDvX< ?,urRM>eRvXecX.p;<
td.bSH;ympXReJI/ b.q.pDRxlbDwwl>vdm0Jb.I rRw*hRzgwH>bD.I cJuXm
ySRu’lb.zk;,RI ,up>urR’.,JohvDRI zJtwJvdmto;’D;zgwH>bD.t
cgrd>zdo.tHR[JwkR0J’D;pH;0JpDRxlbDvX< ?ezdo.w*RtHRerX;xJtHRng{gI
w>rRvX,rXeRerXvXySR*RI w>tHRzsgvXetJ.’d;xD’g,Rwrh>b.{gI/ t
0JpH;qXuhR0J< ?wrh>b.< ,xD’geRwbl.b.I/ pDRxlbDuwdRqXuhRtDR
vXtrkmuwX>vDRI wu;’fb.trJmngzgwH>bD.ph>uD;ogu±SJyF;tDR’fvDRI
b.q.rd>zdo.tHRwwl>vdm0Jb.I t0JwJxD.0J< ?pDRbD.IIIewb.%SJyF;,R
w>eDwrHRb.I ySRw*RtHR,oh.ngympXRt*h>cJvXmvHI t0JtJ.’d;xD’g,R
xDbdvDRI/ t0JC.CDRto;qlpDRxlbD’D;pH;0J ?ecD.vD>wxJod;,R’fb.I
etJ.’d;wR,RxJtHRngI erh>’d.xD.eurR,R’fvJ.,woh.ngb.I tCd
,ub.zD.CH;CmeRvXcJtHRwbsDCDvDRI/ t0J’l0JpDRxlbDwu;’H;b.[H;
xD.0JcD.zH;vXt’d;0J’D;’J0JpDRxlbDtrJmo.<?z;IIz;III/cHxH.vDRI 0HRwJxGJ0J
?vXcHwd>eD.< w>rRvX,rh>rXeRM.rRI wb.wJqX,ReDwpJ;w*hRI cJtHR
rR0HRew>rR/rd>,>tHR’lpDRxlbD0HRuhREkm0Jqlt[H.ylRvDRI rhrh>pDRxlbDwcD
w>ylRvD>vXtvD>vHRwz.wbsg’H;trJmngcD.zH;tD.u’D;trJmtCdt0Jt
o;b.zSD.wkR’.vJmymzsg0JwohvXRb.vDRI zgwH>bD.wcDuG>0JpDRxlbD’D;
o;unDR0Jb.q.rRpXR0Jwohb.I pDRxlbDrRw>vXrJmxHrJmedtylR0HR0JcJ
vXm’D;rk>[gvHtCdymvDRto;vXuuhRvk.xHvk.edtD.rhRtD.xH0HRurH0J
vDRI b.q.tw>ynd.tHRwvXySJR’H;b.I zJt0J[JuhREkmql[H.ylR’D;ty>

74
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
ud;CDRtDR< ?pDRxlbDIIe[JvX,td.wpJ;I/ t0Je>[l0JvXty>ud;tDRtCd
vJR0Jqlty>td.’D;pH;0J< ?ygIIeuwJ,Rw>rEkRvJ.I/ ty>wJtDR< ?euG>xH
xH,yvDRylRw>rEkRtd.vJ.I w>wtd.eDwrHRwrh>b.{gI/ rh>vXty>oH
uG>tDRtCdt0JpH;qXuhR0JvXtrkmvDRI ?rh>ygIIIw>wtd.eDwrHRvXRb./
tygpH;tDR< ?vXw>M.tCdvJR[HM>,RoH;wyvD< vJRrh>chschs< ,b.o;tD
’d.r;vHI/ t0JvJR0JvXu[H;M>oH;tyvDvXtygt*D>vDRI b.q.ty>ym
Cm0JoH;yvDwz.tHRtvD>xDwpJ;tCdt0JzD.0JwwkR*hR*hRb.I *kmusJ;pX;
[H;M>0Jt*hRuwX>b.q.cDzsdvXtpkwysmwpJ;tCdtygtoH;yvDvDRwJm
oh.z;wyvDvDRI pDRoJ;zDtHRwkRrh>te>[l0JvXtzdrRvDRwJmoH;yvD’D;vDR
uJr;’f*k>oDzs;b.tcd.xHM.vDRI trJmcH;xD.’D;w’G;xHw>eDwrHRvXRb.I
vJRCDR0JvXpDRxlbDttd.’D;CgxD.0J<?erR’fvJ.II/vXw>ysHRw>zk;tylRpDR
xlbDpH;qXtygvX<?rh>vX,pkwysmwpJ;tCdyvDtHRvDRwJmoh.z;0JvDRI/
‘D;tygpH;tDR<?,rh>rXeRM.uJxD.to;’ftHRxDbdvDRI w>tHRwyvDqH;tg
vJ.eoh.ng{g< tyOR’d.M>’H;eRvDRI/

pDRoJ;zDtHR’lvXtzdcGgtvdRwu;’H;b.[H;xD.oH;yvDwzsX.’D;wD>0Jtzd
cGgtcd.vXoH;yvDvDRI 0HR[H;M>oH;toDwzsX.’D;uhRqh.eDRvXtvD>’D;td0J
bSJbSJvDRI w>rRto;’D;pDRxlbD’fvJ.M.wue.Ckm0Jb.I rhrh>pDRxlbDwcD
ty>wD>tDRvXoH;yvDql.ql.uvJmtCd< tcd.rlR’D;vDRCHRo;yhReD.uGHm
to;vDRI w>tHR[H.uk>rkmeD>0guG>0JwrkmvXRb.tCd[JCh>CDR0JqlpDRxl
bDttd.’D;0H>*JRxX.0J’D;uhRud;0JvXtvD>rHcd.vDRI 0HRrRM>0Jw>ylRvD>’D;’k;
tDvDR0JuoH.vDRI pDRxlbDtDvDRuoH.0HRwpd>zdtrJmzH;cd.rRto;CX’d.
xD.’d.xD.’D;rHb.to;vDRI ?zdcGgIIzdcGg{XIIxlbDIIrd[JuhRtd.oud;eRvHI
[JuG>rdrJmwbs;zdrDR/?rdrd{XII,o;ck’d.r;vXe[JuhRtd.oud;,R’H;vDRI/
xlbDpH.CDRqltrd>ttd.’D;zd;[kCmtrdr;r;’D;vXw>[D.w>,XRtylRpH;0J<
?rd{XIIIevJRzJvJ.I eymwh>,RxJw*R,td.wrkmb.I w>ud>w>*DRvXt
b.,Rwz.tHR,wl>wuJvXRb.I euymwh>,RxDbdvDR{gI ewo;u

75
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
nDRezdcGgvXRb.{gI/ trd>pH;tDR< ?zdcGg{XIIIwJrd>’fM>w*hRrDRI rdtJ.eRvXm
o;cDzsdvXyw>[J0HwvXm’H;b.tCdyb.td.,HRvdmyo;vDRI rd>w*RtHR
zd;[kCmtzdcGg’D;eXrl0Jtcd.wdo.zduzDvDvDRI zJteXrl0JtcgvDR*m’fw>eX
qSHb.tDRvXw>oGH.tCduG>0JxHxH’D;xH.tzdcGgtcd.oh.z;’D;toGH.vXt
,GRvDRwz.ChxDb.to;vXcd.olusgvDRI vXw>M.tCd<?[;o’.uGHm
,RvXRw*hReDRI erh>,o;orl< erh>,w>uyDRvDRI/ rd>w*RtHRwkRrh>te>
[lb.tzdcGgtw>uwdR’D;to;qD.uwHm’d.r;tCdtrJmxH,GRvDRb.r;
to;vDRI b.q.wysJxH.tzdcGgb.I xGguGHmclol.0J’D;pH;0J< ?zdcGg{X< w
b.wJvXRw*hRI rdo;b.’d’d.r;vDRI b.q.cJtHRM.rduvJRympXRvDeDRI
w>qXuwD>vXutd.b.’fod;od;M.bl;xD.vHI tCdtd.cd;ympXRrdrdeDRI
ySRvXtuDRolxHM>wz.w*RM.tDb.xHqSHvDRI/ trd>wJtDR’fM.0HR’D;vJR
o’.tDRvDRI t0JvlRydmxGJtrd>tcH’D;ud;0J< ?rdIItd.cd;,RIItd.cd;,R’H;II
td.cd;,R’H;II/

eD>0gtHR’DweRusXRrh>vXttd.cd;pDRxlbDtCdzJrk>bl;u0gxD.’D;rHoyhR
b.to;wpJ;vDRI zJM.tcge>[l0JvXpDRxlbDud;oD.tCdvJRok;bl;to;
qlpDRxlbDttd.’D;ud;0J< ?xlbD< xlbDeb.w>rEkRvJ.I/ xlbDyX>xD.’D;
wJyF;tDRw>vXtrHrD>uhR0Jwz.vDRI eD>0ge>[lpDRxlbDtw>uwdRwz.’D;t
o;b.’d’d.r;vDRI ?rk>*>0g{XII,tJ.’d;xH.,rd’d.r;vDRI/eD>0gtHR’fod;pDR
xlbDto;okwb.zSD.w*hRt*D>*kmusJ;pX;wJylRuGHmw>uwdRvXtrRb.’d
pDRxlbDto;wz.vDRI vXw>M.tCdpH;0J< ?xlbDIII*JRxX.IIIrRuqSDo;
0HRyutD.oud;rhRIII/ rh>vXrk>*>0g[h.oq.xD.tcHtCdxlbD*JRxX.
vk.xHvk.ed< tD.rhRtD.xH0HRvJRqluFdvDRI

w>qXuwD>wz.vJRw&H;to;wqDb.wqD’D;cJtHRpDRxlbDzsdxD.t
wDRwqHvHI vXw>*kmusJ;pX;tCdt0J’d;M>b.cd.z;wXvDRI teD>up>to;
ck’d.r;vDRI rk>*>0g’D;zgwH>bD.cH*RvXmo;ckCkm’D;pDRxlbDvDRI rhrh>pDRoJ;zD

