General Concept:

(1) Time taken by a train x mt long in passing a signal post

or a pole or a standing man = time taken by the train to cover x mt

(2) Time taken by a train x mt long in passing a stationary

object of length y mt = time taken by the train to cover x+y mt

(3) Suppose two trains or two bodies are moving in the same
direction at u kmph and v kmph such that u > v then their
relative speed is u-v kmph

(4)If two trains of length x km and y km are moving in opposite

diredtions at u kmph and vmph,then time taken by the train to
cross each other = (x+y)/(u+v) hr

(5) Suppose two trains or two bdies are moving in opposite direction
at u kmph and v kmph then,their relative speed = (u+v) kmph

(6)If two train start at the same time from 2 points A & B towards
each other and after crossing they take a & b hours in reaching B & A
respectively then A’s speed : B’s speed = (b^1/2 : a^1/2 )

Problems

(1)Find the time taken by a train 180m long,running at 72kmph in

crossing an electric pole

Solution:
Speed of the train =72*5/18m/s =20 m/s
Distance move din passing the pole = 180m
Requiredtime = 180/20 = 9 seconds

(2)A train 140 m long running at 60kmph.In how much time will it
pass a platform 260m long.

Solution:
Distance travelled =140 + 260 m =400 m,
speed = 60 * 5/18 = 50//3 m
time=400*3 / 50 = 24 Seconds

(3)A man is standing on a railway bridge which is 180 m.He finds

that a train crosses the bridge in 20 seconds but himself in
8 sec. Find the length of the train and its sppeed

Solution:
i)D=180+x
T = 20 seconds
S= 180+x / 20 ———— 1
ii)D=x
T=8 seconds
D=ST
x=8S ————- 2
Substitute 2 in 1
S=180 + 8 S / 20
S=15 m/s
Length of the train,x is 8 *15 = 120 m

(4)A train 150m long is running with a speed of 68 mphIn wht

time will it pass a man who is running at a speed of 8kmph in
the same direction in which the train is going

Solution:
Relative Speed = 68-8=60kmph*5/18 = 50/3 m/s
time= 150 * 3 /50 =9sec

5)A train 220m long is running with a speed of 59 k mph /..In

what time will it pass a man who is running at 7 kmph in the
direction opposite to that in which train is going.

Solution:
Relative Speed = 59+7=66kmph*5/18 = 55/3 m/s
time= 220/55 * 3 =12sec

(6)Two trains 137m and 163m in length are running towards each
other on parallel lines,one at the rate of 42kmph & another at
48 mph.In wht time will they be clear of each other from the
moment they meet.

Solution:
Relative speed =42+48 = 90 *5/18 = 25m/s
time taken by the train to pass each other = time taken to cover
(137+163)m at 25 m/s
= 300 /25 s =12 s

(7)A train running at 54 kmph takes 20 sec to pass a platform.

Next it takes 12 sec to pass a man walking at 6kmph in the same
direction in which the train is going.Find length of the train
and length of platform

Solution:
Relative speed w.r.t man = 54-6=48kmph
the length of the train is 48 * 5/18 * 12 =160m
time taken to pass platform =20 sec
Speed of the train = 54 * 5/18 =15m/s
160+x =20 *15
x=140m
length of the platform is 140m

(8)A man sitting in a train which is travelling at 50mph observes

that a goods train travelling in opposite irection takes 9 sec
to pass him .If the goos train is 150m long fin its speed

Solution:
Relative speed =150/9 m/s =60 mph
speed of the train = 60-50 =10kmph

(9)Two trains are moving in the sam e direction at 65kmph and

45kmph. The faster train crosses a man in slower train in18sec.the
length of the faster train is

Solution:
Relative speed =65-45 kmph = 50/9 m/s
Distancce covered in18 s =50/9 * 18 = 100m
the length of the train is 100m

(10)Atrain overtakes two persons who are walking in the same

direction in which the train is going at the rate of 2kmph an
4kmph and passes them completely in 9 sec an 10 sec respectively.
The length of train is

Solution:
2kmph = 5/9 m/s
4 mph =10/9 m/s
Let the length of the trainbe x meters and its speed is y m/s
then x / (y- 5/9) = 9 and x / (y- 10/9) = 10
9y-5 =x and 10(9y-10)=9x
9y-x=5 and 90y-9x=100
on solving we get x=50,lenght of trains

(11) Two stations A & B are 110 km apart on a straight line.

One train starts from A at 7am and travels towards B at 20kmph.
Another train starts from B at 8am an travels toward A at a speed
of 25kmph.At what time will they meet

Solution:
Suppose the train meet x hr after 7am
Distance covered by A in x hr=20x km
20x+25(x-1) = 110
45x=135
x=3
So they meet at 10 am

(12)A traintravelling at 48kmph completely crosses another train

having half its length an travelling inopposite direction at 42kmph
in12 sec.It also passes a railway platform in 45sec.the length of
platform is

Solution:
Let the length of the first train be x mt
then,the length of second train is x/2 mt
relative speed = 48+42 kmph =90 * 5/18 m/s = 25m/s
(x+ x/2)/25 =12
x=200
Length of the train is 200m
Let the length of the platform be y mt
speed f the first train = 48*5/18 m/s = 40/3 m/s
200+y * 3/40 = 45
y=400m

(13)The length of a running trsain in 30% more than the length of

another train B runnng in the opposite direction.To find out the
speed of trtain B,which of the following information given in the
statements P & Q is sufficient
P : The speed of train A is 80 kmph
Q : They too 90 sec to cross each other
(a) Either P & Q is sufficient
(b)Both P & Q are not sufficient
(c)only Q is sufficient
(d)Both P & Q are neeed
Ans: B

Solution:
Let the length of th e train A be x mt
Length of the train B = 130/100 x mt =13x/10 mt
Let the speed of B be y mph,speed of the train A=80mph
relative speed= y+80 * 5/18 m/s
time taken by the trains t cross each other is gven by
90 = (x + 13x/10)/ (5y+400 / 18)
to find y,clearly xis also needed
so,both P & Q are not sufficient

(14)The speed of a train A,100m long is 40% more than then the speed
of another train B,180m long running in opposite direction.To fin out
the speed of B,which of the information given in statements P & Q is
sufficient
P :The two trains crossed each other in 6 seconds
Q : The difference between the spee of the trains is 26kmph
(a)Only P is sufficient
(b)Only Q is sufficient
(c)Both P & Q are needed
(d)Both P & Q are not sufficient
Ans : A

Solution:
Let speed of B be x kmph
then,speed of A =140x/100 kmph =7x/5 mph
relative speed = x + 7x/5 =2x/3 m/s
time taken to cross each other = (100+180)*3/2x s =420/x s
now,420/x = 6
x=70 mph
thus,only P is sufficient

(15)The train running at certain speed crosses astationary enginein

20 seconds.to find out the sped of the train,which of the following
information is necessary

(a)Only the length of the train

(b)only the length of the engine
(c)Either the length of the train or length of engine
(d)Both the length of the train or length of engine
Ans : D

Solution:

Since the sum of lengths of the tran and the engine is needed,
so both the length must be known
Formulae:

I)Speed = Distance/Time

II)Time = Distance/speed

III) Distance = speed*time

IV) 1km/hr = 5/18 m/s

V)1 m/s = 18/5 Km/hr

VI)If the ratio of the speed of A and B is a:b,then the ratio of

the time taken by them to cover the same distance is 1/a : 1/b
or b:a

VII) suppose a man covers a distance at x kmph and an equal

distance at y kmph.then the average speed during the whole
journey is (2xy/x+y)kmph

Problems

1)A person covers a certain distance at 7kmph .How many meters

does he cover in 2 minutes.

Solution::
speed=72kmph=72*5/18 = 20m/s
distance covered in 2min =20*2*60 = 2400m

2)If a man runs at 3m/s. How many km does he run in 1hr 40min

Solution::
speed of the man = 3*18/5 kmph
= 54/5kmph
Distance covered in 5/3 hrs=54/5*5/3 = 18km

3)Walking at the rate of 4knph a man covers certain distance

in 2hr 45 min. Running at a speed of 16.5 kmph the man will
cover the same distance in.

Solution::
Distance=Speed* time
4*11/4=11km
New speed =16.5kmph
therefore Time=D/S=11/16.5 = 40min
Complex Problems

1)A train covers a distance in 50 min ,if it runs at a speed

of 48kmph on an average.The speed at which the train must run
to reduce the time of journey to 40min will be.

Solution::
Time=50/60 hr=5/6hr
Speed=48mph
distance=S*T=48*5/6=40km
time=40/60hr=2/3hr
New speed = 40* 3/2 kmph= 60kmph

2)Vikas can cover a distance in 1hr 24min by covering 2/3 of

the distance at 4 kmph and the rest at 5kmph.the total
distance is?

Solution::
Let total distance be S
total time=1hr24min
A to T :: speed=4kmph
diistance=2/3S
T to S :: speed=5km
distance=1-2/3S=1/3S
21/15 hr=2/3 S/4 + 1/3s /5
84=14/3S*3
S=84*3/14*3
= 6km

3)walking at ¾ of his usual speed ,a man is late by 2 ½ hr.

the usual time is.

Solution::
Usual speed = S
Usual time = T
Distance = D
New Speed is ¾ S
New time is 4/3 T
4/3 T – T = 5/2
T=15/2 = 7 ½

4)A man covers a distance on scooter .had he moved 3kmph

faster he would have taken 40 min less. If he had moved
2kmph slower he would have taken 40min more.the distance is.

Solution::
Let distance = x m
Usual rate = y kmph
x/y – x/y+3 = 40/60 hr
2y(y+3) = 9x ————–1
x/y-2 – x/y = 40/60 hr y(y-2) = 3x —————–2

divide 1 & 2 equations

by solving we get x = 40

5)Excluding stoppages,the speed of the bus is 54kmph and

including stoppages,it is 45kmph.for how many min does the bus
stop per hr.

Solution::
Due to stoppages,it covers 9km less.
time taken to cover 9 km is [9/54 *60] min = 10min

6)Two boys starting from the same place walk at a rate of

5kmph and 5.5kmph respectively.wht time will they take to be
8.5km apart, if they walk in the same direction

Solution::
The relative speed of the boys = 5.5kmph – 5kmph = 0.5 kmph
Distance between them is 8.5 km
Time= 8.5km / 0.5 kmph = 17 hrs

7)2 trains starting at the same time from 2 stations 200km

apart and going in opposite direction cross each other ata
distance of 110km from one of the stations.what is the ratio of
their speeds.

Solution::
In same time ,they cover 110km & 90 km respectively
so ratio of their speed =110:90 = 11:9

8)Two trains start from A & B and travel towards each other at
speed of 50kmph and 60kmph resp. At the time of the meeting the
second train has traveled 120km more than the first.the distance
between them.

