Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
E tIkW:We
li
TOFdE:HEPo OtPF
tIteTiPJOFliPOHFtPF
xbAF(8)
Little Authors' Imaginative World
Vol. 8
Little Authors' Imaginative World
Student Story Writing Competition Vol. 8
w>qdurd.rSHtw>uGJ;vXxd.'H;oDzdwz.
w>wJxXzSd.vXzdo.wz. tbh.(8)
drum@drumpublications.org
December 2005
ISBN - 974-93794-2-X
ii
w>wJcd.wD ubsH;yR
1I w>rHrD>vXtqX 1
eD>zDzDxl (rJ>v;tl'Ju0DR)
2I oh.-w>zdrh>w>oMRvXpDRxlxlt*D> 6
pDRxloo D .H rl (rJ>v;tl'Ju0DR)
3I xd.'Dzdrd>cHbh.vXt'k;td.xD.uhRoh.yS> 9
pDRq.uD>oD (rJ>&Rrd>'Ju0DR)
4I erh>wtJ.'d;rRvdw>'D; 12
pDRtJ.,GRrl (rJ>v;tl'Ju0DR)
5I zJw>plRcgxH'd.vDR 15
pDRrlM>xl (rJ>v;tl'Ju0DR)
6I zsX.xlysD[h.,Rw>rReXR 19
pDRtJvX>xl (rJ>&Rrd>'Ju0DR)
7I [H.z;'d.vXyS>v>usg (1) 22
eD>cFg&xH. (rJ>&Rrd>'Ju0DR)
8I [H.z;'d.vXyS>v>usg (2) 26
eD>}uH'. (rJ>&Rrd>'Ju0DR)
9I tJ.w>wDw>vdR 29
pDRtJ.ck.rl (rJ>v;tl'Ju0DR)
10I wvJRcDzsdw>tJ.b.q.b.wl>w>vXw>tJ.tCd 32
pDRvgqH;zd (rJ>v;tl'Ju0DR)
11I uGHrkmn.&d 41
pDRvX>vg[huk (rJ>&Rrd>'Ju0DR)
12I ,w>uhR[;uok.wbsDqlunDuD> 44
eD>tJ.usd.zD0g (rJ>v;tl'Ju0DR)
iii
w>uwdRvXng
ud;eH.’J;ytd.’D;w>uGJ;jyXvHmvXuFdzdwz.t*D>’D;yrRtDRwDRxD<
wDRcX.o;’D;wDRzk.uFzd w
d zkwbspD mk pkmM.vDRI2005 < weH.tHRrh>0Jzo
d .
vXto;td.wqHweH.’D;wqHoXeH.tbX.pXRwz.t*D>M.vDRI w>
wJwbst D RH rh>0Jw>qdurd.rS’H ;D uG;J uhRw>*h>w>usRd wz.M.vDRI y[h.
Ckmph>uD;t0Jo.h ’D;w>wJtcd.wDwz.vXu[h.xD.t0Jo.h tw>qd
urd.vXuCkxXuGJ;w>*h>tcd.wD’fvJ.wuvkmt*D>M.vDRI yw>
ynd.vXyrRw>jyXt*D>rh>’fo;d yu’k;td.xD.M>cgqlngtySRuG;J vHmpJ>
eDRwz.vXyySRunDtw0XylRwu;’fb.’fo;d zdo.wz.utd.’D;t
cG;J t,mvXuymzsgxD.b.tw>uG;J t*D>ph>uD;M.vDRI
ypH;bsK;b.zdo.vXt[h.vDRtw>qXuwD>< xJ;*H>xJ;bg’D;EkmvDRjyX
w>wz.ph>uD;M.vDRI ypH;bsK;b.ph>uD;o&.< o&.rk.’D;ySRb.rlb.
’gwz.vXt*kmus;J pX;qSXM>ySRvHmwz.tHRM.vDRI us.d w>&RvDRvHm
vJ>rk>v>vXvHmzdwbh.tHRuuJbsK;vXySRz;w>zdt*D>vDRI
iv
tImEmIo lixsi
,rdr>h uFod &.rk.'D;,ygM.tylRuGmH rh>uoH.o&.w*RvDRI b.q.
cJtRH t0Jt.d 0J'.vX[H.'D;zH;tD.rRtD.'.weHRt*D>weHRt*D>M.vDRI
,'Dy>k 0J>td.vG>H *R< ydmcGgoX*R'D;ydmrk.xJ,Rw*RvDRI ,rRvdv>HG wDR
cHe.H rh>vXtylRuGmH weH.,vDRwJmtCdM.vDRI weH.tHR,rRvd';H '.
vGH>wDRvDRI
1
vDRI ,yg'D;tchtySRwz.vJRvlRtD.w>rHRvm'D;ytD.b.w>n.ud;
eHR'J;vDRI ,tD.wcl;n.< csH;n.< csH;'H.wz.bJr;vDRI
,ygrh>ySRvXttJ.w>CHw>vR'D;tD.wRolwRo.wz.0H.'d.r;tCd
vX[H.u&X>z;vJ>tylRM.< ,ygol.vDRw>tgr;M.vDRI ,[H.vD>cH
u&X>z;vJ>tylR< ,ygol.vDR0JwCh.xl.< yEGJ>xl.< CDRxl.< r;td
xl.< wcd;xl.< oh.0gvDx.l < oJ;xl.< zDo.txl.< wCDRzdq.H o.
txl.< yeDusx J .l < wuGx
H .l 'D;uxHx.l tgr;M.vDRI vX,[H.uyR
,ygcl.M>urgcHzsX.'D;vXurgtylRbk.0Jn.wz.tgr;M.vDRI vX
,[H.rJmngM.< zDwz.w>ol.tDRw*h>b.w*h>zsgCHzsgvR'd.r;'D;
zDtd.0JtuvkmuvkmzDxD.0JCHvR'D;eXrlrRrkm,o;'d.r;M.vDRI
vXzDu&X>tylRtd.0J';D vD>qh.eDR'D;pD>eDRcd.vXw>ymw>tD.w>tDvXt
zDc.d M.vDRI w>ud>cgtqXuwD>zJ[gcD< ,ygqh.eDRuwdRoud;w>'D;
,rd';D ySRwrSRH wz.tcg,ygtchtySRwz.[Jpmd vDRw>tD.w>tDtgr;
M.vDRI ,J,rh>zdo.tCd< ,vdmuGv J XzDu&X>tylRvDRI ,pHmtd.cl
ol.,yk>vXzDwz.tusgvDRI
,tD.wRolwRo.wz.ud;eHR'J;tqXwxD.wJmb.I ,tD.bJ'.d r;
'D;,'k;tD.,yk>wz.vDRI ,[H.rJmngph>uD;td.'D;w>ymodv.h tvD>
M.vDRI ,ygtodv.h td.tgr;M.vDRI vX[H.ylRtd.'D;vDr.h tlwz.'D;
w>*DRrlwz.vDRI [H.ysyD Rl td.'D;pD>eDRcd.< vD>qh.eDRvXtCHvRwz.
vDRI pD>eDRcd.tzDc.d td.'D;zDuw
d z.'D;w>tD.t0H.wz.ySR[JymvDRud;
*DR'J;'D;ud;[g'J;M.vDRI ,[H.ylRySRzDtD.w>vXvDrh.tl'D;td.'D;w>
vk.xHvD>'D;w>[;vD>vX[H.ylRph>uD;M.vDRI ,w>td.rltHRrkm'd.
