THEORIES OF WORLD GOVERNANCE A Swudy in the History of leas CORNELIUS F. MURPHY, J The Cathie Unies of Amen{ther goats bet tr dhe er ofthe woud fe mst not be Freely prt tus be sheer pocry—-Remst be a aior for the wos tn gaze and Bhs Foe his His Highest made the pring saggenon: “The Emperor af Peace” Whit was t0 peace wa othing es than he essonery of at human unity sch had Ben ow 3h» rele ofthe gear drepacis tht fad Tercloped in hanun ieres, Here, admit, che quesion 2 tether he preset ime at he mans of today wee sill tall ea Fable of uch gees in common we obert Mi The Man thor Ques ‘he Empire wil ithe chm o elevate sl 0 the beens of prone the heavens fori cacy purposes woul cept ream ont fasonal mode an kw hata ial hee Tha wl be ts gy and its rane renn-Marie Guchenno, The ad fhe Nat Site Tony the univel common goo poses problems of worewide de retlon whi xno be adequtely ced or ved xcept y he rors public auories endowed wih widens of powes 0c re aad eats fhe ume proprdons tht i of pb authors ‘Shh ate poston vo operate nam efecve manner on a word Thc hais‘The mot lr eerefore demas the such fem oF pbc authority be esas pop Jn XXIU, Pam Te From World Suto Ste of Nature Tincendence and Imenanence “Te Sench for Ute Authority From a Society of Sates wa “ork Polical SocietyAy peton who sity se iterations relink evento ally la wo ne 2 fndanent quetin about chs ums rn of ‘human aciton One comes to wonder why th wold componed oF indepesen ad equal soneregn stats, intrcing n the absence ‘ofany eb higher auchoy when, within tates, ecw go crrments deme to be indipensble to any resonable expecasons ‘of juice and pence. The commentinal ame oti gueion comes fom diplomatic hitory The beginnings ofthe pretent ineraina ‘yen are eaceable to the European Peace of Wephala of ah, ‘hich ended the hie Yeas War That element gave fra cognition w the mutual idependence of the modern mtion-sates Subsequent evens such a the Congres of Viens, the Concert of rope, ad the intrtiona inion inovaions ofthe presen century. expand the membenp and fl ut tha hizory By sedying ‘sequence of a ne comes to undertand how tough 3 tare ofl, diploma. and mater practice a bal oct com oto of ney t90 hundred separ and stonomous commune ths been held toe, in ite of woken ined, fr more thin “This chronic explains whit hat occured, bo i does no expan ‘why has appened The carious mind wants to know more th ‘an be revealed by the empitial evidence Throughout is baler ‘xence,nteatonal soc at bes shaped by the relative pola rly and economic rent of members But ths abo be bse by deeper incu fores Beyond the dais of univerx Prefce sesion and reaction dese elementary conceptions abou the ote ore ofintermtional ie which cn oly Be understood by the powers eect though Ths not 2maner of ile pecltion Ides of gal outer ae Sporn becuse though a ein ar nega eed in ways that often ovetked! Many ication wes se tha the rue few wil eventually preva spite of the absence of ongnied ‘ations by wih the aang ions canbe impale “They woul be les sanguine f hey were more Glar with ste cof mae theories which any eter age sulted sina jute ‘xpecatons Compal oration can be mae about hoi ho ‘eve dha the wold an be ney ntepated i remains na replica condon, or about hive wh, being sociologically in- ned, sume tat dhe rton-xate wll Bally ju “wither m3" “Thee varios misperceptions can be cored when the mind takes ‘exo account the here osenins foe that oerig nsec sivenen which the foundation ofthe whole stration spe, Tn the prvent work, tie bs on my airs T explore the eoneeptal approaches tote problem of world ener tht ve en in ener ison oon the lose fhe Miele Age ntl our ‘wn ime These con a wide ange fine ilnes Theol ‘psy, ethic, jpaidece, pal science, nd sociology sre among he wes ays of knowing hi hae inspired leading Trini thie struggles oundereandthe eset condos of b= tony an epoca expect among sovereg mtions ‘Some ha pei des of how the worl shouldbe organized. At the beaning ofthe forte centery Dante propose har the Hy RRvnin