Structural Steel Design & Timber Design Peter B. Keating, Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Civil Engineering Texas A&M University Structural Steel Design American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) 3 Design Methods - Allowable Stress Design (ASD) - Plastic Design (Load Factor Design) Chapter N of ASD Manual - Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) #1 Second Edition, Volume | & IILRFD DESIGN METHOD Design Equation: Xv,0, < oR, where Q, = nominal load effect (service loads) VY, = load factor corresponding to Q, (usually > 1.0) 2y,0, = total factored load effect (or required strength) R, = nominal resistance = resistance factor corresponding to f, (< 1.0) R, = — design strength LOAD COMBINATIONS (Note: differ from ACI Code!) 1.4D (A4-1) 1.2D + 161 + O.5(L, or Sor R) (A4 2) 1.2D + 1.6(L, or S or R) +(0.5L or 0.8W) (A4-3) 1.2D + 1.3W | 0.5L +0.5(L, or S or A) (A4-4) 1.2D + 1.0F + 0.5L + 0.25 (A4-5) 0.9D + (1.3Wor 1.06) (A4-6) For members subject to dead and live load: 1.2D + 1.6L See Examples A-1 and A-2, p. 2-9MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL Rupture 28,000 ksi STRENGTH ©, = 0.002 bucTiLiTy STRUCTURAL STEELS ASTM Grade Yield Stross Tensile Stross Designation F, (ksi) F, (ksi) A36 _ 36. 58-80 AS72Z 42 60 50 65 60 75 65, 80 A588 0 70 . A852 (plate only) 70 go110 A514 (plate only) 90 90-130 AS14 ate only} 100 100-130, Sce Table 1-1, p. 1-15 for complete listing and availabilitySTRUCTURAL STEEL ROLLED SHAPES ! C Channel W_ Wide Flange I L Angle | S Standard WT Tee (cut from W) Section Properties in Part 1 of the LRFD Manual (Vo/. /) WELDED BUILT-UP MEMBERS (Symmetrical Cross Sections) 2 by 1 3 het, : 1, = th? + 2/b,t : ‘ 4 1 h a S = + = a x E » thet)/2 ' 2 —> Zz, tyne + btlhst,) 7 wg See Tables 4-183 to 4-185 for section properties of selected built-up wide-flange sectionsTENSION MEMBERS. - Gross Section Yielding (GSY) - Net Section Fracture (NSF) - Block Shear Rupture (BSR) - Serviceability Check — < 300 Tmin ~- Least Radius of Tin Gyration (L in inches) = = GROSS SECTION YIELDING (GSY) Prevents excessive elongation of the member Design based on the Gross Area, A, oP, = 0.9F,A,Prevents fracture at a connection Design based on the Effective Net Area, A, and Net Area, A, oP, 0.75F,A, 0.75F,UA NET AREA. A, Net area is the reduced gross area owing to the ta w “ holes A, = A, Avons = Ay -Gyyy Xt 5 FES zone Pret FS note {| Soom Lf Shoe — poy + 1/16" + 1/16"Staggered Iloles If the holes are staggered, a correction factor is used to account for the increased tensile strength on an inclined fracture path: P a t fom aen Pp Example: Determine the net area for the plate shown. Assume the holes are for 7/8" dia. bolts. 1 P * > i Rinse Path 1-1 A = UR) 209,07 + 8 6 6) + 12 (2P " aia) 3.13 in — controls Path 2:2 Ap = 4 = 2erayay + 12 152 aia) = 3.78 in? Path 3-3 A, > A 4482001 = 3.50 in?Net Effective Area. A. Defined as the reduced gross area or net area to account for non uniform stress distributions Ineffective Material = p e Ee —> {ite Critical Section SHORT CUNNEC TION. Critical Section 7 P Pp lk — : LONG CONNECTION REDUCTION COEFFICIENT When the load is transmitted by bolts or welds through some but not all of the cross sectional elements, the effective area is given as: A. = UA, where eee L x _ connection eccentricity, in £ = length of connection, in.Example Determine the reduction coefficient and tensile capacity for the angle shown bolted to the gusset plate. Assume A36 steel and a single row of 7/8" dia. bolts. Leet -— eee fl. i ve From Section Property Tables: A, = 4.79 in.