ENGINEER'S DIGEST (VOLUME - I)

(FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY)

LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED ECC DIVISION CHENNAI

III

PRE F ACE

This remarkable book of palm size emerged from the compilation of technical information sourced from various rare references. The book was very popular under its trial use to our CMPC engineers.

The book contains everything necessary to carryout the field design of conventional works in steel or concrete or timber, in addition to valuable technical information related to construction.

I take the pleasure in introducing this priceless book as a quick reference for our engineers both at job sites and offices.

With warm regards

SEPTEMBER - 2000

- Sd -

R. VENKATESH

v

CON TEN T S

001 - 003 0

UNIT CONVERSIONS

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORMULAE FOR FRAMES

FORMWOR~

REINFORCED CONCRETE

STRUG=rURt\L STEEL, RAILS, TUBES AND PIPES

DEE-SHACKLES AND ROPES

SPECIAL TOPICS

VII

004 - 037

@38 - 070

071 - 098

099 - 114

115 - 125

126 - 179

180 - 183

184 - 200

BENDING MOMENT, SHEAR AND DEFLECTION FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

UNIT CONVERSIONS

UNIT CONVERSIONS

LENGTH

In = 2.54 cm

ft = 30.48 cm

yard = 0.9144 m

mile - 1609.30 m

nautical mile = 1853.27 m

cm = 0.3937 in 1 cm = 0.0328 ft

1 m = 1.0936 yd

1 m = 0.000621 miles

1 m = 0.000539 nautical miles

mil = 10-3 inches = 2.5ft x 10-3 cm. micron = 10-3 mm = 0.0000394 inch

AREA Sq. in

Sq. ft Sq. yard Acre

Sq. mile Sq. m

= 6.4516 Sq. cm = 0.0929 Sq. m = 0.8361 Sq. m = 4046.86 Sq. m = 2.590 Sq. km

- 1 x 10-4 Hectares

Sq. cm Sq. m Sq. m Sq. m Sq. km Hectare

= 0.155 Sq. in

= 10.7639 Sq. ft = 1.1960 Sq. yard = 0.000247 Acres = 0.3861 Sq. mile - 10000 Sq. m

VOLUME & CAPACITY

Cu. in Cu. ft Cu. yard Cu. m

Gallon (Imp) Cu. ft

Cu. ft

= 16.3871 Cu. em = 0.0283 Cu. m

= 0.7645 Cu. m

= 1000 Litres

= 4.546 Litres

= 28.3 ~ § 1 Litres

~ 6.2288 Gallons (Imp)

Cu. cm Cu. m

= 0.061 Cu. in = 35.315 Cu. ft

Cu. m = 1.308 Cu. yard

Litre = 0.001 Cu. m

Litre = 0.22 Gallons (Imp)

Litre = 0.03532 Cu. ft

Gallon (Imp) = 0.1605 Cu. ft

WEIGHT Grain (Avoir) Ounce ~Avoir) PouDd (Avoir) Kilo~ram Hundred weight

(Cwt. Br.) Ton

- 15.4324 Grain (Avoir) = 0.0353 Ounce (Avoir) = 2.2045 Pound (Avoir) = 1000 kilogram

= 19.684 Hundred weight (Cwt. Br.) = 0.9842 Tons

= 0.0648 Grams

= 28.3495 Grams = 0.4536 Kiligrams = 0.001 MT

= 0.0508 MT

= 1.0161 MT

Gram Gram Kilogram MT

MT

MT

UNIT CONVERSIONS

UNIT CONVERSIONS

DENSITY

1 Lb/Cu. ft. = 16.0185 kg/cu.m. 1 kg/cu.m = 0.0624 Lb/Cu. ft.

1 Lb/Gallon (Imp) = 0.0998 kg/Litre 1 kg/litre = 10.0221 Lb/Gallon (Imp)

1 Lb/Cu. in = 27.6799 Grams/ cu.m 1 Gram/Cu.m. = 0.0361 LoiC:u.in

~) <~

1 kg/m = 0.6720 Lb1foot

LINEAR DENSITY

1 Lb/foot = 1.4882 kg/m

,-

FORCE
1 pound force = 0.4536 kgf
1 poundal = 0.0141 kgf
1 Dyne -6
= 1.02 x 10 kgf
1 kgf = 9.8067 Newton
1 Ibf = 4.4482 Newton
MOMENT
1 ft. Ib = 0.1383 kg. m
1 in. Ib = 1.1522 kg. cm
1 kg. m = 9.8067 N.m V
STRESS & PRESSURE
1 Ib/Sq. in = 0.0703 kg;Sq.cm
1 Ib/Sq. ft. = 4.8824 kq/Sq.m
1 kg/Sq. cm = 0.098J N/Sq.mm
1 t/Sq. m = 9.8067 kN/Sq. m
1 Atmosphere = 1.0332 kg/Sq. cm
1 Atmosphere = 14.6959 lb/Sq. in = 2.2046 Pound force = 70.9220 Poundal

= 9.805 x 105 Dyne = 0.1020 kgf

= 0.2248 Ibf

1 kgf
1 kgf
1 kgf
1 Newton
1 Newton
\~~
1 kg. m
1 kg. cm
1 N.m = 7.2330 ft. Ib = 0.8680 in. Ib = 0.1020 kg. m

1 kg/Sq.cm = 14.2233 Ib/sq. in
1 kg/Sq.m = 0.2048 Ib/sq. ft.
1 N/Sq.mm = 10.1972 kg/Sq. cm
1 kN/Sq. m = 0.1020 t/Sq. m
1 kg/Sq. cm = 0.9678 Atmosphere
1 Ib/Sq. in = 0.0680 Atmosphere 1 Atmosphere = 10.3320 m of water 1 m of water = 0.0968 Atmosphere

1 Head of = 0.0305 kg/Sq.cm 1 kg/Sq.cm = 32.8093 Head of

wajer in feet water in feet

One Atmosphere is the unit of pressure of 760 mm of mercury at a tem~erature of O· C.

2

UNIT CONVERSIONS

UNIT CONVERSIONS

POWER

ft. Ib/s = 0.1383 kg. m/s kg. m/s = 7.2330 ft. Ib/s
kg. m/s = 9.8067 Watts Watt = 0.1020 kg. m/s
H.P. = 76.0402 kg. m/s kg. m/s = 0.0132 H.P.
H.P. = 0.7457 k. W k.W = 1.3410 H.P.
ft. Ib/s = 0.001356 k. W k.W = 737.5620 ft. Ib/s
H.P. = 1.0139 C.V. C.V. = 0.9863 H.P. C.V. = Chevel Vapier Metric horse power

WORK and ENERGY

ft. Ib = 1.3558 Joules

1 H.P. hr. = 2.7374 x 105 kg. m

1 ft. lb. = 0.324 Calories

Joule kg. m

= (j . 7376 ft. lb. -6

= 3.653 x 10 H.P. hr.

= 3.0864 ft. lb.

HEAT

1 BThu = 251.996 Calorie 1 Calorie = 0.00397 BThu

1 BThu/Sq.ft.hr. = 0.000075 Cal/Sq.cm.s 1 Cal/Sq.cm.s = 13272.1 BThu/Sq.ft.hr. 1 BThu/Sq.ft.hr. = 2.7125 k.Col/Sq.m.hr. ~ k.CaI/Sq.m.hr. = 0.3687 BThu/Sq.ft.hr.

TEMPERATURE

r F = [(5/9) (F-32)]" C

r C 1 K'

= H(9/5) CJ+32~' F = (K-273.15)' C

r C

= (273.15+C) K'

VELOCITY

ft./s = 0.3048 m/s

ft./s ((/= 1.0973 km/hr

mile/hr = 0.447 m/s

mile/hr = 1.6093 km/hr

Nautical mile /hr = 1.8540 km/hr

Knot = 1.8540 km/hr

ft}s = 0.6818 rnile /hr

m/s km/hr m/s km/hr km/hr km/hr mile/hr

= 3.2808 ft./ s = 0.9113 ft. / s

= 2.2369 mile/hr = 0.6214 mile /hr

= 0.5395 Nautical mile/hr = 0.5395 Knots

= 1.4667 ft./ s

ANGLE

1 Degree

1 Radian

= 0.0174 Radian

= 57.2958 Degrees

3

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

MATHEMATICAL AND TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS TRIGONOMETRICAL FORMULAE sin20tcos 20 =

sec20-tan 20 = cosec20-cot 2 0 = 1

sin(0to) = sin 0 cos 0 t cos0 sin 0 sin(0-0) = sin 0 cos 0 - cos0 sin 0 cos(0to) = cos0 cos 0 - sin0 sin 0 cos(0-0) = cos0 cos 0 t sin0 sin 0

tan(0to) =

tan 0 t tan 0

1 - tan0·tan 0

tan(0 -0) =

tan 0 - tan 0

1 t tan0 tan rj)

sin0 t sin 0 = 2 sin( 1 /2)(0to)cos( 1/2)(0-0)

sin0 - sin 0 = 2 cos( 1 /2)(0to)sin( 1/2)(0 -0)

cos0 t cos 0 = 2 cos( 1 /2)(0to)cos( 1/2)(0 -0) cos0 - cos 0 = -2 sin(1/2)(0to)sin(1/2)(0-0)

sin 0 sin 0 = 1/2 [cos(0-0)-cos(0 to)J

sin0 cos 0 - 1/2 [sin(0to)tsin(0-0)J cos0 cos 0 - 1/2 [cos(0to)tcos(0-0)J

4

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

MATHEMATICAL AND TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS

SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES

Applicable to any triangle ABC in which AB = c, BC = a, AC = b :

sin A sin B sin C ()~
- -
- b -
a c
bc sin A ac sin B ab sin C
area = = =
2 2 2 ~ = J[s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c)] where s = (o + b + c)/2

. A Sln-

2

A

B

a

C

cos A -

2bc

ROOTS OF QUADRATICS

ax2 + bx + c = 0

-b ±J(b2 - 4ac) __ b ~ - (1 :~c ) ]
x = - +
-
2a 2a
'1r
V
5 MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE


,----,
(f) ,----,
-+---' ~
C
0 ~
-+---'
(f)
C ~
0 x
U --0 ~ ,----,
1 ~
Q) N
C 0'> X
Q) x :31 X .- 0 +
I..J... --0 --0 --0 [J) -
CY > ~IN XIO +
0 <:..--? > ~IN x N
X X X L..........J 0
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(I) .- Q) I +
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W C) -+---' »-, Q) + + + ], 0 ------
:5 w c '--, ....c x '--" ...0
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.. 0 ~IO \ ~I~
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LL =:> (f) ~
__j c
_j =:> 0
<C u u
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(_) <t: Q) ~
- U ....c I~ 1'\
~ l- N N N
c -H- 1 0 0 ------
:2 __j ,----, ------ ------ -tk ...0
<t: X c ...0 C ...0 +
W L.__j >." X + + ~ + ~ I ~ X
n:::: LL ~ X
0 X Q) X N N
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-
6 MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

,----, en --+--' c o

--+--' en c o ()

Q) I..._

o

_o

--------

N

X

-------x

(f) o

U

-------x

(f) o

U

+ N o

....___...