76
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
’D;trgzdo.’kwuemCkmxlbDeDwpJ;b.trJmngpDRoJ;zDpH;xD.0J< ?ecd.z;
wXtHRtyORwtd.xJod;,oH;wyvDb.I/w>uwdRwzsX.tHRrRb.’dpDRxl
bDto;’d.’d.rk>rk>vDRI t0JuhREkm0Jqlt’X;tdylR’D;uhR[D.clol.vXtvD>
rHcd.vDRI ‘D;pH;0J< ?rd{XIIItcJtHR,zsdxD.twDRwqHvHI ,M>ph>uD;cd.z;wX
vDRI [JuG>u’guhR,Rwbs;’H;rDRI ,emoyS>uwX>vXerh>td.’kurh>w>rkm
vX,*D>t’d.uwX>vDRI eu[;pXR,RvXw>vD>tgylRvDRI/
eD>0gtHR[J0JqlpDRxlbDttd.’D;pH;0J ?xlbD{XIIIwb.o;b.zSD.xJM.ng
w*hRI/t0J[h.*H>[h.bg0JpDRxlbD0HRpH;0JvX ?xlbD< eo;rh>td.M.rk>*>tJ.
’d;wJeRw>wrHR/ pDRxlbDtJ.’d;oh.ngb.0JeD>0gtw>uwdRtCdwJqX0J
?rh>,tJ.’d;ue.vDRI/ eD>0gpH;b.pDRxlbDvX< ?xlbD{XIII cJrqh.,uCh
ym,cGJ;vXey>td.vX,uuhR[;uok.vX,[H.,CDrDudmvDRI eb.o;
vJRtd.oud;,Rph>uD;{gI/ xlbDpH;qXtDR< ?,tJ.’d;[;uok.uoDz;,Hm
vHtCderh>ud;,R’D;,uvJRydmecHvDRI b.q.eub.ChM>,cGJ;vX,y>
td.eDRI/ eD>0gpH;b.xlbDvXwvd.b.ud>b.*DRw>eDwrHRb.I ?uJIIxlbD
td.bSH;td.ogympXReJI ,uuhRusJRympXRw>vXcJrqh.t*D>wpJ;I/ t0JwJ
pDRxlbD’fM.0HR’D;uhRuwJmuwDRymw>vXrk>qh.xD.uvJRw>uhRw>t*D>
vDRI
wkRrk>qh.xD.t0Joh.tD.rhRtD.xH0HRvJRw>vDRI w>td.zsgvXusJ’Dbd
ngM.rh>w>toDcJvXmvXpDRxlbDt*D>vDRI w>td.zsgcJvXmrRrkmrRo;zSHpDR
xlbD’d.r;vDRI t0Joh.’d;odvh.,Hm0JvGH>e.&H.C.C.’D;wkR0JvXeD>0gt
o0DvDRI rhrh>o0Dzdb.q.cDzsdvXodvh.tusJwkR0JtCdw>vJRw>uhRnD0J
vDRI w>ol.xD.wz.rh>w’d.wxDb.q.td.’.CH;CD.’D.zdud;zsX.’J;vDRI
usJrk>usJbdph>uD;td.bsX,k>uvmvDRI t0Joh.pH.vDRvXodvh.ylR0HRvJRo
ud;w>wpd>zd’D;wkR0JvXeD>0gt[H.vDRI

eD>0gt[H.tHRw’d.tgv>uJ.qd;b.I b.w>bSDtDRvXoh.wuxXzd
CH;CD.’D.vDRI rhrh>u&X>wcDrh>wvJ>wxDb.q.wtH.ph>uD;b.I vXM.
77
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
trJmngzDzdwz.td.tuvkmuvkmtCdu&X>zd’D;[H.wzsX.tHRzsgqJ;0J’d.
r;vDRI w>td.zsgcJvXmxk;M>pDRxlbDto;’d.r;vDRI t0Joh.cH*REkmvDRql
u&X>ylRwbsDCDydmrk.zdw*R[JpH.xD.vX[H.ylR'D;o*X>0Jrk>*>eD>0gtcd.
vDRI t0Joh.vJREkm0Jql[H.ylR’D;uwdRoud;w>ySD>ySD>vDRI rhrh>ydmrk.zdw*R
tHR[gr>0Jwpd>zd0HR[JyX>xD.0JwbsDpdmCm0JxHcsDzd’D;ud.zdeDzdvDRI ‘D;eD>0g
wJxD.0J<?zdrk.< t0JtHRrh>oxhtzdcGgpDRxlbDvDRI/ zd’d.cGgxlbD< ?t0JtHR
rh>,zdrk.eD>vgqJ;qSH0gvDRI t0Jw*Rrh>0J,zdrk.ygvDRI/ t0Joh.[H;pkuG>
rJmvdmo;0HRuwdReHRoud;w>vDRI vgqJ;ty>tHRuwdReHRw>ohtCdpDRxl
bD&h’D;tDRrkm’d.r;vDRI
w>qXuwD>,HmxD.’D;pDRxlbD'D;vgqJ;t[H.zdCDzdtHR&hvdmto;bl;bl;
wH>wH>vDRI pDRxlbDoh.ngo0Dtw>td.o;cJvXmcDzsdvgqJ;[;pXRtDR’D;%SJ
yF;tDRtCdvDRI ‘fw>qXuwD>qDwvJto;tod;pDRxlbD’D;vgqJ;cH*RtHRt
w>&hvdmto;ph>uD;tw>qDwvJxD.to;vDRI rd>y>oh.wz.ph>uD;b.o;
M>tDRupD’DvDRI [H.w’l.tHR’D;o0DzdwzsX.tHRxk;M>pDRxlbDto;wkR’.
vJmpDRxlbDwtJ.’d;uhRvXt[H.vXRb.I rk>eHRrk>oDb.vHvXpDRxlbDu
b.uhRvXt[H.vDRI b.q.t0JwtJ.’d;uhRtCduGJ;usXuhRtygvXvHm
vDRI [H.zdCDzdwz.oh.ngympXRt*h>vXmvHtCdtw>wl>vdmtDRvDRI

pDRoJ;zDtHRwkRrh>tz;b.tzdcGgtvHmy&X’D;to;’d.xD.w>’d.r;wkR
’.vJmtJ.’d;rRoHySRunDvDRI t0Jwusmtx;wHm<?wD;/uem’D;pH;0J<?pDR
xlbDIIpDRxlbDIIcJtHRecD.vD>xJod;,R’D;etJ.’d;wRw>’D;,RvH{gI erh>tJ.
’d;oh.ngpDRoJ;zDt*h>’D;rRuG>oX.I/ wJ0J’fM.0HR[H;xD.oH;cG;’D;tdvDR0Jw
bsDCDvDRI 0HR’d;xD.odvh.’D;vJRvlRuhR0JpDRxlbDwbsDCDvDRI