%, x = 0.987 in Ui re5 18887 - 9.04 NSF: oP, = oFLUA, = 0.75 (58)(0.84)[4.75 - 0.5 (7/8 + 1/8)1 = 155 kips GSsY: oP, = OFA, = 0.90 (3614.75) = 154 kips controls Reduction Bolted Welded Coefficient, U Shapes Shapes 0.90 W and WT shapes W and WT shapes with b, > 2/3d with b, > 2/3d w/ at least 3 bolts 0.85 Wand WT shapes _Alll other cases with 6, < 2/3u, C, and L, shapes with at least 3 bolts 0.75 All shapes NA. with 2 bolts in lineBolted Flat Plates: U = 1.0 Welded Flat Plates: - with end weld: U = 1.0 - no end weld: = L>2wBLOCK SHEAR RUPTURE: —— - — —_ ———— —_ > bb c CO wr Note: Fracture path must surround entire bolt pattern(s) BLOCK SHEAR RUPTURE: OR, = O(O6F Ay + F, Ay) (AISC-LAID J4-3a} where Tension Frachie > = 0.75 Ay = gfoss shear area ae An = Net area in tension OR, = (O68 FAy + F Ay) (AISC-LRFD J4-3b) where Tensivn Yieting ob = O75 a A, = net area in shear Shear Fracture Aa = gross tension area Shear Fracture Equation with Larger fracture term controlsExample Determine the design strength of the single angle bolted connection shown. Assume A3G steel and 13/16 in holes. Tension Visiing = 3.75 in? ‘Shear Fracture xX — 1.18 in, Block shear rupture pattern . Ay ~ 1,810.5) 78 peta) — 0.745 in.? we . ri A, = (6 + 110.5) = 3.75 in? An = (1.5)(0.5) - 0.510.5)(13/16 + 1/16)] = 0.58 in? Aw = (7.50.5) - 2.5(90.5)(13/16 + 1/16)] = 2.66 in. Example (cont.) Controlling fracture term: 58(0.53) = 30.7 kips F,A,, = 0.6(58)(2.66) = 92.6 kips © shear fracture controls BSR: OP, = O10.6F,A,, + F,A,) = 0.75(92.6 + 36(0.75)) = 89.7 kips * NSE QO) aie ee ote L 6 oP, = OF,UA, = 0.75(58)(0.80)[(3.75 - 0.5(16/16)] — 115 kips GSY: $P, - FA, 0.90(36)(3.75) = 122 kipsCOLUMNS The AISC column design provisions based on Euler column buckling behavior Euler column has pinned ends Buckled a \» Defected End conditions for building columns | Shape differ tle J Determine the effective column length, i / KL | Can relate a building column back to the Euler column using K BRACED FRAMES (Sidesway Inhibited) Bracing Note: K < 1.0 for braced framesUNBRACED FRAMES = (Sidesway uninhibited) a Note: K > 1.0 for unbraced frames a 1 LT G ~ — € lying in the plane 5 ', of buckling = t, ¢ = columns 8 6 g = beams or girders0 10 SIDESWAY UNINHIBITED SIDESWAY INHIBITED CONTROLLING AXIS codons Khe : r i Larger value control fu) ° r Lo Jy y [F Calculate: 4, ke | a © m\ ECRITICAL BUCKLING STRESS when A, < 1.5 Fi = (0.658")F, (E2 2) when A, > 1.5 pe Oe 2 Note: can use Tables on pp. 6-147 to 6-151 DESIGN LOAD 2 3 te a § 2 For . ca (e2-2) Elastic : v Buckling 3 039 3S ~ a Inelastic a Buckling —.LOCAL BUCKLING rs by 95 ae ay VF, \ " A. 253 i te WF - 7 2 Note: Buckling of singly symmetric and unsymmetric columns require consideration of flexural-torsional buckling (see LRFD Appendix E) COLUMN DESIGN TABLES Part 3 - AISC-LRFD Manual COLUMNS W shapes Design axial strength in kips (9 = 0.85) 00) 00 Zea ca a] ao | eo || te | tuo | 20 2 | at | te || 0 | teatro to | 2] 21] | 29] 2] | 0 4-17COLUMN DESIGN TABLES For W-shapes. design loads are for weak-axis (Y-Y) buckling Can use for strong- axis buckling by using an equivalent slenderness ratio: ff Vly (FA When designing, do not know r,/r,. Estimate using the range of values given at the bottom of the design tables Example: For the column shown, select the lightest W12x for a design load of 750 kips. Use A36 steel. c (KL), 2.0(20) = 40 ft. ' (KL), = 0.80(20) = 16 ft. KL (KO, 40 yg won | Trom AISC-LRFD Column Design Tables: r/r, ranges from 1.76 to 1.80 for W12x columns with a desigit capacity of approximately 750 kips at (KL), = 16 ft - A, since Ms 250 > - 1.75101.80, we YW xx a 5 axis buckling controls. Since Column Design Tables are for (KL),, must find equivalent KL for the x-x axis: KL We 4. ut a rc Use W12x136 since OP, = 788 kips at (KL), — 24 ft. KL)DESIGN OF STEEL BEAMS Flexure ~ Lateral Torsional Buckling Shear Deflections Bearing | LL | | Strong Axis BendingIBERS STRONG AXIS BENDING OF |-SHAPED ME! Maximum design moment capacity: OM, = OM, = O.9FZ, where Z, is the plastic section modulus about the x-x axis Plastic Mp Inelastic My = M, tianie The beam may fail prior to reaching @M, due to local buckling or lateral torsional buckling LOCAL BUCKLING b Flange <8 (FLB) ; ag VF, 7 Web h . & (wie) ’ iLATERALLY UNBRACED BEAMS (Compact Sections) If L, > L, must reduced M, due to lateral torsional buckling L, is the distance hetween compression flange bracing points L, is the maximum unbraced length that allows 6M, — ~ Lateral Buckling