r;vDRI ,[H.M.td.pDRpkR'D;'lo0D< cl0>h wz.oXe.&H.usv J Xyb.vJR
2
vXodv.h M.vDRI ,ygud;M>ySRo&.rk.vXu[Jo.d vdyRS w*RvDRI y
td.ph>uD;'D;[H.zdCzD t
d uoH.o&.w*RM.vDRI
,ygwJ,RvX,rh>'d.xD.r;uqSX,RvXuFdvX0h>ylRvDRI ,td.'D;zJ
xlvXtCHvRwz.< xHz.HS xl< e>'H;xl';D yoH;xltgr;M.vDRI ,ul,
uRwz.td.'.xJt*hRvDRI ,uG>vDR,o;*hR'd.r;vDRI ud;rk>eR'J;,
rHvRD vX,rd>'D;,y>tbX.pXRvDRI ,ygrHz;d [k,R,rHrmk 'd.r;vDRI ,
ygtd.'D;tchtySRydmcGgwz.'D;w>pku0JRtgr;vDRI ,ygbk.ph>uD;xG.H
vXurDRw>t*D>vDRI
b.weRzJ,rHb.,o;tcg,ygud;*JRqXxX.,RvXrk>eR,dmvDRI
,e>[lw>oD.tuvkmuvkm< usdoD.xGH.rDRw>oD.uvluvDtg
r;vDRI ySRpH.xDp.H vDR'D;ySRud;yolo.D tgr;M.vDRI ,ygrdRxD.,pk<
pdmxD.,yk>'D;,rd>ph>uD;pdmxD.,yk>t*Rwz.vDRI ,ygrXypH.vDRql
[H.zDvm'D;yysRH w>yo;ued;'d.r;vDRI ,yk>tqH;zdwz.ysRH w>'D;[D.
ud;yolvRD I ,rdysRH w>'d.r;'D;pdm,yk>wusXRvXRb.I ,pH.vDR'D;,rd<
,ygql[H.zDvm'D;ytd.clol.vXw>ylRwylRvX[H.zDvmM.vDRI usd
oD.oñx;tgr;vDRI xG.H wz.rDRw>tqXwxD.wJmb.I ySRCh>oD.tg
r;M.vDRI ,ysRH w>'d.r;,qdurd.vXwbst D RH ,uoHvRD I rh>rwRw
zk[rJ RtXrRoDyRS vJ.I
,ygwJ0v
J XySRc;b.'d';D ySRzD.M>t0Jo.h weDRvDRI vXcH[0J w
J bl.vXR
b.I ,oHuG>,ygvX< ?tuhRpdmw>xl;w>wDRvXmvH{g/
,ygwJvX< ?wuhRpdm0Jb.I rR0JwM>eDwrHRb./
,JwcD,ysRH 'fw>'d.r;M.vDRI ,b.,d.xJ,rd';D ,yguoHb.zk;vDRI
,o;unDRb.,yk>wz.'d.r;vDRI rh>vX,ysHRw>'d.'d.uvJmtCd
,ud;,rd,ygcJtRH cJtRH b.q.t0Jo.h wud;qX,RvXRb.I ,ud;
yol< ,xlwusmw>< ,[D.z;'d.wkR,zsdyX>xD.vXcdwpkM.vDRI
5
HAF\tIPOmO IA tIHn`BliSoBTvTx
v joI
vXo0Dzw d zsX.tylRySRydmcGgzdt.d w*R'D;trHRrh>0JpRD xlxvl RD I t0Jt.d
'D;tyk>'hcgG oX*R'D;tyk>'hr.k oX*RvDRI trdtygrh>ySRrRck;zdvRD I pDRxlxl
rh>zdo.vXte>vdRw*RvDRI trd>ty>vJRqlc;k ylRtcgt0Jt.d vX[H.
uG>tyk>zdwz.'D;zJtrd>uvJRw>M.zDymM>0JrRh 'D;rX0Jt'k;tD.tyk>zdw
z.vXrhRM.vDRI zJM.tcgto;td.'.xJteH.wqHvRD I
trd>ty>rh>ySRzJ;ck;tCdb.[;zJ;tD.ck;weHRwylRweRwylRvDRI b.
[;td.vXck;ylRwbl;'D;ySRunDb.I xlxt l ygM.ymyJys>d (us)d wcd.
vXw>zdw>vHRrh>rR[;*DRtbk';D uc;0Jt*D>M.vDRI ud;rk>eHRxlxt l yg
vJRrRw>[JuhRrk>[gud;rk>[gvDRI weHRwcD.xlxltrd'D;tyg*JRqX
xX.zDt.D rhRtD.xH0RH rRymM>0Jtzdwz.trhR0HRvJRw>vDRI 'fM.tod;
xlxtl ygM.[;c;us0d RH [JuRh bs;xD.0Jzw
J uHRcHM.vDRI t0JvRJ rRw>
b.q.w>rEkRr;wuJx.D to;b.I
6
0JtvD>M.vDRI rh>vXbs;0JwusXRtCdtusdtRH vDRwJmyd>xD.'D;b.0J
tpDpRD xlxt l cD.'hM.vDRI zJtqXuwD>0JM.rh>vXySRwtd.vX[H.eDw
*Rb.tCdySRwoh.ngxGJeDw*Rb.I t[H.ph>uD;wbl;'D;ySReDw*R
b.I vX[H.wcDt.d xJt0J';D tyk>qH;zdwz.vDRI pDRxlxt l cD.'hb.
'd';D tCHu>wbd';D toG.H ,GRvDR0Jtgr;M.vDRI ySReD>'d.wtd.eDw*R'D;
ySRteD>'d.uwX>vX[H.ylRcJtRH M.rh>0JpRD xlxv l Xto;td.teH.(10)
M.vDRI pDRxlxt l cD.'ho.HG 0J'w
D eHRusXRngM.vDRI ub.rRywkm0Jw>
oG.H 'fv.J M.woh.ng0Jb.I
7
xlxlvJRqlw>qg[H.tcgwoh.eD.to;vXRb.I uoH.o&.qJ;
vDRM>tDRuoH.M.vDRI o&.oGMD >tDRuoH.z;'d.M.vDRI w,Hmb.'D;
xlxloh.eD.xD.uhRto;vDRI xlxltd.vXw>qg[H.woDcHoD'D;
uoH.o&.uG>0JvRD *mt*H>tbgtd.xD.tCduoH.o&.'D.tcD.'h
vDRI tcD.'hvXb.'dwuyRtn.yd>z;uGmH 'D;tCHu>uGmH tCdyRS b.
'D.wJmtw>vDRI tyg'ku>G 0Jwbl.vXRb.I rhr>h trd't k oG.H ySRJ x;vDRI
xlxlemuhto;ql.vXySRu'D.tcD.vDRI t0Jrh>ydmcGgzdvXto;'lw
*RvDRI t0JEmk vDRqlyRS 'D.w>tvD>'D;ySR'k;eXtDRvXuoH.o;oyhR'D;ySR
'D.uGmH tcD.wuyRvDRI xlxt l cD.td.wh>xJwuyRb.q.to;w
[;*DRb.I
8
TOFdoPmO IO KEbFA lixduRxOFToFkABHAFpJI
w>wJ0'J .wbsx D .d 'Dzrd >d td.0Jcb
H .h M.vDRI xd.'Dzrd >d cHb.h tHRtd.qd;0J
'.vXw>vD>wwDR'D;w>vD>t0JM.rh>w>vD>vXw>,DRCh';D w>ud>qg0J
'.M.vDRI rh>vXw>ud>qgtCdw>rJw>rg'D;oh.0.wz.rJxD.0JwM>
b.I xd.'Dzdrd>cHbh.tHRtd.0JzJoh.ChxDz;'d.wxl.tcHM.vDRI
oh.wxl.tHRtd.'.xJt'ht-w>vDRI tv.wtd.eDwbh.b.I vX
oh.cD.xH;td.ph>uD;'D;xHyRl qH;qH;zdwylRvXxHt.d 0J'.wpJ;zdvXxd.