Emperor sboul rae he then-kown wood cose this propa atthe use ofthese reflections Aloo kes some of the pein ofthat nga put, [prefer to concentate upon the Samaginive na psopicalresosce which nied hissemiapan es Prefice funeral anthony Dane wanted 2 dew ee contentious king ‘dons othiscme ino acacia odes, ane atclsted hat order in terms of speculve union of ie and cterty By grapig these higher parameter of hs concepton one cap undeneand the nding sigiicance ofthe De Minarin the erntional eau ofits. "The jurit- theologians of the Spnih Renaiance ejected Dantes inpeilsn They were sraing to balance the aserive indepen ence ofthe new ttonetues with he ransom pista soi ties aol marred by he Chan ith The fi of hei ce fecors wat 4 vera jorspruence which Ins been of lasing Seen apn iteration rons. Bue they abo made impor contbutions to the politcal dimension of de problem of work Snder Where Dante sw politi thoy decending fom above, Span hikers sch ar Sars i coming fom below inate omeming aor aoe fom the mld, which formed 9 king fom and sobied och ole of is monarch As our tad develo, the importance this dinction should Become apacat tothe cx filvenerIineadaces theme which is cena erst: Uae oblem of lbal governance inmately ke wth the eines fn conceptions dat dee fom 3 eampschemive pot theory “thich meds bere nanan ad tration! order Saree was coniced tht there was no emporl juiicon be= yond site onto, Yet he ao el! haters were hound a oo ‘ence tobe the ju gone unten of rations With ‘Gots, andthe hepnning of the modem age stein theory ‘gin toe ks inereed in racer sources fatboy The preference no for amore mundane ad humanistic grounding of ‘Grtisough oy he clear oundaons or a bal jg ence which would dering nd i, th igh of sats 1 we fowee The foundiions of ths quel edie would s000 be shaken by development in poll thought tn he fal section of the nil cape demons the nice wick the acral of bes and Spinoea ad upon itermaonal decry and practice. Theai Preface rch nic inthe ides tt ne are ike ind eying to Coen without government woul hve a prfoand impact epon all subvequen rections onthe nate of our wnrguized woud “Te impos of European cle pon dhe understanding finer atin rlions cme exemaly om eo pinay sours one tin, the oder Germanic The fist mpi he practi need or ‘he coondniog fy sock endesor For example, ies ofa and Iierarhy fist perfted bythe Romans, hae made thei smpresion ‘pon alse of nerationa jarpradnce. The Tesi it, by onrs, cwn othe unless Iam grap the whale in sone ‘ove frm of comprehensive unity, Geni conceptions of order {eva and aba, pone to obcare dcncions beeen sujet and ect. This norte ule is ao icine give about sane tion nplpble nora, nthe second chap examin the npor- tant ways which thie movemene toward inamanence affected the evelopment f moder nematins theory edi the eng ie a what was to Become dhe German Enlightenment Fo hin the nin! wean ner power which an penetate the presablshed harmonies wich oven the wnflding of the ous Thi onder had an civ bal mension The order ‘sahshed by God, and the values which governed that ode, ook the for of ronal ara ew whove pices woul guide dhe conduct of sovereign i thir mil relations Lai acl, Cristian Wl, ed to extend the nivel jerisction of reson. He imagine the wold eo bea steme wate of which ll ses were presumed ci member Thi inn mason wa sje dhe gover= ance a he wie ‘Wolf conception sted » iver was whic defender of ste independence vigor dened. The counterstack wi ed by a ealtted Swi diplomat, Emer Vel. Vata wandormed the onal of Leni and Wolf ino an nmutable Lave of None ‘vi at in theo joe he mal independence an exta- Prefice si ‘ates sytem demanded a deference to vee dacetion which ‘wa aati to both sublets andthe emerging mations of the Western Heniphere. However, the extensive Hoes which ic nbuted to power aac: ware bound ta povoke 2 moral reaction In the mid econ ofthe second chape I conser the atempt of the great pliloropher manuel Katt temper te growing inte and anarchy ofthe inertional