pDRxlbD’D;vgqJ;cH*RtHRqh.eDRuwdRw>vXuyRvD>qh.eDRzdwzsX.tvdR
vDRI zJpDRxlbD’J;zDzdwzD’D;qSD;xD.0JvXvgqJ;tcd.vdRtcgpDRoJ;zDtodvh.
[JwkR0JvDRI pDRxlbDtHRoh.ngvXty>[JvlRtDRvHtCdysHRw>’d.r;vDRI rh
78
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
rh>pDRoJ;zDwcDpH.vDRvXodvh.’D;[JqlpDRxlbDttd.ySJR’D;w>eHRurSHvDRI ‘D;
ud;xD.0J< ?zdcGgIIeymwh>ygxJw*R{dRtb.rEkRvJ.I yg’leRb.q.ewtd.
ygtd.wohb.I ygo;o,k>eR’d.r;tCduhRydmygcHeDRI/ pDRoJ;zDtHRud;t
zdcGgvXtrkmuwX>vDRI vX'DwpdRnguwD>ylRpDRxlbDwe>[lb.tyguwdR
w>’D;tDR’ftHReDwbsDtCdt0Jo;unDRb.tyg’D;tX.vDR0JvDRI t0J[H;pk
uG>rJmvgqJ;’D;t[H.zdCD0HRuhRxD.qlodvh.tzDcd.vDRI t0Jtd;xD.odvh.
trJmxHuvR’D;xH.0JvXvgqJ;uG>xGJtcHySJR’D;rJmxHzdtCdt0Jto;b.’d
’d.r;vDRI t0J,lmxD.tpk’D;0H>0>yF;0JvXtpkngo;vDRI
t0Jqdurd>w>,HmxJvJ.woh.ngvDRto;b.I wkRrh>toh.eD.xD.t
o;wbsDodvh.tHRwkR0JvXt[H.vHI pDRxlbDpH.vDRvXodvh.zDcd.’D;uhREkm
vDRqlt[H.ylRvDRI vXw>wymol.ymo;tylRty>xX.trJmo.tCdt0J
vDRCHR0JvDRI tygbh.vDR,D>wudm’D;zhs0hR0DRtDRvX,D>wudmvDRI tw>
qgb.tDR’d.r;b.q.rRoD.tuvk>wbl.b.I t0JysHRw>ued;b.r;t
o;vDRI ‘Dw*RySJR’D;,D>wudmtvD>yX>oGH.vDRI y>w*RzVtzdbsJzhs’D;pH;0J<
?ySR[;*DRzdIIIvXeRtCd,rJmo.ub.qH;vXySRtrJmngvDRI vXw>M.
tCd,rReRxJtHRwusXC;b.,o;’H;b.rh>vXw>bSH;,o;tCdbD.p>
vXe*D>wpJ;rhrh>’kwnDvXe*D>b.I cJtHR’D;qlngewb.[;eDwylRb.I e
ub.td.’.vX[H.ylRvDRI
p;xD.zJM.’D;pDRxlbDtw>td.rltHRb.ud>b.*DRe;M>’H;tvD>vDRI cDzsd
vXrd>zdo.’D;y>cH*RtHRtw>rRql;rRqgtDRql.ql.uvJmtCdt0JysHRw>
wkR’.vJmrHvXrk>eRrHrD>tXysD>oDtXw>’D;ud;yolegpdRb.to;zJrk>eRcgxD
bdvDRI t0Joh.eD.b.trd>< oh.eD.b.vgqJ;t[H.zdCDzdxDbdvDRI w>rR
to;’ftHR,HmxD.’D;pDRxlbDto;b.’dtgtCdxlbDtHRrRM>0Jo;tw>qg
M.vDRI
vgqJ;t[H.zdCDzdph>uD;oh.eD.b.xlbDxDbdvDRI cJtHRvXxlbDwtd.
b.tCdt0Joh.t[H.ylRvDR*mr;’fw>vDR[dvDRzsJ.z;’d.wrHRvDRI rhrh>vg
79
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
qJ;t*D>’kwvd.wJvXRb.I b.weHRzJvgqJ;t[H.zdCDzduwdRoud;w>
b.C;’D;pDRxlbDt*h>tcgxH.0JvXySR[;vh>vdRvX[H.rJmngw*RvDRI ySR
w*RtHRwvJRvXw>vD>t*ReDwylRb.I [;vh>vdR0J’.zJvgqJ;t[H.rJm
ngusJrk>cd.’D;uG>CDRw>qlvgqJ;t[H.ylRwbs;wbs;vDRI b.q.vgqJ;
’Dzdrd>wz.weD.to;tCdwoh.ng0Jb.I uG>0J’kvDR*mvXtxH.b.0Jw
bsDwbsDvDRI
wpd>zdodvh.oD.xD.wcd.’D;odvh.tHRywkm0JzJvgqJ;t[H.rJmngtCd
t0Joh.vJRxD.uG>0JvDRI vDqD’.w>wcgM.ySRw*RtHRwkRrh>txH.xD.od
vh.wbsDCDvDRr>uGHm0JvDRI odvh.yJ}wDtd;xD.to;’D;pDRoJ;zDpH.vDR’D;vJR
0JqlvgqJ;t[H.zdCDzdtd.’D;oHuG>0J< ?rh>okxH.b.0JpDRxlbD[JzJtHR{gI/
ttHRwbDvgqJ;td.*X>wuJvXRb.I rh>vXto;b.ud>b.*DRtCdoHuG>
0JpDRoJ;zDvXpDRxlbDt*h>vDRI pDRoJ;zD%SJtDRvXw>*h>cJvXmvDRI
wkREkRwpkvgqJ;oh.eD.xD.0JvXySR[;vh>vdRvXt[H.rJmngw*R’D;%SJyF;
pDRoJ;zD0HRvlRydmxGJ0JtcHvXodvh.vDRI vlR0Jbl;ucsK;vHI b.q.pDRxlbD
wcDoh.ng0JvXty>[JvlRtDRtCdvXw>zk;z;’d.tylRcD*m0Jodvh.usJvDRI
vXwzs;rJmtwD>ylRodvh.z;’d.wcd.[JpH.’D;bsX.b.tDRtCdt0Jzsd;uGHm0J
z;,HRvDRI vgqJ;trJmcsHtylRvDR*m’fvD0>’H;tod;vDRI t0JvJRCh>0JqlpDR
xlbDttd.’D;0H>*JRxX.0J’D;uwdRw>’D;tDRvXrJmxHtylRvDRI pDRxlbDwcD<
'Dw*Rngb.tXvXtoGH.vDRI t0Jbk;xD.0JvHmy&XzdvXtxX.ylR’D;[h.
vDR0JqlvgqJ;ttd.vDRI 0HRbH.vDRuGHmtrJmcsHzdvXw>eHRurSHtylRvDRI vg
qJ;[D.wohwb.vXRb.I t0Jtd;xD.vHmuh’D;xH.0JvXIII

qlIII‘hrk.vgqJ;
,w>td.rltHRrhrh>zDw>q+.b.q. ?urh>’.zDw>q+.zdvXrJ;rk>cd./vDRI

ySRuGJ;w>*h>=pDRq.*hR< eD.*H>wXwDRxDuFd< rJ>v;tl’Ju0DR

80
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd

mAIlETElEbFsF
Fs F
kduliy8oI

vX[H.ylRCDylRw>wl>b.td.0Jtg*RtgrHRtguvkmvDRI
vXw>wl>b.tCd< ,tJ.’d;ymzsgxD.b.C;,’Dyk>0J>w*Rt*h>vXt0JwJ
,kR,RvXt*h>rh>t0Jtw>wl>b.’D;uJxD.ph>uD;w>rRvdvX,*D>wcgvDRI
vXw>tHRtCd< ,w,XRrHRyDRo.tDRb.M.vDRI

w>wJ0J’.wbsD< ySR’Dyk>0J>[H.’l.td.w’l.< t0Joh.rh>ySRcdcd.upX>usg

vDRI zJM.tcgzgwH>td.0J’.w*R< t0Jrh>ySRvXtuh>t*DRw*hRb.I t’Dyk>
0J>td.0JcH*RvDRI wkRrh>t0J’d.xD.wbsDqD[H.qDCD’D;w,Hmb.tzdtd.w
*R< rh>0JtydmcGg’D;vXcHtzdcGgtd.u’D;w*R0HRt0Jo;vDtzdrk.w*R< ‘D;vX
cHtzdrk.td.w*RvDRI zJtzdrk.td.0HRrh>vXxHuD>w>*X>w>usXRwtd.b.
tCdt0Jok;tvD>tusJvXw>vD>wwDR’D;zJM.t0JzJ;tD.ck;usD>tD.eD.weH.
b.weH.< b.CktD.bkCktD.[k’D;t0JtJ.’d;qSXtzdvXuFdb.q.qSX0Jw