OJ 0> o

--------

N

X

--------

N

X

x

o 10 x

I N o

x

x

N o

x

c (/)

c (/)

I c (/)

c o -+--'

=:» +

--0 C o

o

L_____j

+

x

x

I c o

-+--'

c o

c (/)

--+--'

--+--'

Q) o_ Q) I..._

x

x

x

--0 o > o

-------N

X

X N (f)

o U

X N C o I---

X N C

(/)

o --+--'

I N

X

x o N

c (/)

--0 Q) --+--'

--+--'

E

o

I

c Q) Q)

_o

I I

...0 +

X o

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en o ....c

-+--'

o u

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x

c o

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+

x (f) o

U

I

(f) o U

(f) _j

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x

x

u c Q) 0

8-+--'

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+

~I...o

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o

I~

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c (/)

x

w

:s

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_j « (_)

~

2 w I

~

2

(f) OJ 0> o

'+-

o

--+--' C o

--+--' en c o ()

Q)

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(f) => _j

=> (_) _j

-« (_)

_j « 0:::::

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--------

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+

X o

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x

x x

x

x

(f) o U

,----, x L_____j

LL

c u

o Q)

I--- (/)

c (/)

II

7

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

MATHEMATICAL AND TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS APPLICATIONS

1. Roof slopes, s = j(l + H2) :

(a) Limiting slope for inclined roof loading = 20°

H = cot 20' = 2.7475

L:Jl0

Therefore limiting slope = 1 :2.75.

(b) Limiting slope for inclined roofs = 10'

H = cot 10' = 5.6713 Therefore limiting slope = 1 :5.67.

2. Earth pressures : ~ ~

1 - Sin 0 (0)

ka = - tan2 45° --2

1 + sin 0

1 1 + sin 0 ( )

kp = - - = tan2 45' ;t O2

ka 1 - sin 0

3. Hopper bottom slopes :

Specified minimum slope in valley = ¢ y / X = R

X = H cot ¢ / J (1 + R 2)

tan 0x = tan ¢ J(1 + R2)

tan 0y = tan ¢ J(l + R2)/R

H

:::r::

X

8

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES OF PLANE FIGURES

DEFINITIONS

LACB = LADB

LAOB = 2 LACB = 2 LADB L EGF = 90·

For any cyclic quadrilateral

LABC + LADC = 180· L BAD + L BCD = 180· AC x BD = (AB x CD) + (AD x BC)

If CD is tangential at C L BCD = L BAC, DC 2 = DA x DB

/

GJ x JH = EJ x JF

o

G

B

AB2 = BC2 + AC2 - 2(AC x CD) ~

A 0 C

B

~c

o A

BC2 = AB2 + AC2 + 2(CA x AD)

9

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES OF PLANE FIGURES

For any figures which are similar, drawn on the sides of t6. ABC,

F = G + H

If LACD = LBCD,

AC x BC = AD x DB + CD2

B

G

If AD = DB, AC2 + CB2 = 2(AD2 + CD2)

IF IN TWO :rRIANt;LES ABC & A'B'c' LCAB = LC'A'B'

Areas are equal if

AB x AC = A'B' x A'c'

In any triangle ABC sum of interior angles = 180'

In any polygon ABC D E F of n sides

L:: ~ L's A + B + C ... ~ + 360' = 180' x n

10

/J\

A D B

L1\

A D B

c'

A'~B'

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

FIGURE

TRIANGLE

PARALLELOGRAM

TRAPEZIUM

CENTRES OF GRAVITY OF PLANE FIGURES

POSITION OF CENTRE OF GRAVITY

DIAGRAM

- 1 h

Y =-

3

- 1 h

Y =-

2

ITid

_ h(2dc+ab)

y =

3( dc+ob)

4 r sin3ex

y = - . I = Length of arc

3 (2ex-sin 2 ex)

CIRCULAR c3

=

SEGMENT

CIRCULAR SECTOR

CIRCULAR RING SECTOR

CII:xGOLAR ARC

12 x area of segment (area = ~(2ex-sin 2ex))

2

where ex is in radians

c

I = Length of arc

c

(R3 -r3)sin ex (R2-r2) ex

ex in radians

rc

r Sin ex

-

y = --ex- -

- 2r

y =-

T\

- 2)2. r

y =

T\

Semicirle

c

Quadrant

11

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

1
PARABOLOID / y = - h
3
- 3
x =-a
OCTANT OF 8
- 3 b
ELLIPSOID y = 8
- 3
z --c
- 8
- 1 __ 4~1
PYRAMID OR, y = - h - 1
3 Y = - h
CONE (slant surface only) 4
i r
I HOLLOW HEMISPHERE

12

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

CURVED SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES OF SOLIDS

SOLID CURVED SURFACE VOLUME DIAGRAM
AREA
4T\r2 4 @'
SPHERE -T\r3
3
~
SPHERICAL r-b------j
-
2T\rh T\h (3a2+3b2+4h2)J (fj( ~~h
ZONE 24 'I ) ~ a_______j
," Wh
SPHERICAL ~r (4h+l) 2 T\r2h
SECTOR ~
-3 V'
....... ,
SPHERICAL '" \ .... .----=rh
SEGMENT 2T\rh T\ h2 (r - h/3)
~ kJ' ~
RIGHT CIRCULAR -,%]
2T\rh \~ T\ r2h
CYLINDER I:>
"
~ RI r
.L
HOLLOW 11 ]

CYLINDER 2T\h(R+r) T\ (R2-r2)h
::
-
....
f( " AI
~~21 [(~+h2r~(+)J _1 T\12h h
PARABOLOID _j_
8 ~
1:
"" h/2 h/~
"
kd-
~: (12+4If) ~~
HY:P~RBOLOID %::::1''1---

11~1II I
V ~
~'- 13

CURVED SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES OF SOLIDS

SOLID

ELLIPSOID

PROLATE SPHEROID b = C

OBLATE SPHEROID

a = c

RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE

FRUSTRUM OF CONE

TORUS (OR RING)

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

CURVED SURFACE AREA

VOLUME

4

3 7\obc

27\b ~+a sin:1 ej

where e2=1-b2j02

or,

A = 4 7\ b J ( 02 + b 2) J2

(opprox.)

27\ a ~+b Sin: 1 ej

where e2=1-b2j02

or,

A = 47\0 J ( 02 + b 2) J2

(opprox.)

7\ s (R+r)

14

DIAGRAM

ELEVATION

r-a~

PLAN

2R


'+- r--1
0 ~ ~
-+-' -+-'
C I I
10 (f) 0 .o .o
::J~ ,--... '--' '--'
o_ 0 L ~ nUl U)
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0>- + -0
n -+-'
O::::C-' '---'
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-+-' ~
A
//11
~
c (f) -+-'
I
o ::J 1--11>- .o
'--'
~ ::J II nUl -0
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Q) 0 (f) +
Z (f)L n
~ -0
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- _Q
I-
U ;g N>;
W '+- « ~
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n I
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Q)L _c I_)~ n
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EQ) (fJ +
(J) o c r:o ~~ n
L -0
W N -+-'
l-
n:::: ...._,'
w r--1 l
Q_ N ~
~ ~
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+-' I I
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Q_ (f) Q) >- '--' <::»
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U tz
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+-' E >- >0..
U (f) >- '---' I
Q) ~IN
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o: 0 -+-' II
X II
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w I I
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Q)
(f)
T >
q I P I
15 MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

_j
~ N ,q- ..----.......
if) 0 N ,q- t
0 <, <, N ill ill
Z i2: N N <, <, -............. N
....c ....c N N N --0
0 ...0 ...0 ...0 --0 ...0 II N
:z: II II ....c ...0 --0 ....0
II II x
I- 0 Q) x II x
x (J) Q) >-, x >-, N
U l- x 0 0.... >-, X >-, --------
U N ...0 0 N N N
W W CD
if) U)
W ~
Z u.,
« ill co N N N -------.
0 n ,q- ,q- n N
_j 1-« -............. <, ........,__ <, -............. <, -............. r<J --0
Q_ r<J r<J r<J r<J r<J r<J r<J --0
:z:1- ....c ...0 ....c ....c --0 ...0 --0 r<J +
wO::::: ...0 ....c ...0 ...0 ...0 --0 ...0 ....0 N
:2W II II II II II II II II ....0
LL o:z: x >-, 0 ...0 X >-, ...0 X '--"
X >-, 0 ...0 X >-, ...0 X CD
0 :2
if)
W u.,
0 ~
- 0 n
I- :z:o <, N --0
0:::: ....c <, ....0
00::::: --0
W I- l- II II
- :z:
Q_ U)w x x II
Q)
°u Q) x
0 o., Q)
0:::: N
Q_ <, --0 --0
« ....c ....0 ....0
W ....0
_j 0::::: II II
« II
« « «
«
U
0:::: a ....0
x8
I- a
W c
:2 I f 0
:z: O"l
a
0 0 -----l-- --0
I-
W U
C) W I
U)
pi I

....0
a X ....0 X
3l~NVI~1 3l~NV1J3~ 1 6

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

IU w (.f)

w z « _j

Q_

LL o

(.f) W

I- 0::::

W Q_

o 0::::