'Dzrd >d cHb.h tHRutD0t J *D>M.vDRI
xd.'Dzdrd>cHbh.tHR[;CktD.tq.'D;wkRvXrk>[gvDRvH'D;[JuhRrH
0J'.vXoh.'hvdRvXtoGHylRM.vDRI 'D;tzdwbh.M.rHrD>vXxd.[JcH
bh.M.tw>'d.M>'H;tDR'D;wkRrk>qh.0gxD.'D;xd.zdwbh.tHRwJb.trd>
vXtrHr>D w>t*h>tusdRcJvXmM.vDRI
'D;wkRrk>qgcD';D xd.zd[cJ b
H .h 'D;xd.'Dzrd >d cHb.h M.xH.b.0Jx.d zdcb
H .h tHR
'D;oHu>G 0J< ?okuvJRzJv.J /
'D;xd.zdcbH .h pH;qXtDR< ?y[;ur.usv J RD /
9
xd.rd>yS>wbh.oHu>G u'D;tDR< ?okt.d zJv.J /
xd.zdcb
H .h M.pH;qXtDR<?ytd.vXrk>EkmyS>v>usgM.vDR/
xd.rd>yS>pH;b.t0Joh.< ?wb.ol.ud>o;*DRw>eDwrHRw*hRI
yoh.ngokt.d w>tvD>*hR*hRvDRI cJr>k qh.yuvJRqSXuhRok/
tM.wpkx.d zdcb H .h M.o;ck';D pH;bsK;0J'.xd.'Dzrd >d cHb.h tHRM.vDRI eR
t0JM.t0Jo.h rHoud;0JwylRCDyRJS 'D;w>tJ.w>uGMH .vDRI
wkRrk>qh.0gxD.'D;xd.'Dzdrd>cHbh.M.qSXuhR0Jxd.zdcHbh.qltw>td.
w>qd;tvD>M.vDRI wkRxd.zdcHbh.tHRuhRwkRvXtw>td.w>qd;t
vD>'D;to;ck0'J .'d.r;rh>vXxH.vdmb.uhRto;'D;trd>ty>'D;twHR
oud;wz.tCdM.vDRI t0Jo.h wl>vdm0Jx.d 'Dzrd >d cHb.h tHR*hR*hRb.
b.'D;uGrJ mk 0JvXutd.'D;t0Jo.h wylRCDM.vDRI 'D;t0Jo.h td.oud;
rkmrkmck.ck.wbsK;oDM.vDRI 'D;b.weHRM.xd.'Dzrd >d cHb.h M.pH;b.to
ud;toDwz.vXuuhRqltw>td.w>qd;tvD>'D;wJ0J< ?ytJ.'d;Ch
okw>rRpXRwpJ;vDR/
xd.t*Rwz.oHu>G tDR< ?okt.J 'd;Chyw>rRpXRrEkRwrHRvJ.I yrRpXR
oko'h gcD/
xd.rd>yS>wJt0Jo.h < ?cJr>k qh.0Ho;plRvJRpdmM>,RxHw*RwvDRpDR'D;oh.
v.w*Rwbh.vX,td.w>tvD>eD./
xd.t*Rwz.tX.vDRwl>vdmtDRvXurRpXRtDRvXw>o;cktylRM.
vDRI
wkRrk>qh.0gxD.'D;xd.zdcb
H .h 'D;twHRoud;wz.vJRoud;0J'.qlx.d 'D
zdr>d cHb.h tw>td.w>qd;tvD>pdmCkm'D;xHw*RwvDRpDR'D;oh.v.w
*Rwbh.M.vDRI wkRxd.'Dzdrd>cHbh.M.[JuhRwkRvXttd.qd;w>t
10
vD>'D;,lRvDR0JvdRvdRvXoh.vXttd.0Jwxl.tcD.xH;'D;toud;
t*Rwz.,lRvDRydm0JtcHM.vDRI wkRtwkRvXoh.cD.xH;'D;_yvd RD 0JxH
'D;toud;wz.rRydmxGJtcH'ftrR0Jtod;M.vDRI 0HR,lRxD.u'gvX
oh.'htvdR'D;xDx.D uhR0Jo.h v.vXt[JuRh pdm0Jwz.vXoh.'htvdR
ud;bh.'J;vDRI
oh.wcd.tHRcDzst
d 'd;M>b.xHtCdtv.wz.vg[hvRD u[kunD>tCd
t0J*Rh xD.'d.xD.xDx.D 'D;zDx.D bd.xD.0JzsgCHzsgvR*hR0J'.d r;M.vDRI
wkRto.wz.rHb'D ;D uvHR[Jtb l .tDRtCdto.rHwz.vDRq+< vDR
wJmqlw>vD>vXtcd.tCXRwz.vDRI w>o.wz.tHRwkRttk.oHw
pkt.d wh>xJtcs'H ;D w>tcsw
H z.tHR[Jrx
J .D u'guhR0J''D .l 'DxXM.vDRI
vXcHw>vD>vXw>ud>'d.r;wwDRtHRtd.uhR0J'D;oh.xl.wz.'D;w>rJ
w>rgvg[hwz.tCduJxD.u'guhRyS>vXt*hR< CHvR'D;vXySJR0JvX
MqX.tw>xl;w>wDRwyS>M.vDRI
11
nmAItxeFdORmBlOtIdoR
eHe.H rh>ydmrk.zdo.vXtCHvRvDRtJ.'d.r;w*RM.vDRI t0Jt.d ph>uD;
'D;toud;ydmrk.zdvXtnDE>k vdmuG'J ;D tDRwz.vXtrh>0Jppl .h < vlp.h <
rh&h.'D;&HxX.wz.vDRI toud;rk.vXtvdmuGJnDEk>'D;tDRud;*R'J;
rh>0JyRS rRvdw>M.vDRI rhr>h eHe.H t0JwvJRqlw>rRvdv>D b.I rh>vXuX.
tCdvRD I zJr&h .h ud;tDRvXuvJRqlw>rRvdv>D M.< t0Jp;H 0J< ?,wtJ.
'd;vJRb.I ,tJ.'d;td.vX[H.'D;,rdrv d RD / trd>rXtvJRqlw>rRvd
tvD>wM>tCdtrdwJtDR< ?*hRvH< etJ.'d;td.vX[H.tCdtd.wh>I
b.q.rk>weHReuoh.ngb.w>rRvdvmH tbsK;vDR/
12
vXcHweHRrk>*>zD[J[;vXt0Joh.t[H.vDRI eHeH.wJtDR< ?r[gweHR
,vJR[;qle[H.ewtd.b./trk>*>wJqXtDR< ?,uGJ;wh>vHmvX
pD>eDRcd.ewxH.b.{gI tX.< ez;vHmwb.b.tCdewoh.ngpJCRJ
,uG;J wh>w>rEkRvJ.b.I e-uX;vJRqlw>rRvdv>D 'fo;d ez;vHmub.
t*D>vDR/
vXw>o;tk;tylRt0J[D.vXmo;vDRI zJySRud;*Re>[lt0J[D.tu
vk>oD.M.ySRuG>w&H;tDRvXw>urXur.tylRM.vDRI toud;zdt*R
wz.[JoHuG>tDRrh>tb.rEkRvJ.vDRI rJ&h.ud;CDRtDR'D;wJtDR<
?tdIIIeHe.H {X< b.rEkReb.[D.vJ.I [J< [Jt.D oud;w>'D;ySR/
eHe.H wJqX< ?ySRwuG, J ReDw*Rb.tCd,woh.ngb./
ySRud;*R'J;oHu>G tDR< ?tdr[guXm< ewrRM>w>uGrJ mk b.{gI yvJR'X
EkmM>eRvXe[H.tvHm'XwvgtylRvDR/
eHeH.pH;qXtDR< ?td< ,xH.vHmy&XupD'DI ,qdurd.vXtrh>w>'k;
yvD>vXtpH;0J ?xd;bl;w*hRI wolx.D 'H;b.tCd,wuG>b./
ySRud;*R'J;eHRb.eHe.H 'D;t0Jp>h uD;eHRxD.0JvXw>rJmqS;tylRM.vDRI t0J
oh.tD.oud;w>ySRJ 'D;w>o;zSv H RD I b.q.zJeeH .H vdmuG'J ;D tD.w>tcg
'.vJmt0Jqu d rd.xD.0Jw>rRto;'D;tDRwz.wcgb.wcg'D;e>yX>0J
vX-uX;vJRpJCJRqlw>rRvdvD>vDRI t0JymvDRph>uD;to;vXrk>qh.
xD.uvJRqlw>rRvdv>D vDRI
14
PetISvBKaTEdFO loB
b.weHRzJ2002eH.< vgpJ;ywhbX.xD.cHot D eHRzJpvg'Ju0DRM.rk>qh.
xD.'D;rk>uyDRxD.'ftnDE>k tod;M.vDRI tCd,uwJmuwDRxD.,o;
'D;,vJRxD.uFv d Xu0DR'hwqHM.vDRI ,vJRxD.uF0d RH 'D;rk>xl.cg,[J
uhRtD.rhRvX,[H.0HR'D;,vJRxD.u'guhRuFv d X[gcDwe.&H.M.vDRI
zJ,vJRxD.uFdtqXuwD>M.w>tX.cH;olr;vXxHcHuGmcHM.vDRI
zJo&.o&.rk.wz.uG>w>qlxHuGmcHM.< rh>vXw>tX.cH;ol'd.r;
tCdysu J Rh ySRzJceH .&H.wcDtqXuwD>M.vDRI
zJ,uhRtqXuwD>M.rh>vXw>plRtg0JtCd,uhRCh>csc› sq › ,l [H.M.
vDRI ,[JuhRvX,[H.'D;rh>vXw>plR'd.r;tCdxHM.[J'd.vDR0J'.
wpJ;b.wpJ;'D;vXcHM.[J'.d vDR0J'.'d.r;tCd,vJRxD.qlw>vl>cd.