Solution::
Let the distance traveled by the first train be x km
then distance covered by the second train is x + 120km
x/50 = x+120 / 60
x= 600
so the distance between A & B is x + x + 120 = 1320 km
9)A thief steals a ca r at 2.30pm and drives it at 60kmph.the
theft is discovered at 3pm and the owner sets off in another car
at 75kmph when will he overtake the thief

Solution::
Let the thief is overtaken x hrs after 2.30pm
distance covered by the thief in x hrs = distance covered by
the owner in x-1/2 hr
60x = 75 ( x- ½)
x= 5/2 hr
thief is overtaken at 2.30 pm + 2 ½ hr = 5 pm

10)In covering distance,the speed of A & B are in the ratio

of 3:4.A takes 30min more than B to reach the destion.The time
taken by A to reach the destinstion is.

Solution::
Ratio of speed = 3:4
Ratio of time = 4:3
let A takes 4x hrs,B takes 3x hrs
then 4x-3x = 30/60 hr
x = ½ hr
Time taken by A to reach the destination is 4x = 4 * ½ = 2 hr

11)A motorist covers a distance of 39km in 45min by moving at a

speed of xkmph for the first 15min.then moving at double the
speed for the next 20 min and then again moving at his original
speed for the rest of the journey .then x=?

Solution::
Total distance = 39 km
Total time = 45 min
D = S*T
x * 15/60 + 2x * 20/60 + x * 10/60 = 39 km
x = 36 kmph

12)A & B are two towns.Mr.Fara covers the distance from A t0 B

on cycle at 17kmph and returns to A by a tonga running at a
uniform speed of 8kmph.his average speed during the whole
journey is.

Solution::
When same distance is covered with different speeds,then the
average speed = 2xy / x+y
=10.88kmph
13)A car covers 4 successive 3km stretches at speed of
10kmph,20kmph,30kmph&:60kmph resp. Its average speed is.

Solution::
Average speed = total distance / total time
total distance = 4 * 3 = 12 km
total time = 3/10 + 3/20 + 3/30 + 3/60
= 36/60 hr
speed =12/36 * 60 = 20 kmph

14)A person walks at 5kmph for 6hr and at 4kmph for 12hr.
The average speed is.

Solution::
avg speed = total distance/total time
= 5*6 + 4*12 / 18
=4 1/3 mph

15)A bullock cart has to cover a distance of 80km in 10hrs.

If it covers half of the journeyin 3/5th time.wht should be its speed to cover the remaining
distance in the time left.

Solution::
Time left = 10 – 3/5*10
= 4 hr
speed =40 km /4 hr
=10 kmph

16)The ratio between the speeds of the A& B is 2:3 an

therefore A takes 10 min more than the time taken by B to reach
the destination.If A had walked at double the speed ,he would
have covered the distance in ?

Solution::
Ratio of speed = 2:3
Ratio of time = 3:2
A takes 10 min more
3x-2x = 10 min
A’s time=30 min
—>A covers the distance in 30 min ,if its speed is x
-> He will cover the same distance in 15 min,if its speed
doubles (i.e 2x)

17)A is twice as fast as B and B is thrice as fast as C is.

The journey covered by B in?
Solution::
speed’s ratio
a : b = 2: 1
b : c = 3:1
Time’s ratio
b : c = 1:3
b : c = 18:54
(if c covers in 54 min i..e twice to 18 min )

18)A man performed 3/5 of the total journey by ratio 17/20 by

bus and the remaining 65km on foot.wht is his total journey.

Solution::
Let total distance is x
x-(3/5x + 17/20 x) =6.5
x- 19x/20 = 6.5
x=20 * 6.5
=130 km

19)A train M leaves Meerat at 5 am and reaches Delhi at 9am .

Another train N leaves Delhi at 7am and reaches Meerut at 1030am
At what time do the 2 trains cross one another

Solution::
Let the distance between Meerut & Delhi be x
they meet after y hr after 7am
M covers x in 4hr
N covers x in 3 ½ i.e 7/2 hr
speed of M =x/4
speed of N = 2x/7
Distance covered by M in y+2 hr + Distance covered by N in
y hr is x
x/4 (y+2) +2x/7(y)=x
y=14/15hr or 56 min

20)A man takes 5hr 45min in walking to certain place and riding
back. He would have gained 2hrs by riding both ways.The time he
would take to walk both ways is?

Solution::
Let x be the speed of walked
Let y be the speed of ride
Let D be the distance

Then D/x + D/y = 23/4 hr ——-1

D/y + D/y = 23/4 – 2 hr
D/y = 15/8 ——–2
substitute 2 in 1
D/x + 15/8 = 23/4
D/x = 23/4 -15/8 =46-15/8 =31/8
Time taken for walk one way is 31/8 hr
time taken to walk to and fro is 2*31/8 = 31/4 hr
=7 hr 45 min

Boats and Streams

Important facts:

1)In water, the direction along the stream is called down stream.

2)Direction against the stream is called upstream.

3)The speed of boat in still water is U km/hr and the speed of

stream is V km/hr then

speed down stream =U + V km/hr

speed up stream = U – V km/hr

Formulae:

If the speed down stream is A km/hr and the speed up stream is

B km/hr then speed in still water = ½(A+B) km/hr
rate of stream =1/2(A-B) km/hr

Problems:
1. In one hour a boat goes 11 km long the stream and 5 km
against the stream. The speed of the boat in still water is?
Sol:
Speed in still water = ½ ( 11+5) km/hr= 8 kmph

2.A man can row 18 kmph in still water. It takes him thrice
as long as row up as to row down the river. find the rate
of stream.
Sol:
Let man’s rate up stream be xkmph
then, in still water =1/2[3x+x]=2x kmph
so, 2x= 18, x=9
rate upstream =9kmph
rate downstream =27 kmph
rate of stream = ½ [27-9]
= 9kmph

3.A man can row 71/2kmph in still water . if in a river running at 1.5 km an hour, if takes
him 50 min to row to place and back. how far off is the place?
Sol: speed down stream =7.5+1.5=9kmph
speed upstream =7.5-1.5=6kmph
let the required distence x km. then ,
x/9+x/6=50/60 = 2x+3x= 5/6*18
5x=15, x=3
Hence, the required distence is 3 km

4.A man can row 3 quarters of a km aganist the stream is

111/4 min. the speed of the man in still water is ?
Sol: rate upstream = 750/625 m/sec =10/9 m/sec
rate downstream =750/450 m/sec = 5/3 m/sec
rate in still water =1/2[10/9+5/3] = 25/18 m/sec
= 25/18*18/5=5 kmph

5.A boat can travel with a speed of 13 kmph in still water.

if the speed of stream is 4 kmph,find the time taken by the boat to go 68 km downstream?
Sol: Speed down stream = 13+4= 17 kmph
time taken to travel 68km downstream =68/17 hrs
= 4 hrs

6.A boat takes 90 min less to travel 36 miles downstream then

to travel the same distence upstream. if the speed of the boat in still water is 10 mph . The
speed of the stream is :
Sol: Let the speed of the stream be x mph .
then, speed downstream = [10+x]mph
speed upstream =[10-x] mph
36/[10+x] – 36/[10-x] = 90/60 =72x*60= 90[100-x2]
(x+50)(x-2) =0
x=2 kmph

7.At his usual rowing rate, Rahul 12 miles down stream in a certain river in 6 hrs less than
it takes him to travel the same distence upstream. but if he could double his usual rowing
rate for his 24 miles roundthe down stream 12 miles would then take only one hour less
than the up stream 12 miles.what is the speed of the current in miles per hours?

Sol: Let the speed in still water be x mph and the speed of
the curren be y mph.
then, speed upstream = (x-y)
speed downstream =(x+y)
12/(x-y) – 12/(x+y) = 6
6(x2 – y2) m= 2xy => x2 – y2 =4y -(1)
and 12/(2x-y) – 12/(2x+y) =1 => 4×2 – y2 = 24y
x2= ( 24y + y2)/4 –>(2)
from 1 and 2 we have
4y+ y2 =( 24y+y2)/4
y=8/3 mph
y= 22/3 mph

8.There is a road beside a river. two friends started from

a place A, moved to a temple situated at another place B and then returned to A again. one
of them moves on a cycle at a speed of 12 kmph, while the other sails on a boat at a speed of
10 kmph . if the river flows at the speedof 4 kmph,which of the two friends will return to
place A first ?

Sol: Clearly, The cyclist moves both ways at a speed of 12 kmph

so, average speed of the cyclist = 12 kmph
the boat sailor moves downstream = (10+4) = 14 kmph
upstream =(10-4) = 6 kmph
So, average speed of the boat sailor =[ 2*14*6]/[14+6] kmph
=42/5 kmph =8.4 kmph
Since, the average speed of the cyclist is greater, he will
return to A first.

9.A boat takes 19 hrs for travelling downstream from point A to

point B. and coming back to a point C midway between A and B.
if the velocity of the sream is 4 kmph. and the speed of the
boat in still water is 14 kmph. what is the distence between
A and B?

Sol:
speed downstream =14+4 =18 kmph
speed upstream = 14 -4 = 10 kmph
let the distence between A and B be x km. then,
x/18 + (x/2)/10 = 19
x/18 + x/20 =19
19x/180 =19 =>x = 180km
Hence, the distence between A and B bw 180 km
Problems on Ages

Simple problems:

1.The present age of a father is 3 years more than three times

the age of his son.Three years hence,father’s age will be 10
years more than twice the age of the son.Find the present age
of the father.

Solution: Let the present age be ‘x’ years.

Then father’s present age is 3x+3 years.
Three years hence
(3x+3)+3=2(x+3)+10
x=10
Hence father’s present age = 3x+3 = 33 years.

2. One year ago the ratio of Ramu & Somu age was 6:7respectively. Four years hence their
ratio would become 7:8. How old is Somu.

Solution: Let us assume Ramu &Somu ages are x &y respectively.

One year ago their ratio was 6:7
i.e x-1 / y-1 = 7x-6y=1
Four years hence their ratios,would become 7:8
i.e x-4 / y-4 = 7 / 8
8x-7y=-4
From the above two equations we get y= 36 years.
i.e Somu present age is 36 years.

3. The total age of A &B is 12 years more than the total age of
B&C. C is how many year younger than A.

Solution: From the given data

A+B = 12+(B+C)
A+B-(B+C) = 12
A-C=12 years.
C is 12 years younger than A

4. The ratio of the present age of P & Q is 6:7. If Q is 4 years

old than P. what will be the ratio of the ages of P & Q after
4 years.

Solution: The present age of P & Q is 6:7 i.e

P/Q=6/7
Q is 4 years old than P i.e Q = P+4.
P/ P+4 = 6/7
7P-6P = 24,
P = 24 , Q = P+4 =24+4 = 28
After 4 years the ratio of P &Q is
P+4:Q+4
24+4 : 28+4 = 28:32 = 7:8

5. The ratio of the age of a man & his wife is 4:3.After 4 years this ratio will be 9:7. If the
time of marriage the ratio was 5:3,
then how many years ago were they married.