Q_

~
0 ~
N 0
- en en
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=> N~ U ~~
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-0 en
0 + + <, X I Q)
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en I") -
N c II en 0
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0- en >..
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N° 0
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if) I:> II ~ X >
N N
X
X
N
~ ~
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N + ~ N+
en N N
LL 0 I") ~ ~ ~ ~
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<C "<::j- 0 + 00
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w ~I~ ..0 .. ~ ..0 ..----11'0 ..0
"-..../
I- ·1· t t-
,---..,_ ~ ~I
0:::: - liN liN
I
W ..c ~-
Q_ <:»
II II II
0 ~..o -, "----..0 <C "----..0
0:::: m ·1· ·1· ·1· ·1·
0 Q) ,---..,_ r--1
Q_ L ,---..,_ ,---..,_ ,---..,_
+-' en en +-' en
...0 ..-- ..----1 N
>- ~I I
_j m i..L c -oIOJ c + "----c
Q) ..oIN "-..../ "-..../ ..0 ..---- "-..../
« o ""0 II II <::» », II
U c Q) c Q) II Q) N,---..,_ I Q)
E 0 0'> », 0'> +-' ..0 0'>
- 0 II
0:::: c c I II c
+-' Q) », 0 0 ..0 », 0
I- m L >- -
4- - <::» -
+-' 4- NO'>+n 4-
W 0 X 4- 4- 4-
2 w 0 0 +-'IN 0
0 Q) Q) ~ ..c+ Q)
0.. 0.. Nen 0..
W 0 0 ..!D 0
-
(9 en - L..!....J -
II en II _, en
0'> II :>; II
0'> 0'>
,---..,_ ,---..,_ " ~I
~c ~c
+ + ~c
0 en en +
~« <::» <:» if)
"----..0 ~..o <::»
~..o
« N + +
+ -0
-0 +-' -0
+-'
+-'
~
en -j;\~ ".
l~ rw 1;\ I! 1;\ I ~>
c ~~1~:'1 V.L_ l...... ,..=r:;_
0 +-' ..0 ~ T I-
.-
+-'
o ..c - -0
Q) lq - ~ -If I-
(J") -en CP'(:T -r- 1---
~~d
~ p
II 28

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

(fJ c o

+-' U ([) (fJ

c (fJ

.2 ~ -1>- 0"'0 II ([) 0 (/) (/)~

o

:e

([) c

'+-

o

-+-' C (I)

E

o 2

Ul

o (I) -+-' L

...0

Ul i..L >(I)

o (I) -g

§ E 0

-+-' (I)

Ul L >.

o >< w

o ~« «

c o

-+-' o (I)

if)

n

r--1

(fJ

1..>.

L-.J r--1 +-'

N

I .o

..-....

(fJ

..----1

c

(J) Z o IU W (J)

LL o

(J) W

lo: w Q_

o n:::

Q_

_j « u

o:

IW

2 o W G

(fJ r--1 (fJ

I

-0 L

o -0 C o +-' (fJ

L o '+-

CD <,

II

..-.... +-'

I .o

Y.

..-....

·1·

II ([) c» c o

'+-

'+-

o

([) 0.. o (fJ

II

-0 N

L-.J r--1 +-'

N

I .o

L-.J

N~ ~

r--1 +-'

N

_b-

L-.J

N+ -0 +-'

N

II »,

29

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

c l=): l=): l=):
en 0
:::J :;:;~
o L
L '-"
c-,
(!)
-1>- -1>- -1>- -1>-
II
(f)
(f) I"") r--1
en
Z 0 1..-
:.=; N >-
0 L ~ '----'
(]) en r--1
C 1..- +-'
I- », I
<;:» ..0
U '+- « '----'
0 I 1"")1
W ~ ur-
+-' ..- I
(f) C +-'
<J) + », I"")
+-' '----'
E I"") r--1
+-'
LL 0 r1C' N 1..-
0 ~ 1"")+ ..0
'----'
en I
..0 I"")~
~ ..0
(f) 1"")+
W >-
..0"-
-
I-
0:::: ~
en
W I"")
+ en
Q_ ..c r--1
<::» en
0 ~ I
en +-' -0
0:::: 0 <J) l- N
+-' L '-.../ '----'
Q_ ...0 ..--- ~ ..c r--1 »,
>- +-' +-'
en i..L I + », I I
<J) ..0 -: ~ <J::! I ..0 -0
o ""0 <:> en to -0 '----' «
_j <J) C N « I + II N+..- N II
c N
« E 0 en -0 -0 », en
0 + II <::» r--1 -:
+-' <J) +-' ..c +-'
U en L >- N », +-' 1..-
+-' -0 I"") ..0
0:::: 0 x II N+ '----'
W en N+
I- ..0 -0
>- I"") f II
W II
2 x- »-,
0 ~
W +-'
0 +-' +
C) ..c
~« + +-'
<::»
en ..cIN +-'
« ..c
..0 + +
en en
..0 ..0
~I I- >- -I ~I I- », -I ~I I- », -I

c ~ nrtRt nIWEI
0
+-'
o E
<J) ~ I~· "' ·i 170-
(f)
-0 -0 -0
30 MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

'+-
0
r--1 r--1 r--1
..----... ..----... ..----... ..----... ..----...
+-' +-' n +-' +-' +-'
I I +-' I I I
.o .o _c .o .o .o
<::» '-..../ '-..../ <::» '-..../
n ..r::: + _c n ..r:::
..r::: I n I _c I
I -0 .o -0 I -0
n .o u) .o n .o
-0 '---' N '---' -0 '---'
.o N N .o N ..----... ..----...
en +-' +-'
C I n I
(J) 0 ::J .o +-' .o
::J <::» _c <::»
Z -+-' n -0 + n -0
o ""0 .o
0 ..r::: LO n LO ..r::: LO
a> 0 I .o I
I- (f) 2 n u) n
U -0 N -0
W .o .o
(J)
LL '+-
0 n
0 +-'
-+-'0 n N _c n N
c·- + ..r:::
(J) a>L ..r::: N I
I n
W E a> n .o n
Oc -0 u) -0
I- 2 .o N .o
0::::
W
Q_
0 0
-+-'
0:::: rn ..---
Q) >-
Q_ en L-
a> .c
o i.i: ""0
_j C C -oIN _oIN -oIN
« 0 Q) 0 II II II
U -+-' E A A A
en Q) >-
0:::: 0 L- ,
+-'
X
I- w
w
:2 ..----... ..----... ..----...
0 +-' +-' +-'
W I I I
.o .o .o
C) 0 '-..../ '-..../
a> ..r::: _c
L « I I
« -0 -0
.o .o
rn -lAI u : M
c { 1
0 ~~ ~
-+-'
o
a> ~ ~
(f)
p
p 31

DIAGRAMS FOR PROBLEMS ON AREAS: (Shaded portion is enclosed area)

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

1. Curve: One arch of

y

y = Sin ax

x

2. Curve: y = x2

. x2 y2_

3. C u rve. ~ + 82 - 1

Y

y

TT TT/O 0

Area = )0 sin a x d x

4. Curve: y2= x, x2= Y 5. y

Area

y2= x 1

= )0 (JX-x2)dx

7. Cu rve: y2= 4ax

Line: y=mx

y

x

401m2

Area = )~ (4O{X-mx)dx

y = cos x

y

x

TT/2

Area = 2)0 cos x * dx

2

Area = )1 y 2/3 dy

8. curves: y 2 = 4ax Latus rectum: x = a

y

9.

y

(4,13)

x

(0,1)

( 4,9)

o

4

o

Area = 2)0 ftO f>< dx

4

Area= )o[ (3x+ 1 )-(2x+ 1 )Jdx

32

x

x

x

x

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

DIAGRAMS FOR PROBLEMS ON VOLUMES: (Shaded portion is enclosed volume)

10. Curve: y2= 8x 11 . . x2 y2 12. Cu rve: y2 =x(2x -1)2
curve. 02 + b2 =1
Y
Y
X=2
x
x
A x
0 Volume of solid got on revolving A'OAB

around X axis

Volume of solid got on revolving OAB around

X oxis

Volume of solid got on revolving OLS around X axis

2 Volume = TT)o 8x dx

14. CUFve: y = log x

15. Cu rve: y= J1 +x2

13. Curve one ore of y = sin 2x

x

Volume of solid got on Volume of solid got on Volume of solid got on

revolving OAB around revolving ALB around revolving OACB around

X axis X axis X axis

Vol.

33

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

LENGTH OF AN ARC

~~

~ ~I

III II I

x x

y

Length (s) of the curve, y = f(x)

between X= a to x = b is

1. SIMPSON'S RULE

s = Sb J (dy\2

1 + dX) dx

a

o L______l__ __ ____L__ X

AREA OF AN IRREGULAR FIGURE

Divide the areas into an even number of strips spaced equally. Y1 ' Y2 .... ·Yn be the ordinates of the strips.

'w' be the equal distance between strips.

Area = W/3 [(Y1 + Yn) + 4(Y2 + Y4 + Y6 + ..... Yn-1)

+ 2(Y3 + Y5 =t- Y7 + ..... + Yn-2)]

2. TRAPEZOIDAL RULE

Area = W/2 [(Y1 + Yn) + 2(Y2 + Y3 + Y4 + .... + Yn-1 )] CALCULATION OF SURFACE AREA

The curved surface oir eo of solid generated by the revolution of the area bounded by the curve Y = f(x), the x-axis and the ordinates X=((J and x=b about the x-axis IS

x=b

= 2 7T ~=a y ~[1 +(dy/dx)2] dx

y

CALCULATION OF VOLUME

Volume of the solid generated by revolution

o L____j~~----"..O....L_X

of the a rea by the cu rve y = f(x) a bout b

the x-axis IS = t: S v? dx

a

v

34

o 1\\

>,C

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

CALCULATION OF SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME OF

A BODY WITH ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY

FIRST PAPPUS - GULDIN FORMULA: (Calculation of surface area) When a plane meridian curve that does not intersect the y axis is rotated through C/J radians about the

y axis, a line element ds generates a surface of area

d S = X C/J ds

The curved surface area by a meridian curve of length IS

y

i--x

/ / /

Meridian curve

S - 0 fal

X ds

S-C/Jxt

L._ _

-+-------x

A surface with rotational symmetry

Therefore

where x locates the centroid of the meridian curve.