81
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
M>b.I cDzsdvXb.CktD.CktDtCdvDRI t’Dyk>0J>wz.pH;tXtDRtgrHRtgu
vkmvDRI zJM.t0Jxk;xD.*H>bg< xJ;*H>xJ;bg’D;p;xD.qSXtzdvXuFdvDRI p;
xD.zJM.tzdxD.uFd’D;b.ykCkm’D;tyk>qH;vXw>xD.uFdtylR< rh>vXtrd>t
y>b.usD>eD.zs;rHRtCdvDRI ‘D;wkRtyk>qH;w*RxD.uFdoh’D;tyk>qH;td.zsJ.
xD.u’D;toDw*RtcgtzdvXt0J>udw*RuG>trd>ty>wz.b.CktD.bk
[ktCd< t0Jtd.uFdoXeH.0HR’D;[;xD.uGHmuFdvXw>uDw>cJ’ftwl>b.0Jt
od;’D;usDpXRtrd>ty>eD.wkRvXtyk>td.vGH>*RwbsDM.rh>vXxHuD>w>’k;w>
,Rtd.xD.vXt0Jtd.qd;w>tvD>tCdt0Joh.[H.’l.M.p;xD.qDwvJt
w>vD>w>usJ’D;ok;tvD>qlw>vD>t*RwwDRvXtrh>’Ju0DRylR’D;wkRvX’Ju
0DRySRtd.qd;w>tvD>’D;rh>vXw>qXuwD>b.0JvXw>rRvdtqXuwD>’D;uFd
p;xD.0J’D;rX0Jtzdoh.wz.xD.uFdvDRI
rhrh>tzdcGgt’d.w*RrX0Jtw>xD.uFdb.q.wxD.0Jb.I rh>vXteD>’d.
zd.o.cGgxD.’D;trJmqS;tCdwJqXtrd>ty><?rdyg{X,wxD.uFdb.I ,eD>
’d.vHI ,xD.uFdwbl.b.I cJtHRrh>vXuD>y,DRok;y'd.qD.wH>rReXRySRt
Cd,uzD.xD.w>pku0JRvDRI/p;xD.zJM.t0JzD.xD.w>pku0JR’D;,d;xD.usd
vDRI wkRrh>t,d;xD.usdwbsDCDvJRtd.vXw>rJmngxDbdvDRI t0JvJRtd.
w>rJmngySJRxD.oXeH.’D;w>uJxD.to;vX’Dyk>0J>wz.,d;u’guhRbD’D;[J
uhRrR[;*DRuhRw>vD>w>usJvDRI wkRrh>’Dyk>0J>vXt,d;u’gbDoh.wz.[J
uhRrR[;*DRw>vD>w>usJ’D;b.pH.’D;vDRrk>vDRz;vdmto;’D;t0Joh.eD.xD.
uhRtrd>ty>’D;CkusJvXu[JuhRxH.vdmuhRo;vDRI ‘D;t0JCkusJ’D;vXcH[J
uhRxH.b.uhRt[H.zdCDzd0HR’D;rh>vXb.ok;vD>ok;usJtCdt0JpH.oud;’D;
tySR[H.zdvDRI zJttd.vXw>Ch>rSH[;zsd;tqXuwD>< ’Dyk>0J>vXtvk>tD.
uG>xGJtDRwz.[JxH.b.tDR’D;qSX0J’.vXw>ymyeD.tvD>vXw>uqDvDR
ymvDR[H.td.u’ktvD>vDRI p;xD.zJM.t0Joh.&J.usJRw>’D;qSX0J’.vXod
vh.vDRI wkRt0Joh.’d;xD.odvh.tcguD>y,DRok;wz.[Jcd;ymtDRvXusJ’D;
c;odvh.tHRvXusd’D;ySRvXeD.odvh.w*Rb.‘D;usd’D;to;orl[;xD.uGHm
vXodvh.tylR'D;ySRrk.yS>cH*RoHph>uD;0JvDRI rhrh>t0J’D;t[H.zdCDzdM.ylRzsJ;
82
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
0JvDRI vXw>qXuwD>cgzJM.bl;vXrk>u[gtqXuwD>’D;t0Joh.pH.tcg
o;yhReD.uGHmtxX.trdm< qhulqhuR< ,.vk;oh.wz.’D;’DweRngrHvX
xHzdusdeHR< bO.ypDRvDR< w>*d>’D;zdqH;oh.wz.[D.cDzsdvXw>*d>tCd< ty>
w*Ruh>*DRw*hR’D;ulxJulwbh.’D;’k;vk;xD.tzd’D;tw>[D.oD.bSD.0J’.
M.vDRI
wkRrk>qh.0g’D;ySR[Jtd.uhRtDR’D;wkRvXw>ymyeD.[H.td.u’ktvD>’D;
whxD.bSDxD.0J[H.vDRI zJtwhxD.bSDxD.[H.tcgrh>vXoh.0.,HR’D;tzdcGg
t’d.w*Ro;’d.xD.ty>rh>vXtw>,d;pXRtDRoh.0.wM>wwkRb.tCd
vDRI zJtzdcGg’d.M.bSD’X;< [H.uJxD.0HRwbsDwJb.trd>ty>vXu[;xD.
uGHmvX[H.ylRvDRI trdtygwJtDRvX< ?wb.[;w*hRrD.IIIcJtHRw>wb.
vD>b.p;M.eubVb.w>wDR</tzdcGgwJqXtDR<?vd.0JvJ.I ydmcGg’X;IIIw>
oHM.ySRoH’.w*RwbsDvDRI/ zJM.trd>ty>wJtDR< ?etd.’D;ySRvXeeD>qH;
’H;wkRcJtHRywoH’H;b.tCdw>uwdR’feuwdRM.rdygwqXe>[lb.I rdyg
qXe>[lb.vXzdoh.wz.uvJRw>vXusJrh>usJwD’D;rRrkmrd>y>to;vDRI/
zJM.t0Jwymtrd>ty>vXw>eDwrHRb.I ‘D;wJ0J’ftHR<?wvd.b.I uG>zJ,
uvJR}wD,Rw*hRI etd.zJtHRoH’H;eusdm< ,[;,oH’H;,usdmvDRI/ p;xD.
zJM.t0JcgvDRtcD.’D;[;uGHmvDRI zJt0Jp;xD.[;tqXuwD>M.w,Hmb.
ylRuGHmwoDcHoD’ftrd>wJtDRtod;wkRvXuD>y,DRok;ttd.’D;tw>zD.tDRpX
tDRwD>tDR< zJM.t0JxJw*Rqdurd.xD.uhRtw>td.rltHR’kur.vHI oh.
eD.xD.uhRxgwzsX.pH;0J< ?tD.rd>Ek>xHuG>rd>rJm< rd>rh>uwdRb.pJ;pJ;/ vDRI
p;xD.zJM.ydmcGgzdM.b.w>uDw>cJ< w>ud>w>*DR‘d.’d.uvJmvDRI qdurd.
0JvXto;uH>ylRw*R’D;pH;0J< ?tX.IIIw>tHR,rd>,y>< rh>vHxHrlusdvXt
qSHvX,*D>vDRI rhrh>,eD>up>wcD,vDR*m’fxHvXt’kvDRI wuJbsK;vXySR
*D>eDw*Rb.trJmng,eD>up>t*D>r;,rRw>rEkRr;wohb.I/p;xD.zJM.
t0Jqdurd.uhRtw>td.rlvXtylRuGHmqXoHqXyS>trd>ty>< ?rhrh>cJtHR,
rh>xl.zsJ;xD.rh>,rd>,y>ub.wl>vdmuhR,RuD;{gI/ p;xD.zJM.t0Jtd.
vXw>zD.w>pXw>wDRtDRtylRweHRweR0HRb.w>ys>uGHmtDRvDRI wkRrh>t
83
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
0J[JuhRwkRvXw>td.w>qd;tvD>’D;rh>vXw>zD.tDRpXtDRwD>tDRtCd< t0J
b.xD.w>qg[H.cHvg0HR'D;uhRu’guhR0JwkRvXtrdtygtd.’D;wkRtrdtyg
xH.tDRwbsDCD< ’ftrh>t0Joh.tzdtod;wl>vdm0JySJR’D;w>eHRurSHtw>tJ.
w>ol.cko;ckvDRI p;xD.zJM.t0JyvX>b.rd>y>tw>tJ.w>o;td.tqd
uwX>vXt*D>wbsDCDvDRI vXcHw,Hmb.’D;trdtygrXtxD.u’guhRuFd
’D;xD.0Jwbl.vXRb.< rh>vXo;yS>xD.vHtCdvDRI trdtygChun;tDRw
bsDb.wbsD’D;t0JvJRxD.b.uFd’D;wkRtxD.uFd’D;o&.orgtg*RuwJb.
tDR*RrHR*RrFdvDRI t0Jue.0Jwrkmb.wzsX.vX ?eo;yS>e[JxD.uFde[JCk
erg/M.vDRI t0JuhRwJb.trd>ty>’D;trd>ty>wJb.tDRrRu,Du,DwcD
wvd.b.I t0JwJqXtrd>ty>’ftHR< ?,uvJRxD.u’guhRvDRI b.q.
o&.wb.wJvXRw*hR< rh>wJ,uc;’D;csH.eD.ykmvDRI/ t0JwJ‘fM.0HRvJR
xD.u’guhRuFd’D;o&.M.wJu’D;tDR’fM.vDRI t0Jwl>wuJ< ue.0Jwrkm’D;
0HxD.txX.vXw>o;’d.tylR’D;[JuhR0J’.M.vDRI zJM.trd>'D;ty>wJtDR
b.q.wue.vXR0Jb.I zJM.o&.xH.0JvXtySRuFdzd[gr>tCd[JCkuhR
0J’.vDRI [JwkRvXt[H.ylRtcg< t0JoguusD0J’D;CJm’D;zJtrd>ty>}wDtDR
tcgbl;wh>r;vXuusDtrd>ty>M.vDRI zJM.o&.rRwoh’D;uhRu’guhR0J
’.M.vDRI
wkRrh>zdcGg’d.w*RtHR[;xD.uGHmuFd,HmxD.’D;trk>*>zgwH>e>[lvXtzd
’d.w*RtHRwxD.uFdb.< tw>rRwtd.b.tCdub.xD.uFdwzsX.zsX.
vDRI t0JwJqXtrk>*>zgwH>< trd>ty>vXogub.xD.uFd’fvJ.wzsX.vJ.<
ogwzsdeDwwDRtHRogub.rR’fvJ.I ‘D;wkRvXtzgwH>tusgw*RChun;
tDR’D;t0Jp;xD.vJRxD.uDuFdvXySRusgvXw>rJmwrkmegwrkmtylRvDRI t0J
xD.u’D;uFd< ySRwJu‘D;tDRtg*RtgrHRtgrFdtCdt0JtzgwH>[h.*H>[h.bg
tDRxDbd’D;t0J0Ho;plRxD.uDuFdu,Du,D’D;wkRtxD.uFdySJRxD.vGH>eH.’D;t
0J[;xD.uFd< ‘D;trd>ty>wJtDRvX<?td.’D;ySRzJtHR< yo;yS>vHI/ t0Jtw>
o;’d.[JEkmvDRu’D;vXtylR’D;wJxD.0J’.< ?,up>uCk’.,JusJvDRI uG>
zJ,uvJR,rh>oHM.wb.[D.w*hRI/ t0JweD.vXRtw>wl>b.vXngw
84
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
bsDvXRb.tCdt0Jp;xD.[;xD.uGHmvX[H.ylR‘D;vJR0J’.vDRI ‘D;wkRt0J
[;wbsDwkRvXw>vD>wwDR’D;uG>0J’.zDzdtd.wzd;’D;’J;uG>0J< eXrluG>0J’.
vDRI zJteXrluG>0J0HR< tw>eXrlb.tDR’D;qdurd.0JvXto;uH>ylRzDwxl.
tHR,ub.[H;’D;ol.vDRtDRvDRI zJM.t0JxJ;M>0J0HR’D;[JuhRpdm0Jqltrd>
ty>ttd.’D;wkRtrd>ty>o;ck’D;whM>pXR0JtvD>’D;ol.vDRM>tDR’D;ysR*XR
pXR0J0HR’D;whxD.0J[H.td.u’kwzsX.’D;teD>up>uJb.uhRw>cd.w>e>M.
vDRI p;xD.zJM.t0JuJb.0J’Ju0DRcd.< yXb.ySRcH*RvXtrh>trg’D;tzdvDRI
p;xD.zJM.teD>up>’.0JwJxD.0J’.< ?,w>ul.b.ul.ohrh>td.’k,yX
b.,’Ju0DRzdcH*RtHRunDwpJ;vDRI vXtcD.xH;,rh>’due.,rd,ygu
vk>’D;,rh>td.yS>oHuFdM.urh>w>*hRvX,*D>vDRI/ w>tHRrh>‘fySRo;yS>pH;<
e’d.xD.oDeo;cV< eod;ubsH;b.eqh
,’d.xD.oD,o;CX< w>0HcsXykySJR,csX
,’d.xD.oD,tDyD< rHvDRb.uogtDxD
‘d.xD.oD,wDRwxD< wkRcJtHRcd.ElmusJusD< tod;M.vDRI
w>*h>tHRrh>,oud;w*RteD>up>’.0Jtw>wl>b.vDRI xgpH;0J<
[H.CDokwrh>tuD
usJ;pX;wDRywD>rh>xD
ul.b.ul.ohtysDxD
rRySRokwtd.uvD
,ymzsgxD.b.,’Dyk>0J>w*RtHRtw>wl>b.cDzsdt0JxH.vDRuhRtw>wl>
b.< wbsDCDvX[H.ylRCDylRM.yvX>b.0Jrd>y>tw>[h.vDRto;vXt*D>
’ft0JwJwh>0Jtod;<?yrh>ySRunDb.q.yw*mySRunDb.I/ ‘ftwJ0J< ?rh>
vHxHvHb.q.u’kvX,*D>/ tCduJxD.w>rRvdvX,*D>cDzsdvXw>uol.
xD.[H.wzsX.t*D>M.yub.*kmusJ;pX;vDRI w>usJ;pX;M.tcGJ;t,mtgzJ
vXywcsK;ol.xD.’H;[H.CDtcgvDRI