Solution: The age of a man is 4x .

The age of his wife is 3x.
After 4 years their ratio’s will be 9:7 i.e
4x+4 / 3x+4 = 9 / 7
28x-27x=36-28
x = 8.
Age of a man is 4x = 4*8 = 32 years.
Age of his wife is 3x = 3*8 = 24 years.
Let us assume ‘y’ years ago they were married ,
the ratio was 5:3 ,i.e
32-y / 24-y = 5/ 3
y=12 years
i.e 12 years ago they were married

6. Sneh’s age is 1/6th of her father’s age.Sneh’s father’s age will be twice the age of Vimal’s
age after 10 years. If Vimal’s eight
birthday was celebrated two years before,then what is Sneh’s
present age.
a) 6 2/3 years b) 24 years c) 30 years d) None of the above

Solution: Assume Sneh’s age is ‘x’ years.

Assume her fathers age is ‘y’ years.
Sneh’s age is 1/6 of her fathers age i.e x = y /6.
Father’s age will be twice of Vimal’s age after 10
years.
i.e y+10 = 2( V+10)( where ‘V’ is the Vimal’s age)
Vimal’s eight birthday was celebrated two years before,
Then the Vimal’s present age is 10 years.
Y+10 = 2(10+10)
Y=30 years.
Sneh’s present age x = y/6
x = 30/6 = 5 years.
Sneh’s present age is 5 years.

7.The sum of the ages of the 5 children’s born at the intervals of 3 years each is 50 years
what is the age of the youngest child.
a) 4 years b) 8 years c) 10 years d)None of the above
Solution: Let the age of the children’s be
x ,x+3, x+6, x+9, x+12.
x+(x+3)+(x+6)+(x+9)+(x+12) = 50
5x+30 = 50
5x = 20
x=4.
Age of the youngest child is x = 4 years.

8. If 6 years are subtracted from the present age of Gagan and

the remainder is divided by 18,then the present age of his grandson Anup is obtained. If
Anup is 2 years younger to Madan whose age is 5 years,then what is Gagan’s present age.
a) 48 years b)60 years c)84 years d)65 years

Solution: Let us assume Gagan present age is ‘x’ years.

Anup age = 5-2 = 3 years.
(x-6) / 18 = 3
x-6 = 54
x=60 years

9.My brother is 3 years elder to me. My father was 28 years of age when my sister was born
while my father was 26 years of age when i was born. If my sister was 4 years of age when
my brotherwas born,then what was the age my father and mother respectively when my
brother was born.
a) 32 yrs, 23yrs b)32 yrs, 29yrs c)35 yrs,29yrs d)35yrs,33 yrs

Solution: My brother was born 3 years before I was born & 4

years after my sister was born.
Father’s age when brother was born = 28+4 = 32 years.
Mother’s age when brother was born = 26-3 = 23 years.

Averages

Formula:

1.Average=Sum of quantities/Number of quantities.

2.Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x kmph

and an equal distance at y kmph ,then the average speed
during the whole journey is (2xy/x+y) kmph.
Examples:

1.Find the average of all these numbers.142,147,153,165,157.

Solution:
142 147 153 165 157
Here consider the least number i.e, 142
comparing with others,
142 147 153 165 157
+5 +11 +23 +15
Now add 5+11+23+15 = 52/5 = 10.8
Now add 10.8 to 142 we get 152.8
(Average of all these numbers).
Answer is 152.8

2.Find the average of all these numbers.4,10,16,22,28

Solution:
4,10,16,22,28
As the difference of number is 6
Then the average of these numbers is central one i.e, 16.
Answer is 16.

3.Find the average of all these numbers.4,10,16,22,28,34.

Solution:
Here also difference is 6.
Then middle numbers 16,22 take average of these
two numbers 16+22/2=19
Therefore the average of these numbers is 19.
Answer is 19.

4.The average marks of a marks of a student in 4 Examination is 40.If he got 80 marks in

5th Exam then what is his new average.
Solution:
4*40+80=240
Then average means 240/5=48.
Answer is 48.

5.In a group the average income of 6 men is 500 and that of 5 women is 280, then what is
average income of the group.

Solution:
6*500+5*280=4400
then average is 4400/11=400.
Another Method: here consider for 6 men
6 men – each 500.
so 5th women is 280.
then 500-280=220.
then 220*6/11=120.
therefore 120+280=400.
Answer is 400.

6.The average weight of a class of 30 students is 40 kgs if the

teacher weight is included then average increases by 2 kgs then
find the weight of the teacher?

Solution:
30 students average weight is 40 kgs.
So,when teacher weight is added it increases by 2 kgs
so total 31 persons ,therefore 31*2=62.
Now add the average weight of all student to it
we get teachers weight i.e, 62+40=102 kgs.
Answer is 102 kgs.

7.The average age of Mr and Mrs Sharma 4 years ago is 28 years .

If the present average age of Mr and Mrs Sharma and their son
is 22 years. What is the age of their son.

Solution:
4 years ago their average age is 28 years.
So their present average age is 32 years.
32 years for Mr and Mrs Sharma then 32*2=64 years.
Then present age including their son is 22 years.
So 22*3 =66 years.
Therefore son age will be 66-64 = 2 years.
Answer is 2 years.

8.The average price of 10 books is increased by 17 Rupees when

one of them whose value is Rs.400 is replaced by a new book.
What is the price of new book?
Solution:
10 books Average increases by 17 Rupees
so 10*17= 170.
so the new book cost is more and by adding its cost average
increase,therefore the cost of new book is 400+170=570Rs.
Answer is 570 Rs.

9.The average marks of girls in a class is 62.5. The average marks

of 4 girls among them is 60.The average marks of remaining girls
is 63,then what is the number of girls in the class?
Solution:
Total number of girls be x+4.
Average marks of 4 girls is 60.
therefore 62.5-60=2.5
then 4*2.5 =10.
the average of remaining girls is 63
here 0.5 difference therefore 0.5*x=10(since we got from 4 girls)
(this is taken becoz both should be equal)
x=10/0.5
x=20.
This clear says that remaining are 20 girls
therefore total is x+4=20+4=24 girls
Answer is 24 girls.

10.Find the average of first 50 natural numbers.

Solution:
Sum of the Natural Numbers is n(n+1)/2
therefore for 50 Natural numbers 50*51/2=775.
the average is 775/50=15.5
Answer is 15.5 .

11.The average of the first nine prime number is?

Solution:
Prime numbers are 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23
therefore 2+3+5+7+11+13+17+19+23=100
then the average 100/9= 11 1/9.
Answer is 11 1/9.

12.The average of 2,7,6 and x is 5 and the average of and the

average of 18,1,6,x and y is 10 .what is the value of y?
Solution:
2+7+6+x/4=5
=>15+x=20
=>x=5.
18+1+6+x+y/5=10
=>25+5+y=50
=>y=20.

13.The average of a non-zero number and its square is 5 times the

number.The number is
Solution:
The number be x
then x+x2/2=5x
=>x2-9x=0
=>x(x-9)=0
therefore x=0 or x=9.
The number is 9.

14.Nine persons went to a hotel for taking their meals . Eight of

them spent Rs.12 each on their meals and the ninth spent Rs.8 then
the average expenditure of all the nine. What was the total money
spent by them?
Solution:
The average expenditure be x.
then 8*12+(x+8)=9x
=>96+x+8=9x.
=>8x=104
=>x=13
Total money spent =9x=>9*13=117
Answer is Rs.117

15.The average weight of A.B.C is 45 Kgs.If the average weight of

A and B be 40 Kgs and that of Band C be 43 Kgs. Find the weight of B?
Solution:
The weight of A,B,Care 45*3=135 Kgs.
The weight of A,B are 40*2=80 Kgs.
The weight of B,C are 43*2=86 Kgs.
To get the Weight of B.
(A+B)+(B+C)-(A+B+C)=80+86-135
B=31 kgs.
Answer is 31 Kgs.

16.The sum of three consecutive odd number is 48 more than the average of these
number .What is the first of these numbers?
Solution:
let the three consecutive odd numbers are x, x+2, x+4.
By adding them we get x+x+2+x+4=3x+6.
Then 3x+6-(3x+6)/3=38(given)
=>2(3x+6)=38*3.
=>6x+12=114
=>6x=102
=>x=17.
Answer is 17.

17.A family consists of grandparents,parents and three grandchildren.

The average age of the grandparents is 67 years,that of parents is 35
years and that of the grand children is 6 years . What is the average
age of the family?
Solution:
grandparents age is 67*2=134
parents age is 35*2=70
grandchildren age is 6*3=18
therefore age of family is 134+70+18=222
average is 222/7=31 5/7 years.
Answer is 31 5/7 years.
18.A library has an average of 510 visitors on Sundays and 240 on
other days .The average number of visitors per day in a month 30
days beginning with a Sunday is?
Solution:
Here specified that month starts with Sunday
so, in a month there are 5 Sundays.
Therefore remaining days will be 25 days.
510*5+240*25=2550+6000
=8550 visitors.
The average visitors are 8550/30=285.
Answer is 285.

19.The average age of a class of 39 students is 15 years .If the age of the teacher be included
,then average increases by 3 months. Find the age of the teacher.
Solution: Total age for 39 persons is 39*15=585 years.
Now 40 persons is 40* 61/4=610 years
(since 15 years 3 months=15 3/12=61/4)
Age of the teacher =610-585 years
=>25 years.
Answer is 25 years.

20.The average weight of a 10 oarsmen in a boat is increases by 1.8 Kgs .When one of the
crew ,who weighs 53 Kgs is replaced by new man. Find the weight of the new man.
Solution: Weight of 10 oars men is increases by 1.8 Kgs
so, 10*1.8=18 Kgs
therefore 53+18=71 Kgs will be the weight of the man.
Answer is 71 Kgs.

21.A bats man makes a score of 87 runs in the 17th inning and thus increases his average
by 3. Find the average after 17th inning.

Solution: Average after 17 th inning =x

then for 16th inning is x-3.
Therefore 16(x-3)+87 =17x
=>x=87-48
=>x=39.
Answer is 39.

22.The average age of a class is 15.8 years .The average age of boys in the class is 16.4 years
while that of the girls is 15.4 years .What is the ratio of boys to girls in the class.
Solution: Ratio be k:1 then
k*16.4 + 1*15.4 = (k+1)*15.8
=>(16.4-15.8)k=15.8-15.4
=>k=0.4/0.6
=>k=2/3
therefore 2/3:1=>2:3
Answer is 2:3

23.In a cricket eleven ,the average of eleven players is 28 years .Out of these ,the average
ages of three groups of players each are 25 years,28 years, and 30 years respectively. If in
these groups ,the captain and the youngest player are not included and the captain is
eleven years older than the youngest players , what is the age of the captain?
Solution: let the age of youngest player be x
then ,age of the captain =(x+11)
therefore 3*25 + 3*28 + 3*30 + x + x+11=11*28
=>75+84+90+2x+11=308
=>2x=48
=>x=24.
Therefore age of the captain =(x+11)= 24+11= 35 years.
Answer is 35 years.