ye, Kant hey of cosmopoias ight wa conceived a 2 enpoied normative order forthe gover- nce of 4 society of atonomous stats Kant razed that sates, ‘would noe accepts higher pbc ahaity But be Bee hata ‘orl beng, ll woul! cep the author of an nwa ow The Principles of thi subjective author woud led mons 3 covenant of monagresion But Kans props wat no match fora new pho sophie esi which, by he force oi on li, would enhance the unreticted feed ofthe absute ste nd acetate the com Prive sales of he leading powers ‘Chssnty inpesed upon Westen culate de conviction thar a foxms of man asociaton took thei ulimate meaning om encom sig elites ht orgntd ean the crest worl. Up tthe tie of Got 2 reaching ou for hgher god med be unig et ofthis rearabl ization wipende here ame and ter tty The tancendenovctton ws terminated bythe Geran Ea Tihtnment All knowledge was now being dawn otf the resources, of sscleconciow,atononous ron, The tind woud sbjetely comprehend lhe wx previnaly thought of coming fom me rest Beyond. The inmanence Began by Leibniz clint Sn the ‘hong of Hegel In the final pat ofthe second hope I ade the inlance of Hels ides opm the expanding interaionsl ate of mate In Hepes pola pomp the sate war an alte, ele contsned sutsiance Is being within Each ste projec his inwards pon the world with 2 ocoas, bot leimat, independence. The i= ques of power among sates eguited the weak to bit to the strong Hagan though fort jusfis the domination of ancientsv Prefce comnts by 4 Eoroense Helge which would take the odious fon of ait cloniaon For Kant cific union was proprine for sates governed by the same selfamqed is to Hepa, ending peace would comp the ‘ita of maton There wa jlo poi authoiy o which in amonontoas sate could be compelled to subterminal Gisotes Morsover there was an rps undestanding sa force was the ulmateexpyesion ofa While vionanies hoped ht bal injustice could Be contd by moral rer, Hegetion pices and ‘es wer incesinghy taking over dhe destin of wives human ‘A the caity of the Ft Wold Warde asumgtion that ho= mankind could fowih within dhe hold boendaes of span sonestes wat ncengy called ine question The monopoly of fro-zoveennce by 2 minoity of Western sates was ao being chal- Tenge Pinas of eae ogity were reviled and clams were bepiing co be made fr the extension af democratic vans fom tina, to neon, arenas I the cid chapter Vrecoune the Attempt o revive the making potential of a sytem which, ak ‘hough timidly experimenting With inemsbonaegaizaton, ae many fina wo cept ay oes of higher tempor autor sings jt logue defended the existing rls andthe callaborative procter, soe m mitra conferences, which in- ‘wowed partiption of ule ster he intensiona lel proces Iewasas hoped thet stands freon and juice developed within mare egal yes would gradally Become univers in tee ange And appliccion In hi new ene was expected that 8 sate mae tered hey woud begin opt de inemstinnlt the son in tees Progen wa beaming aochted with evoluon ‘New ied conception of world order ao aga to appear The ‘United Stats, whe refixing member inthe League of Nations, lepan to ast own mr lesen. American diplomats ajo sit insted ta upholding ee nei of ete, and ict compl= nce with ode rational neratinslelgaos, would do more Prefce w fax peace than» dependence upon Ils of shiing blest of power Ths hopes were dated when che League of Naons cook tot prevent he agresion dha to he Second World War ‘Ath celson of tha war new iteration ongarization wc crete. The Charter ofthe United Nations probed he we fie 2s tens of eating dates Buti not lmiowe the Wephaian Principles of ate wveregny Novel eons were fed by ieolog {al angonisns beeen the leading powcr and these pobical prob lem woul page the enforcement power of the Organiasion The LGN would however, ring abouts new caper inthe ge sis ‘oppresion by overthrowing the practice of eons ‘New intellectual current were abroad. the postwar petid the pecminence ofthe Unie Snes was cua wel mia. Pa ‘ifr of hough which hd aren in che New Wield