ySRuGJ;w>*h> = pDRcgvX>xl< eD.*H> 1 wDRuFd< rJ>v;tl’Ju0DR

85
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd

u|efr&JhrarhEdkifaomae@&ufrsm;

u|efr&JhemrnfuawmhrZlZl;yg? u|efrtcktouf 15 ESpf

yg? u|efrtckeHygwf 6 txufwef;ausmif;rSm ausmif;wufaeygw,f? u|efr
[m udk;wef;ausmif;olwpfa,mufyg? u|efr'Dr,fv'kuQonfpcef;rSmae&wm
t&rf;aysmfygw,f? jrefrmjynfrSmqdk&if u|efrt&rf;'kuQa&mufwmyg? jrefrm
jynfrSmqdk&if u|efrausmif;ujyefvm&if rD;&xm;rSma&oGm;a&mif;+yD;rS u|efr
a&csdK;&w,f? +yD;&if u|efrpmusufygw,f? u|efrrSm armifESroHk;a,muf±Sdyg
w,f? u|efruti,fqHk;yg? u|efrtaysmfqHk;ae@u u|efr&Jhtpfrq,fwef;udk
ESpfcsif;aygufatmifwJhae@yg? 'gayrJhtJ'DtcsdefrSm u|efrtpfr[mu|efrwdk@±GmrSm
r±Sdawmhygbl;? r,fv'kuQonfpcef;udk a&mufESifhaeyg+yD? u|efraysmfvGef;vdk@
rsuf&nfawmifus&ygw,f? u|efrav;wef;wkef;u tqifhwpf&zl;w,f? 'gay
rJhtJ'Davmufxdraysmfygbl;? aemuf+yD; u|efrwdk@tazr±Sdawmhygbl;? taryJ±Sd

86
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd

ygw,f? taruu|efrwdk@udkaps;a&mif;+yD; ausmif;xm;ay;ygw,f? u|efrupm

udk}udK;pm;ygw,f? u|efri,fi,fuwnf;u u|efr&Jhtazudk rjrifzl;ygbl;? t
aruajymw,f? taru|efrudk udk,f0efvG,fxm;uwnf;u tazeJ@taruGJ
oGm;=uw,fwJh? u|efrodyf0rf;enf;rdw,f? tazqdk wmb,fvdkyHkrSef;awmifr
od&ygbl;? 'gayrJhwpfae@us&if u|efrtazudku|efrvdkuf±Smr,f? ±Smvdk@awG@&if
ol@udkjyKpkr,fvdk@vJpdwfxJrSmawG;xm;w,f? tJ'DvdkeJ@u|efrtouf 11 ESpfrSm
u|efrwdk@±GmrSm ppfom;awGa&mufvm=uw,f? rD;&xm;vrf;rSm jrufyifawG
oGm;E_wfcdkif;w,f? a,mufsm;av;awGqdk&if ay:wmqGJw,f? u|efr&Jhtpfudkqdk
&ift+rJxGufajy;&w,f? bkef;}uD;ausmif;rSm oGm;tdyf&w,f? wpfae@rSmaygh–
u|efrrSwfrSwf&& -- u|efr&JhtbGm;udk jrefrmppfom;awGu rD;&xm;vrf;rSm
jrufoGm;E_wfcdkif;w,f? u|efr&JhtdrfrSmu vlawGwpfa,mufrSr±Sd=ubl;? tar
uvnf; aps;oGm;a&mif;w,f? tpfudkuvnf;r±Sdbl;? u|efreJ@tbGm;eJ@ESpf
a,mufyJusefcJhw,f? u|efruajymw,f/ “orD;oGm;vdk@&rvm;”qdkawmh/“eif
ui,fw,f/ r&bl;? tbGm;udkyJac:oGm;r,f” wJh? tbGm;uvnf;olyJvdkuf
oGm;r,fwJh? u|efridkwmaygh? u|efrtbGm;[mtouf 60 ausmfae+yD[m/ bm
vdk@jrufE_wfcdkif;&wmvJ? tJ'DvdkeJ@u|efroGm;acsmif;=unfhwm tbGm;uaeylxJ
rSmac|;awGxGuf+yD; jrufyifE_wfaewm/ u|efrtbGm;udk oem;vdkufwm/ u|efr
vJidkwmaygh? tJ'geJ@ u|efrtbGm;qDudkajy;oGm;+yD;/“tbGm;udkorD;ulE_wfr,f”
vdk@ajymwmaygh? 'gayrJh tbGm;uvufrcHbl;? orD;ui,fao;w,fwJh? 'gayrJh
orD;uvnf; tbGm;udk wwfEdkifoavmufawmhulE_wfwmaygh?

tJ'DvdkeJ@ u|efrausmif;oGm;wufw,f? u|efrwdk@ ausmif;vcay;&w,f?

wpfvudk 500 usyfE_ef;eJ@aygh? u|efr&Jhtaruvnf; ray;Edkifbl;aygh? b,fay;
EdkifrvJ? ydkufqH 500 qdkwm qefav;vHk;0,fvdk@&w,fav? qefwpfjynfudk
ydkufqHwpfaxmifqdkawmh u|efrwdk@u av;vHk;eJ@qdk&ifavmufygw,f? tJ'geJ@
ydkufqH 500 r&awmhu|efrpOf;pm;w,f? a&oGm;a&mif;&if u|efrydkufqH&rSmyJ
vdk@aygh? u|efrvJ a&tdk;xJa&jznfh+yD; rD;&xm;vrf;ay:rSm rD;&xm;&yfwJhtcsdef

87
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd

oGm;a&mif;wm/ ydkufqHr&yJ a&tdk;uGJ+yD;awmhjyefvm&w,f? u|efrutJ'Dwkef;

