Llali osefaSvili

41-e fsalmunis ilustracia atenis sionis safasado reliefidan

Aadreqristianul xanaSi, maSin roca qristianuli siuJetebi jer kidev

mkafiod ar iyo Camoyalibebuli da dogmatis saxes TandaTan Rebulobda,
Tavs iCenda Zveli aRTqmis scenebi; aseve iyo himnografiaSic, vidre qristia-
nuli himnografia Camoyalibdeboda eklesiaSi fsalmunTa galoba gadmoiRes
sinagogis praqtikidan. rogorc k.kekeliZe wers, ,,yvelaze adre Zveli aRTqm-
is wignebidan eWvsgareSea unda Targmniliyo daviTni, vinaidan Zvelad RvTi-
smsaxurebaSi, sanam himnografiuli elementi gaCndeboda fsalmunuri sWarb-
obda. RvTismsaxureba umTavresad fsalmunTa galobidan Sedgeboda (1,411).
uTuod yuradRebas ipyrobs, is garemoeba, rom Aadreqristianul xanaSi
saxviTi xelovnebaSi siuJeturi kompoziciebi, swored qvaze kveTilobaSi,
anu qandakebaSi SemogvrCa, rac, iqneb erT-erTi miniSnebaa Zveli epoqis
gavlenebisa. isic unda SevniSnoT, rom Zveli aRTqmiseuli saxe-
simboloebidan qristianul xelovnebaSi Tavidan swored ,,fsalmunuri
siuJetebi“ ikavebs adgils. albaT, amitomaa, rom mecnierTa SeniSvniT,
,,fsalmuni qarTulad meoTxe saukuneSi Tu ara, mexuTeSi, mainc unda iyos
naTargmni“ (k. kekeliZe). ,,fsalmunTa wigni aucileblad erT-erTi pirveli
unda yofiliyo qarTul enaze naTargmnTagan. Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT
mis xmarebas liturgiaSi, eWvi ar unda gvqondes, rom igi am qveynis enaze
maSinve gadmoiTargmna, rogorc ki, eklesiam daiwyo am enis gamoyeneba litu-
rgiuli da literaturuli saWiroebisTvis“ (J.gariti) (2,4-5).
rogorc m.SaniZe SeniSnavs, fsalmunis leqsika da mxatvruli saxeebi gamo-
Zaxils poulobs aramarto originalur qarTul sasuliero mwerlobaSi,
aramed istorikosTa TxzulebebSi, Sua saukuneebis saero mwerlobaSi da
oficialur dokumentebSi _ sigel-gujrebsa da sabuTebSi (2,6-7).
Sesabamisad, fsalmunTa strofebi Aadreqristianul xanidanve, ZiriTadad
reliefebze iCenen Tavs (Semdeg dawvrilebiT ilustrirebul fsalmunTa
wignebSi imkvidreben adgils). Aamis naTeli dasturia atenis sionis
CrdiloeT karis Sesasvlelis timpanze wyalsatevs dawafebuli ori irmis
gamosaxuleba.
1
 aRniSnuli siuJetis Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi azrTa
sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs. Nn. kondakovi V-VII saukuneebiT aTariRebs (3, 46) g.
CubinaSvilis azriT, VII saukunis 30-iani wlebia misi Sesrulebis dro (4,174-
175), g. abramiSvilma V saukuniT daaTariRa (5,67), xolo n. aladaSvili maT
VII saukunis reliefebs Soris moixseniebs, Tumca, sqolioSi SeniSnavs, rom
es Tema IV-VIsaukuneebSi vrceldeba qristianul samyaroSi (6,41;247).
vidre TariRis Sesaxeb Cveneul mosazrebas gadmogcemdeT, davaxasiaTebT
am timpanis reliefs, romelsac g. abramiSvilic aRwers: timpani, romelzec
irmebis simboluri Temaa gamokveTili sakmaod mkvrivi jiSis monacrisfro
qvis monoliTs warmoadgens, masSi Cakiruli patar-patara TeTri kirqvisa
Tu niJarebis nawilebiT. timpanis monoliTi didad gansxvavdeba atenis
sionis ZiriTadi samSeneblo masalis, moyviTalo-monacrisfro wvrilmarcv-
lovani qviSaqvebisgan, romlebic sakmaod rbili struqturisani arian,
magram es sxvaoba mxolod qvebis sxvadasxva jiSebSi ar gamoixateba,
timpanze gamosaxuli irmebi stilisturi TvalsazrisiTac didad
gansxvavdeba atenis sionis sxva danarCeni qandakebebisgan (7,184).
mogviano gadakeTebis dros ise aqvs saxe Secvlili sasuraTe sibrtyes,
rom gagviCnda kiTxva, xom ar warmoadgenda igi arqitravis reliefs? Cven
vemxrobiT g. abramiSvilis azrs, rom reliefi Sesrulebuli unda iyos V
saukuneSi, magram vfiqrobT, rom mas ar unda dahkisreboda timpanis funqcia.
Cven vfiqrobT, mogvianebiT, VII saukuneSi taZris xelaxali aSenebisas igi
lunetSi Casves da timpanis reliefad aqcies.
vidre kompoziciis topografiaze vimsjelebdeT, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia,
yuradReba mivaqcioT siuJetis ikonografias, semantikas, teqstebTan mimarTe-
basa da maT saxismetyvelur gaazrebas.
kompoziciis ikonografiuli sqema savsebiT Seesabameba sinqronuli
periodis xelovnebis nimuSebs, kerZod, ravenis gala placideas mavzoleum-
is mozaikas (6,42), aseve ravenis marTlmadidebelTa mavzoleumis mozaikas
(7,186) da sxv. wriuli formis wyalsatevs ewafeba ori iremi, sayuradReboa,
is, rom dagubebuli wylis talRebi ornamentuladaa gaformebuli da cent-
rSi amokveTilia tolmklava jvari. Airemi simboloa ,,cxovrebis wyaros“