If the meridia n cu rve forms a shell of revol ution, C/J = 27\ and

S = 27\x I

SECOND PAPPUS - GULDIN FORMULA: (Calculation of solid volume)

When a plane area A that is not cut by the y axis is rotated through an angle C/J radians about the y axis, a volume element dV

y

dV - C/J X dA

-+----------1- X

A volume with rotational symmetry

IS generated and the total volume IS given by V=C/JxA

For a solid of revolution, with C/J - 2 7\ V = 27\ x A

If A and V are known, the centroid of A can be determined from

_ V

X -

27\A

35

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

CENTER OF GRAVITY (C.G)

Center of Gravity (Method of Moments) y

yO ~

x

FRONT ELEVATION

SIDE ELE0JA710N

Consider a body of mass M whose c.g. is required to be found out. Divide the body into small masses, whose centres of gravity are known, as shown in fig.

Let m l' m2' m3...... etc. be the masses of the particles and

(x , 'Y1 ,z1)' (x2 'Y2 ,z2)' (x3 'Y3 ,z3 ) be their coordinates of the

centres of gravity respectively from a fixed point 0 as shown In fig.

Let x, y and z be the co-ordinates of the c.g. of the body. From the principle of moments

Mx m1 x1 +m2 )(2 +m3 x3 .....

( or)

Emx M

Emy M

z

Emz M

similarly y

and

where,

Example

for calculation of c.g. for composite object:

y-Axis

I. 3.944m ·1

(18 x 2 + 10 x 5 + 8 x 7)Tm

-

x

(18+10+8)T

2 3.944 m from left edge of the load.

The calculation can also be '----_--+ __ ---'----+_.J......__=--____;:,,. x - Ax i sus edt 0 fin d po sit ion 0 f c . g along y-Axis and z-Axis for three dimensional objects.

~

18J

5m

2m

7m

36

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

FORMULA FOR GUSSET CUTTING DIMENSION CALCULATION

ax t F1Y L=---

Z

GY t B1 X Z

WHEN ANGLE TOUCHES 'A' C = AZtBY X

L L L

4( II

'E' C =

EZtFX Y

GY t F1X
L =
AZtBX Z
WHEN ANGLE TOUCHES 'A' C = GX t B1Y
Y l l H =
Z
EZtFY 'I ,
'E' C = ~
X
I.. H It
,. ,
X ./ L
~.h ~~ GY t F1X
<0 ~ L =
/ -S5
AZtBX X ./ ~ Z
WHEN ANGLE TOUCHES 'A' C = Yj/f' ~ GX t B1Y
Y ~ H =
EZtFY , Z
,
x ~ L ~
1 1
~~ GX t F1Y
~ L =
-S5 Z
~
~ GY t B1 X
~ H =
Z H

WHEN ANGLE TOUCHES 'A' C = AZtBY

X ./

Yf/Z'

/

/

x

EZtFX 'E' C =--

Y

37

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
C) P P P
:z: t 1= a .l l.
0
<C ~L/2_J ~1
0
_j
L
RA L RB RA
I- --------------- ~
:z:
w Mmax = PL/4
2 Mmax =
0
2
RAI RAI
n::::: IRB IRB
<C
w
I RA = R B = P /2 RA = R B = P
U) :z: o le_)

W _j

LL W o

:z: o le_)

W _j

LL W o

C) :z: o <C o _j

n::::: <C w

I U)

PL3 d max. = 48EI

PL 3 13a ( a )3J

d max. = 6EI14L - \T

P P

1= a ~!. bL _.!~ ---Ie =1

Me = Pa(b+2c)/L MD = Pc(b+2a)/L

R A .__I _--+---:--=-:-- __ ---, '-----':....__------'I R B

RA = Pbl,L RB = Pall

RAI

.___-----1C:::::=====i.__I- _- _-----,----'I R B

RA = P(b+2c)/L

RB = P(b+2a)/L

d max. always occurs within 0.077 4L of the centre of the beam. When b~a,

PL313a (a )3J

d centre = 48EI LT -4\T

This value is always within

2.5% of the maximum value.

For central deflection add the values for each P derived from

the formula in the adjacent diagram

38

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS

C) :z: o <C o _j

I:z: w

:2 o :2

P P

)= L/3 _j_ L/~ _j_ L/3 =1

RA RB

~ ~

Mmax = PL/3

:z: ~rdmax
0
I- r==
u :~3PL3 I
w
_j
lL_ d max. =
w 648EI
0 C) :z: o <C o _j

I:z: w :2 o :2

P P

P

:z: o IU W _j u., w o

Me = ME = 3PL/8 Mo = PL/2

RA = R B = 3P /2

P P

P

MD=5PL/12

;~ ==-t

19PL3 d max. = 384EI

RA = RB = 3P /2

~rdmax

d max. =

;~ ==-t

53PL3 1296EI

P P P P

+ +
Lis A c ~ ~ F B Lis
L/4 L/4 L/4
L Mo = ME = PL/2

r==

;~ ==-t

41 PL3 d max. = 768EI

39

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
C) f f f f P P P P P P P
:z: , , , , , , , 0
- A-f~-# -tB Lin A ~ ~ L/n (n-1) forces B
0
<C -<-L/5 L/5 L/5 L/5 L/5-+-
0
_j L L
RA RB R~B
I- ~ ~ when ''. is odd, Mmax = (n2 -1 )Pysn
:z:
w when n IS even, Mmax = n.PL/S
:2 Me = MF = 2PL/5 MD = ME= 3PL/5
0 RAI I I I I I J)
:2
RA~ ~RB
n::::: ~RB RA = RB = (n-1)P/2
<C
w ______ ::;_+Y-_d_ro.~_
I RA = R B = 2P
if) wHen n is odd,
:z: ________ +~j-ro.~-- d max. = 1 :~~I r- ~j~- -H - ~~
0
-
I- 'I
u when n is even,
w 63PL3
_j d = PL3 . n ~ __ 1 ~+_±_~
LL d max. = 1000EI
w I ....
0 max. 192EI . 2 n2
TOTAL LOAD = W ~

I- I I I
I W/2n Win WInE:SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM rVo/2n
f~L/n J Lin J L !I


When n> 10, consider the load uniformly distributed. The reaction at the
supports = W /2, but the max. S.F. at the ends of the beam
= W(n-1 )/2n = A.W. The value of the maximum bending moment = C.WL
WL3
The value of the deflection at the centre of the span = k. -E-I
v~lljelof n A C k
2 0.2500 0.1250 0.0105
; 3 0.3333 0.1111 0.0118
4 0.3750 0.1250 0.0124
5 0.4000 0.1200 0.0126
'lr 6 0.4167 0.1250 0.0127
7 0.4286 0.1224 0.0128
IV 8 0.4375 0.1250 0.0128
9 0.4444 0.1236 0.0129
10 0.4500 0.1250 0.0129 40

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS

C) :z: o <C o _j

-==:::::::::::: R A RA=RB=wN dD

0::::: <C w

I (J)

RA

IA a ~c b Bl

: l :

~MCARB MCB~

MCA = M.a/l MCB = M.b/l

C) :z: o <C o _j

I:z: w :::::2: o :::::2:

RA RB

'------------'

RA = R B = Mil

0::::: <C w

I (J)

As shown a>b

For anticlockwise moments the deflections are reversed

41

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS

;~ ==-t

Wa (3L2-2a2)

8 max. = 96EI

~W/2

RB

~

C) :z: o <C o _j

Wa Mmax= -4-

:z: o le_)

W _j

LL W o

~rdmax

r==

~rdmax

r==

;~ ==-t

5 WL3

d max.= 384 . TI

C) :z: o <C o _j

I:z: w ::2 o ::2

0:::: <C w

I if)

:z: o le_)

W _j

LL W o

t~en a;~ ==-t

W

d max. = 384EI (8L3 -4Lb2 +b 3)

42

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS

o <C o _j

2W L

~2W

I~L

R~B

Mx = ~x (1 - ~; )

Mmax = 0.12SWL when X1 = 0.5774L

0::: RA~

L5 I-x1 ______j ~ IR

~ RA = W /3 "J B

RB = 2W/3

-------- ~j-~@--

:z: o le> w _j lL_ w o

RA~ ~RB

RA = R B = W/2

~------~~~~~~

dmax = 60EI

d max. = 0.01304WL3 /EI when x = 0.5193L

I:z: w

:2 o :2

:z: o le> w _j

~ d max = 4S~EI (SL 3 + 7 ol, 2-40 2L -403)

43

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS

b

C) :z: o <C o _j

1----- L ----1

RA RB

twa/(~

Mmax = Wa/6

C) W/2 W/a
:z:
0
<C b
0
_j
RA L RB
I- j:wa73~
:z: /
w
2
0 Mmax = Wa/3
2
0:::: RA~
<C
w ""J RB
I
if) RA = R B = W/2
:z: ~. E drnox
0 ~
I- : ====j
(_)
w
_j _ Wa (2 2)
LL dmax-120EI 160 +20ab+5b
w
0 B

RA L ----1RB

3/2

I .. x .IM = 2Wa~ _ 2m)

max 3 \ 3

when x = a )1- 2m

RAU 3

, I RB

RA = W~_2;)

RB = 2Wm/3

44

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS

~ RA~

~ ~RB

(J) RA = R B = W /2

(_') :z: o <C o _j

:z: o le_)

W _j lL_ w o

2nd degree p~~w C L _B 2L

RA RB

't/t ~L

Mx = WL (m4-2m3tm)/2 Mmax = 5WL/32

6.1 WL3 dmax = 384EI

:z: o le_)

W

~ 2.8WL3

~ d max = 384EI

(_') :z: o <C o _j

I:z: w ::2 o ::2

Complement of parabola Total load=W

M r 0MA>MB

A_ 1MB

MA~>-MB

(MB anti-cloew~ MB Shear diagram when MA #MB

RA RB

MA-MB fSA=-RB=-L-

CD CD o

when MA=MB

-ML2

dmax = 8EI

W=unit load]

do= Where n=N/L

1----- L ----1

RA RB

~L

45

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

CANTI LEVERS

C) :z: o « o _j

I:z: w ::2 o ::2

0:::: « w

I U)

:z: o le_)

W _j u., W o

RA= W

t~ f ~-- --lit

d 11 Wa 3

C 60EI11Wa3 ~ 15b)

d max.= 60 E I ~ + 110

t a .1;4j 0

~

Mmax = W (a+ ~b)

MmaX = P.a

~ RAI

I ~--~~~------

U) RA = P

t~ f ~-- --III

d _ Pa 3 -0

C-

3EI Pa3 h 3b)

d max.= 3EI \ + 20

C) :z: o « o _j

I:z: w

::2 o ::2

:z: o le_)

W _j lL_ w o

RA ,--I __ ----:+--_~ RA= W

--lit

d =W(20a3+50a2b+40ab2+11b3

max. 60 EI

M
a .~ b BI
L :
I
x . I
Mx = Me G~I U

Mx = P.x

I·

NO SHEARS

N.B For anti-clockwise moments the deflection is upwards.