ui,fao;awmh a&tdk;udkb,fEdkifrSmvJ? a&tdk;vJuGJoGm;aum idkvnf;idkcsif/
&,fvJ&,fcsifeJ@/ tJ'geJ@yJ tdrfudkjyefvmvdkufw,f? aemuf+yD;tbGm;qlrSmudk
vnf;a=umufwmudk;/ tbGm;uawmh bmrSrajymygbl;? b,fajymrSmvJ/ t
bGm;u u|efrudkodyfcspfwmudk;? u|efruvnf; tbGm;bmrSrajymawmhodyf
0rf;omoGm;wmaygh? tJ'geJ@ u|efrvnf;tbGm;udkodyfcspfawmhtbGm;udk wpf
csufay;vdkufwmaygh? aemufae@ausmif;oGm;&if ausmif;vcb,fvdkay;&rSm
vJvdk@tarhudkar;awmh taruajymw,f/ reufus&ifol@&JhxrdeftopfudkoGm;
a&mif;+yD;ay;vdkufayghwJh? u|efrt&rf;0rf;enf;wmaygh? tJ'ga=umifh tJ'Dnu
u|efrpm awmifzwfvdk@r&bl;? wpfnvHk;u|efridkvdkuf&wm/ ausmif;awmifrS
wufcsifpdwfr±Sdawmhbl;? reufjzefusawmhu|efru/ “tarorD;ausmif;xGuf
r,f” vdk@ajymawmhtaruidkw,f?” tJ'geJ@/ “tar&,fridkygeJ@/ ausmif;rxGuf
eJ@qdkvnf; rxGufygbl;” vdk@ajymvdkufw,f? tJ'geJ@ u|efrausmif;rSm yxr
qef;ppfcsufajzawmh u|efrutrSwftrsm;qHk;&wmaygh? tJ'geJ@yxr&w,f?
ausmif;tkyfq&m}uD;u u|efrudkydkufqH 1000 qkcsw,f? u|efrt&rf;0rf;om
wmayhg? tJ'geJ@ausmif;vc 500 ay;vdkufw,f? ydkwJh 500 udka&tdk;wpfvHk;
0,fvdkufw,f? ydkwmuawmh tbGm;udkrkef@0,fau|;vdkufw,f? tJ'DvdkeJ@wpf
ae@rD;&xm;&yfawmh u|efra&oGm;a&mif;wmaygh/ tJ'Dae@u a&t&rf;a&mif;
aumif;w,f? ydkufqHawGvnf; trsm;}uD;&wmaysmfp&m}uD;aygh? tar&Jhaygif
xm;wJhxrDudkvJa±G;xkwfvdk@&w,f? tbGm;vnf; rkef@awGpm;&aygh – t&rf;
aysmfwmaygh? tJ'Dae@[m u|efrodyfaysmfygw,f? u|efru i,fi,fav;xJu
tbGm;eJ@tdyfwm/ tbGm;uorD;udk odyfcspfwm/ u|efrtbdk;eJ@OD;av;awGu
awmhtJ'DtcsdefrSmr,fv'kuQonfpcef;rSma&mufESifhaeyg+yD? olwdk@uvnf; tJ
'DbufudkxGufajy;oGm;&wmyg? bma=umifhvnf;qdkawmh tJ'Dtusifhraumif;
wJhjrefrmppftpdk;&a=umifhaygh/ jrefrmppftpdk;&udk u|efrodyfrkef;w,f? olwdk@udk
r=unfhcsifbl;? olwdk@&JhtoHawGvnf; r=um;csifbl;? olwdk@[mu|efrwdk@rdom;
pkudk wpfuGJwjym;pDjzpfatmifvkyfwJholawGyJ? 'gayrJholwdk@udkrjrifcsifvnf;jrif

88
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd

ae&wmr=um;csif=um;ae&wm/ bma=umifhvJqdkawmh olwdk@uu|efrwdk@±GmrSm

tkyfcsKyfaewmudk;/ jrefrmEdkifiHudku|efrb0rSm pdwftemqHk;vdk@ rSwfxm;vdkuf
yg+yD? 'gayrJh wpfae@us&if u|efrjrefrmEdkifiHudkjyefoGm;=unfhrSmyg? bma=umifh
vJqdkawmhtJ'DrSmu|efrvdkyJu|efr&Jholi,fcsif;ESpfa,mufusefygao;w,f? ol
wdk@uu|efravmufawmh'kuQra&mufbl;aygh? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh olwdk@rSm
utaztar±Sdwmudk;? u|efruawmh taruvnf;rkqdk;r+yD;awmh tpfudku
vnf;toufi,fao;wmudk;/ tpfrt}uD;qHk;vkyfwJholuvnf;r±Sdawmh 'kuQ
a&mufwmaygh? aemuf+yD; tbdk;awGOD;awGqDu tquftoG,fr&qdkawmh
aemuf+yD;jrefrmppf tpdk;&vnf;ESdyfpuftEdkifusifhqdkawmh u|efrodyf0rf;enf;
wmaygh? wpfae@rSmaygh u|efrrSwfrSwf&&naebufrSm rD;&xm;&yfvdk@ u|efra&
oGm;a&mif;wmtJ'Dppfom;awGu u|efrwdk@udk/ “a[huav;awG/ eifwdk@&xm;
vrf;ay:rSm a&vmra&mif;eJ@wJh/ rsufpd±_yfw,f” wJh? u|efrwdk@uvnf;b,f
oGm;rSmvJ/ tJ'D&xm;ab;rSmayuyf+yD; rwfwwf&yfaewmaygh? olwdk@uvnf;
armif;xkwfw,f? aemuf+yD;aoewfeJ@vJcsdef;ajcmufaumu|efrwdk@uxGufajy;
wmaygh? tysdKrav;awGoGm;a&mif;&ifawmh bmrSrajymbl;? bmyJjzpfjzpfu|efr
wdk@uav;awGoGm;a&mif;&ifawmhatmfvdkufaigufvdkufeJ@enf;enf;av;rS=unfh
vdk@r&bl;? bmyJjzpfjzpfu|efrwdk@uawmh olwdk@rawG@atmifa&udkcdk;cdk;+yD; oGm;
a&mif;&w,f? =umvmawmh pdwf"gwfawGusvmw,f? a&av;a&mif;wm
awmiftJ'Davmuf xdrdkuf±dkif;tusifhykwfawmh olwdk@udku|efrodyfrkef;wmaygh?
wpfjznf;jznf;=umvmawmh OD;av;awGqDutquftoG,f&vmw,f? tJ'D
awmh enf;enf;0rf;omvmwmaygh? aemuf+yD; ydkufqHawGenf;enf;yg;yg;ydk@ay;
vmw,f? tJ'Dawmh enf;enf;tqifajyvmwmaygh? 'gayrJhodyfr=umygbl;/
tJ'D0rf;omr_awGu c%av;yJu|efrwdk@qDudk tvnfvmwmyg? u|efr&JhOD;
av;wpfa,mufbm;tH rSmqHk;oGm;wJh/ tbGm;uwpftm;idkwmaygh? ol@om;
ti,fqHk;qdkawmhvnf;tJ'DavmufxdcHpm;&wmaygh? tJ'DvdkeJ@tJ'gawG+yD;oGm;
a&m/ tJ'Dae@[mu|efr rSwfrSwf&&aygh/ u|efrwdk@±GmrSm jrefrmppftpdk;&u=uuf
qlyifawG0,fcdkif;w,f?

89
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd

r0,fvdk@r&bl;wJh/ r0,f&if'%faiG±dkufr,fwJh/ wpfyifudk 250 usyfE_ef;eJ@wpf

tdrfudkESpfyif0,f&r,fwJh? taru±Gmvl}uD;tdrf rSmoGm;ajymwmaygh? u|efr
urkqdk;rqdkawmhr0,fEdkifbl;wJh? tJ'geJ@ppfAdkvf}uD;qdkvm;/ wyf=uyf}uD;qdkvm;/
oluajymw,f/ “rkqdk;rjzpfjzpf/ rkqdk;zdkjzpfjzpf0,f&r,f” wJh? u|efrvJodyfpdwf
wdkoGm;wmaygh? u|efravtJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u olwdk@udkx±dkufcsifvdkufwm/ 'gay
rJhu|efrwdk@u i,fao;w,f/ aemuf+yD;u|efrwdk@u tcGifhta&;rSr&wm/ u|efr
pOf;pm;wm=uufqlyifpdkufcdkif;+yD;&ifolwdk@yJ,lrSmyJ/ bmjzpfvdk@u|efrwdk@jynfol
vlxk&Jh ac|;eJpmeJ@0,fcdkif;&wmvJvdk@aygh? tJ'DvdkeJ@u|efrwdk@ig;wef;wuf&r,fh
ESpfaygh/ tJ'DESpf[m u|efr&JhrarhEdkifwJhae@wpfae@qdkvnf; [kwfygw,f? tJ'Dvdk
eJ@ausmif;awGpzGifhawmholrsm;wumawGausmif;wufvdkifpifyHkawG±dkufausmif;
0wfpHkawGcsKyfawmh u|efrbmrSrvkyf&ao;bl;? tar&,f/ tbGm;&,fuawmh
u|efrudkausmif;qufxm;csifwmaygh/ 'gayrJhydkufqHuvnf; r±Sdawmhqufxm;
zdk@twGufrjzpfEdkifbl;aygh/ ausmif;tyfcuvnf; 3000 awmifqdkawmh'kuQ
a&mufwmaygh?

tJ'DvdkeJ@ u|efr&Jhtpfroli,fcsif;u u|efrudkcsJayguf&ifausmif;xm;ay;

r,f? csJ*%ef;ay;vdk@ajymw,f? u|efrvnf;ajymvdkufwmcsJaygufoGm;a&m/ tJ
'DvdkeJ@u|efrudkausmif;tyfay;w,f? u|efrodyf0rf;omwmaygh? u|efr&JhtbGm;
eJ@tarqdk0rf;omvGef;vdk@ rsuf&nfawmifusygw,f? tJ'DvdkeJ@ u|efryxrqHk;
ausmif;wufwJhae@u pmawGaemufusoGm;wmaygh? tJ'DvdkeJ@yxrqef;ppf
csufrSmu|efr yxrudkr&awmhbl;? tqifhESpfyJ&awmhw,f? =umvmawmh
u|efrwdk@±GmrSm uif;a=u;qdkvm;yJ/ ppfom;awGydkufqHvdkufaumuf=uw,f?
wpfygwfwpfcgayhg/ rxnfhwJholu uif;apmifh&r,fwJh/ u|efrwdk@tdrfuydkufqH
vnf;r±Sdbl;/ a,mufsm;om;uvnf; r±Sdawmhppfom;awGu tdrfrSmvm+yD;t
bGm;udkaiguf=uw,f? u|efrb0rSmtJ'Dwpf&uf[mu|efr&JhrarhEdkifwJhae‹av;
wpfae@jzpfygw,f? tJ'DvdkeJ@u|efrvnf;0rf;vnf;enf;/ pdwfvnf;em/ a=umuf
vJa=umufqdkawmh bmrSvkyfvdk@rwwfawmhbl;? tbGm;udkzuf+yD; idk&wmaygh?