2
mowyurebuli adamianisa, vinc ismens RvTis sityvas da emzadeba ufalTan
Sesaxvedrad. ,,wmida mamebma saCinoyves RvTisadmi mZafri trfoba, rodesac
erTma maTganma (igulisxmeba daviT fsalmunTmgalobeli l.o.)Tqva: ,,viTarca
surin iremsa wyaroTa mimarT wyalTasa, egreT surin sulsa Cemsa Senda
mimarT RmerTo“(fs.41,2).
samecniero literaturaSi miRebuli iyo fsalmunis am strofis calsaxa
ganmarteba, anu viTarca mwyurvale irmebi wyaros ewafebian, ise surs
morwmunes qristianobis, qristes moZRvrebis dawafeba. Cven vfiqrobT unda
moviZioT am fsalmunis ganmarteba wmida mamebTan, gavusvaT xazi Zveli
aRTqmiseuli sibrZnis qristianul saburvelSi gaxvevas da bolos
vikvlioT, TviT irmebis semantika, radgan irmebis gamosaxulebebi sxva Sina-
arsac Seicaven.
zoomorful gamosaxulebebs wmida mamebi gansakuTrebul saidumloebriv
datvirTvas aniWeben _ isini adamianis sulieri samyaros simbolur sarkes
warmoadgenen. ,,fiziologi“, romelic ,,Satberdis krebulSi“(8) Sedis ganasx-
vavebs 34-mde qristianul simbolos. Yyovladwmida samebis Semdeg qristes
simboloebia da Semdeg ki, sxvaTa. aRniSvnis Rirsia Semdegi, iremi qristes
erT-erT simbolod aris miCneuli: ,,rodesac gveli SeZvreba Tavis xvrelSi,
masTan midis iremi da wyliT avsebs xvrels, vidre iqidan gveli ar gamova.
gamosul gvels iremi fexiT klavs. aseve mokla macxovarma didi veSapi _eS-
maki“(9,108).
wmida basili didis mixedviT: ,,saxismetyuelman Tqua iremisaÁ, viTarmed
jekma mter ars guelisa da raJams ixilis da ivltin gueli da STaxdis
xurelad, mividis iremi igi da aRivsnis ferdni Tovisni wyliTa
wyaroÁsaÁTa da mividis xurelad, sada-igi gueli damalul arn da daasxis
wyali igi da aRavsis xureli igi, vidremde gamoxdis gueli igi da daTrgu-
nis ferxiTa da moklis.
Eegreca macxovarman Cuenman iesu qriste _ man mokla didi igi veSapi
eSmaki wyliTa cisaÁTa, romeli aqunda RmrTeebisa sibrZnisagan, romelsa
wyalsa ver daudgnes veSapTa eSmakTa“(8,190).