24.The average age of the boys in the class is twice the number of girls in the class .If the
ratio of boys and girls in the class of 36 be 5:1, what is the total of the age (in years) of the
boys in the class?
Solution: Number of boys=36*5/6=30
Number of girls =6
Average age of boys =2*6=12 years
Total age of the boys=30*12=360 years
Answer is 360 years.

25.Five years ago, the average age of P and Q was 15 years ,average age of P,Q, and R
today is 20 years,how old will R be after 10 years?
Solution: Age of P and Q are 15*2=30 years
Present age of P and Q is 30+5*2=40 years.
Age of P Q and R is 20*3= 60 years.
R ,present age is 60-40=20 years
After 10 years =20+10=30 years.
Answer is 30 years.

26.The average weight of 3 men A,B and C is 84 Kgs. Another man D joins the group and
the average now becomes 80 Kgs.If another man E whose weight is 3 Kgs more than that of
D ,replaces A then the
average weight B,C,D and E becomes 79 Kgs. The weight of A is.
Solution:Total weight of A, B and C is 84 * 3 =252 Kgs.
Total weight of A,B,C and Dis 80*4=320 Kgs
Therefore D=320-252=68 Kgs.
E weight (68+3)=71 kgs
Total weight of B,C,D and E = 79*4=316 Kgs
(A+B+C+D)-(B+C+D+E)=320-316 =4Kgs
A-E=4Kgs
A-71=4 kgs
A=75 Kgs
Answer is 75 kgs

27.A team of 8 persons joins in a shooting competition.The best marksman scored 85

points.If he had scored 92 points ,the average score for the team would have been 84.The
team scored was.
Solution: Here consider the total score be x.
therefore x+92-85/8=84
=>x+7=672
=>x=665.
Answer is 665

28.A man whose bowling average is 12.4,takes 5 wickets for 26 runs and there by decrease
his average by 0.4. The number of wickets,taken by him before his last match is:
Solution: Number of wickets taken before last match be x.
therefore 12.4×26/x+5=12(since average decrease by 0.4
therefore 12.4-0.4=12)
=>12.4x+2612x+60
=>0.4x=34
=>x=340/4
=>x=85.
Answer is 85.

29.The mean temperature of Monday to Wednesday was 37 degrees

and of Tuesday to Thursday was 34 degrees .If the temperature on Thursday was 4/5th
that of Monday. The temperature on Thursday was:
Solution:
The total temperature recorded on Monday,Wednesday was 37*3=111.
The total temperature recorded on Tuesday,
Wednesday,Thursday was 34*3=102.
and also given that Th=4/5M
=>M=5/4Th
(M+T+W)-(T+W+Th)=111-102=9
M-Th=9
5/4Th-Th=9
Th(1/4)=9
=>Th=36 degrees.

30. 16 children are to be divided into two groups A and B of 10 and 6 children. The average
percent marks obtained by the children of group A is 75 and the average percent marks of
all the 16 children is 76. What is the average percent marks of children of groups B?
Solution: Here given average of group A and whole groups .
So,(76*16)-(75*10)/6
=>1216-750/6
=>466/6=233/3=77 2/3
Answer is 77 2/3.
31.Of the three numbers the first is twice the second and the second is twice the third .The
average of the reciprocal of the numbers is 7/72,the number are.
Solution:Let the third number be x
Let the second number be 2x.
Let the first number be 4x.
Therefore average of the reciprocal means
1/x+1/2x+1/4x=(7/72*3)
7/4x=7/24
=>4x=24
x=6.
Therefore
First number is 4*6=24.
Second number is 2*6=12
Third number is 1*6=6
Answer is 24,12,6.

32.The average of 5 numbers is 7.When 3 new numbers are added the average of the eight
numbers is 8.5. The average of the three new number is:
Solution: Sum of three new numbers=(8*8.5-5*7)=33
Their average =33/3=11.
Answer is 11.

33.The average temperature of the town in the first four days of a month was 58 degrees.
The average for the second ,third,fourth and fifth days was 60 degree .If the temperature of
the first and
fifth days were in the ratio 7:8 then what is the temperature on the fifth day?
Solution :
Sum of temperature on 1st 2nd 3rd
and 4th days =58*4=232 degrees.
Sum of temperature on 2nd 3rd 4th
and 5th days =60*4=240 degrees
Therefore 5th day temperature is 240-232=8 degrees.
The ratio given for 1st and 5th days be 7x and 8x degrees
then 8x-7x=8
=>x=8.
therefore temperature on the 5th day =8x=8*8=64 degrees.
SURDS AND INDICES

Simple problems:

1. Laws of Indices:

(i) am * an = a(m+n)
(ii) am / an = a(m-n)
(iii) (am)n = a(m*n)
(iv) (ab)n = an * bn
(v) (a/b)n = an / bn
(vi) a0 = 1

2.Surds :Let ‘a’ be a rational number & ‘n’ be a positive integer such that a1/n = nth root a
is irrational.Then nth root a is called ‘a’ surd of ‘n’.

Problems:-
(1)
(i) (27)2/3 = (33)2/3 = 32 = 9.
(ii) (1024)-4/5 = (45)-4/5 = (4)-4= 1/(4)4 = 1/256.
(iii)(8/125)-4/3 =((2/5)3)-4/3 = (2/5)-4 = (5/2)4 = 625/16

(2) If 2(x-1)+ 2(x+1) = 1280 then find the value of x .

Solution: 2x/2+2x.2 = 1280
2x(1+22) = 2*1280
2x = 2560/5
2x = 512 => 2x = 29
x=9

(3) Find the value of [5[81/3+271/3]3]1/4

Solution: [5[(23)1/3+(33)1/3]3]1/4
[5[2+3]3]1/4
[54]1/4 => 5.

(4) If (1/5)3y= 0.008 then find the value of (0.25)y

Solution: (1/5)3y = 0.008
(1/5)3y =[0.2]3
(1/5)3y =(1/5)3
3y= 3 => y=1.
(0.25)y = (0.25)1 => 0.25 = 25/100 = 1/4

(5) Find the value of (243)n/5 * 32n+1 / 9n * 3 n-1

Solution: (35)n/5 * 32n +1 / (32)n * 3n-1
33n+1 / 33n-1 3
33n+1 * 3-3n+1 => 32 =>9.

(6) Find the value of (21/4-1)( 23/4 +21/2+21/4+1)

Solution: Let us say 21/4 = x
(x-1)(x3+x2+x+1)
(x-1)(x2(x+1)+(x+1))
(x-1) (x2+1) (x+1) [(x-1)(x+1) = (x2-1)]
(x2+1) (x2-1) => (x4-1)
((21/4))4 – 1) = > (2-1) = > 1.

(7) If x= ya , y = zb , z = xc then find the value of abc.

Solution: z= xc
z= (ya)c [ x= ya ]
z= (y)ac
z= (zb)ac [y= zb]
z= zabc
abc = 1

(8)Simplify (xa/xb)a2+ab+b2*(xb/xc)b2+bc+c2*(xc/xa)c2+ca+a2
Solution:[xa-b]a2+ab+b2 * [xb-c]b2+bc+c2 * [xc-a]c2+ca+a2
[ (a-b)(a2+ab+b2) = a3-b3]
from the above formula
=> xa3-b3 xb3-c3 xc3-a3
=> xa3-b3+b3-c3+c3-a3
=> x0 = 1

(9) (1000)7 /1018 = ?

(a) 10 (b) 100 (c ) 1000 (d) 10000
Solution: (1000)7 / 1018
(103)7 / (10)18 = > (10)21 / (10)18
=> (10)21-18 => (10)3 => 1000
Ans :( c )

(10) The value of (8-25-8-26) is

(a) 7* 8-25 (b) 7*8-26 (c ) 8* 8-26 (d) None
Solution: ( 8-25 – 8-26 )
=> 8-26 (8-1 )
=> 7* 8-26
Ans: (b)

(11) 1 / (1+ an-m ) +1/ (1+am-n) = ?

(a) 0 (b) 1/2 (c ) 1 (d) an+m
Solution: 1/ (1+ an/am) + 1/ ( 1+ am/an)
=> am / (am+ an ) + an /(am +an )
=> (am +an ) /(am + an)
=> 1
Ans: ( c)

(12) 1/(1+xb-a+xc-a)+1/(1+xa-b+xc-b)+1/(1+xb-c+xa-c)=?
(a) 0 (b) 1 ( c ) xa-b-c (d) None of the above
Solution: 1/ (1+xb/xa+xc/xa) + 1/(1+xa/xb +xc/xb) +
1/(1+xb/xc +xa/xc)
=> xa /(xa +xb+xc) + xb/(xa +xb+xc) +xc/(xa +xb+xc)
=>(xa +xb+xc) /(xa +xb+xc)
=>1
Ans: (b)

(13) If x=3+2 √2 then the value of (√x – 1/ √x)

is [ √=root]
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c ) 2√2 ( d) 3√3
Solution: (√x-1/√x)2 = x+ 1/x-2
=> 3+2√2 + (1/3+2√2 )-2
=> 3+2√2 + 3-2√2 -2
=> 6-2 = 4
(√x-1/√x)2 = 4
=>(√x-1/√x)2 = 22
(√x-1/√x) = 2.
Ans : (b)

(14) (xb/xc)b+c-a (xc/xa)c+a-b (xa/xb)b+a-c = ? (a) xabc (b) 1 ( c) xab+bc+ca (d) xa+b+c

Solution: [xb-c]b+c-a [xc-a]c+a-b [xa-b]a+b-c

=>x(b-c)(b+c-a) x(c-a)(c+a-b) x(a-b)(a+b-c)

=>x(b2-c2-ab-ac) x(c2-a2-bc-ab) x(a2-b2-ac-bc)
=>x(b2-c2-ab-ac+c2-a2-bc-ab+a2-b2-ac-bc)
=> x0
=>1
Ans: (b)

(15) If 3x-y = 27 and 3x+y = 243 then x is equal to

(a) 0 (b) 2 (c ) 4 (d) 6

Solution: 3x-y = 27 => 3x-y = 33

x-y= 3
3x+y = 243 => 3x+y = 35
x+y = 5
From above two equations x = 4 , y=1
Ans: (c )

(16) If ax = by = cz and b2 = ac then ‘y’equals

(a)xz/x+z (b)xz/2(x-z) (c)xz/2(z-x) (d)2xz/x+z

Solution: Let us say ax = by = cz = k

ax =k => [ax]1/x = k1/x
=> a = k1/x
Simillarly b = k1/y
c = k1/z
b2 = ac
[k1/y]2=k1/xk1/z
=>k2/y = k1/x+1/z
=> 2/y = 1/x+1/y
=>y= 2xz/x+z
Ans: (d)