90
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd

taru aps;a&mif;oGm;wmudk;/ taraps;a&mif;vdk@&wJhydkufqHuvnf;pm;zdk@

avmufyJ&wmudk;/ u|efrtpfudkuvnf; tJ'Dwkef;utouf 16 ESpfqdkawmh
b,fapmifh&JrSmvJ? tJ'geJ@taru ±Gmvl}uD;udkoGm;ajymwmaygh/ “u|efrom;
ui,fygao;w,f? tJ'ga=umifh rapmifhr&bl;vm;” qdkawmh±Gmvl}uD;uvlr
apmifhcsif&ifydkufqHxnfhayghwJh? ydkufqHrSr±Sdwmb,fvdkay;&rSmvJ/ pOf;pm;=unfh
ygtHk;? 'gayrJh u|efr&JhtpfudkoGm;&wmygyJ? u|efrtpfudkudk oem;vdkufwmav
rajymygeJ@awmh/ u|efrtbGm;vJ idkawmhwmaygh? u|efrtJ'DvdkrsdK;awGcHpm;&
aygif;rsm;vmawmh ppftpdk;&udk pdwfvnf;em/ rkef;vJrkef;w,f? u|efrjrefrm
jynfrSm awmfawmfpdwfqif;&J&w,f? r=umygbl;/ tJ'D0Ëf'kuQawGu|wfoGm;
awmhrSmyg? u|efrOD;av;qDu pma&mufvmw,f? 'Dudkvdkufrvm;wJh? u|efr
wdk@vJvmr,fvdk@ajymvdkufw,f? u|efrodyfaysmfwmaygh/ u|efrrkef;wJhjrefrmppf
tpdk;&vufuvGwfawmhr,fvnf;awG;rdw,f? u|efrodyfaysmfwmaygh/ tJ'Dvdk
eJ@u|efrwdk@rdom;pk r,fv'kuQonfpcef;udk a&mufvmygw,f? +idrf;csrf;vdkuf
wmavrajymygeJ@awmh/ u|efrausmif;wufwmvnf;aysmfw,f? u|efroli,f
csif;u u&ifawGoufoufyJ/ u|efrt&rf;aysmfw,f? u|efr'DrSmausmif;wuf
&wmtqifajyw,f? jrefrmjynfrSmvdk 'kuQawGra&mufbl;? 'gayrJhu|efrodyf
0rf;enf;wmu u|efrtbGm;u 'DrSmwpfESpfavmufae+yD;awmhqHk;oGm;cJhw,f?
u|efr0rf;enf;wmaygh? +idrf;csrf;wJhae&ma&mufrS qHk;oGm;wJhtbGm;udkodyfo
em;w,f? tckawmh u|efraeom;&oGm;yg+yD? u|efrtck'Dudka&mufvmwm
u|efruHaumif;w,f? aemuf+yD; bk&m;ocifudkvnf; aus;Zl;wifw,f? u|efr
c&pf,mefr[kwfygbl;? u|efr[mAk'<bmomwpfa,mufyg? 'gayrJhu|efrbk&m;
ocifudkcspfw,f? u|efr'Dudka&mufrS bk&m;ocifqdkwmod&wmyg? jrefrmjynf
rSmqdk&ifa*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;yJodwm/ u|efrtpfrvnf; U.S.A rSma&mufoGm;
yg+yD? tckawmhu|efrwdk@rdom;pkaysmfaysmf±$if±GifeJ@ u|efr&JhrarhEdkifwJhae@&ufawG
udkjyefpOf;pm;wdkif;owd&ygw,f? tckvdk rarhEdkifwJhae@&ufrsm;udk a&;&wJht
wGuf aysmfygw,f?
pma&;ol - ZlZl;/ txufwef;ausmif;trSwf (6)/ r,fvpcef;

91
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd

loImEkpuflitBsJUFmePoKOF

ySRtg*RvJRcDzsdb.w>tgrHRvDRI wbsDbsDvXw>rkm
tvD>< wbsDbsDvXw>e;tvD>M.vDRI w>ysHRw>zk;ub.ySRwbsDbsD< w>ol.
zSHo;nDub.ySRwbsDbsDvDRI tcJtHR,tJ.’d;wJzsgxD.b.C;,w>[;Ch>
td.clol.uD>y,DRok;vXyS>ylRvDRI

zJ 1998 eH.vgrm%S;xD.oDtqXuwD>< zJM.tcg,eD>qH;’H;vDRI b.q.

w>rRto;’D;,Rwz.,oh.eD.’H;vDRI zJM.cgb.zJuFdwys>’ftqXuwD><
w>upD.[lxD.vXuD>y,DRok;u[JxD.qlyo0DvDRI ‘lzdo0Dzdwz.0Hymcl
ol.w>zdw>vHRvXyS>ylRvDRI ,J,eD>qH;’H;wpJ;tCd< ,rd,yg[;0Hymw><
,J,td.wh>vX[H.’D;,’hzdcH*RvDRI zJySR[;0Hw>zdw>vHR< [ko;< tHo.<
n.tk.cJvXmvDRI zJySR[;0Hw>’fM.tqXuwD>ye>[lvXusdz;’d.oD.vDRI
usdoD.bl;xD.bl;xD.wbsD< ySRqSXw>upD.wJ0JvX< ?yub.[;xD.vX
o0DylRvDRI ‘k.’gtcd.vdRvXyo0DvDRI/ zJM.,rd,yguwJmuwDRxD.t
vD>w*Rw0H0HR’D;y[;xD.vX[H.ylR’D;yvJRCh>td.clol.vDRI

92
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
‘lzdo0Dzdtg’l.< o0DwzsX.cHzsX.vJRpH.td.clol.wylRCDvXxHusdzsdvdmusd
t}wDRylRvDRI ySRvJRCh>td.’D’l.’DxXzd’Hzdo.< ol.uho;yS>y.CkmcJvXm
vDRI ‘D;vDRqD’.w>y0Jzdo.wz.zJM.tcgywoh.ngysHRw>b.I yvJRtd.
vXxHusd}wDRylR< y[;vdmuGJ< y[;rRtD.n.< yol.zSHo;nD’d.r;vDRI ySR
ol.uho;yS>wz.’lySR< ybO.wpd>zdI yo;yhReD.b.yo;'D;yp;xD.*JRvdmuGJ
wxl.u’D;vDRI ySRo;yS>wz.ysHRw>’d.r;I b.rEkRvJ.M.zJyvJRtd.w>t
vD>M.xH}wDRylRw>bH< td.xJvX>vhuyRe[;xD.wohwnDb.I ySRo;yS>
vXtb.rlb.’gw*RwJySR< ‘lySR ?wJ0Jok[Jtd.zJtHRokqdrd.w>ol.zSHo;
nD< w>rkmw>ck.tvD>{gI ySRwJok’D;okwue.w>< okuG>uG>okcd.okCXR<
okCh>nDuD;{gI td.xJvhuyR< ’k.’grh>[JokurR’fvJ./ySRo;yS>w*RtHRwJ
w>’D;ySR< to;thMoguc;ycd.’D;vhuG;cJtHRcJtHRvDRI ytd.zJxH}wDRylRwHm
wm’DwEGHngvDRI ‘D;zJy[;xD.vXy[H.0HR’D;y[Jok;td.zJtpDRpkR’D;yo0DcH
e.&H.usJ’D;zJ[gvDRcDtuwD>yuG>pdCDRw>qlyo0DvXtb.w>[J’GJ.uGHm
0J< rh.tluJRxD.tuysD>xD.’D;0.yd>oD.ye>[lvDRI zJy[Jtd.vXxH}wDRylR
wrh>w>vXtpDRpkR,HR’D;yo0Db.tCdol.uho;yS>wz.ysHRw>< wkR’.vJm
ySRzdo.[D.wtJ.0Jb.I zJM.tcg,’hzdw*RqH;’H;< b.zJtqXxX.ohoD
oD’D;,rdvJRtd.pXRtDRvXvX>utdylRwwDRzJqXxX.}wD>M.vDRI rh>[D.ySR
o;yS>wz.uG>oHuG>vg,rdtrJm’D;’l,rdvDRI ,rdrRw>wb.eDwrHRb.I

weHRwcD.zJytd.vXxH}wDRylRySRydmcGgvXteD>’d.wz.vJRue.w>upD.
vX*DR*DRzJySRwtD.’frhRtqXuwD>vDRI zJyzdo.yrH*JRxX.yvdmuGJ< rhrh>ySR
eD>’d.wz.zDtD.whRtD.w>tqXuwD>’D;ySRvXtvJRue.w>upD.wz.[J
uhR’D;wJ0J< ?y,DRM.tcd.vdRvXzsdcH (zsdcHrh>0Jo0Dtd.ol.vDRto;zJzsdvdm
usdtuGmcH) M.vDRI ySRvJR[H;w>upD.wz.[JuhRwwkRb.wJusXvDRu’D;
0JwqD’D;wqD’D;rh>vXxHoD.ySRwe>[lw>vDRwH>b.tCd< ySRvXvJRxD.u
e.w>w*R[JuhRvDR0Ju&Du’;’D;wJ0J< ?[hIIIrRchsrRchs< 0HxD.okvD>okusJ<
y,DRM.[JvdRvXxHcH< ySRw*RtHRwJw>wcDcD[JuhRpH.wcDcDu&Du’;< og