3
 Zveli aRTqmis iremSi SegviZlia vigulisxmoT hsjulis qveS myofi mwyur-
valni ,,wylisa momarT Zlierisa da cxovelisa“. maTTvis jer kidev ar aris
gancxadebuli saidumlo; ,,romelman suas wylisa misgan, romeli me mivsce
mas, arRara swyurodis ukunisamde, aramed wyali, romeli me mivsce mas,
iqmnes mis Soris wyaro wylisa, romeli vidodis cxovrebad saukunod“(ioane
4,14)(10,39-40).
Aamrigad, aRniSnuli kompozicia atarebs triumfis saxes, es aris borot
Zalebze gamarjvebis simbolo da viTarca niSani Zlevisa wyalsatevis
SuaSi, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, gamosaxulia tolmklava jvari. Tu
vigulisxmebT, rom Tavidanve aRniSnuli kompozicia Zveli bazilikis
SesasvlelSi iyo CarTuli, maSin SesaZloa, misi simbolika ase gavigoT:
yoveli morwmune vidre taZarSi Seva, unda ganiwmindos, dasTrgunos yoveli
boroti msgavsad irmebisa, gaimarjvos maTze, viTarca qristem borotze,
sikvdilze da erTgvarad ganwmendili da amaRlebuli Sevides taZarSi da am
gziT eziaros qristes. Aamis dasturi unda iyos daviT fsalmunTmgalobeli
mefis Semdegi strofebi: ,,ufalo Seviyuare SuenierebaÁ saxlisa SenisaÁ da
adgili sayofeli didebisa SenisaÁ“(fs.25,8). Aam strofs wmida aTanase ase
ganmartavs: ,,wadier iyo winaswarmetyueli xilvad awindelsa amas
Suenierebasa eklesiisa, xolo adgil sayofel arian morwmuneni, saTnoebisa
muSakni, romelTa xilva sawadel ars, viTar savaneTa RmrTisaTa“ (11,117).
Aadreqristianuli xanis taZari, SesaZloa, erTgvarad wmidanis xats
SevadaroT, romelic garegnulad sadadaa mosili, xelSi jvari ukavia niSn-
ad mowameobriobisa da locvis dros misi Wvretisas, am sisadavis miRma Cven
saocar Sinagan, sulierad mdidar samyaros SevicnobT, aseve iyo taZaric,
Tu fasadebi sisadaviT gamoirCeoda, masSi Sesuli morwmune liturgiaze
daswrebisas aRivseboda Sinagani madliT, sulieri saTnoebiT, taZari
viTarca, savane uflisa adamians Sinaganad amdidrebs, rasac qmnis erTis
mxriv taZris xuroTmoZRvrebis arqiteqturuli gegmareba, misi mxatvruli
formis gadawyveta, kedlis mxatvroba, kankeli, xatebi da meores mxriv
sagaloblebi, (romlebsac araTu mxolod gundi galobs, aramed