~

-- --lit

Ma2 dc= 2EI

Ma2 h + _1Q_)

d max.= 2EI \ a

46

BM,SF & r: - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

CANTI LEVERS
c:> W W
:z: ~A ~ ~A ~
0 ~i. b ~I ~i. b ~i
<C
0 a a
_j L L
: : ~MA~I

~ Mx=Wx2/2a Mmax. =Wa/2

0::: RA~

<C w

I (J)

0::: <C w

I (J)

:z: o le_)

W _j lL_ w o

MAC====== ==-

Mmax. =W(a+:bf2)

W(Sa 3+ 1Sa2b+ 12ab 2+3b3)

dmax.= 24EI

c:> :z:

o <C o _j

W I

~

M max. =W (afo/2)

~

- - -iJdmax.

d -lX

max. _ 24EI

:z: o le_)

W _j u., w

o (8a3t 18a2bt 12ab2t3b3t 12a2ct 12abct4b2c

47

MAvr::=:==J

MX=Wx3/3a2 MA=Wa/3

~

f ~- - -iJdmax.

Wa3 dc= 15EI

Wa3~ 5b \

dmax.= 15EI \1 + 40)

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

PROPPED CANTI LEVERS

o <.(

o _j

:z: o

RA =W[8-n2(~-n)J/8

le_)

w _j u., w o

C) :z:

o <.(

o _j

Where ~ and 'a are the simple support reactions for the beam (MAbeing considered positive)

48

BM,SF & ~ - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

PROPPED CANTI LEVERS

W/2 I

C) :z: o <.(

o _j

.~.b.~.

L

a~

I- X

= ~Wa/16 25MA~

:2 If m=a/L. then bet'wee~rlnd D. Mx=W[ -2x2 txa( 4-3mt2m2)/Sa tMmax. when x=(a/4)(4-3mt2m2) MA=-Wa(3L -2a)/SL

0:::: <.( W I (f)

C) :z: o <.(

o _j

MA~

~

I.. X .. I

Mx=- ~6(20m2-2(Jm+7)

-7WL

MA = ----so +M max.=0.0846WL

R [when x=O.67L]

A 1 =---:::--......

W ----=::::::::]RB

V =-20 (9-20m2) R =9W R =11W

x A 20 B 20

!fMmax. =0.0596WL

[when x=O.447L]

:z: o

le_)

w _j u., w o

d = 0.0047WL3

max. EI when x=0.447L

d = 0.0061 WL3

max. EI when x=O.59SL

+Mmax. =0.0454WL [when x=O.2S3L]

d = 0.0037WL3

max. EI when x=0.404L

49

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

PROPPED CANTILEVERS

o <C o _j

Wa2 RB=- (SL-a)

20L3

~ ~~2W/a

~ ~~--d~~R

~MA~B

~ hen m=a/L

o 2

w

a ·I~

'___-- L ---_' R B

~I

MA~

Mx =RA .xtMA -W(x-a)3 /3b2 M =- ~ (10@ -3b2)

A 60L2

RA x::j

Between C and B R B

Vx =RA-WX2 /b2

RB= ~ 3 [L4 (11 L -1Sa)ta4(SL -a)]

20b ~

RA =W-RB

M =_wa(m2 _ 3m t1._\

A S 4 3)

MC=RB·b Between A and C Vx=RA-Wx2/a2

IRB

0:::: <C w

I If.l

RA~

I-X-l '" Wa2

RB= -3 (1SL -4a)

20L

50

BM,SF & fr FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

PROPPED CANTILEVERS

M

L_B--+-l &~

C) :z: o <C o _j

M A a:::::===M B=-2MA =-M

n::::: <C w

I if)

RA=-3Pp/2

R B=P( 1 t3P/2)

:z: o le_)

W

~ -RL3 P

~ -dmax.= 27 E I

____ L;dmax -~D

dD= 4~1 [L(atb)ta2(2t4b/a)] ML2

-dmax.=- 27EI

51

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

PROPPED CANTI LEVERS

I W=w(l +0)

C) :z: o <C o _j

W=w.o

L_B-+-Lt~

R A~ r=-s:----+.J

---=-::::::::J t R B

n::::: <C w

I if)

RA =wl(5/S-3p 2/4) RB=wl(3p2+p+3/S) 4

52

l/3

I1~B

MA~

MB=-2MA =-w02 /2

p = o/l

q = b/~

RA=-3wop/4 RA=wo(1 +3p/4)

wl4 3

dD= 4SEI [p2 (Sp+6)q+6p (p+ 1)]

-wl4 p2

-d max. = 54EI

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

PROPPED CANTILEVERS

P

P

P P P

o

<C A CI 01 B

g L/3----J--L/3----J--L/3 R B

~M

~ MA D

2

~ M C= PL/9 M D= 2PL/9

P

P

P

C) :z: o <C o _j

I:z: w

2 o 2

:z: o le_)

W _j u., W o

A c 01 EI. B

L/ 4---t-L/ 4--t-L/ 4--t-L/ 4 R B

M

MA~E

MA=-15PL/32 MD=17PL/64

M E=33PL/ 128

P P P P

A CliO IE IF B

L/5 L/5 L/5 L/5 L/5 R B

MA~

M =-3PL/5 M E= 9PL/25

RA~

..______, I RB

RA=13P/5 RB=7P/5

53

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

PROPPED CANTILEVERS

P

P

P

P

P P P P P P P

C) :z: o <C o _j

o

n-1 forces B

~i<--------,i<'-------J<-L/n

1---- L --------I

MA PL(n2-1 )

M A = - -~____!.~,

8n

RA~

2 ~R

RA =P(5n -40-1 )/8n B

R B=P(3D2 -4nt 1 )/8n

0:::: <C w

I Ul

I LJ RB RA=161P/64 RB=95P/64

pN; f
~-=
PL3
dmax. = 0.0221 TI ~ -= r d"L%- 1

when n is large, ...r-... nPL3

dmax. 185EI

:z: o IU W _j

LL W o

fL=n a M

C) :z: o <C o _j

CD: L----I:

a = L If::::-:---..._

MA=-M~-M

(2) If:::--:--.-_.. MC B +

a>O.423L ~

Q) + MCA

a=O.423L E _ ] - M

G) if:

a<0.423L ==:J - M

M A =-M(2-6nt3n 2)/2

M CA =-M(2-6nt9n2 -3n3 )/2 M CB =3Mn(2-3ntn 2)/2

RAt.___ __J t RB

MtMA

-RA=RB L

In case 1, R = 3M/2L case 3, R = M/L

0:::: <C w

I Ul

:z: o IU

:=:J d max. occurs at point corresponding

b to X on B.M. diagram, the area R

o being equal to the area Q

d - (Area S) X

max. - EI

54

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

PROPPED CANTILEVERS

C) :z: o <C o _j

A 0 0 B

n = all L--~

q=x/a ~

MA

MA=-~( 4L -;)0)

When x<a 8L

,

Mx=W(9n2x-12nx+ 12x-4-xq2 )/24

+Mmax.occurs when q=J 3;2 -n+ 1

0:::: <C w

I (J)

=-'\JRB R A=+ ~(4L2 + 20L -02)

8L

C) :z:

o <C o _j

+M max.= O.0948WL

RAL--I __ ~~_----,

"'" IRB

R A= ~(21 L2 +40L -402) 32t

:z: o le_)

W _j u., w o

55

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

PROPPED CANTILEVERS

W ~2nd Degree

~ Parabola

o ~A -L -------:::::-'Bt d .-------RB

_j

MA~m=XjL I- MA=- 3WL

:z: 20

w

~ Mx= ~5 (10m4-20m3+7m)

+Mmax.=0.0888WL,when x=0.3985L

~RA~

~ R - 13W RB= ~2WO RB

A- 20

~ ~ tl~ i

dmax. = 0.00674 TI

:z: o

le_)

w _j u., w o

C) :z:

o « o _j

RA 1.___--:-:-:--:-7'----It--------,

'--- __ ---'I RB

5P RB=16

:z: o le_)

W _j u., w o

A B

t----- L RtJ

MAC:=>: ~ m=XjL MA=- 3WL

40

Mx= ~~ (-40m4t80m3-60m2t17m)

tMmax.=O.0399WL,when x=O.2343L

RA~ ==-

R _ 23W 17W""'lR B

A- 40 RB=W

'I O.392L t

~ ~ =~~ 1

dmax. = 0.00278 TI

RAI

L-P-a-2 ---+------,1 RB

R B= 2L3 (b+2L) RA =P-RB

~ -= r dL--- !