93
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
0JwcsK;w’;vXRb.I ‘D;ySRtg*RvXw>u&Du’;tylRpdmxD.tzdtvHR< rhrh>
w>0Hw>pdmwz.td.wh>vXxH}wDRylRvDRI ySRweDRzDtD.w>wrH’H;< trhRtd.
wh>vXvX>qDcd.I weDR0HxD.< *kmvdmuol’D;rhR'D;tw>[;vDRvlwvHvX>
cd.vhusgvDRI

rhrh>,Rw*R< ,wHw*RvXw>u&Du’;tylRwGH>xD.,R’D;wDxD.,RvX
tudmbd< txJulvDRvlm< td.wh>uhRxJzsD.cHzdwbh.weD.ulxD.txJul
vXRb.tCd< ySReHRb.tDRwcDcD'D;ySRCh>wcDcDvDRI rhrh>,ngw*R0HxD.[k
o;w’X< Ch>wcDcDeHRwcDcD’D;tcD.wysmvDRwJmvXxHusg< t[ko;b.pD.
vXmpDvDRI ySRpH.*kmvdm< epH.chsevJRb.vXng< erhwchsetd.wh>b.vXcH
vDRI ySRweDRysHRw>tcD.ued;pkued;< uwdRuhRw>uvk>ued;u&Jm< weDR
qH.qgb.to;vDRI ypH.xD.wkRvXw>zDcd.wpJ;wbsDySRtd.*X>ue.xH
uhRw>we>[lw>vDRqDeDwrHRtCd< ySRydmcGgvXtzsJ.tchswz.[JuhRpDRuG>
uhRySRtd.w>tvD>’D;vJRwJb.uhRySRvXwrh>w>eDwrHRb.I rh>’.ySRe>[l
ur.w>vDRI zJM.ySR[JuhRtd.uhRu’D;vXtvD>vDRI zJySR[JuhRvDRtcD.
xH;yvD>yusJwz.vDReHR’d.r;< wX>oyXR< rDc.td.uGHmvXvX>qDcd.< rh.tl
oH< uoltxHwz.vDRoH;< w>ulw>uR[;vDRwJmuGHmvXusJylRbh.ylRbh.
vDRI

ytd.zJxH}wDRylR< ylRuGHmwEGH0HRwbsDySRok;zdvXb.rlb.’gzJM.wz.[J
’D;wJ0J< ?oktd.w>wcgrh>w>vDRysHRvDRzk;tvD>< vDR*mxJoktd.vXw>ylR
vDRI okcd.okCXRuydmuyRw>rhuJxD.o;wrHRrHRokCh>wnDb.I tCdok
ub.[;xD.vXw>vD>zJtHRvDRI/ t0JwJw>0HRwkRrk>[gvDRw>ucH;vDRt
uwD>t0JrXy[;xD.vDRI yp;xD.[;xD.vXxH}wDRylR’D;xD.upX>vDRI zJy
xD.upX>wxD.b;’H;t’Dcd.tcgw>cH;M>ySRvDRI y[;ywxH.usJvXRb.I
y’GJ.rh.tl{D>’GJ.wbl.I yuvJRqlng{D>wxH.usJtCd< ySRok;zdwJySRvX<?y
ub.rHvXupX>uyRvdRtHRvDRI zJupX>tb;cDuD>y,DRok;td.zJM.vDRI

94
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
okrh>rHM.rRuyDRrh.tlw*hRI rHbO.bO.bSD.bSD.< rk>rh>0gr;yup;xD.[;xD.
u’D;vDRI/ yxD.upX>w>bSH;< w>olo;vXxH< xHwtd.< td.’.xH*RpJ;*R
pJ;vXyxH’XzdtylRvDRI ,rd,ygwJySRvXwb.tDxHtgtgw*hRI vh.pD.ym
pXRokyhsRM.b.vHI ytDxH*RpJ;*RpJ;0HRI rh>vXw>bSH;yo;tCdw>rd.rHyo;
vDRI upX>uyRvDR< ySR’D’l.'D;yurHw>vD>wtd.< t*RwrHRwrh>u;[D.
cd.csXb.< y,D>b.xJw>q+.rJvDRI w>vD>0JM.rh>0Joh*DRxl.z;’d.tusg
’D;b.vXto.vDRySJRtcD.xH;vDRI oh*DRo.usgemouhw>rd.rHyo;wbsD
yw&hvXRb.I ywDRvDR’D;rHb.o;vDRI ywoh.ngvXoh*DRo.b.qlySR
b.I vDR*mxJvD>rHuykmtzDcd.vDRI wkRw>uyDRoHvgxD.wbsD< ySRok;zdrX
y[;xD.u’D;vDRI yuG>uhRyrHvD>wz.rh>xJw>q+.w>rJM.vDRI y[;xD.
vJRcDusJw,HRwbl;’D;uD>y,DRok;td.w>tvD>tCdySRo;yS>wz.wJySR<?ok
rh[;M.zD.vdmoko;’fod;tpXRokwxl.zsJ;w*hRI/ yydmvdmycHyvJRw>bO.
uvmzdwpd>ylRuGHm’k.’gtd.w>tvD>wbsDyqh.eDRtd.bSH;td.og< wbsDM.
yoh.ngvXycD.ngo;qg< yuG>vDRtd.xJoh*DRo.tq+.vDRI zJy[JcDusJ
0HRywkRCDRqlo0DwzsX.vXtrh> ?-wLRcHo0D/ 'D;ySRo0DzdCh>vXmvHI y0Jy
vJREkmvDRu’D;vXo0D0JM.tylRvDRI zJM.ye>[lvXySRwJvX< ?zgwH>vXt’l
w>ql.ql.w*RzJtvJRxD.uG>pdw>vXxHusd0>w>’Dcd.tcguD>y,DRok;xH.
pdtDR’D;c;tDRb.zJtcd.wdo.wDwD’D;oH0JwbsDCDvDRI oH0J’D;toud;w*R
vDRI yue.xGJuhR< vDRwCJ;bh.wCJ;uk’d.r;vDRI

rh>vXo0DM.ySRo0Dzdwtd.vXRtCd< yvJRCh>xD.vXo0DtcsXvXyS>ylR
wpJ;vDRI yrHu’D;weRcHeRb.vXrlcd.plR< oh.yS>usgtCdol;xD.< ySRzDtD.
w>< oh.rk.wCh< zDtD.w>rhRrHrHwrHrHytD.’fM.vDRI 0HR’D;ySRwJySRvXyu
w&H;u’guhRvXxHqH.cHo0DtCd< y0HxD.yvD>yusJ’D;yvJRu’D;w>vDRI y
vJRwkRxHqH.cHo0D< ytd.bSH;ySRo;yS>wz.csDtDxHcsDzJogutD0JtcgusdoD.
xD.bl;bl;zd’D;xHqH.cHo0DtCd< ySRo;yS>wz.wJ0J< [hIIIzdoh.vHRoh.{XIII
rRchschsIII0HxD.okvD>okusJ< ytd.zJtHRwnDb.I wbsDtHReR*kmvdm,R*km

95
 ,w>oh.eD.tu'kzd
vdm< 0HxD.Ch>0HxD.uk< ykxD.’H.ykxD.zdvJRu’D;w>vDRI zJyvJRw>ub.
wcDe.&H.< zJM.cgusdoD.tqXwwJmb.I wpd>zdye>[lvXySRud;oD.b.
q.ySRvJRuG>wbl.b.I wkRySRvJRw>,HRxD.wbsD< ySRqDvDRtCh>tuk'D;
td.bSH;td.ogvDRI wbsDtHRySRwJoud;vXySRud;oD.zJruX.w*Rrh>ySRunD
vDRI wkRySRtd.bSH;wpd>0HR< ySRvXpkchscD.chswz.uhRvDRue.uG>0J’D;rh>pJCJR
uD>y,DRok;c;oH0JySRunDvDRI ySRvXtoHw*Rrh>’.-wLRcHo0DzdvXtpH.o
ud;’D;ySRvDRI t0JzJtuvJRue.w>upD.tcguD>y,DRok;xH.qdtDR’D;c;
oHtDRM.vDRI uD>y,DRok;wz.c;oHw>0HR’D;vJR0Jqlng%k>%k>vDRI y0JyvJR
td.bSH;< yrHzJyS>ylRweR0HR’D;ywJyvXuD>y,DRok;wz.vJRwvXuGHmySRvHt
CdySR0HxD.uhRtvD>tusJ’D;y[JuhRok;uhRyo;u,Du,D’D;[JuhRue.w>
upD.wqDb.wqDvDRI wkRy[JuhRwkRvXyo0DtCXR’D;ySRok;zd’D;ySReD>’d.
vXtpkchscD.chswz.[JuhREkmvDRo0DylR’D;wxH.vXR[H.CDvXRb.I wbsD
tHRy[H.wtd.CDwtd.vXRb.I b.q.ybkvXyymclol.wz.td.’H;t
Cd< ,rd,ygwhxD.0J’JzdqH;qH;’D;ytd.ympXR’fM.weH.vDRI rhrh>vXyxd.<
yqDwz.vDRr>cJvXm< yX>wkRvXwX>oyXRvXy[;ymclol.wz.vDRr>0JcJ
vXmtd.wh>uhRxJySR[;0HM>tDRw0HcsXM.vDRI y0JzJM.qXuwD>’fyrh>zdo.
tod;< ywoh.ngw>ud>w>*DRtgtg’fb.I b.q.w>vD>w>usJvXyvJR
b.wz.’D;w>uJxD.o;wqDb.wqDyeD.b.’ftDRM.vDRI

pDRyD.yFL.v.< eD.*H> 1 wDRxDuFd< rJ>v;tl’Ju0DR

96