were sts Ingo displace the granspecuaive theres of Europe Cesmopaian ‘Mesena was fn deine ad 3 rool pragaton began (0 per- ‘ade international odin ‘The poly ence jurspradence developed by Laswell and Me ool at de Yale La School wis 3 prime example of this erston I the second pat of Chapecr 9 I dsb its methodology and hilowpial antecedents ‘The cena purpoxe—denwn fom James fini Dewey—was to stematily apply prac naligence ws tematioal conics in 4 way ha woul can the values aise I ‘waa hoped that the inary ofthe method cold recone the pica ejects ofthe patcpants withthe prefer vas of ‘world publ order T identify some ofthe mow impertneoijcions tha have bees nade it the we ofthc techni es iternaonal ais “These nade the ebeton dh he metodo guiry mks nos stot itinction Bete egal nd sci dt, and at ison nd imine ppc coeds layers who are amour to uphold the ‘pedicabity and sbilty of intcrationl leg le. Poly scence {urapadence has aho Boon cried foe being proche ‘nee fr individ aman diity Tose, this pelecon comwi Prfice recess practioner to closely wit the Heal and secular care ofthe Wess ‘Whenever bse discord cannot be eed by sefiements of prac ‘of meaning Thi tendency toward highe ass of explanation canbe found nitration ais a well sn other apt of human cle ‘une When interatonalisviewed instumenaly, el vas be come subject 5 social on nd eal autonomy comprare. In these ccumitancs, the septenacy afte aw can aly Beate is copiion selesed fom mpl entanglement As ds hed thupter develops, I expan how dhs inp toward indepen ence, a mans the Pare They of La of Has Kl, became seen pat of the here truce of erste des For Keke a kn ri, ether fm of cet order The state is no compreendd 3c or plc entity tie om only athe unity ot gal dee Ah evel of onrepenin ‘ion, here are logical continaies between he ational and etter honllealatems. Thelckofeectie enforcement he tera, while lamentable, doc not fc the ton cberence fhe whole Whes legal elasons among tac ar there empechende, juries ch 3 Kein canteens aw a were peor toe chaos gab poltics, ot chi abate a oii tng foundations Thee ae genotive som which ct thee oder im ndon, but dere are no auhoiatve sources tht night si ts soba nomatie deminon trial dhs decency would be cor rected 3 philotic cioly which negated Pure Legal The ory with an equal asset undestnding of Haman For Hep san tinsel Ga, of Spi, and he sae ithe net in fa ticle For Comte, and in he sacl adn, ‘nly the soil whole eal And he ahoity fhe woxali soperon, ‘0 thi of he ster the conlsion ofthe did chapter I inwodace the work of Philip Alot, inteatonllnyer and soiologt, whe at rested hort ode! or he ite of wold order eee Prefice a 1m is Euomis—depctng he good oder ofa el-odeing ne ana society—Alot atemps 0 feconcle Come Soc esien ‘withthe Pure Theory of Law. Alla objective i o afin, bythe siculition of collec conscouses, the eration of ocey of societies which represen in ideal for, dhe whole ofthe human ce Tine becomes the mean by which thi uncon ofl hamany tbe achieved ‘Allo ils sfuenced by the principe and metho of aenie aturlin, and he ackoowedges hit ndsbtdnes 0 Telbrd de ‘Chardin. A he begining of he Sl chapter explore site tui ang in sone dl Like dhe esi pleonesogi, Alle lok forward to 2 ite which ordered by strates and systems tha ae ise fo, bt inegted with, he order of the lyse unten The emo thinkers share fcination with the powers operative inthe raion of the enivene, for thy ae tee powers 2 contatly eaing ever move compen fons of win through the sel erlopment of thought In scinifcantroplogy the epiemology ofthe pone ences defines the boundaries of nan thought The diinctvene ‘ofthe human bing recede a the nel seen a part age Tool der The suite i no longer the alma some of Poi author ar he mane, thy ares pase phenomenon, AS such, they ate prope subject oa univer regu ode imposed by lw on bel ofthe collects consciounes of Humanity. bet 10 this degra ofthe human person and I do 0 inthe mame of rexon at wells human diy Tn my rg of Euan argue that apirations