'D;,'Dyk>0J>vGH>*RM.vDRI ,rd>'D;,y>wz.td.vX[H.'D;bd.xD.uhR
w>ulw>uR'D;w>t*Rwz.b.q.xH'.d xD.'D;vDRxGu H mHG 0Jcv
J XmvDRI
zJM.,rd>'D;,y>Ch>xD.qlySR[H.vXt,HR'D;xHusdwzsX.M.vDRI
rh>vX,[H.td.bl;'D;xHusdtCd,[H.vDRxGHuGHm'DzsX.M.vDRI ,Jw
cD,vJRxD.uG>w>vXySR[H.zDc.d 'D;,xH.xH['J .d xD.'d.'d.rk>rk>'D;[H.
vXtbl;'D;xHusw d z.vDRxGu
H mHG cJvXmM.vDRI rhr>h [H.weDRwcDvRD xGH
0Jxw J 0mM.vDRI ySRweDReDRwcDu;d Chw>rRpXR< ,xH.pD>eDRcd.< vD>qh.
eDR< we>< od'Xwz.'D;oh.0.wz.vDRxG0H t J gr;M.vDRI ySRunDt*R
cHqHbsJ.ph>uD;vDRxGHvXxHusgM.vDRI rh>r;w>xH.b.vXtvDRu
rXur.< vDRo;uwkR'D;vDRo;b.'d'.d r;wcgM.vDRI
15
zJ[gcDv>HG e.&H.M.xHw’d.xD.vXRb.I zJxyH wkmtqXuwD>,vJR
xD.vX,zHt[H.’D;,rHzMJ .’D;,rd< ,ygwz.M.vDRI zJ,[H.vDRxGH
tcgyus.d zdpzh ’d ;D w>zdw>vHRwz.vDRr>uGmH tCd< ,rd>,y>to;b.
’d’.d r;M.vDRI rk>qh.xD.M.,rd< ,ygvJRySR› M>ySRw>ulw>uRwz.0HR
’D;vJRtd.0JvXu0DR’h (12) M.vDRI zJvgxD.(3)oDM.ySRvJRCkuRh ySR
vXtvDRxGo H .h wz.M.vDRI zJ[gcDvRD we.&H.tqXuwD>M.ySRvX
tvJRCkuRh 0J’.w>wz.[JuRh 0J’;D [JuRh pdm0JyRS vXtvDRxGoH .h wz.
vXw>qg[H.tylRM.vDRI zJ[gcDvRD oXe.&H.M.,vJR[;vXw>qg
[H.’D;,xH.b.vXySRvXtvDRxGt H .d 0J(26)*RM.vDRI ,vJRuG>0HR’D;
,[JuRh vX,rk>*>t[H.M.vDRI
,bsguhRtqXuwDub.zJvgxD.Cd;oDM.,vJR[;vXu0DR(11=bH.)
w>vl>cd.’D;,rd>M.vDRI zJ,vJR[;tqXuwD>M.,rd>M.vJR[;vX
ySRt[H.vDRI ,JwcDb.vXubD,lR[J’D;,vJRxD.uG>ubD,lRM.
vDRI zJvX,vJRxD.tqXuwD>M.ySRzdo.vJRuG>ubD,Rl tgr;vDRI
ubD,Rl M.wD0w J >ulw>uRwz.vDRI ‘D;zJM.ySRvXteD>’d.oh.wz.
vJR[;0J’;D [JuRh ym0JvXySR[H.vXttd.bl;0Jo.h wz.M.vDRI ySRvJR
16
[H;vDRw>ulw>uR0HR’D;wcsK;zJubD,Rl [;xD.tqXuwD>b.M.rh>
vXw>plRtCdyRS vXtukmo'Xrk>wz.to'Xrk>b.ubD,Rl uvHR'D;
o'Xrk>[;*DR0Jwbh.b.wbh.'D;zJM.,td.'D;ubD,Rl tCduvHRb.
,Rbl;uzs;d xD.uGmH 0J'.M.vDRI zJ,bl;uzs;d uGmH tqXuwD>M.,ukm
o'Xrk>'D;,o'Xrk>,lRxD.0Jqw l >z;zD';D ,o'Xrk>zdt.d xDvXoh.cHvRD I
zJM.ySRuG>0J,RvXw>eHRurSt H ylRvDRI
'D;,rXySRvJR[HM>uhR,R'D;zJM.ySRvJR[H;0Jwohb.tCd,uGHmvDR
wJm,o'Xrk>b.q.,w>wvDRwJmb.M.vDRI 'D;zJM.tqXuwD>,
xH.0JyRS w*R'D;ySRw*RoHu>G ,R<?euGmH w>rEkRvJ./
'D;,wJ< ?,uGHmuhR,o'Xrk>I rh>vXubD,lRwbh.,lRxD.'D;ty.
u.w&H;'D;tlzs;d ,o'Xrk>tCdt.d xDw>h vXoh.cHvRD I tCd,uGmH vDR
wJmtDRvDR/
'D;t0Jw0J <J ?,uvJRxD.[H;M>eRvDR/ zJM.ySRuG>,Rtgr;vDRI 'D;ySR
w*R[H;M>uhR,o'Xrk>0HR'D;[JuRh vDR[h.,R'D;,pH;bsK;'D;,[JuRh
ql,zHt[H.vDRI zJ,uhRvDRM.,rdou H >G ,R< ?evJRzJv.J / 'D;zJM.
,wJqXtDRvX< ?vJRuG>uDubD,Rl /
y[JuRh oud;ql[.H 'D;zJoXe.&H.tbs.J M.,tD.rhR'D;,rd>,y>0HR[g
cDvRD Cke.&H.tbs.J 'D;,rH0'J .M.vDRI
zJ7e.&H.wcDM.xH'd.vDRu'D;wbsD'D;w>vDRxGH0J'.xJ0.< oh.<
w>zdw>vHRvXt_yHu'H<w>wCmwz.tgr;vDRI 'D;[H.vXtvDRxGH
0HRwvXmtd.wh>uhRwuhwcDwz.vDRxGH0J'.M.vDRI xH'd.vDR0HR
rk>qh.xD.ySRvXttd.bl;xHuX>cd.vXt'X;wvDRxGb H .wz.t0Jwh
xD.uhRt[H.vXw>vl>cd.vDRI ySRvXttd.vXxH*RuD>*Rwz.
