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Little Authors' Imaginative World

Student Story Writing Competition

Vol. 8
Little Authors' Imaginative World
Student Story Writing Competition Vol. 8

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Drum Publication Group


P.O Box 66
Kanchanaburi 71000
Thailand

drum@drumpublications.org

December 2005

ISBN - 974-93794-2-X
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