or iver a tice and peace will never be tated without «recognition ofthe niques ofthe pene and of i or er, powers of thought and dklbeation. Such scogiein is indspenble ral consrctie h ‘man sto, scl tht elated othe frmntion of pola om nui which, potently, may embrace the whole ofthe human race Lb defend he ppicton ofa praca esonablenes to mond estonia sigiticancesi Price desing the ive of nivel human ight, agent hat less refceneoswifnat endo gl reform, The only hope of progres ier inthe development of emu gota eich sehen waste ‘hn and mode becween eb pinciple andthe contingencies ofeukural divers ndexpenence. Ths spproach navigate seams ‘fenementina way tat wokstheallr ofsesba onthe one and tnd the thie elim of adic prgmaisn on the ohee “The acceptage olin ieencesin che aes of ants leads om to set of pobtcl plasm. Following the thought of is Holes Jon Pl Il, [ef he lepine dilrences ha ae represented by the varie of exabliied and nscntstesocees, aint he ti uniforms mpc sn couric organization ‘the work Al forme univers opinion ignore he good which ‘a be achieved through ju blance ofthe sgh ad dts f the ttion-aate Soio-cenic evopolgy i 0 exception, fx it sees Communal pilin an obtacte o enc iy For 3 hamaiic Anthropology, howe, respect for difereae i the only bss upon ‘which we an hope to approach the gol of iver olla Tao emphaie the inporzace of he inet problems of oder Ina decentralized worl! community Hope for de fare mst not Allie respon concen forthe present ag ome ay hat te ening vocety oF wits, ih enabled sewer and prac Sees, can advance beyond the minimal golf gave coerdnaon ‘ofthe action ofits members and deep 3 greater depres ofcoesion "But an ae oi tha the serch for a more saan nity within che exiting ster sn the nate of chins, powisional stats wil len co ake hr exiting iteration gations i= ‘sy os they now fake cr national seneress, considerable prog re willbe mu toward the crstion of «weed dzation. Dut we must ot oge that he srtre within which chief mht oc ‘ur is esentllyimpertice A mate of mature can never eve into 2 polite society stad in dhe itor of ies bot teratoma rebions woul te ncompleteift id ot contenpite afte which ny besser ee Prefice we tilly deen fom the pretene Thowe who expect these pages 10 ontaned 2 specie consittonl propos wil be dappinted, bat those who andersand the primacy of hough over acon sould be exon safe with my copclading refecins* The st specala- tive consideration determining the appropri telecral iepine ‘thin which the min can tly prepa fi change which mg at ‘ome indeterminate tine, boson the esponsbiey ofmen ad women of cio ane thought hat work order oul be overcome by the power ‘fan imaginative pilwophy Osher fe okt rome kind of ‘unreal rigrudence to rele rebors between sates Sal oes ‘elie tha nratonl anarchy canbe ced by 4 rong infson of moral dsory Sone ae now coninced that univer harmony Bil ihn dhe usicton of either prvi or theoreti occogy’ Is ny contention thai we wih o understand he pois of nie: fal peace we mut open ur ind aegis of thought which ae ‘thin the prone of poi posophy In the spi fds ici pling, | detal some ofthe practical mponements which can be made ‘vith the exiting onion ofthe wold wih grained pi ‘ples fsa sovereignty But a pint ou the insole cubis ‘whi wll be eapeinced sapiens for gba jice and hit ‘mony a increasing Stated by the lpiimae independence of ‘ember state Rath thn oe Fors tunisia overigny of 3- ‘ios auhorsy to reave the expected mpase, recommend + strengthening ofthe powers of igoremance within sts 1 the ony resonable way to bald che condition neceuary fr a rhe advance in the poli oranizason ofthe wold Unies the peoples of te woul an cost depom, protect fee hom, andadeance soil jtice within dee ov counties they wi eum o cet an acceptable worldwide poltcal community Hi ‘ove raling power hs been etalished as much by congus a by const Howe, the evolving common conscience of hua in- ‘ts tha goverment be ected by the delberve choice of thee Compr Sy Han Th Sn rE Tne nd Pe