[Jww D >tD.w>tDwz.tgr;vDRI [Jw0D 'J .'D;';rH< xH< [ko;< cD.zH;<
17
w>ulw>uRwz.tgr;vXySRvXt[H.vDRxGcH v
J Xmrh>*hRvDRxG0H 'J .w
uhwcDr>h *hRt*D>vDRI
zJM.rh>vX,[H.vDRxGHtCdw>tD.w>tDwz.,tD.b.tDRM.vDRI
,vJR[H;xD.w>tD.wz.0HR'D;,[JuRh vX,[H.'D;ySRwJ0v J Xu0DR'h
oXM.uX>vmtCdzt J qXuwD>M.,[JuRh CDRuhRvXu0DR'h (10) bk
zDtylRvDRI rh>vXbkzDvX,td.M.bl;'D;xHusdylRtCd,ysHRw>'d.r;
vDRI ,td.vXbkzyD Rl 'D;,rd>,y>wz.M.vDRI zJvgxD. 22 oD< rk>cHeRH
M.ySRvXuD>*Rwz.[Jw0D 'J .w;v;b;vXubD,Rl tgr;M.vDRI t0J
oh.[h.vDRySRvXt'X;vDRxGHwz.vXw;v;b;vDRI ySR[h.vDRySRt
'd.wbh.'D;tqH;wbh.vDRI ,vJR[H;w;v;b;0HR,[JuhRvX,
zHt[H.'D;rk>qh.xD.*DRcDywhx.D pXRt[H.vXw>vl>cd.'D;t0J';k xD.0J
t[H.cd.vX';v;b;M.vDRI 'D;zJM.t0Jt.d rkmqd;yXRb.uhR0J'.Ckm
'D;,[H.zdCzD w d z.vDRI w,HmwrD>xH'.d vDR0HR'D;,uhRtd.uhRvXu
0DR'h (9) vDRI p;xD.vX,uhRtd.M.xHw'd.vDRvXReDwbsDvXRb.I
t0JtRH rh>w>vX,vJRcDzsb d .'D;,uG;J tDR'f,vJRcDzsb
d .tod;vDRI
18
PLiFTvpLohFA yBtImBniB
,td.vXupX>cd.tcg,b.rRrkmrR0JR'D;,td.qd;vD>uscJ v J Xmrh>u
pX>uvdcd.w>vl>w>}wDRylRvDRI ,woh.ngw>ul.b.ul.oht*h>
tusRd b.I ,td.vX,o0Dtcgrh>vXy,DR'k.'gtw>rRtXrRe;ySRt
Cdyb.pH.rSH[;zsd;vXyS>v>usg< yb.uDR0HRuDRphRrhR'D;[ko;wtd.
vXuzDt.D t*D>b.I tCdb.uDRrhR[XzXqgemuhrRwohb.I wkRy
,DRuhRvDR'D;uhRpdmyxd;< yqD';D 'G.J tlumHG ybkzw
D Rk tvXmwtd.vXR
eDwpJ;b.'D;y0Joh.yo;wrkmb.I zJy[Jtd.uFdbD'X.wtd.'H;t
cgM.,b.td.vXySRuql;uwhRvDRI yb.rRw>e;e;uvJmvDRI uFrd >h
ys>M.b.[JuRh zDt.D rhR< b.'X.xH< zs;oh.rk>< xl;vDRM>ySR[H.ylR< cGJ
[H.zDvmrRw>xJM.b.q.ySRwJvXwrRw>b.I rhr>h tzdwcD[;qJ.
o;'k;tD.0JxwJ >0H.w>bJywtD.b.b.I b.o;tD.emuh rRwoht
Cdu>G uDt0Jo.h vDRI
,uFdtd.ol.vDRto;vXrJ>&Rrd>u0DR (5 A) eD.*H>oXwDRzk.uFdtylR
vDRI ,[Jtd.zJtHR,xH.b.w>*JRvdmuGJtuvkmuvkmvDRI w>*JR
vdmuGvJ X,b.o;'d.uwX>rh>zsX.xlvRD I rh>b.vXuFyd s>tqXuwD>
,vJRqlzsX.xlysyD Rl vDRI ,vJRvdmuG'J ;D ,wHRoud;wz.rkm'd.r;vDRI
,*JRvdmuGvJ Xw>ol.td.o;td.tylRvDRI rh>uhRwkRvX[H.wbsC D yD RS
'l,R< wD>,R< ySRtD.rhRwvXmySRvlumHG 0Jb.q.o;w[;*DRvXw>*JR
vdmuGtJ Cdb.I
20
uGtJ CdvRD I ,o;ySRJ vkmuGmH 'D;w>o;ck';D wbsDbsDt.D b.rhRbsJbsJw
bsb J s<J tD.rhRvXw>rJmxHrmJ edtylRvDRI wbsb
D s[
D o
k ;vXeuzDt.D M.
[h.0JwuJb.I b.uDRrhRvXw>o;plRtylRvDRI [XzXqgrRwohb.
rh>vXrd>wtd.bl;y>wtd.bl;b.tCdrRzJo;wohb.I b.q.o;w
[;*DRb.I tqXuwD>b.'D;vXzsX.xlysyD Rl ,vJR,J'.vDRI o;vXt
wuqSb D .wzsX.[gr>uGmH o;vXtrkmwzsX.[JyX>xD.u'guhRvDRI
'D;,*JRvdmuGv J Xw>ol.cko;cktylRvDRI wkR[JuRh vX[H.'D;ySRuG>vDR
eRtrJm[h,>k trJmvDRpJRb.,J>ys>vDRI trJmtd.vgoHvg[h';D tJ.'d;
rRoHumHG ,RwbsC D v
D RD I ,J,qdr.d ,o;wrkmph>uD;b.I ud;,R'D;'l
,R< wD>,R< rX,qXxX.qh.eDRrX,RtuvkmvkmvDRI b.q.,wl>
,JvXw>rJmrkmegqXtylRvDRI
21
hEFPRdOFlipJIlIkLa (1)
wbsMD .ySR'Dzv
k RH td.cH*RvDRI zko;yS>w*RtHRuG>zd.CJuRh tvHRzdw*R
tHRvXteD>qH;tcgvHRvHRM.vDRI vHRzdw*RtHRzJtrd>'XtDRtcg
ty>M.y,DRc;oHtRD M.vDRI trd>wcD'XCmtDR'D;wkRttd.zs.J tzdw
*RtHRM.w,HmwrD>qd;uh';D oH0pJ >h uD;vDRI tCdzw k *RtHRb.uG>zd.
CJuhRtvHRw*RtHRvXteD>qH;cgvHRvHRtCdud;M>0JtvHRw*RtHR
trHRvXpDRzd.CJM.vDRI zko;yS>tvHRzdw*RtHRtd.vH0t J eH.wqHM.
vDRI zJqXuwD>0JtRH w>'k;w>,Rtd.0JtCdyRS td.vXo0DyRl wbl.uJm
qd;b.tCdzo k ;yS>'D;tvHRzdw*RtHRuGx J .D vdmo;'D;vJR0Jqyl >S v>usg
M.vDRI zko;yS>w*RtHRvJRw>,HRxD.,HRxD.'D;vJR0JwRk vXyS>,dmylR'D;
Cku>G 0Jw>vD>vXuwht.d pXRtvHRzdw*RtHR'Jzt d *D>vDRI
22
tzkwcDwpJ XRtvHRvX'X;z;'d.t*h>tHR'ftoh.ng0Jtod;vDRI ?'X;z;
'd.0JtRH vXysXRysXRM.rh>0Jt;h oH;vXt[;td.vXyS>usg[;bgw>< 'k.
w>tD.w>tDtd.xJw*RvXyS>,dmylRM.vDRI zJwcsK;oDcgtHR[;td.
'ftHRtcgt0J[;'D;CkxH.M>tvD>vXtb.to;'D;rX0JtzdtvHRwh
xD.M>tDR[H.z;'d.0JtRH M.vDR/ rh>vXzko;yS>tHRwbst
D cg[Jwb
h .ph>
uD;[H.z;'d.0JtRH M.vDRI [H.z;'d.tHRrh>vXteH.,HmvgtgvHtCdzk
o;yS>tHRweD.vXR0JtvD>tusJp>h uD;b.I
weHRtHRrk>[g0JvXweHRt*D>vHzo k ;yS>'gvDRM>tvHRzdtvD>rHvXurH
t*D>vDRI vHRzdwcDto;ylRysRH 0J[.H z;'d.tHR'd.r;vDRI vHRzdtRH rH0w
J M>
vXtysRH w>'d.tCdvRD I vHRzdtRH zJttd.'D;oud;vXtvdmuGo J ud;w
z.wJ,Rk vdmo;vXw>vdmw>vh< w>ysRH w>zk;t*h>tCd< cJtRH vHRzdtRH
oh.eD.xD.uhR0Jw>wJysHRt*h>'D;ysHRw>cJtHR'd.r;vDRI rH0JwM>b.'D;
uG>w>vXrk>eRw*RvDRI zko;yS>wcDr>h vXzH;w>rRw>'DeRH usXRw>bS;H t
o;tCdrv H RD 'D;rHb.to;rkmrkmvDRI
23
oD.< [;oD.< ud;oD.wz.vX,.uwXRvmvDRI wpd>zde>[l0w J >[J
bl;xD.vXt*DRxH;tCdt0JysRH w>'D;[D.z;'d.0JvXw>ysRH ylRM.vDRI
wkRrh>t[D.z;'d.'D;zko;yS>tHReD.xD.o;M.vDRI zko;yS>tHRoh.ng0JvX
tvHRzdtRH ysRH w>tCdz;d [kuRh 0J';D wJpXR0J'o
f ;d tvHRpDRzd.CJzo
d w
k ysRH
w>vXRw*hRvDRI vHRzdwcDtw>ysRH w[gr>'H;b.I 'fo;d tvHRzdow k ysRH
vXRw>w*hRt*D>zko;yS>pdmxD.0Ju;G vhxX.'fo;d uCkc;pH.uGmH 0Jw>vX
t[JoD.[JoJwz.vDRI zko;yS>[H;xD.tvDqSd (';rH) 'D;Ckvhw>t
cgxH.0Jbsg'D;,k>wz.[;pH.Ckt.D tq.vDRI zko;yS>tHRc;0Jbsg'D;b.