(17) ax = b,by = c ,cz = a then the value of xyz is is

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c ) 1/abc (d) abc

Solution: ax = b
(cz)x = b [cz = a]
by)xz = b [by = c]
=>xyz =1
Ans: (b)

(18) If 2x = 4y =8z and (1/2x +1/4y +1/6z) =24/7 then the value of ‘z’ is
(a) 7/16 (b) 7 / 32 (c ) 7/48 (d) 7/64

Solution: 2x = 4y=8z
2x = 22y = 23z
x= 2y = 3z
Multiply above equation with ‘ 2’
2x = 4y= 6z
(1/2x+1/4y+1/6z) = 24/7
=>(1/6z+1/6z+1/6z) = 24/7
=> 3 / 6z = 24/7
=> z= 7/48
Ans: ( c)
PERCENTAGES

EXAMPLE PROBLEMS:

1 . Express the following as a fraction.

a) 56%
SOLUTION:
56/100=14/25
b) 4%
SOLUTION:
4/100=1/25
c) 0.6%
SOLUTION:
0.6/100=6/1000=3/500
d) 0.08%
SOLUTION:
0.08/100=8/10000=1/1250

2.Express the following as decimals

a) 6%
SOLUTION:
6% = 6/100=0.06
b) 0.04%
SOLUTION:
0.04% = 0.04/100=0.0004

3 . Express the following as rate percent.

i).23/36
SOLUTION:
= (23/36*100) %
= 63 8/9%
ii).6 ¾
SOLUTION:
6 ¾ =27/4
(27/4 *100) % =675 %

4.Evaluate the following:

28% of 450 + 45% of 280 ?
SOLUTION:
=(28/100) *450 + (45/100) *280
= 28 * 45 / 5
= 252

5.2 is what percent of 50?

SOLUTION:
Formula : (IS / OF ) *100 %
= 2/50 *100
= 4%

6.½ is what percent of 1/3?

SOLUTION:
=( ½) / (1/3) *100 %
= 3/2 *100 %
= 150 %

7.What percent of 2 Metric tonnes is 40 Quintals?

SOLUTION:
1 metric tonne =10 Quintals
So required percentage = (40/(2*10)) *100 %
= 200%

8.Find the missing figure .

i) ? % of 25 = 2.125
SOLUTION :
Let x% of 25 = 2.125. then
(x/100) *25 =2.125
x = 2.125 * 4
= 8.5
ii) 9% of ? =6.3
SOLUTION:
Let 9 % of x = 6.3.
Then 9/100 of x= 6.3
so x = 6.3 *100/7
= 70.

9.Which is the greatest in 16 2/3 %, 2/15,0.17?

SOLUTION:
16 2/3 % = 50/3 %
=50/3 * 1/100
=1/6
= 0.166
2 / 15 =0.133
So 0.17 is greatest number in the given series.

10.If the sales tax be reduced from 3 ½ % to 3 1/3 % ,then what difference does it make to
a person who purchases an article with marked price of RS 8400?
SOLUTION:
Required difference = 3 ½ % of 8400 – 3 1/3 % of 8400
=(7/2-10/3)% of 8400
=1/6 % of 8400
= 1/6* 1/100* 8400
= Rs 14.
11. A rejects 0.08% of the meters as defective .How many will he examine to reject 2?
SOLUTION:
Let the number of meters to be examined be x.
Then 0.08% of x=2.
0.08/100*x= 2
x= 2 * 100/0.08
=2 * 100 * 100/8
= 2500
12.65 % of a number is 21 less than 4/5 of that number. What is the number?
SOLUTION: Let the number be x.
4/5 x- (65% of x) = 21
4/5x – 65/100 x=21
15x=2100
x=140

13. Difference of two numbers is 1660.If 7.5 % of one number is 12.5% of the other
number. Find two numbers?
SOLUTION:
Let the two numbers be x and y.
7.5% of x=12.5% of y
So 75x=125 y
3x=5y
x=5/3y.
Now x-y=1660
5/3y-y=1660
2/3y=1660
y=2490
So x= 2490+1660
=4150.
So the numbers are 4150 , 1660.

14. In expressing a length 81.472 KM as nearly as possible with 3 significant digits ,Find the
% error?
SOLUTION:
Error= 81.5-81.472=0.028
So the required percentage = 0.028/81.472*100%
= 0.034%

15. In an election between two persons ,75% of the voters cast their votes out of which 2%
are invalid. A got 9261 which 75% of the total valid votes. Find total number of votes?
SOLUTION:
Let x be the total votes.
valid votes are 98% of 75% of x.
So 75%(98%(75% of x))) = 9261
==> 75/100 *98 /100 * 75 100 *x = 9261
x= 1029 * 4 *100 *4 / 9
= 16800
So total no of votes = 16800

16 . A’s maths test had 75 problems i.e 10 arithmetic, 30 algebra and 35 geometry
problems. Although he answered 70% of arithmetic , 40% of algebra and 60 % of
geometry problems correctly he didn’t pass the test because he got less than 60% of the
problems right. How many more questions he would have needed to answer correctly to get
a 60% passing grade.

SOLUTION:
70% of 10 =70/100 * 10
=7
40% of 30 = 40 / 100 * 30
= 12
60 % of 35 = 60 / 100 *35
= 21
So correctly attempted questions = 7 + 12 + 21
=40.
Questions to be answered correctly for 60% grade
=60% of 75
= 60/100 *75
=45.
So required questions=45-40 = 5

17 . If 50% of (x – y) = 30% of (x + y) then what percent of x is y ?

SOLUTION:
50/100(x-y) =30/100(x+y)
½ (x-y)= 3/10(x+y)
5x-5y=3x+3y
x=4y
So Required percentage =y/x*100 %
=y/4y *100 %
= 25%.

18 . If the price of tea is increased by 20% ,find how much percent must a householder
reduce her consumption of tea so as not to increase the expenditure?
SOLUTION:
Reduction in consumption= R/(100+R) *100%
=20/120 *100
= 16 2/3 %

19.The population of a town is 176400 . If it increases at the rate of 5% per annum ,what
will be the population 2 years hence? What was it 2 years ago?
SOLUTION:
Population After 2 years = 176400[1+5/100]2
=176400 * 21/20 *21/20
=194481
Population 2 years ago = 176400/(1+5/100)2
= 176400 * 20/21 *20/ 21
=160000

20.1 liter of water is add to 5 liters of a 20 % solution of alcohol in water . Find the strength
of alcohol in new solution?
SOLUTION:
Alcohol in 5 liters = 20% of 5
=1 liter
Alcohol in 6 liters of new mixture = 1liter
So % of alcohol is =1/6 *100=16 2/3%

21. If A earns 33 1/3 more than B .Then B earns less than A by what percent?
SOLUTION:
33 1/3 =100 / 3
Required Percentage = (100/3)/(100 + (100/3)) *100 %
= 100/400 *100 = 25 %

22. A school has only three classes which contain 40,50,60 students respectively . The pass
percent of these classes are 10, 20 and 10 respectively . Then find the pass percent in the
school.
SOLUTION:
Number of passed candidates =
10/100*40+20/100 *50+10/100 * 60
=4+10+6
=20
Total students in school = 40+50+60 =150
So required percentage = 20/150 *100
= 40 /3
=13 1/3 %

23. There are 600 boys in a hostel . Each plays either hockey or football or both .If 75%
play hockey and 45 % play football ,Find how many play both?
SOLUTION:
n(A)=75/100 *600
=450
n(B) = 45/100 *600
= 270
n(A^B)=n(A) + n(B) – n(AUB)
=450 + 270 -600
=120
So 120 boys play both the games.

24.A bag contains 600 coins of 25p denomination and 1200 coins of 50p denomination. If
12% of 25p coins and 24 % of 50p coins are removed, Find the percentage of money
removed from the bag ?
SOLUTION:
Total money = (600 * 25/100 +1200 *50/100)
=Rs 750
25p coins removed = 12/100 *600
=72
50p coins removed = 24/100 *1200
=288
So money removed =72 *1/4 +288 *1/2
= Rs 162
So required percentage=162/750 *100
=21 .6%

25. P is six times as large as Q.Find the percent that Q is less than P?
SOLUTION:
Given that P= 6Q
So Q is less than P by 5Q.
Required percentage= 5Q/P*100 %
=5/6 * 100 %
=83 1/3%

26.For a sphere of radius 10 cm ,the numerical value of surface area is what percent of the
numerical value of its volume?
SOLUTION:
Surface area = 4 *22/7 *r2
= 3/r(4/3 * 22/7 * r3)
=3/r * VOLUME
Where r = 10 cm
So we have S= 3/10 V
=3/10 *100 % of V
= 30 % of V
So surface area is 30 % of Volume.

27. A reduction of 21 % in the price of wheat enables a person to buy 10 .5 kg more for Rs
100.What is the reduced price per kg.
SOLUTION:
Let the original price = Rs x/kg
Reduced price =79/100x /kg
==> 100/(79x/100)-100/x =10.5
==> 10000/79x-100/x=10.5
==> 10000-7900=10.5 * 79 x
==> x= 2100/10.5 *79
So required price = Rs (79/100 *2100/10.5 *79) /kg
= Rs 2 per kg.
28.The length of a rectangle is increased by 60 % .By what percent would the width have to
be decreased to maintain the same area?
SOLUTION:
Let the length =l,Breadth= b.
Let the required decrease in breadth be x %
then 160/100 l *(100-x)/100 b=lb
160(100-x)=100 *100
or 100-x =10000/160
=125/2
so x = 100-125/2

APTITUDE-Problems on Numbers
Introduction:

Natural Numbers:

All positive integers are natural numbers.

Ex 1,2,3,4,8,……

There are infinite natural numbers and number 1 is the least natural number.Based on divisibility
there would be two types of natural numbers. They are Prime and composite.

Prime Numbers:

A natural number larger than unity is a prime number if it does not have other divisors except for
itself and unity.

Note:-Unity i e,1 is not a prime number.

Properties Of Prime Numbers:

->The lowest prime number is 2.

->2 is also the only even prime number.
->The lowest odd prime number is 3.
->The remainder when a prime number p>=5 s divided by 6 is 1 or 5.However, if a number on
being divided by 6 gives a remainder 1 or 5 need not be prime.
->The remainder of division of the square of a prime number p>=5 divide by 24 is 1.
->For prime numbers p>3, p²-1 is divided by 24.
->If a and b are any 2 odd primes then a²-b² is composite. Also a²+b²
is composite.
->The remainder of the division of the square of a prime number p>=5
divided by 12 is 1.

Process to Check A Number s Prime or not:

Take the square root of the number.