Pa3b2

de = 12EIL3 (4L -a)

56

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

BUILT-IN BEAMS

W\ t W/2 t

~..___~ -E-J~~ ~L.i. b-i.an

J-----L .. I

C) :z: o <C o _j

MAV :1:wa/4 :S:lMB

MA=MB=-Wo(3~-20)/12L

M A 1:;::::= ......--:- -==-- :Sl M B

MA=MB=-WL/12

MC= WL/24

RA~

~RB RA= RB = W/2

0:::: <C w

I Ul

0.21 Lt L 0.58L j' 1 0.21 L

l-= V-dma,==-~

W02 ( )

dmax. = 48EI L -0

C) :z:

o <C o _j

57

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

BUILT-IN BEAMS

2W/L

Y tl

C) :z: o <C o _j

MJ;:t--Mx =:sJ MB

M = - WL (1 Ox3_ ~ +2)

x 30 L3 L

+Mmax =WL/23.3 When x=0.55L

MA =-WL/15 MB =-WL/1 0

0:::: <C w

I (J)

~ 1=x ~~dm"L-~

8 1==f WL3

~ dmax. = 382EI

w

o When x1 =0.525L

1.4WL3 dmax. = 384EI

L ~f1/b La -1=t=1· a~

t---L -I

~UW/L

~c B~

1----- L ----1

MAI --= I Lw~1 MB

MA =MB=-WL/16 Mc=WL/48

C) :z:

o <C o _j

R AI'---------=._~--___,

.....______,I R B

R A L::-:---RA=RB=W/2

0:::: <C w

I (J)

d - 0.6Wl3

max.- 384EI

58

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

BUILT -IN BEAMS
C) W/2l ~f W rI2W/a
:z:
- e~ b .B~
0
<C e,~ b-~~:
0
_j L I
I L I
I I ~x ;::;
I- rWo/6
:z: MA[/? MB
w MAIZ .::::::::::. :r ~SlMB M =- Wo (302=f10bL)
2
0 A 30L2
2 MA = MB= - Wo (2L -a)
W02( )
12L MB=-- 5L-30
RA"'-- 30L2
0:::: in AC _ 2W(x-b)3
<C """"JRB Mx -RB·x+MB-
w RA=RB=W/2
I in CB 60b
o: Mx =RB·x+MB
jJdma~~ RAI\.
~~ ...... )' IRB
:z: RA = W (10L3 -5L02+203)
0
I- 10L3
(_) (/ W02 (5L-20)
w W02 RB =
_j (5L -40)
lL_ dmax.= 4S0EI 10L3
w I -,
0 ~
C) W/2l ~a :.::_ I~ /2W/o
:z: t~r
-
0 ~~
<C
0 ~- b-~
_j b
I L I I L I
I I
I- rWo/3
:z: MAV~~
w ez: ~r ~
2 s-;::,MB
0 MAIZ 51MB
2 MA = MB= - Wo' (4L -30) MA=- Wo (10L2_150L+602)
12L 15@
0:::: RA~ W02
<C ~RB
w MB= - -(5L -40)
I RA=RB=W/2 10@
o:
RA~ IR
jJdma~~ "
:z: ~~ B
0 RA= + _1L_(10L3-15L02+S03)
I- ..,.I, 1 O~
(_)
w
_j W02 W02
u.,
w dmax.= 4S0EI (15L -160) RB= + -3 (15L -So)
0 10l 59

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

BUILT-IN BEAMS

C) :z: o <C o _j

0:::: <C w

I U)

:z: o IU W _j

LL W o

#arabOliC load

~A L ~~

1.3WL3 dmax. = 384EI

total

O.4WL3 dmax. = 384EI

MAl? :';:lMB

~ MA=MB=-As/L

w where As is the oree of the 'free'

25 bending moment diagram

2

C) :z:

o <C o _j

0:::: <C w

I U)

:z: o IU W _j

LL W o

~mmetrical load

~c=~~~

symmetricbl dicqrom

.c:::: ~

The fig. shown is half the bending moment diagram

~eancd.t.~

d t C = As X - A i Xl

maxa 2EI

where Ai is the area of the fixing moment diagram

t------ L -I

a> 2 b ct...::±=======-_=======..:::..It-rL-,-=::::.

a=2b~ '*==-

'--=:.J

a=b L. rL-..__

-===::::::::::: --=::::J

MAC = M. ~2 (3a-L)MBc=-M. & (3b-L)

when a/L=m.MCA=-M.(1-m)(1-3m±6m2)

RA RB

RA=RB =slope of moment diagram

MAC±MCA MCB±MBC

----,--,-,=-----=..:....c.._ = ------=--==--;--=__=____

b

¥tt ~

when a/L=m _ M.L2m2(1-m)2(1-2m)

de - 2EI

For anticlockwise moments reverse the deflections

60

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

BUILT -IN BEAMS
P tol L ~~
C) kL/2 J L/2=tl
:z: 0
-
0
<C b
0
_j ~
~Mc
I- MAl/-----==- ----=1 M B
:z: Pab2 Pba2 2Pa2b2
w MAl::;=:-: ~I M B
:::::2: MA =- MB=- MC=
0 -MA =-MB=Mc=PL/8 ~ ~ ~
:::::2:
RAI I " j
RAI I IRB
0:::: RA= P(b/L)2(1+2.a/L)
<C IRB
w RB= P(a/L)2(1t2.b/L)
I
Ul RA= RB = P /2
~~x ~

:z: ~-= ;~,=dT%t- t I--x----j
0 Pa3 b3 2Pa2 b3
-
I-
U dc= 3EIL3 d -
w max- 3EI(3L-2a)2
_j PL3
lL_ when x = L2/(3L-2a)
w dmax. = 192EI
0
P P P P
C) ko J-b ~j. o~ :::::::: I~ ~ I I 1
:z:
-
0 ~L/4 £L/c ~L/~~
<C ! L -I
0
_j
jPa iPL/4
M A I::;;::::: .:::::::. :r2 --===. MAl? ./ l~ "'-....
I- ts:IMB SIMB
:z:
w M -M -_ Pa(L -a) Mc=Mo=Pa 2/L
:::::2: MA =MB= -3PL/16 Mc=Mo=PL/16
0 A - B-
:::::2: L
RAI II 1i RAI I
0:::: ,~ hi I IRB I IRB
<C RA =RB =P
w RA =RB=P
I
o:
~-= ;~,=dT%t- t ~-= ;~,=dT%t- t

:z:
0
I- ".I, PL3 ~02 (O)J PL3
u
w dmax= 6EI 4L2 - L dmax=192EI
_j
u.,
w
0 61

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

BUILT-IN BEAMS

C) :z: o <C o _j

0:::: <C w

I U)

:z: o IU W _j lL_ W o

C) :z: o <C o _j

I:z: w

2 o 2

0:::: <C w

I U)

:z: o IU W _j u., W o

z:.L/3

M A 17 /.------->:i--r::::>-< SI M B

MA =MB=-2PL/9 MC=MO=PL/9

R A ,--I _-,--I _---.----------.

L--I _____.I R B RA= RB = P

5PL3 dmax. = 648EI

3PJ/8~L/2

MAI7:F 1 SIMB

MA =MB=-5PL/16 MO=3PL/16

RA.__I _1_--+- __ ---, '-----:_I ------,I R B RA= RB =3P /2

[PL/4 i5PL/12 MAV1: 2 1.-----: ~SIMB MA =MB =-19P~/72

MO = 11 fPL/72

RA["l I

L.,__------,LJ R B

i:SA= RB =3P /2

PL3 dmax. = 96EI

62

41 PL3 dmax. = 5184EI

P P P P

L!S~A jcL/41/41L/A BIL/s

P~ zEL/2

MAI~ t SIMB

MA =MB=-11 PL/32 MO=ME=5PL/32

RA [1'------,

PL3 dmax. = 96EI

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

BUILT -IN BEAMS
C) ~ 1 1 1 1 <, ~ 1 1 1 P 1 1 1 <,
:z:
- "A § $ j t B" ~A (n-1 forces B;
0
<C ~F-L/5 L/5 L/5 L/5 L/5.,~
0 I. I, J spacing=LfR"'"
_j
MAl? ---------- :"3;JMB
I- ~PL/5
:z: MAI/--- t ",..IMB PL(n3.,.-1 )
w MA=MB=-
2
0 MA =MB=-2PL/5 RAI I I I I 12n
2
MD=ME =PL/5 '~RB
0:::: RACL--J
<C ~ IRB R A = RB = ( n - 1 ) P /2
w
I ~-=
o: RA= RB = 2P :~,rd~ ~

when n is odd
:z: ~ ;~,rdmJ1.. ~ p~ E B~ 1 ~ 1 ~
0 dmax.= 192EI n-n 1-21- n2
I- -==0=:::
(_) when n is even
w
_j 13PL3 Qmax.= l~tEI ~- i ~ + ~~n-20- ~~
lL_
w dmax.= 1000EI I -,
0
n COLUMN -rT1
I .... [GAD PER SPAN = W~
I I 1 1 1 1 1 I I I
r vr'n CONJINUOUS BEAM f
I lin lin I lin I lin I Lfn I Lfn I Lfn I
I I I L I I I
When n> 10, consider the load unifromly distributed
The load on the outside stringers is carried directly by the supports. The continuous beam
is assumed to be horizontal at each support. The reaction at the support for each span=W/2
W(n-1 )
But the maximum shear force in any span of the continuous beam= 2n = A.W
The value of the fixing moment at each support = -B.WL
The value of the maximum positive moment for each span = C.WL
The value of the maximum deflection for each span ~ 0.0026 WL 3 lEI
value of n A B C
" 2 0.2500 0.0625 0.0625
3 0.3333 0.0741 0.0370
4 0.3750 0.0781 0.0469
qr 5 0.4000 0.0800 0.0400
6 0.4167 0.0811 0.0439
7 0.4286 0.0816 0.0408
IV 8 0.4375 0.0820 0.0430
9 0.4444 0.0823 0.0413
10 0.4500 0.0825 0.0425 63

BM,SF & ~ - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

CONTINUOUS BEAMS: SHEARS FROM EQUAL LOADS ON EQUAL SPANS

ALL SPANS LOADED IMPOSED LOAD~SE8-

LOAD (E.G.DEAD LOAD) UENCE OF LO~~ED SPANS TO GIV~ MAX. SHEAR FORCE

0.313 0.688

, 0.68810.3131

0.406 0.688

, 0.6881 0.4061

c o 0.... if)

--0

E

0.350 0.500 0.650

, 0.65010.5001 0.3501

0.425 0.625 0.675

, 0.615'0.6251 0.4251

-+--' o

--0 Q) -+--' o L

-+--' C Q) U C o

(_)

0.339 0.554 0.446 0.661

, 0.6611 0.4461 0.5541 0.339'

0.A-20 0.654 0.607 0.681 '0.68110.60710.65410.42()l

0.342 0.540 0.500 0.460 B.65B 0.421 0.647 0.636 0.615 0.679

, 0.65810.4601 0.5001 0.540· 0.3421 ' 0.67910.6151 0.6361 0.64710.421'

/

0.333 0.667

, 0.66710.3331

0.417 0.667

, 0.66710.4171

if)

-+--' C

o 0....