4
morwmunenic bageebiT galoben), mRvdlis, diakvnis, medaviTneebis sityvebi
saxarebidan, samociqulodan, fsalmunebidan da a. S.
Aamis dasturia 28-e fsalmunis 7-e muxli: ,,Ãmaman uflisaman ganamtkicnis
iremni da ganacxadnis maRnarni,“ romelsac wmida basili didi amgvarad
ganmartavs: ,,irmad gulisÃma-yven mociqulni da yovelni wmidani,
amaRlebulni soflisa saqmeTagan ze: rameTu, vinaÁTgan aremsa eseviTari
Zali aqus, viTar ityÂan gamocdilni, viTarmed, iqedne raÁ SeWamos, wamali
ars ganmwmedeli misi, da sulisa misisgan yovelni geslovanni ivltian;
viTarca ubrZana ufalman: ,,mimicemies Tquenda yoveli ÃelmwifebaÁ
daTrgunvad da RriankalTa, da yovelsa zeda Zalsa mterisasa“. rameTu
iremi iZuleobiT aRmoizidavs ÃurelTagan guelsa warwymedad maTda,
egreTve yovelni wmidani locviTa maTiTa aoteben yovelsa Zalsa eSmakisasa.
xolo maRnarad uwods uqmTa da unayofTa sulTa warmarTTasa, romelTa
Soris daebuda, viTarca mÃecTa TiTo-saxeTa da pirutyulTa vnebaTa,
romelTa ganacxadebs, raJams mosZarcos ukuni bnelisa maTisa sityuaman,
raÁTa adÂlad sapovnel da Sesapyrobel iqmnen iremTa mier“(11,132-133).
Aamrigad, wmida basili didiseul 28-e fsalmunis ganmartebaSi
saxismetyveluradaa gadmocemuli Zveli da axali aRTqmiseuli daTrgunva
borotisa, Tu Zvelad iremi iyo saxe-simbolo borotebis damarcxebisa, axla
wmidania is persona, romelsac morwmune unda miendos, radgan wmidans
ZaluZs ,,guelTa da RriankalTa“ warwymeda.
cnobilia, rom Sua saukuneebSi xelovnebaSi simbolos oTxgvari gageba
gamovlinda. Nnetari avgustine wmida werils amgvari rigiT kiTxulobs:
literaluri, alegoriuli, moraluri, anagogiuri. Aam princips usadagebs
xatis, viTarca teqstis wakiTxvasac. Ppirvel etapze xdeba siuJetis gacnoba
(vin an ra aris gamosaxuli, Seesatyviseba Tu ara savsebiT bibliur an
wmidanTa cxovrebas, liturgikul locvas da a.S.). meore etapze saxis,
simbolos, niSnis azrobrivi gagebaa (aq mniSvnelovania, Tu rogoraa igi
gamosaxuli _ feri, Suqi, Jesti, sivrce, dro, detalebi da a. S.) mesame
etapze mJRavndeba kavSiri gamosaxulebisa mis mWvretelTan (ras eubneba
piradad mas, anu ukukavSiri). meoTxe etapze _ anagogia (berZnulad: ayvana,