Round of the square root to the next highest integer call this number as Z.
Check for divisibility of the number N by all prime numbers below Z. If
there is no numbers below the value of Z which divides N then the number will be prime.

Example 239 is prime or not?

√239 lies between 15 or 16.Hence take the value of Z=16.
Prime numbers less than 16 are 2,3,5,7,11 and 13.
239 is not divisible by any of these. Hence we can conclude that 239
is a prime number.

Composite Numbers:

The numbers which are not prime are known as composite numbers.

Co-Primes:

Two numbers a an b are said to be co-primes,if their H.C.F is 1.

Example (2,3),(4,5),(7,9),(8,11)…..
Place value or Local value of a digit in a Number:

place value:

Example 689745132
Place value of 2 is (2*1)=2
Place value of 3 is (3*10)=30 and so on.
Face value:-It is the value of the digit itself at whatever
place it may be.

Example 689745132
Face value of 2 is 2.
Face value of 3 is 3 and so on.

Tests of Divisibility:

Divisibility by 2:-A number is divisible by 2,if its unit’s digit is

any of 0,2,4,6,8.
Example 84932 is divisible by 2,while 65935 is not.
Divisibility by 3:-A number is divisible by 3,if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.

Example 1.592482 is divisible by 3,since sum of its digits

5+9+2+4+8+2=30 which is divisible by 3.

Example 2.864329 is not divisible by 3,since sum of its digits

8+6+4+3+2+9=32 which is not divisible by 3.

Divisibility by 4:-A number is divisible by 4,if the number formed by last two digits is divisible
by 4.

Example 1.892648 is divisible by 4,since the number formed by the last

two digits is 48 divisible by 4.

Example 2.But 749282 is not divisible by 4,since the number formed by

the last two digits is 82 is not divisible by 4.

Divisibility by 5:-A number divisible by 5,if its unit’s digit is either 0 or 5.

Example 20820,50345

Divisibility by 6:-If the number is divisible by both 2 and 3.

example 35256 is clearly divisible by 2
sum of digits =3+5+2+5+21,which is divisible by 3
Thus the given number is divisible by 6.

Divisibility by 8:-A number is divisible by 8 if the last 3 digits of the number are divisible by 8.

Divisibility by 11:-If the difference of the sum of the digits in the odd places and the sum of the
digitsin the even places is zero or divisible
by 11.

Example 4832718
(8+7+3+4) – (1+2+8)=11 which is divisible by 11.

Divisibility by 12:-All numbers divisible by 3 and 4 are divisible by 12.

Divisibility by 7,11,13:-The difference of the number of its thousands and the remainder of its
division by 1000 is divisible by 7,11,13.

BASIC FORMULAE:

->(a+b)²=a²+b²+2ab
->(a-b)²=a²+b²-2ab
->(a+b)²-(a-b)²=4ab
->(a+b)²+(a-b)²=2(a²+b²)
->a²-b²=(a+b)(a-b)
->(a-+b+c)²=a²+b²+c²+2(ab+b c+ca)
->a³+b³=(a+b)(a²+b²-ab)
->a³-b³=(a-b)(a²+b²+ab)
->a³+b³+c³-3a b c=(a+b+c)(a²+b²+c²-ab-b c-ca)
->If a+b+c=0 then a³+b³+c³=3a b c

DIVISION ALGORITHM

If we divide a number by another number ,then

Dividend = (Divisor * quotient) + Remainder

MULTIPLICATION BY SHORT CUT METHODS

1.Multiplication by distributive law:

a)a*(b+c)=a*b+a*c
b)a*(b-c)=a*b-a*c

Example
a)567958*99999=567958*(100000-1)
567958*100000-567958*1
56795800000-567958
56795232042

b)978*184+978*816=978*(184+816)
978*1000=978000

2.Multiplication of a number by 5n:-Put n zeros to the right of the

multiplicand and divide the number so formed by 2n

Example 975436*625=975436*54=9754360000/16=609647500.

PROGRESSION:

A succession of numbers formed and arranged in a definite order according to certain definite
rule is called a progression.

1.Arithmetic Progression:-If each term of a progression differs from its

preceding term by a constant.
This constant difference is called the common difference of the A.P.
The n th term of this A.P is Tn=a(n-1)+d.
The sum of n terms of A.P Sn=n/2[2a+(n-1)d].

Important Results:
a.1+2+3+4+5………………….=n(n+1)/2.
b.12+22+32+42+52………………….=n(n+1)(2n+1)/6.
c.13+23+33+43+53………………….=n2(n+1)2/4

2.Geometric Progression:-A progression of numbers in which every

term bears a constant ratio with ts preceding term.
i.e a,a r,a r2,a r3……………
In G.P Tn=a r n-1
Sum of n terms Sn=a(1-r n)/1-r

Problems

1.Simplify
a.8888+888+88+8
b.11992-7823-456

Solution: a.8888
888
88
8
9872
b.11992-7823-456=11992-(7823+456)
=11992-8279=3713

2.What could be the maximum value of Q in the following equation?

5PQ+3R7+2Q8=1114

Solution: 5 P Q
3R7
2Q8
11 1 4
2+P+Q+R=11
Maximum value of Q =11-2=9 (P=0,R=0)

3.Simplify: a.5793405*9999 b.839478*625

Solution:
a. 5793405*9999=5793405*(10000-1)
57934050000-5793405=57928256595
b. 839478*625=839478*54=8394780000/16=524673750.

4.Evaluate 313*313+287*287

Solution:
a²+b²=1/2((a+b)²+(a-b)²)
1/2(313+287)² +(313-287)²=1/2(600 ² +26 ² )
½(360000+676)=180338

5.Which of the following is a prime number?

a.241 b.337 c.391

Solution:
a.241
16>√241.Hence take the value of Z=16.
Prime numbers less than 16 are 2,3,5,7,11 and 13.
241 is not divisible by any of these. Hence we can
conclude that 241 is a prime number.
b. 337
19>√337.Hence take the value of Z=19.
Prime numbers less than 16 are 2,3,5,7,11,13 and 17.
337 is not divisible by any of these. Hence we can conclude
that 337 is a prime number.
c. 391
20>√391.Hence take the value of Z=20.
Prime numbers less than 16 are 2,3,5,7,11,13,17 and 19.
391 is divisible by 17. Hence we can conclude
that 391 is not a prime number.

6.Find the unit’s digit n the product 2467 153 * 34172?

Solution: Unit’s digit in the given product=Unit’s digit in 7 153 * 172

Now 7 4 gives unit digit 1
7 152 gives unit digit 1
7 153 gives 1*7=7.Also 172 gives 1
Hence unit’s digit in the product =7*1=7.

7.Find the total number of prime factors in 411 *7 5 *112 ?

Solution: 411 7 5 112= (2*2) 11 *7 5 *112

= 222 *7 5 *112
Total number of prime factors=22+5+2=29

8.Which of the following numbers s divisible by 3?

a.541326
b.5967013

Solution: a. Sum of digits in 541326=5+4+1+3+2+6=21 divisible by 3.

b. Sum of digits in 5967013=5+9+6+7+0+1+3=31 not divisible by 3.

9.What least value must be assigned to * so that th number 197*5462 is divisible by 9?

Solution: Let the missing digit be x
Sum of digits = (1+9+7+x+5+4+6+2)=34+x
For 34+x to be divisible by 9 , x must be replaced by 2
The digit in place of x must be 2.

10.What least number must be added to 3000 to obtain a number exactly divisible by 19?
Solution:On dividing 3000 by 19 we get 17 as remainder
Therefore number to be added = 19-17=2.

11.Find the smallest number of 6 digits which is exactly divisible by 111?

Solution:Smallest number of 6 digits is 100000
On dividing 10000 by 111 we get 100 as remainder
Number to be added =111-100=11.
Hence,required number =10011.

12.On dividing 15968 by a certain number the quotient is 89 and the remainder is 37.Find
the divisor?
Solution:Divisor = (Dividend-Remainder)/Quotient
=(15968-37) / 89
=179.

13.A number when divided by 342 gives a remainder 47.When the same number is divided
by 19 what would be the remainder?

Solution:Number=342 K + 47 = 19 * 18 K + 19 * 2 + 9=19 ( 18K + 2) + 9.The given number

when divided by 19 gives 18 K + 2 as quotient and 9 as remainder.

14.A number being successively divided by 3,5,8 leaves remainders 1,4,7 respectively. Find
the respective remainders if the order of divisors are reversed?

Solution:Let the number be x.

3 x 5 y – 1 8 z – 4 1 – 7 z=8*1+7=15
y=5z+4 = 5*15+4 = 79
x=3y+1 = 3*79+1=238
Now
8 238
5 29 – 6
35–4
1–2
Respective remainders are 6,4,2.

15.Find the remainder when 231 is divided by 5?

Solution:210 =1024.unit digit of 210 * 210 * 210 is 4 as

4*4*4 gives unit digit 4
unit digit of 231 is 8.
Now 8 when divided by 5 gives 3 as remainder.
231 when divided by 5 gives 3 as remainder.

16.How many numbers between 11 and 90 are divisible by 7?

Solution:The required numbers are 14,21,28,………..,84

This is an A.P with a=14,d=7.
Let it contain n terms
then T =84=a+(n-1)d
=14+(n-1)7
=7+7n
7n=77 =>n=11.

17.Find the sum of all odd numbers up to 100?

Solution:The given numbers are 1,3,5………99.

This is an A.P with a=1,d=2.
Let it contain n terms 1+(n-1)2=99
=>n=50
Then required sum =n/2(first term +last term)
=50/2(1+99)=2500.

18.How many terms are there in 2,4,6,8……….,1024?

Solution:Clearly 2,4,6……..1024 form a G.P with a=2,r=2

Let the number of terms be n
then 2*2 n-1=1024
2n-1 =512=29
n-1=9
n=10.

19.2+22+23+24+25……….+28=?

Solution:Given series is a G.P with a=2,r=2 and n=8.

Sum Sn=a(1-r n)/1-r=Sn=2(1-28)/1-2.
=2*255=510.

20.A positive number which when added to 1000 gives a sum ,

which is greater than when it is multiplied by 1000.The positive integer is?
a.1 b.3 c.5 d.7

Solution:1000+N>1000N
clearly N=1.

21.The sum of all possible two digit numbers formed from three
different one digit natural numbers when divided by the sum of the
original three numbers is equal to?
a.18 b.22 c.36 d. none

Solution:Let the one digit numbers x,y,z

Sum of all possible two digit numbers=
=(10x+y)+(10x+z)+(10y+x)+(10y+z)+(10z+x)+(10z+y)
= 22(x+y+z)
Therefore sum of all possible two digit numbers when divided by sum of
one digit numbers gives 22.

22.The sum of three prime numbers is 100.If one of them exceeds another by 36 then one of
the numbers is?
a.7 b.29 c.41 d67.