0JvDRI zko;yS>vJR[H;xD.uhR0JtbsgvXtc;b.0Jwbh.tHR'D;[JuhR
xD.eJ.yF;tvHRvDRI
24
xd.ud;oD.wuvkmtHRvHRzdpRD zd.CJe>[lb.0Jt*h>wpJ;wrG;J vXto
ud;wJpXRtDRvXwbsDtcgvDRI 'D;'fzo d .tusdmtod;qdr.d 0JvXxd.cH
bh.tHRtD.ySRunDtCdysRH 0JvRD I vXw>M.tCdvRH zdtRH [D.xD.u'D;
0JvXw>ysHRw>zk;tylRvDRI xd.cHbh.tHRtd.,HRwbh.'D;td.bl;w
bh.vDRI zJttd.bl;wbh.ud;oD.'d.0J';D td.0Jz[ J .H z;'d.uyRoh.z;
'd.tcHvDRI rh>vXvHRzdysHRw>vXmo;tCdzko;yS>0JtHRCkusJ'fod;vHR
zdowk ysHRvXRw>w*hRvDRI zko;yS>[H;xD.tcsH.tys>< pdmxD.tvDqdS
(';rH) pH.vDRvhc;0Jx.d M.vDRI zko;yS>tHRvhx.d xH.xd.'D;c;0Jx.d 'D;
b.xd.ph>uD;vDRI zko;yS>vJRxXxD.xd.'D;[JuRh pdmeJ.yF;tvHRvDRI
'D;wJqXtvHRzdvX< ?xd.t0JtHRwrh>xd.ul0>vXttD.w>wz.
M.b.I xd.t0JtHRrh>xd.vHmrd>C;vXttD.qDwz.vDRI cJrk>qh.
yuzDt.D xd.t0JtRH vDRI rhr>h xd.ul0>M.ySRwtD.b.I ttD.ySRunD
wcDvRD I tCdt0JtRH rh>xd.vXyb.tD.tDRvDR/ wkRtHRwbsv D RH zdpRD
zd.CJtRH tw>ysRH w>zk;[gr>uGmH vDRI 'D;vHRzdtRH zsgvXwysRH pJCRJ w>eD
wrHRtCdrv H RD uhR0JvXtvD>rHyRl 'D;rHb.to;vDRI rk>qh.xD.'ftwJym
0Jtod;'Dzv
k RH cH*RtD.b.bsgn.'D;zDt.D vHmrd>C;tn.vDRI p;xD.rk>
weHRM.vHRzdtRH wysRH vXRw>eDwrHRb.I rh>e>[lx.d ud;ySRJ uvkmvJ.
M.vlRc;tD.0JvRD I [H.z;'d.ph>uD;pDRzd.CJwysRH vXRb.I w>rh>oD.rh>oJ
vX[H.z;'d.ylRM.pDRzd.CJvRl Ckc;'.vXtup>vDRI
25
hEFPRdOFlipJIlIkLa (2)
wbso D 0Dt.d 0JwzsX.rh>o0DvXtySRJ 'D;MqX.w>b.whtCHtvRoh.
wz.vDRI ySRo0Dzdwz.ph>uD;rRoud;< tD.oud;w>vXw>tJ.w>
uG'H ;D w>o;wzsX.CDM.vDRI 'lzo d 0Dzw d z.rh>ySRrRvX*DRtD.vX*DR< rR
vX[gtD.vX[gud;*R'J;vDRI
wbso D 0Dzw
d z.ud;vdmto;vXuvJRvlRc;tD.w>rHRvmvXyS>ylRvDRI
zJM.pDRvgxlph>uD;ChtcGJ;vXtrd>ty>vXtuvJRydmySRcHvDRI t0J
rh>ySRo;p>zdw*R'd.xD.oD'D;td.'.xJ (14) eH.{dRvDRI ty>wJtDR
vXteD>qH;wpJ;'H;'D;ySRvJR'.xJyRS o;yS>wz.vDRI pDRvgxlto;ql.
vXuvJR0J';D ChtcG;J oyS>yS>vXw>ol.ql.o;*JRtylR'D;ty>yst
J RD vDRI
pDRvgxlvXw>o.0HRo;'d.'d.uvJmtylRtD.0JrRh usXRol.usXRo;0HRpH;bsK;
0Jr>k *>z;'d.M.vDRI 'D;rk>*>wJtRD < ?rHoud;'D;ySRzJtRH weR0HRr;rk>qh.
xD.r;uhReD./
t0JwrJ >k *>vX< ?,rh>b.uhRust J .d zJv.J ,woh.ngb./
rk>*>wJtRD < ?erh>uhRr;,ueJ.M>eRusv J RD / 'D;rk>qh.xD.rk>*>ud;tD.
vgxltrhR0HRvJRvDRvX[H.zDvm'D;xXM>0Jw>wrHR'D;bd.xD.M>0Jvgxl
'D;wJ0<J ?zd'.d cGg{X< euhRrh>wkRvX[H.r;td;xD.uG>w>bd.tHRwuh>/
vgxlp;H bsK;rk>*>z;'d.0HRrk>*>eJ.M>tusJ';D [JuRh 0JvRD I
27
vgxl[u J Rh vXusJ'b
D u
d rXur.0JvX< ?[H.z;'d.vXyS>v>usgtHR,
wxH.'D;we>[lbleDwbsDb.I rh>w>tqduwX>vX,*D>'D;vX,[J
wkRb.vHvX[H.z;'d.vXyS>vXusgtHRtylRvDRI pDRvgxluRh wcDcq D d
urd.w>wcDcD'D;uhRwkR0JvXt[H.vDRI 'D;zJM.vgxlwJyF;trd>ty>
vXw>uJx.D to;'D;tDRwz.0HRCh.vDRuG>w>bd.vXrk>*>z;'d.[h.