5
asvla) esaa wminda WvretiTi momenti, gadasvla xilulidan uxilavze,
uSualo kavSiri pirvelsaxesTan, arqetipTan (am safexurze ixsneba Rrma
azri _ Tu risTvis arsebobs xati)(12,59-60; 13,140-142; 14,16-17).
simbolos oTxgvari gaazreba qristianul msoflmxedvelobaSi ase
ganimarteba: magaliTad, ierusalimi literalurad aRniSnavs qalaqs wmida
miwaze, alegoriulad modResaswaule eklesias, moralurad _ yovelgvar
keTil suls da bolos anagogiurad _ zeciur samefos axal ierusalims.
Sua saukuneebSi gavrcelebuli, TeologTa mier interpretirebuli
simbolos oTxgvari gaazrebis aspeqtiT wyaros dawafebuli irmebis
simbolika amgvarad Seicnoba:
1. literaluri, sityvasityviTi aspeqti, rac imis aRmniSvnelia, rom irmebi
daswafebian wyaros.
2. alegoriuli, dogmaturi aspeqti. Zvel aRTqmaSi axali aRTqmis
winasaxis Zieba, anu Zveli aRTqmiseuli wyaros dawafebuli irmebi gamoxata-
ven qristianul, axal aRTqmiseul sarwmunoebisadmi swrafvas.
3. moraluri, anu spiritualuri aspeqtiT, viTarca iremi imarjvebs borot
Zalaze, ise gaimarjva qristem sikvdilze, daamxo bWeni jojoxeTisani, anu
triumfis gamomxatvelia.
4. dasasrul, anagogiuri, anu esqatologiuri aspeqti _ Seimecneba meored
mosvla. wyalsatevis SuaSi, wylis talRebs Soris amokveTili jvari,
niSania meored mosvlisa. Eefrem asuris mixedviT, jvars esqatologiuri
mniSvneloba gaaCnia, radgan meored mosvlis Jams jer jvari gamobrwyindeba.
Cemi azriT, Tu mTlianobaSi gaviazrebT irmebis Tematikas, garda sarwmun-
oebisaken swrafvisa, ixateba erTi metad mniSvnelovani motivi kerZod,
Zlevisa da triumfisa, rasac jvari gamoxatavs (aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom am
epoqaSive iyo gavrcelebuli irmebi sicocxlis xesTan).
vfiqrobT, rom irmebis gamosaxuleba atenis sionis Zvel bazilikaSi
Tavidanve timpanze ar iyo moTavsebuli, arqitravis dekori unda yofiliyo.
ar vici ramdenad marTebulia Cemi Sexeduleba, magram vfiqrob, rom igi
aRmosavleT fasadis dekors warmoadgenda, anu amkobda sakurTxevels
garedan, albaT, paralelis gavlebac SeiZleba V saukunis bolnisis sionis

6
sakurTxevlis gaformebasTan, sadac aseve tolmklava jvari medalionSia
Casmuli, Tan axlavs asomTavruli Tanadrouli warwera da kompoziciurad
erTianobaSia gaazrebuli, Tumca, aq jvari mainc dominantia sada, qvis
wyobiT amoyvanil monoliTur fasadze da Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, erTgvari
,,lirikuli gadaxvevaa.“
jvris aRmosavleT fasadze gamosaxva qarTul arqiteqturaSi bolomde
damkvidrdeba da swored Zlevis, sikvdilze gamarjvebis simbolod iqca da
amavdroulad igi axali aRTqmis sicocxlis xes warmoadgens, xolo mTeli
fasadi iseve formdeba, viTarca ciuri, anu axali ierusalimi, amis naTeli
nimuSia samTavisis da misi tipis taZrebis aRmosavleT fasadebi.
Tu isev irmebs mivubrundebiT, Semdegs SevniSnavT, rom adreuli xanidanve
gavrcelda iremTa gamosaxvis sxvadasxva redaqcia, kerZod, irmebi
sicocxlis wyarosTan, sicocxlis xesTan, an jvarTan, anu samoTxiseul
brwyinvalebaSi. marTalia, es Temebi adreqristianul xanaSi IV-VI
saukuneebSi vrceldeba, romelTa nimuSebsac qvemoT movixseniebT, magram
ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi xelnawerTa miniaturebSi, kerZod, kamaraTa
mxatvrul- dekoratiul gaformebaSi gvxvdeba samoTxiseuli scenebi, sadac
irmebis Temas mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia.
irmebi aseve sanaTlavebis dekorSic arian CarTulni (bolnisis sioni, biW-
vinTis iatakis mozaika). zogierT xalxTa rwmenaSi irmebi Tavisi rqebiT
sicocxlis xes ganasaxiereben. Aadreqristianuli xanis sicoclis wyaros
da masTan dakavSirebul samoTxis Tematikas irmebiT p. endervudma
specialuri monografia uZRvna (15,41-138).
Aamdenad, Cveni azriT, atenis sionis CrdiloeT timpani Tavis droze
arqitravi unda yofiliyo, mogvianebiT gadaakeTes timpanad. igi Zvel
bazilikaSi sakurTxevlis, anu aRmosavleT fasadis samSvenisi unda
yofiliyo, rasac adasturebs wyalsatevSi jvris CarTva.