Solution:x+(x+36)+y=100
2x+y=64
Therefore y must be even prime which is 2
2x+2=64=>x=31.
Third prime number =x+36=31+36=67.

23.A number when divided by the sum of 555 and 445 gives two times their difference as
quotient and 30 as remainder .The number is?
a.1220 b.1250 c.22030 d.220030.

Solution:Number=(555+445)*(555-445)*2+30
=(555+445)*2*110+30
=220000+30=220030.

24.The difference between two numbers s 1365.When the larger number is divided by the
smaller one the quotient is 6 and the remainder is 15.
The smaller number is?
a.240 b.270 c.295 d.360

Solution:Let the smaller number be x, then larger number =1365+x

Therefore 1365+x=6x+15
5x=1350 => x=270
Required number is 270.

25.In doing a division of a question with zero remainder,a candidate

took 12 as divisor instead of 21.The quotient obtained by him was 35.
The correct quotient is?
a.0 b.12 c.13 d.20

Solution:Dividend=12*35=420.
Now dividend =420 and divisor =21.
APTITUDE-Problems on RATIO AND PROPORTION
Important Facts:

1.Ratio : The ratio of two qualities a and b in the same units, is the fraction a/b and we write it as
a:b. In the ratio, a:b, we call a as the first term of antecedent and b, the second term consequent.
Ex: The ratio 5:9 represents 5/9 with antecedent=5 ,consequent=9

3Rule: The multiplication or division of each term of 9 ratio by the same non-zero number does
not affect the ratio.

4.Proportion: The equality of two ratios is called proportion. If a:b=c:d, we write a:b::c:d and
we say that a,b,c and d are in proportion. Here a and b are called extremes, while b and c are
called mean terms.
Product of means=product of extremes
Thus, a:b::c:d => (b*c)=(a*d)

5.Fourth proportional: If a:b::c:d, then d is called the fourth proportional to a,b and c.

6.Third proportional: If a:b::b:c, then c is called third proportional to a and b.

7.Mean proportional: Mean proportional between a and b is SQRT(a*b).

COMPARISION OF RATIOS:

We say that (a:b)>(c:d) => (a/b)>(c/d)

8.Compounded ratio: The compounded ratio of the ratios (a:b), (c:d),(e:f) is (ace:bdf).

9.Duplicate Ratio: If (a:b) is (a2: b2 )

10.Sub-duplicate ratio of (a:b) is (SQRT(a):SQRT(b))

11.Triplicate ratio of (a:b) is (a3: b3 )

12.Sub-triplicate ratio of (a:b) is (a1/3: b1/3 ).

13.If a/b=c/d, then (a+b)/(a-b)=(c+d)/(c-d) (component and dividend o)

VARIATION:

14.we say that x is directly proportional to y, if x=ky for some constant k and we write.

15.We say that x is inversely proportional to y, if xy=k for some constant and we write.
16. X is inversely proportional to y.
If a/b=c/d=e/f=g/h=k then
k=(a+c+e+g)/(b+d+f+h)
If a1/b1,a2/b2, a3/b3…………..an/bn are unequal
fractions then the ratio.

SIMPLE PROBLEMS

1.If a:b =5:9 and b:c=4:7 Find a:b:c?

Sol: a:b=5:9 and b:c=4:7=4*9/4:9*4/9=9:63/9
a:b:c=5:9:63/9=20:36:63

2.Find the fourth proportion to 4,9,12

Sol: d is the fourth proportion to a,b,c
a:b=c:d
4:9=12:x
4x=9*12=>x=27

3.Find third proportion to 16,36

Sol: if a:b=b:c then c is the third proportion to a,b
16:36=36:x
16x=36*36
x=81

4.Find mean proportion between 0.08 and 0.18

Sol: mean proportion between a and b=square root of ab
mean proportion =square root of 0.08*0.18=0.12

5.If a:b=2:3 b:c=4:5, c:d=6:7 then a:b:c:d is

Sol: a:b=2:3 and b:c=4:5=4*3/4:5*3/4=3:15/4
c:d=6:7=6*15/24:7*15/24=15/4:35/8
a:b:c:d=2:3:15/4:35/8=16:24:30:35

6.2A=3B=4C then A:B:C?

Sol: let 2A=3B=4C=k then
A=k/2, B=k/3, C=k/4
A:B:C=k/2:k/3:k/4=6:4:3

7.15% of x=20% of y then x:y is

Sol: (15/100)*x=(20/100)*y
3x=4y
x:y=4:3

8.a/3=b/4=c/7 then (a+b+c)/c=

Sol: let a/3=b/4=c/7=k
(a+b+c)/c=(3k+4k+7k)/7k=2
9.Rs 3650 is divided among 4 engineers, 3 MBA’s and 5 CA’s such that 3 CA’s
get as much as 2 MBA’s and 3 Eng’s as much as 2 CA’s .Find the share of an
MBA.
Sol: 4E+3M+5C=3650
3C=2M, that is M=1.5C
3E=2C that is E=.66 C
Then, (4*0.66C)+(3*1.5C)+5C=3650
C=3650/12.166
C=300
M=1.5 and C=450.

DIFFICULT PROBLEMS

1.Three containers A,B and C are having mixtures of milk and water in the ratio of 1:5 and
3:5 and 5:7 respectively. If the capacities of the containers are in the ratio of all the three
containers are in the ratio 5:4:5, find the ratio of milk to water, if the mixtures of all the
three containers are mixed together.
Sol: Assume that there are 500,400 and 500 liters respectively in the 3 containers.
Then ,we have, 83.33, 150 and 208.33 liters of milk in each of the three containers.
Thus, the total milk is 441.66 liters. Hence, the amount of water in the mixture is 1400-
441.66=958.33liters.
Hence, the ratio of milk to water is 441.66:958.33 => 53:115(using division by .3333)
The calculation thought process should be
(441*2+2):(958*3+1)=1325:2875
Dividing by 25 => 53:115.

2.A certain number of one rupee,fifty parse and twenty five paise coins are in the ratio of
2:5:3:4, add up to Rs 210. How many 50 paise coins were there?
Sol: the ratio of 2.5:3:4 can be written as 5:6:8
let us assume that there are 5 one rupee coins,6 fifty paise coins and 8 twenty-five paise coins in
all.
their value=(5*1)+(6*.50)+(8*.25)=5+3+2=Rs 10
If the total is Rs 10,number of 50 paise coins are 6.
if the total is Rs 210, number of 50 paise coins would be 210*6/10=126.

3.The incomes of A and B are in the ratio of 4:3 and their expenditure are in the ratio of
2:1 . if each one saves Rs 1000,what are their incomes?
Sol: Ratio of incomes of A and B=4:3
Ratio of expenditures of A and B=2:1
Amount of money saved by A=Amount of money saved by B
=Rs 1000
let the incomes of A and B be 4x and 3x respectively
let the expense of A and B be 2y and 1yrespectively
Amount of money saved by A=(income-expenditure)=4x-2y=
Rs 1000
Amount of money saved by B=3x-y=Rs 1000
this can be even written as 6x-2y=Rs 2000
now solve 1 and 3 to get
x=Rs 500
therefore income of A=4x=4*500=Rs 2000
income of B=3x=3*500=Rs 1500

4.A sum of Rs 1162 is divided among A,B and C. Such that 4 times A’s share share is equal
to 5 times B’s share and 7 times C’s share . What is the share of C?
Sol: 4 times of A’s share =5 times of B’s share=7 times of C’s share=1
therefore , the ratio of their share =1/4:1/5:1/7
LCM of 4,5,7=140
therefore, ¼:1/5:1/7=35:28:20
the ratio now can be written as 35:28:20
therefore C’s share=(20/83)*1162=20*14=Rs 280.

5.The ratio of the present ages of saritha and her mother is 2:9, mother’s age at the time of
saritha’s birth was 28 years , what is saritha’s present age?
Sol: ratio of ages of saritha and her mother =2:9
let the present age of saritha be 2x years. then the mother’s present age would be 9x years
Difference in their ages =28 years
9x-2x=28 years
7x=28=>x=4
therefore saritha’s age =2*4=8 years

APTITUDE – problems on SQUARE AND CUBE ROOTS

Formula:

The Product of two same numbers in easiest way as follow.

Example:let us calculate the product of 96*96
Solution: Here every number must be compare with the 100.
See here the given number 96 which is 4 difference with the 100.
so subtract 4 from the 96 we get 92 ,then the square of the
number 4 it is 16 place the 16 beside the 92 we get answer
as 9216.

96
–4
————–
92
————–
4*4=16
9216

therefore square of the two numbers 96*96=9216.

Example: Calculate product for 98*98

Solution: Here the number 98 is having 2 difference when compare
to 100 subtract 2 from the number then we get 96 square the
number 2 it is 4 now place beside the 96 as 9604

98
–2
————-
96
————-
2*2=4
9 6 0 4.
so, we get the product of 98*98=9604.

Example: Calculate product for 88*88

Solution: Here the number 88 is having 12 difference when compare
to 100 subtract 12 from the 88 then we get 76 the square of the
number 12 is 144 (which is three digit number but should place
only two digit beside the 76) therefore in such case add one to
6 then it becomes 77 now place 44 beside the number 77 we will get
7744.
88
-12
————
76
———–
12*12=144

76
+ 144
——————–
7744
——————–

Example: Find the product of the numbers 46 *46?

Solution:consider the number 50=100/2. Now again go comparision with
the number which gets when division with 100.here consider the number
50 which is nearer to the number given. 46 when compared with the
number 50 we get the difference of 4. Now subtract the number 4 from
the 46, we get 42. As 50 got when 100 get divided by 2.
so, divided the number by 2 after subtraction.
42/2=21 now square the the number 4 i.e, 4*4=16
just place the number 16 beside the number 21
we get 2116.
46
4
—————-
4 2 as 50 = 100/2

42/2=21
now place 4*4=16 beside 21
2116

Example: Find the product of the numbers 37*37

Solution:
consider the number 50=100/2
now again go comparision with the number which gets when
division with 100.
here consider the number 50 which is nearer to the number given.
37 when compared with the number 50 we get the difference of 13.
now subtract the number 13 from the 37, we get 24.
as 50 got when 100 get divided by 2.
so, divided the number by 2 after subtraction.
24/2=12
now square the the number 13 i.e, 13*13=169
just place the number 169 beside the number 21
now as 169 is three digit number then add 1 to 2 we get
1t as 13 then place 69 beside the 13
we get 1369.

37
13
—————–
2 4 as 50 = 100/2

24/2=12
square 13* 13=169

12
+169
———————–
1369
————————-

Example: Find the product of 106*106

Solution: now compare it with 100 ,
The given number is more then 100
then add the extra number to the given number.
That is 106+6=112
then square the number 6 that is 6*6=36
just place beside the number 36 beside the 112,then
we get 11236.
106
+6
———————
112
——————–
now 6* 6=36 place this beside the number 112, we get
11236

Square root: If x2=y ,we say that the square root of y

is x and we write ,√y=x.