xGt
J RD M.vDRI/
28
xeFtItotIlOB
pDRvX>xl< pDRvX>phr>h ySR’Dy>k 0J>cH*RvXt[H.td.pDRpkR’D;0h>wpJ;zdvRD I t
0Joh.wrh>ySRrRohtD.b.wz.b.I ty>wtd.’D;w>td.ql.td.chs
tCdt0Jo.h trd>b.[h.vDRto;vXm*H>vXmbgvXw>rRtylRvXu
vk>tD.vk>tD[H.zdCDzdt*D>vDRI vX[H.uyRrd>tHRol.zDtuvkmu
vkmvXuqg0Jt*D>zsgCHvRvDRtJ.vDRuGHr;vDRI ol.ph>uD;0Jw>’d;
w>v.vX[H.zdCzD w d z.utD.t*D>’D;uqg0JvXw>rRpXR[H.CDt
w>vXmbl.vXmphRt*D>vDRI
b.rk>eHRzdweHRtrd>tw>rRvDRb.vXb.vJRySR› ymw>tD.w>tDvX
cHot
D *D>vX0h>ylRtCdvRD I trd>’hzw
D >’d;w>v.wcsK;tCdt0JwvJR
29
qgb.0Jb.I trd>vJRql0>h ylRtCdt0Jb.td.wh>cd;[H.vDRI zJtqX
uwD>M.ydmrk.w*R[J‘fod;uySR› zDvDRI ydmrk.tHRuG>CkM>zDwRq+.*DR
z;’d.cHz;d vXtb.ol.b.o;tDRt’d.uwX>vDRI pDRvX>phb’h ;D qgM>
tDRvDRI t0JM>b.zDtySR› cHb;,J>qHb.h vDRI
pDRvX>phhqgzD0HRw>qdurd.[JxD.vXtylRtuymwh>phwb;,J>qH
bh.vXt*D>’D;[h.trd>xJpw h b;{dRvDRI t0Jp;H vXto;ylR,rRpXR,
rd>xDbv d Xw>ol.w>’d;w>v.< oH.{dRzD{Rd ’D;w>qgw>ySR› tylRvDRI ,
w[H;M>wd>vX,*D>eDwbsDb.I wbsDtHR,[H;M>vX,*D>vDRI ,w
wJ,rdrb d .I wrh>t0Juymol.ymo;b.I ,-uX;rRM>phvX,*D>weDR
ph>uD;vDRI b.q.w>qdurd.t*RwrHRrRwHmwmph>uD;tDR,rdrb d .
rRw>vDRo;unDR’d.r;vDRI t0Jr>h oh.ng,[H;clo.l phto;urRo;
’fv.J I zJt0Jt.d ’D;w>qdurd.vXtrRwHmwmtDRwz.tcgtrd>[JuRh
wkRvDRI t0JvRJ pdmpXRw>zdw>vHRvXtrd>[JuRh ySR› 0Jwz.’D;pdmxD.0Jql
[H.ylRvDRI
rd>w*RtHRtw>zH;w>rRtgtCdwoHuG>oH’d;tzdcGgtw>b.C;ySR
[JyRO zDt*h>tusRd eDwrHRb.I t0Jx;k xD.w>vXt[JuRh ySR› 0Jwz.’D;ym
uhR0JtcgwJb.tzdcgG < ?zdcgG zd{X< w>tySR› tuvHR’d.r;vDRI eygy>td.
wql.tCdxo J ;d y-uX;rRM>phM.yrRwM>b.I xJo;d ytJ.’d;ySR› tD.ySR›
tDp>h uD;yySR› wM>b.I ,ySR› w>tD.tHR’D;,b.w,;wkRtvXvXcJr>k
qh.rk>cD.xH;teHRt*D>vDRI ,b.ym’H;phweDRvX,uyORM>ey>tqD’.H
t*D>vDRI t0Jv.d b.w>tD.t0H.tbJ‘o f ;d utd.ql.xD.uhRcs›cs›’;D
M>*H>M>bguhRvDRI zJt0Jt.d ql.xD.uhRM.tvD>wtd.vX,ub.rR
w>tgtg*D>*D>b.I t0JurRM>ySRvDR/
30
pDRvX>phzduG>CDRtrd>xH.0JvXtzsgvDRbSH;vDRwDR’d.r;vDRI t0Jb.
[h.vDRto;tgr;vXuuG>xG[ J .H cd.vXtb.ql;b.qgw*R’D;zdvRH
wz.t*D>vDRI wuG>vDRuhRtbsK;tzS.d ’.0Jt*D>b.I wbsDCw D >qd
urd.[JyX>xD.0JvXto;ylR< ?phvX,qgzDM>zJtylRuGmH wz.w-uX;
vX,ymvX,*D>eDwbh.b.I ,u[h.uhR,rdrv d RD / t0Jx;k xD.[h.
trd>tphcb H ;,J>qHb.h ’D;wJtRD vXySR[JyR›S zDt*h>vDRI trd>oh.ngvX
w[h.b.tzdcgG tHRtphew D bsbD .tCdp;H 0J< ?zdcgG < ymwd>zdtRH vXe*D>
wuh>I erRpXR,RvXusJtgbdvDRI rdrdo;ckvXerh>zdcGgvXtrRw>wD
w>vdR'D;[h.uhRwd>vXeqgw>M>wz.b.vdmb.p;ud;bsDtCdvRD I
erh>zdcgG vXt*hRw*RvDR/
31
tleBKoPLOtIxeFbFsFbFtvItIlitIxeFxcO
w>pH;0J’.wbsD0h>td.0J’.w0h>'D;0h>tHRrh>0h>vXt’d.’D;CHvRwzsX.
vDRI 0h>tHRySRunDzdtd.tgr;vDRI vX0h>tHRtylRtd.’D;o;yS>yd>xDt
[H.zdCzD w
d ’l.o;yS>tHRtd.’D;tzdc*H RtzdcgG w*R’D;tzdr.k w*RvDRI o;
yS>tHRtzdcgG vXt’d.w*Rtd.’D;t[H.tCDvv H RD I rhr>h tzdr.k w*RwcD
td.’H;’.wqHEeHG .H ’H;vDRI tzdcgG t’d.w*RtHRoh0w J >xdov J RD I tzdcgG
trHRvXrReXRpd’;D tzdr.k trHRrh>0Jt.J uzDM.vDRI weHRwcD.tJ.uzD
[;vdmuG’J ;D toud;cH*Rb.zJrcl .d plRM.vDRI t0J’o D ud;rk.cH*RtJ.vdm
to;’d.r;vDRI tJ.uzDtoud;rk.trHRvX0g0gzdvRD I tJ.uzD’;D to
ud;rk.cH*RtHR[;vdmuG0J 0J RH uhRoud;uhR0Jqtl [H.vDRI tJ.uzDtpDrR
eXRpdw*RxDbv d RJ rRvd0wJ >xdw>*JR’DvXto&.ttd.’D;rh>ySRvXt
zFJ;uwX>vDRI
rhr>h ydmcGgvXrReXRpdxb
d .tDRw*RtHR0g0gzdvRJ xH.tDR’D;vJRqSXtDRql
w>qg[H.vDRI ydmcGgw*RtHRvJRwkRqlw>qg[H.b.q.weD.to;’H;
33
b.I 0g0gzdq;J vDwpJ q d t l .J uzDttd.’D;wJb.tDRvXydmcGgw*RtHRt
w>[Jx.D w>qg[H.vDRI zJM.tJ.uzDqu d rd.0Jymd cGgw*RtHRb.wl>
w>tHRvX,CdvRD I ydmcGgw*RtHR,wxH.bltRD eDwbsb D .I ,ub.
vJRChys>,w>ur.vXtDRvDRI 0HRt0JvRJ wkRvXw>qg[H.ylRtcgxH.
0Jymd cGgM.rHeRD vXvD>rHyRl ud;0Jb.q.tw>wud;qXtDRb.I
zJM.tJ.uzDySH>xD.w>’D;wJ0J< ?,rh>wJw>M.okwue.,w>eDw*R
b.I wDwo D t
k .J ’d;eXRtD.,RvDR/
zJM.tygwJtDR< ?wJwJwJwbD/ zJM.tJ.uzDp;xD.wJ0J< ?w>vX
pDRzs;d pdM.,wxH.bltRD eDwbsb D .I pDwcDqrd .d ur.,R’D;wJeXR,R
vDR/
35
tJ.uzDwq J Xtrd>vX< ?,wuhRb.I ,y>wJ,RvX,wrh>tzdvXR
b./
zJM.tpDy>HS xD.tDR’D;u;wHmCm}wJRvDRI 0HRtJ.uzDr>d Chun;t0RvX
uvJRChun;uhRtzdr.k tvHRzdp>h uD;Chun;tzkvXuvJRud;M>uhR
trk>*>vDRI zJM.o;yS>yd>xDto;vDR’D;vJR0Jqt l zdr.k td.vJRwkR’X;csX
t0Jo.h wxH.tJ.uzDvXRb.I
tJ.uzDwcDvXw>o;wrkmtylR[;xD.qlt[H.u&X>csX‘D;vJRCkx.H
0JpRD zsd;pdt[H.vDRI zJt0JvRJ vXusJtcgt0JvRJ ’d;0Jov d .h wcd.vJR0J
wkR0h>vmcD’;D odv.h ywkm’D;t0Jp.H vDR’D;ub.[h.odv.h vJ 2000 b;
tphwy.eDwb;b.I td.’.xJyoH;wbdvXtpkvdRvDRI t0Jbh.