0.433 0.611 0.656

, 0.6561 0.6111 0.4331

0.357 0.548 0.452 0.643

, 0.64310.45210.54810.3571

0.429 0.637 0.595 0.661 '0.6.6110.59510.63710.429'

0.360 0.535 0.500 0.465 0.640 0.430 0.631 0.621 0.602 0.659

.. 0.64010.46510.50010.5351 0.36()l .. 0.65910.60210.62110.6311 0.48()l

64

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

CONTINUOUS BEAMS: SHEARS FROM EQUAL LOADS ON EQUAL SPANS

LOAD

ALL SPANS LOADED (E.G.DEAD LOAD)

IMPOSED LOAD(SEQUENGE OF LOADED SPANS TO GIVE MAX. SHEAR FCDRCE

0.375 0.625

.. 0.62510.3751

0.400 0.500 0.600

.. 0.6001 0.50010.4001

0.393 0.536 0.464 0.607

.. 0.6071 0.4641 0.5361 0.3931

0.438 0.625 ~

.. 0.6251 0.4381 ~

0.450 0.583 0.617

.. 0.6171 0.58310.4501

0.446 0.683 0.571 0.621

.. 0.6211 0.57110.60310.4461

0.395 0.526 0.500 0.474 0.605 0.447 0.598 0.591 0.576 0.620

.. 0.60510.47410.50010.52610.3951 .. 0.62010.57610.59110.59810.4471

0.344 0.656

Ii 0.65610.3441

0.422 0.656

Ii 0.6561 0.4221

--0 Q) -+-' :::::l ....0 ·c (f)

--0

!...... o

:::::l O'l C o

·c I--

0.375 0.500 0.625

Ii 0.6251 0.50010.3751

0.366 0.545 0.455 0.634

Ii 0.6341 0.4551 0.5451 0.3661

0.437 0.605 0.646

Ii 0.6461 0.60510.4371

0.433 0.628 0.589 0.651

Ii 0.6511 0.58910.62810.4331

SF COEFFICIENT = (k - 1/2)(1 + a-a2) + 1/2 WHERE k IS SF COEFFICIENT FOR UNIFORM LOAD, READ FROM ABOVE TABLE.

E.g. IF a = 0.5. COEFFICIENT AT CENTRAL SUPPORT OF

TWO -SPAN BEAM IS (0.625-0.5)(1 +0.5-0.25)+0.5=0.656.

For any trapezoidal load

65

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

CONTINUOUS BEAMS: MOMENTS FROM EQUAL LOADS ON EQUAL SPANS

ALL SPANS LOADED IMPOSED LOAD~SE8-

LOAD (E.G. DEAD· LOAD) UENCE OF LOkr;ED SPANS TO GI~~ MAX. BENDING MOMENT)

0.125

0.125

'0.09610.0961 8.117 0.117

'0.1 (3j10.07510.1 011 [0.107J [0.071 J [0.107J (0.116) (0.107) (0.116)

0.121 0.107 0.121

'0.09910.08110.08110.0991 [0.105J [0.079J [0.079J [0.105J (0.116) (0.106) (0.106) (0.116) 0.120 0.111 0.111 0.120

0.136

'0.10510.1051 0.127 0.127

'0.11110.08310.1111 [0.117J [0.078J [0.117J (0.127) (0.117) (0.127) 0.131 0.117 0.131

'0.10910.08910.08910.1091 [0.115J [0.086J [0.086J [0.115J (0.126) (0.116) (0.116) (0.126) 0.131 0.121 0.121 0.131

'0.11010.08710.09410.08710.1101

0.100 0.100

0.107 0.071 0.107

0.105 0.079 0.079 G.18§

0.136

/

'0.07710.0]71

0.109 0.109

0.117 0.078 0.117

~ ..----

o

0.115 0.086 0.086 0.115

66

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

CONTINUOUS BEAMS: MOMENTS FROM EQUAL LOADS ON EQUAL SPANS IMPOSED LOAD(SEQUENCE OF LOADED SPANS [0 GIVE MAX. BM)

LOAD

ALL SPANS LOADED (E.G. DEAD LOAD)

'0.11810.09610.09610.1181 [0.122J [0.092J [0.092J [0.122J (0.135) (0.123) (0.123) (0.135) 0.139 0.129 0.129 0.139

0.145

0.145

'0.11410.1141 0.135 0.135

'0.08410.0841

0.116 0.116

'0.12010.09010. J 201 [0.124J [0.083J [0.124J ( 0 .135) ( 0.124) ( 0.135) O. 140 0.124 O. 140

0.124 0.083 0.124

'0.09210.04510.04510.0921

0.122 0.092 0.092 0.122

0.151

0.151

'0.12110.1211 0.141 0.141

'0.090 10.0901

0.121 0.121

'0.12810.09710.1281 [0.130J [0.086J [0.130J ( 0 .140 ) ( 0.130) ( 0.140 ) 0.146 0.130 0.146

0.13G 6.886 0.130

'0.09810.05010.05010.0981

'0.12610.10310.10310.1261 [0.127J [0.096J [0.096J [0.127J (0.140) (0.129) (0.129) (0.140) 0.145 0.135 0.135 0.145

0.127 0.096 0.096 0.127

'0.09910.04610.06210.04610.0991

BM = BM. COEFF. x LOAD/SPAN x SPAN.

BM. COEFF. ABOVE LINE APPLY TO NEG. BM AT SUPPORT BELOW LINE APPLY TO POS. BM IN SPAN

IN SQUARE BRACKET APPLY IF ALL SPANS ARE LOADED

IN CURVED BRACKET APPLY IF TWO SPANS ONLY ARE LOADED

67

BM. COEFF. APPLY FOR EQUAL SPANS

OR SHORTEST } 15% LESS

THAN LONGEST.

LOADS ON EACH LOADED SPAN ARE EQUAL.

MOMENT OF INERTIA SAME THROUGHOUT ALL SPANS.

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

CONTINUOUS BEAMS: MOMENTS FROM EQUAL LOADS ON EQUAL SPANS

ALL SPANS LOADED IMPOSED LOAD(SEQ-

LOAD (E.G. DEAD LOAD) UENCE OF LOkr;ED SPANS TO GI~~ MAX. BENDING MOMENT)

0.155

0.155

'0.12710.1271 8J45 0.145

'0.09410.0941

'0.13410.10210.1341 [0.133J [0.089J [0.133J (0.144) (0.133) (0.144)

0.149 0.133 0.149

0.124 0.124

0.133 0.089 0.133

'0.13210.10910.10910.1321 [0.131J [0.098J [0.098J [0.131J (0.144) (0.132) (0.132) (0.144) 0.149 0.138 0.138 0.149

/

0.156

0.156

'0.12910.1291 0.146 0.146

'0.09510.0951

'0.13610.10410.1361 [0.134J [0.089J [0.134J (0.145) (0.134) (0.145) 0.151 0.134 0.151

0.125 0.125

0.134 0.089 0.134

'0.13410.11110.11110.1341 [0.132J [0.099J [0.099J [0.132J (0.145) (0.133) (0.133) (0.145) 0.150 0.139 0.139 0.150

~

LD

o

0.132 0.099 0.099 0.132

'0.13510.10910.11710.10910.1351

68

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

CONTINUOUS BEAMS: MOMENTS FROM EQUAL LOADS ON EQUAL SPANS

ALL SPANS LOADED IMPOSED LOAD~SEG-

LOAD (E.G.DEAD LOAD) UENCE OF LOf\~ED SPANS TO GI~~ MAX. BENDING MOMENT)

0.188

c o 0.... if)

--0

E

0.150 0.150

0.188

'0.20310.2031 8.115 0.175

'0.21310.17510.2131 [0.161J [0.107J [0.161J (0.174) (0.161) (0.174) 0.181 0.161 0.181

'0.21010.18310.18310.2101 [0.158 J [0.118 J [0.118 J [0.158 J (0.174) (0.160) (0.160) (0.174) 0.179 0.167 0.167 0.179

0.167

'0.13910.1391 0.156 0.156

'0.14410.10010.1441 [0.143J [0.095J [0.143J (0.155) (0.143) (0.155) 0.160 0.144 0.160

'0.14310.11110.11110.1431 [0.140J [0.105J [0.105J [0.140J (0.155) (0.142) (0.142) (0.155) 0.159 0.148 0.148 0.159

'0.14410.10810.11510.10810.1441

0.161 0.107 0.161

69

-+-' o

--0 Q) -+-' o "-

-+-' C Q) U C o

(_)

0.158 0.118 0.118 S.113@

0.167

/

if)

-+-' C

o 0....

0.133 0.133

0.143 0.095 0.143

, 0.11910.05610.05610.1191

0.140 0.105 0.105 0.140

BM,SF & D - FORMULAE FOR BEAMS

WAVE INDUCED BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE IN FLOATING PIERS

The wave is assumed to be of cosine form and the height of wave at any point above still water (liquid) level is given by

Hw (2TIX) Hw = wave height and

h = cos L '

w 2 L = wave length

Buoyancy per meter of pier under wave conditions IS,

bx = P B hw g

P density of the water (liquid)

B width of pier

hw the height of wave at any point above still water level,

g acceleration due to gravity

Wave induced shear force:

Ox = S bx dx

Wave induced bending moment:

Mx = SOx dx

Tota I shea r force

Total bending moment

wave induced shear force +
load induced shear force
wave induced bending moment +
load induced bending moment
CASE-II CASE-I

0.5 with wave height (Hw) known

O.607(L) before hand and wave length

=20Hw S

I~l B Ip1 ~ P11 D 1~1

wave length pier length

wherein wave height = Hw =

Qating pier

~ I I "

4 . 3 t

[~ _~r .--1

• "> / . -, (' 1J

:r: ~ __ // <- . __ I -- . ;) "~ Jj

SFD~I

I~

BMD

1. still-water buoyancy 2. mass buoyancy

3. wave buoyancy (hogging)