Cube root: The cube root of a given number x is the number

whose cube is x. we denote the cube root of x by x1/3 .

Examples:

1.Evaluate 60841/2 by factorization method.

Solution: Express the given number as the product of prime

factors. Now, take the product of these prime factors choosing
one out of every pair of the same primes. This product gives the
square root of the given number.

Thus resolving 6084 in the prime factors ,we get 6084

2 6024
2 3042
3 1521
3 507
13 169
13
6084=21/2 *31/2 *131/2
60841/2=2*3*13=78.
Answer is 78.

2.what will come in place of question mark in each of the following

questions?

i)(32.4/?)1/2 = 2
ii)86.491/2 + (5+?1/2)2 =12.3
Solution: 1) (32.4/x)1/2=2
Squaring on both sides we get
32.4/x=4
=>4x=32.4
=>x=8.1

Answer is 8.1

ii)86.491/2 + √(5+x2)=12.3

solutin:86.491/2 + (5+x1/2 )=12.3

9.3+ √(5+x1/2 )=12.3
=> √(5+x1/2 ) =12.3-9.3
=> √(5+x1/2 )=3
Squaring on both sides we get
(5+x1/2 )=9
x1/2 =9-5
x1/2 =4
x=2.
Answer is 2.

3.√ 0.00004761 equals:

Solution: √ (4761/108)

√4761/√ 108
. 69/10000
0.0069.
Answer is 0.0069

4.If √18225=135,then the value of

√182.25 + √1.8225 + √ 0.018225 + √0.00018225.

Solution: √(18225/100) +√(18225/10000) +

√(18225/1000000) +√(18225/100000000)
=√(18225)/10 + (18225)1/2/100 +
√(18225)/1000 + √(18225)/10000
=135/10 + 135/100 + 135/1000 + 135/10000
=13.5+1.35+0.135+0.0135=14.9985.
Answer is 14.9985.

5.what should come in place of both the question

marks in the equation (?/ 1281/2= (162)1/2/?) ?

Solution: x/ 1281/2= (162)1/2/x

=>x1/2= (128*162)1/2
=> x1/2= (64*2*18*9)1/2
=>x2= (82*62*32)
=>x2=8*6*3
=>x2=144
=>x=12.

6.If 0.13 / p1/2=13 then p equals

Solution: 0.13/p2=13
=>p2=0.13/13
=1/100
p2=√(1/100)
=>p=1/10
therefore p=0.1
Answer is 0.1

7.If 13691/2+(0.0615+x)1/2=37.25 then x is equals to:

Solution
37+(0.0615+x)1/2=37.25(since 37*37=1369)
=>(0.0615+x)1/2=0.25
Squaring on both sides
(0.0615+x)=0.0625
x=0.001
x=10-3.
Answer is 10-3.

8.If √(x-1)(y+2)=7 x& y being positive whole numbers then

values of x& y are?

Solution: √(x-1)(y+2)=7
Squaring on both sides we get
(x-1)(y+2)=72
x-1=7 and y+2=7
therefore x=8 , y=5.
Answer x=8 ,y=5.

9.If 3*51/2+1251/2=17.88.then what will be the

value of 801/2+6*51/2?

Solution: 3*51/2+1251/2=17.88
3*51/2+(25*5)1/2=17.88
3*51/2+5*51/2=17.88
8*51/2=17.88
51/2=2.235
therefore 801/2+6 51/2=(16*51/2)+6*1/25
=4 51/2+6 51/2
=10*2.235
=22.35
Answer is 22.35

10.If 3a=4b=6c and a+b+c=27*√29 then Find c value is:

Solution: 4b=6c
=>b=3/2*c
3a=4b
=>a=4/3b
=>a=4/3(3/2c)=2c
therefore a+b+c=27*291/2
2c+3/2c+c=27*291/2
=>4c+3c+2c/2=27*291/2
=>9/2c=27*291/2
c=27*291/2*2/9
c=6*291/2

11.If 2*3=131/2 and 3*4=5 then value of 5*12 is

Solution:
Here a*b=(a2+b2)1/2
therefore 5*12=(52+122)1/2
=(25+144)1/2
=1691/2
=13
Answer is 13.

12.The smallest number added to 680621 to make

the sum a perfect square is

Solution: Find the square root number which

is nearest to this number
8 680621 824
64
162 406
324
1644 8221
6576
1645
therefore 824 is the number ,to get the nearest
square root number take (825*825)-680621
therefore 680625-680621=4
hence 4 is the number added to 680621 to make it
perfect square.
13.The greatest four digit perfect square number is

Solution: The greatest four digit number is 9999.

now find the square root of 9999.
9 9999 99
81
189 1819
1701
198
therefore 9999-198=9801 which is required number.
Answer is 9801.

14.A man plants 15376 apples trees in his garden and arranges
them so, that there are as many rows as there are apples trees
in each row .The number of rows is.

Solution: Here find the square root of 15376.

1 15376 124
1
22 53
44
244 976
976
0
therefore the number of rows are 124.

15.A group of students decided to collect as many paise from

each member of the group as is the number of members. If the
total collection amounts to Rs 59.29.The number of members
in the group is:

Solution: Here convert Money into paise.

59.29*100=5929 paise.
To know the number of member ,calculate the square root of 5929.
7 5929 77
49
147 1029
1029
0
Therefore number of members are 77.

16.A general wishes to draw up his 36581 soldiers in the form

of a solid square ,after arranging them ,he found that some of
them are left over .How many are left?
Solution: Here he asked about the left man ,So find the
square root of given number the remainder will be the left man
1 36581 191
1
29 265
261
381 481
381
100(since remaining)
Therefore the left men are 100.

17.By what least number 4320 be multiplied to obtain number

which is a perfect cube?

Solution: find l.c.m for 4320.

2 4320
2 2160
2 1080
2 540
2 270
3 135
3 45
3 15
5
4320=25 * 33 * 5
=23 * 33 * 22 *5
so make it a perfect cube ,it should be multiplied by 2*5*5=50
Answer is 50.

18.3(4*12/125)1/2=?

Solution: 3(512/125)1/2
3(8*8*8)1/2/(5*5*5)
3(83)1/2/(53)
((83)/(53))1/3
=>8/5 or 1 3/5.
H.C.F AND L.C.M

Facts And Formulae:

1.Highest Common Factor:(H.C.F) or Greatest Common Meaure(G.C.M) :

The H.C.F of two or more than two numbers is the greatest number that divides each of them
exactly.
There are two methods :
1.Factorization method: Express each one of the given numbers as the product of prime factors.
The product of least powers of common prime factors gives HCF.
Example : Find HCF of 26 * 32*5*74 , 22 *35*52 * 76 , 2*52 *72
Sol: The prime numbers given common numbers are 2,5,7
Therefore HCF is 22 * 5 *72 .

2.Division Method : Divide the larger number by

smaller one. Now divide the divisor by remainder. Repeat the process
of dividing preceding number last obtained till zero is obtained as
number. The last divisor is HCF.

Example: Find HCF of 513, 1134, 1215

Sol:

1134) 1215(1
1134
———-
81)1134(14
81
———–
324
324
———–
0
———–
HCF of this two numbers is 81.

81)513(6
486
——–
27)81(3
81
—–
0
—

HCF of 81 and 513 is 27.

3.Least common multiple[LCM] : The least number which is divisible by each one of given
numbers is LCM.
There are two methods for this:
1.Factorization method : Resolve each one into product of prime factors.
Then LCM is product of highest powers of all factors.

2.Common division method.

Problems:
1.The HCF of 2 numbers is 11 and LCM is 693.If one of numbers is 77.find other.
Sol: Other number = 11 * 693/77=99.

2.Find largest number of 4 digits divisible by 12,15,18,27

Sol: The largest number is 9999.
LCM of 12,15,18,27 is 540.
on dividing 9999 by 540 we get 279 as remainder.
Therefore number =9999 – 279 =9720.

3.Find least number which when divided by 20,25,35,40 leaves remainders 14,19,29,34.

Sol:

20–14=6
25-19=6
35-29=6
40-34=6

Therefore number =LCM of (20,25,35,40) – 6=1394

4.252 can be expressed as prime as :

2 252
2 126
3 63
3 21
7

prime factor is 2 *2 * 3 * 3 *7

5.1095/1168 when expressed in simple form is

1095)1168(1
1095
——
73)1095(15
73
———
365
365
———
0
———-
So, HCF is 73
Therefore
1095/1168 = 1095/73/1168/73= 15/16

6.GCD of 1.08,0.36,0.9 is
Sol:
HCF of 108,36,90

36)90(2
72
—-
18)36(2
36
—-
0
—-
HCF is 18.

HCF of 18 and 108 is 18

18)108(6
108
——-
0
——–
Therefore HCF =0.18

7.Three numbers are in ratio 1:2:3 and HCF is 12.Find numbers.

Sol:
Let the numbers be x.
Three numbers are x,2x,3x
Therefore HCF is

2x)3x(1
2x
—–
x)2x(2
2x
——–
0
————-
HCF is x so, x is 12
Therefore numbers are 12,24,36.

8.The sum of two numbers is 216 and HCF is 27.

Sol:
Let numbers are

27a + 27 b =216

a + b =216/27=8

Co-primes of 8 are (1,7) and (3,5) numbers=(27 * 1 ), (27 * 7)

=27,89

9.LCM of two numbers is 48..The numbers are in ratio 2:3.The sum of numbers is
Sol:
Let the number be x.
Numbers are 2x,3x
LCM of 2x,3x is 6x
Therefore
6x=48
x=8.
Numbers are 16 and 24
Sum=16 +24=40.

10.HCF and LCM of two numbers are 84 and 21.If ratio of two numbers is 1:4.Then
largest of two numbers is

Sol:
Let the numbers be x,4x
Then x * 4x = 84 * 21
x2 =84 * 21 /4
x = 21
Largest number is 4 * 21.

11.HCF of two numbers is 23,and other factors of LCM are 13,14.Largest number is
Sol:
23 * 14 is Largest number.

12.The maximum number of students among them 1001 pens and 910 pencils can be
distributed in such a way that each student gets same number of pens and pencils is ?
Sol:
HCF of 1001 and 910

910)1001(1
910
————
91)910(10
910
——–
0
———
Therefore HCF=91

13.The least number which should be added to 2497 so that sum is divisible by 5,6,4,3 ?
Sol: LCM of 5,6,4,3 is 60.
On dividing 2497 by 60 we get 37 as remainder.
Therefore number to added is 60 – 37 =23.
Answer is 23.

14.The least number which is a perfect square and is divisible by each of numbers 16,20,24
is ?
Sol: LCM of 16,20,24 is 240.

2 * 2*2*2*3*5=240
To make it a perfect square multiply by 3 * 5
Therefore 240 * 3 * 5=3600
Answer is 3600.