vDR0J’;D wJov d .h up>vX< ?,phwy.b.tCd,u[h.vDReRvXyoH;
wbd/
odvh.up>wJtDR< ?,wo;vDyoH;b.I ,o;vD’.phvDR/ w>uD
w>cJb.tJ.uzD’d.r;vDRI vXw>wymo;tylRzgwH>w*R[JCDR’D;
oHu>G <?okwrJ EkRvJ./
tJ.uzDwb J .tDR< ?zgwH>{X< ,ub.[h.ugvJ,phwy.b.tCd
0Ho;plR[h.M>,RI ,u[h.eRvX,yoH;vDR/ zJM.zgwH>[H;xD.phvX
tqhuRxX.ylR 2000 b;’D;[h.vDR0Jov d .h up>vDRI zJM.tJ.uzDp;H
bsK;zgwH>’D;[h.vDR0JyoH;vDRI b.q.zgwH>wJtDR< ?,w[H;b.I
,rRpXRuvDeRvDRI cJtRH euvJRzJv.J /
p;xD.zJM.rk>*>’d.qX’D;tJ.uzDuJxD.’Dzdrd>vDRI pDRzsd;pdwcDxDbd
vJRtd.’.vX0h>wcDvDRI pDRzsd;pdwoh.ngw>eDwrHRb.I pDRzsd;pdrh>ydm
cGgzdvX’d.w>*hRxdw>zFJ;< ‘d.w>b.’k.b.’h< n.0gusd.uvm’D;
rk.ueDRzdtg*Rb.o;clo.l tDRb.q.t0J&’› .toud;xJ0g0gzdw*R
vDRI 0g0gzdr>h ydmrk.zdw*RvXo;td.rRpXRySR*RvDRI tCdt0J&v
h md t
o;’D;pDRzs;d pd’w
f RH oud;wH>eD>w*RvDRI
37
tJvx f X.oHu>G tDR< ?w>*h>rEkRvJ.I vJRwJoud;’D;,RrD.I ,J,uvJR
wJb.C;,uzs, D o;t*h>vDR/ tJ.tJ.wJ0<J ?,J,w>*h>rh>’.zJtylR
uGmH ,vJR’dw>*DR’D;,woh.ngw>eDwrHRtJ.uzDtpDw*Rqdurd.
ur.,RvXt’hr.k ’D;xd,R,b.xD.w>qg[H.vDR/
tJvx f X.wJtRD < ?vJR’D;,R/
tJ.tJ.wJtDR< ?wb.eDwrHRb.I vJRympXReRcDI ,wvJRwJqSd;eR
b.I erh>zsoD ;cG;J wH>,Rph>eD./ tJvx
f X.tJ.b.tJ.tJ.’d.r;cDzst d w>
oh.ngxD.b;tCdvRD I tJvx f X.vJRxD.ql[.H ylRpDRzs;d pdwcDuRh eDug
vDRI zJM.rReXRpdx.H tDR’D;vlRydmxG0J tJ cHvXugwbsDCv D RD I vlR0JcsK;
’D;wJ0<J ?e[k.,’hr.k cJtRH M.,oh.ngvX,’hr.k ub.td.vXe[H.
vDR/
zJM.tJvfxX.wJ0J<?zsd;pdIIIerX;wbX;bX;tHReub.vDRvXCdmylRI
,uvJRuG>erJmwbs;/ zJtv J vf RJ xH.zs;d pd;tcgwJ0<J ?’hzt
d .J tJ.zs;d pd
M.rh>eRvDR{gI b.rEkRCdvJ.I ‘hzd{X< wJyF;,R/ zJM.zsd;pdwJb.
tJvfxX.< ?pD{XuhRzsDeo;wcDI wb.qdrd.ud>*DRw*hRI ‘fod;ew>zsD
okw[;*DRt*D>,’d;zD.,o;vDR/
zJM.tJvfxX.oh.ngvXw>rRto;cJvXmrh>’.rReXRpdtw>ur.
vDRI zJM.ySRxk;xD.zsd;pdvXxDyRl ’D;ySRvJR%Sw
J >*h>vDRI
40
kWmE fu qFrO
w>pH;0JvXxHuszd ;’d.wust d ylRM.w>vD>td.wwDRvXtrh>w>vD>vX
trkm’d.r;vX’h.zdn.zdwz.utd.u’kb.rkmrkmck.ck.t*D>vDRI vXxH
usd,>yR,>yRM.vhz;xDwz.[Jwvl.vDRto;ySRunDvJRcD*mw
ohew
D *Rb.I vXuGt H cd.xd;td.’D;vX>pdRuGRD z;’d.wz.’D;vXuGcH .D vDR
wuyRph>uD;vX>z;’d.wz.qD&.J vDRto;tCdr>h w>uDw>cJvXySRu
nDwz.uvJRrRtD.n.vXuGzH ;’d.tylRvDRI rhr>h vXuGt H cX.o;wcD
xH,dmr;’D;xH,GR*X>wyX>< vgpl>uvm< vX>utdvhutdwz.tylR
,dm’D;rkm’d.r;tCdn.zdn.z;’d.wz.wXR&JR&DRvXuGyH Rl *JRuvH.yR
u0hRySRJ r;’D;w>ol.obso › ;obsv › RD I
n.rd>vXt’d.wz.*kmbsd.uhR0JvXvD>cHwcD’D;ylRzsJ;0Jud;bh.’J;vDRI
rRoud;0J’Mf .ClCzl ;d zd;weHRb.weHRvDRI
b.weHRn.zdwbh.[JuRh Ch>qln.pDRyRttd.vXw>ysRH w>zk;tylR’D;wJ0<J
?w>[Jy>D xHvXM.w’k/ wJr;0JvXuvk>ued;upkmtylRvDRI n.pDRyR
ud;xD.tzdtvHRvXt’d.wz.’D;vJRbsd.oud;0JxH.0JvXw&hwbd
vlRCkt.D n.zdwz.tCdn.t’d.wz.&d.zS.d to;vlRwiD>oud;0J
w&hwbdbo D w
H bsC
D v D RD I
43
ytIkABhRkHuFtbLosk
v qokIo
?ygyg< ewJcu J XmwvgeuuhR[h.w>od.vdvXEGgvhc.d rh>{gI erh>uhR
,uuhRydmecHetJ.{g/
?rh>I zdr.k {X< ygygrh>uhRygyguuhRuGeJ R’gcDI ewxH.b.ezHezkew
D bs’D ;H
b.I ezHzzH zk t k .J ’d;xH.b.eRph>/
ql< o&.tJ.0g
vXey>
44
w>tHRrh>w>vXtrRvDRobS;H [H.zdCzD cd v J Xmto;vDRI ,ygygwtd.
vX[H.b.I td.vXtrl’gylRvDRI ,ygymvDRto;vXuuhRud;y[H.
zdCDzdcJvXmqlzHzHzkzkttd.zJvgr;%S;tcD.xH;wEGHvDRI ,ygygwJ,R<
?okuhRrh>wkRcJvXmzHzHzkzkuuGJbg,GR’D;[H.zdCDzdcJvXmwbsDvDR/
oemuhw>b.up>,GRto;’fv.J woh.ngb.I vgr;%S;wwkRCDRw
0m‘H;b.< ,zHzt H o;orl[;xD.vHr;vJ.I ,rdrw d xJ .D 0J?zdr.k {X< rdrd
uhRqlezkzkttd.wrkmvXRb.I ezHzHr;wtd.vXRb.I zJM.ySRud;*R
trJmxHvRD ’D;y[D.ud;*R’J;vDRI /
,rdrwd xJ .D u’D;vXw>rJmxHrmJ edtylR< ?zdr.k {X< ezHzw
H td.rlvXRb.I
b.q.eygygwoh.ng’H;b.I rdru d b.’dusXeygygtvDysRH vDR/ ,eD
wJqX,rdr?d vJR’dcsc› sw
› cD/
48