Lliteratura:
1. k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. I, Tbilisi, 1980.
2. m.SaniZe, fsalmunTa wignis Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi, Tbilisi, 1979.

7
3.Н.Кондаков, Древняя архитектура Грузии, Москва,1876.
4.Г.Чубинашвили, Памятники типа Джвари,Тбилиси,1948.
5.g. abramiSvili, irmebis simbolika atenis sionis timpanis reliefze,
akademikos Salva amiranaSvilis saxelobis saqarTvelos xelovnebis
saxelmwifo muzeumi, ,,narkvevebi“,VI (2000).
6.Н. Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура Грузии, Москва,1977
7.g.abramiSvili, atenis sioni (adreuli Sua saukuneebis centralur-
gumbaTovani xuroTmoZRvruli tipis istoriidan), xelovnebaTmcodneobis
mecnierebaTa doqtoris xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili disertacia
(xelnaweris uflebiT), saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumi,
Tbilisi,1993.
8. ,,Satberdis krebuli“ b. gigineiSvilisa da el. giunaSvilis redaqciiT,
Tbilisi,1979.
9. q. xiTariSvili, ,,fiziologis“ simboloTmetyveleba, ,,mravalTavi“(ibeWde-
ba).
10. l.martiaSvili, vazis simbolika qarTul qristianul xelovnebaSi,
sadiplomo naSromi, (xelnaweris uflebiT),Tbilisis sasuliero akademia,
Tbilisi,1995.
11. sityuani fsalmunTani SemoklebiT TargmanTagan gamokrebilni mravalTa
wignTagan, naw. I, uZvelesi xelnawerebis mixedviT gamosacemad moamzada nino
doborjginiZem, Tbilisi,1996.
12. R. Taft, The Liturgy of the Great Church: An Initial Synthesis of Structure and Interpretation on
the Eve of Iconoclasm, DOP #34-35(1982-1983).
13. l. osefaSvili, simbolos oTxgvari gaazrebisaTvis Sua saukuneebSi,
kavkasiologTa I saerTaSoriso kongresis masalebi, Tsu, 2007.
14. И. Языкова, Богословие иконы, Москва,1995.
15. P. Underwood, The Fountain of the Life in manuscripts of the Gospels, DOP #5 (1950).

8
 Lali Osepashvili

The 41st Psalter Illustration from front relief of Ateni Sioni

SUMMARY

In an early Christian ages, when a Christian subject was not distinctly raised and little by
little it was formed as dogma, scenes of Old Testament were raised, and so was in hymnography
too. And Psalter strophes from the Christian period, could be found in basic relieves. Two
monuments of deer, drinking water from a spring, which is based on the North entrance
“Timpanus” of Ateni Sioni, could be given as a clear sample of this.
Scientists are giving different dates to this composition. We agree with the views of G.
Abramishvili and point out that it was created in the 5th century. There is given an illustration of
the 41st Psalter on this relief. Old Testament wisdom is laid in a fog of Christianity, like a deer
fall on water; believer spirit also aims to Christianity and Christian teachings.
After studying all this, we came to a conclusion that mentioned composition is a remain
of old basilica and must be included in the East front of the church. This is confirmed by the cut
cross at the centre of spring.
According to a text of “physiology” the deer is an enemy of dragon. The deer defeats a
dragon and personificates Christ symbolically, who had killed a big whale –death.
A deer is also shown in the scenes of paradise; it is related with a spring of life and tree.
According to some people’s believe, a deer with its antler is associated with a tree.
We have also discussed symbolic of deer with a four kind of opinions, which we could be
achieved in blissful Augustines writings. Psalter strophes carry important conceptions of
different meanings.

9
.

10