4. wave buoyancy (sagging)

~~~f+lo-a-t-in-g--p-i-e-r+I---------rI----u~

;[rEi>T~b

1. still-water (mass of the pier plus load)

2. mass buoyancy 3. wave buoyancy

70

BM & SF - FORMULAE FOR FRAMES

FRAME - I

B C Coefficients:
11 12 ~ 12 h
k=-·-
....c: 11 L
L N1 = k+2 N2 = 6k+ 1

A D FRAME DATA

1----+- L ----1

A

D

wL2

Mmax. = -8- + MB

wL VA = VD = -2-

71

BM & SF - FORMULAE FOR FRAMES

w per unit length

I I I I I
B C
-L/2 r---
....c:
L

A D
-'-- B

P

Constants: a1 = c/h,

MA = - PatX 1 MO = t Pa-X1

2X1 V A = - Vo = - -L-

FRAME - I wL2/32

c

c -

- I

3Paa1k X 1 = -----'----

N2

M B = X 1 MC = - X1

H A = - HO = - P

72

BM & SF - FORMULAE FOR FRAMES

I- B C
l-
I-
l-
I- ....c:
l-
I- L
l-
I- A D
_'-- '-Q)

0....

M = wh 2 [ k+3 _ 4k+ D

A 4 L 6N 1 N2 J

M = wh 2 [ k+3 + 4k+ D

o 4 L 6N1 N 2d

H _ wh(2k+3)

o - 8N1

FRAME - I

/ / /

/ _ A

c_______, -- H A

+MA

VA

wh2 t k 2kJ

M -_ ----

C - 4 6N1 N2

73

BM & SF - FORMULAE FOR FRAMES

v

FRAME - I

Pc

B C M1
C~~

L
A D + D
--Ho
+-MO
Vo
Constants: a1 = c/h, b1 = b/h MC = + X2 - X3

74

BM & SF - FORMULAE FOR FRAMES

Pc Pc
B
B C M1 +
C~~ P
c
M2 M2
L
A D + D
--Ho
+-MO

Vo
Constants: 01 = a/h, b1 = b/h FRAME

- I

Peke- (301-2)

MB = MC = = 2X2

N1

v

75

BM & SF - FORMULAE FOR FRAMES

FRAME - I

p

!
B C
~L/2-
....c
L

A D
.-- P--~B~~------~C

....c

A

M - - £b_, 3k+ 1

A - 2 N2

M = +£b_, 3k+1

o 2 N2

76

BM & SF - FORMULAE FOR FRAMES

p

r-a I b -----j
,
B C
....c:
l

A D
,-'- Constants: a1 = all,

FRAME - I

M = _ Pab [_1 __ b1 -a~

C l N1 2N2 J

H - H - 3Pab

A - D - 2LhN1

77

BM & SF - FORMULAE FOR FRAMES
FRAME - II

B C Coefficients : ()~
12
11 11 12 h
....c: k =-.-
11 L
L
A D N = 2k+3
4\ L/2

D

D

--HD

t

VD

wL2

Mmax. = -8- + MB

78

BM & SF - FORMULAE FOR FRAMES

FRAME - II

w per unit length

I I I I
B C
--L/2- --
....c
L

A D V - 3wL A --

8

MB = MC = -

V - wL

D --

8

........ B B
....c
CJ)
(])
....c wh2/8
........
c
:::3 !
'-
(])
0... N
<,
~ ....c
A D
--HD
t
VD
whl k ~ H D = -t- MhC
MB=---+1
4 2N
Mc=Wh2[_k _~ HA = - (wh - HD)
4 2N
wh2
VA = - VD = - -
2L
79 BM & SF - FORMULAE FOR FRAMES

FRAME - II

~

B .

....0

i~

D

--Ho

t

Vo

B P

c

o

A

D

Constant: 01 = a/h

V_Pc 0-L

V A = P - Vo

M 1 = - HA a M 2 = Pc - HA a

ERAME - II
~ ~
B C .
B P M1 + M1
....0
i~
M2 M2
0
L

A D A D
HA -- --Ho
Constant : 01 = a/h t t
Pc(3aT-1)k VA Vo
MB = Me = VA = vo = P
N Pc-MB

HA = HO = h

M 1 = - HA a M 2 = Pc - HA a

80

BM & SF - FORMULAE FOR FRAMES

B C
- l_c p-
o
L

A D p

MB = _ Me = Po

2Pa VA = _ Vo = --L

FRAME - II

Po

A o D
--HA --Ho
~ t
VA Vo
HA = Ho = P ~ D

Moment ot loods = ± Po

p

B

~L/2 C

_c

A

MB = Me = _

3PL 8N

P VA = Vo =-2

MB HA = HO = _h

81

BM & SF - FORMULAE FOR FRAMES

p

B C
....c:
L

A D
.-'- Ph MB = - Me = +- 2

Ph VA = - VD = --L

P HA = - HD = -- 2

f--a p

b

B

....c:

A

Pob 3

MB=Me=--'-

L 2N

V _ Pb

A --

L

V_Po D -L

MB HA = HD = - -h

FRAME - II

-I

D

--HD

t

VD

c

D

82

f

4-

B

BM & SF - FORMULAE FOR FRAMES

- III

Coefficients :

...s.::

1 A 1----- L -----I E

FRAME DATA

k - _!z_._h

- 11 s

¢ = _f

h

m = 1 + ¢

B = 3k + 2 C = 1 + 2m

R = ¢ C - k N1 = K1 K2 - R 2 N2 = 3k+B

w per unit length

I I I I I I I I I I I I C

f

4-

B

...s.::

M - M _ wL2 . k(8+ 15¢)+¢(6-¢)

A - E - 16 N1

FRAME - III

E

MB = MD = _ wL2 . K(16+15¢)+¢2

16 N 1

wL 2

83

BM & SF - FORMULAE FOR FRAMES

FRAME - III

w per unit length

I I I I I I I

c

B

D

Constants :

wL2 k(16+15¢)+¢L X2=-·----

32 N 1

wL

VA= -2- - VE

X1 +X2

HA=HE= h

84

BM & SF - FORMULAE FOR FRAMES

FRAME - III

w per unit height

c

D

....c

k(9¢t4)t¢(6t¢) N 1

wf2

Constants: X1 = 8

X2= wf2 . k(8t9¢)-¢2

8 N1

wf X1 tX2

HE = - - ----'---=-

2 h

HA = - (wf-Hd

85

BM & SF - FORMULAE FOR FRAMES

FRAME - III

c

B

D

....c: c

1 ~I--I--A-- L -----J E

- A

____,_ HA

+MA

VA

wh2 k(kt6)tk¢( 1St 16¢)~5¢2

X1 = -S-'

X _ wh2k(9¢tS¢2-k)

2- SN1

Constants :

wh X1 tX2

HE = - - -----'-----=-

4 h

HA = - (wh-Hd

86

BM & SF - FORMULAE FOR FRAMES

FRAME - III

D

c

Pc

E

--HA

~MA

VA

y 2 =Pc[ ¢C-(3aT -1)k ]

Constants : a1 =a/h, b1 =b/h

MB= +X2+ (P~ - X3) MD= +X2- (P~ - X3)

87

BM & SF - FORMULAE FOR FRAMES

c

Constants : a1 =a/h,

MC=-¢(Pc+MA)+mMB

FRAME - III

D

E

y 2 =Pc[ ¢G+(3a~-1)k ]

88

BM & SF - FORMULAE FOR FRAMES

c

....c

A

FRAME - III

D

11

1----- L -----J

Pa(Bt3b1 k) Constant: X1 = ---N2

E

MB= - MD= Po - X1

Mc=O

FRAME

p

/

c

....c

1

A

3PL(kt2k¢t¢)

MA=ME=----

tI· 4N

1

PL

MC= -4- - ¢MA tmMB

D

E

HAt

A-'

MA-+

VA

3PLkm

89

BM & SF - FORMULAE FOR FRAMES

f

4-

p

A

1

r------ L -------I

FRAME - III

D

E

- A Et
--HA --HE
+MA ~ME
VA VE
3Pfmk PhB
X2 = N1 X3 = 2N2 Constants : X 1 =

3Pf(kt 2¢kt¢) 2N1

MB = + X2+~P; - XJ) MD = + X2-~P; - X3)

P X1 tX2

HE= 2 - h

1

A

PhB

2N2 P(htf)t2MA vA= - vE= - ----

L

FRAME - III

D

E

3Phk

90

BM & SF - FORMULAE FOR FRAMES

FRAME - IV

1

1------ L -----l

A

E

FRAME DATA

Coefficients:

k =~. _h_

11 s

f

I/J=-

h

m = 1tI/J

B = 2(kt1)tm

C = 1 t2m

N = BtmC

FRAME - IV

w per unit length

I I I I I I I I I I I I

1

A

91

BM & SF - FORMULAE FOR FRAMES

w per unit length I I I I I I I

1

B

1---- L -------I

A

FRAME - IV

wL2(3+Sm) MB=MD= - --32-N--

D

E

wf 2(C+m) Constant : X = --- 8N

wfh MD= 4' X - -2-

f

'+-

1

w per unit height

A

FRAME

E
A --HA E --HE
~ t
wfh VA VE
MB= + X + -2- wf2
wfh( 1 +m) Mc= - -+mX
4
VA = - VE = - 2L
X wf
HE= - - + 2
h
92 BM & SF - FORMULAE FOR FRAMES

FRAME - IV

D

....c c

j__~~----L----~E

wh 2 2(BtC)tk

MD = - - . ____;______;___

8 N

93

Constants: a1 = a/h

x =

~. B+C-k(3a~-1)

2 N

MB=Pc-X

MD= -x

BM & SF - FORMULAE FOR FRAMES

FRAME - IV

Pc

Pc MC=--mX 2

94

BM & SF - FORMULAE FOR FRAMES

FRAME - IV

._._-- L -----J

A

E

Constants: a1 = a/h

¢Ctk(3a~-1 )

MB=MO=Pc . N

95

o

Pc

MC= - ¢PctmMB

Pa

BM & SF - FORMULAE FOR FRAMES

FRAME - IV

D

A

1----- L -----J

Moment at loads = ± Pa

MB=-MD=Pa

AI~HA V VA

MC=O ~~

0'

/

o

E

96

p

B

----1---- L -----J

A

PL C

MB= MD= __ .-

4 N

BM & SF - FORMULAE FOR FRAMES

FRAME - IV

D

E

c

PL B

M=+-·-

C 4 N

97