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Immunology of Viral Infections

Daniel Kiggundu
Moderator-Dr Yuka Manabe
Overview
Viruses
• Obligate intracellular organisms
• Make up consists a core of nucleic acid, a
surrounding capsid, and an envelop
• Dependent on cell machinery for replication
and protein synthesis
Virus Life cycle
Immune response
• Innate response
• Barriers, epithelia
• Complement, Cytokines
• Neutrophils, macrophages, Natural Killer cells
• Adaptive response
• Humoral
• Cell mediated
Innate immune response
• Virus entry through mucosal surfaces, or
through broken skin
• Replication at epithelial surface
• Entry into cells provokes release of Interferons
α and β, interferon γ
• Increased expression of MHC1, MHC2
• Inhibition of viral replication in surrounding cells,
through acivating endonucleases, and inhibiting protein
kinase
• NK cells respond to virus antigen expressed on
surface of infected cells, causing cell lysis
• NK cells also in Antibody Dependent
Cytotoxicity
• Macrophages, neutrophils
• Complement- alternate pathway, classic
pathway.
Adaptive immune response
• Humoral response
• Antibody generated against any viral protein
– Important ones to glycoprotein of virion envelop
• Antibody prevents spread between cells
– IgM, IgG important in virus neutralization
– IgA- epithelia, preventing reinfection
• Antibody interaction with complement
• Antibody mediated Cytotoxicity of Cells
Cell mediated response
• Helper T cell
• Thymus dependent antibody response)(
• Class switching, affinity maturation
• Induction of CD8 Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
• Recruitment, activation of macrophages
• Interferon γ
• TNF α- directs apoptosis
• CD4 based cytotoxicity
Evasion of Immune response

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