In-Plane ~N Deflection Function of the slenderness ratio —° 1, ¥ Lateral Bracing Provided By: Continuous Supported at Support IntervalsNominal Moment Capacity - M, If ly < L, M, Moment Correction Factor The design equations based on a constant moment along the unbraced length, L, My, 4) mM, = M, Accounts for moment gradients between bracing points My my)” = 1.75 + 1.05} 1] +03] ee M, mM, M, is the smaller and M, is the larger bonding moment at the end of the unbraced length New Method in 2", see p. 6-53 and Table 4-1, p. 4-9M,/M, Negative MIM, PositiveBeam Chart Observations - Beam Charts for ©, = 1.0 - The horizontal portion of each curve defines oM, Limit of @M, = $M, at L, Is given by © - Limit of inelastic bending strength (Eq. F1-2) at L, is given byo - A solid curve or line represents the lightest and, hence, most economical section - A dashed curve or line indicates that a lighter section with equivalent or larger moment capacity exists Designing with the Beam Charts: Enter with M, = M, and L, Select first solid curve or line above intersection point for most economical section When C, > 1.0 Conservatively assume C, = 1.0 and use the beam charts as is, or calculate: Meee aC) Make selection and check M, > M, Note: M,,,,, is only used to enter the beam charts.Load Factor Design Selection Tables TOAD FACTOR DESIGN SELECTION TABLE For shapes taea ae ame 7 ‘n080 “te [se] tote] 20 | sraoe [ous [oom vc fiefs] eT ye | S18 [ees | a) & fs |e | see |e | |r| |e Hs | gis leslels afm |S] Rseea| 1B Example Select the lightest W18x for a simply supported beam shown. Assume w, = 2 kip/ft (including the beam weight) and w, = 3 kip/tt. Use A36 steel and assume lateral bracing the end supports only. w w, = 1.2(2) + 1.6(3) LACT = 7.2 kips/ft — ——— wl? _ /.2(20) 20"-0° : 8 8 = 360 k-ft 360(12) in2 = 360 = 133in. ver 0.9(36) " 1, = 20 ft and C, - 1.0 since M,,, occurs inside L, (LRFD 2" Ed. allows C, = 1.14) From Beam Charts (p. 4-128) use W18x76Example Repeat last example assuming that the compression flange is laterally braced at midspan as well as at the end supports. L, = 10 ft, conservatively assuming C, = 1.0: Use W18x71 Using the correct value for C, (2" Ed.) C, = 1.30 from Table 4-1 (p. 4-9} M, = 360/1.30 = 277 kip-ft equiv Try W18x55, check Z, = 112 in.° < Z,, = 133 in. NG. The beam can also be checked for adequacy by following the W18x55 curve back up to its plateau (M,) which in this case is 302 k-ft. FLEXURAL SHEAR Typically, the beam selection is based on satisfying the bending moment requirements and then checked for shear F, = 0.6F, ° v The web of a W-shape section resists the ‘= fb shear force, therefore the shear capacity of d 7 E ale b the cross section is given as OV, = 0.910.6)F,d ty Shear capacities for W-shapes are tabulated in the Maximum Factored Uniform Load Tables (pp. 4-35 to 4-108) Shear controls the design for short spans and when concentrated loads are applied close to a support,Example Verify the shear capavily of the W18x71 selection in the previous example, Vv, = 2220) = 72 kips For W18x71: d = 18.47 in., t, = 0.495 in OV, = 0.9(0.6)(36)(18.47)(0.495) = 178 kips > 72 kips ¥ Using beam table (p. 4-50) @V, = 178 kips / DEFLECTIONS: — (AISC-LRFD Chapter L) The 2™ Edition only states “Deformations in structural members and structural elements due to service loads shall not impair the serviceability of the structure." Often, the design of floor beams is controlled by deflections Dead load deflection is negated by reverse camber at fabrication From AISC-ASN, the deflection due to live load is limited by: L A, « ‘ 360 where £ is the span length in inches, A, calculated based on infactored live loads.Example Check deflection criteria for the W18x71 section selected in the previous example. For W18x71: f, = 1170 in.* A, = Suet “ 384E/ = <819/12N20x12)" 9.39 in. (watch units!) 384(29,000)(1170) Boy = 20012) 0.67 in. ¥ 360 W18x71 A CONCENTRATED LOADS - Local Web Yielding (Sec. K1.3, p. 6-92) - Web Crippling (Sec.K1.4, p. 6-93)LOCAL WEB YIELDING: Greater than a distance d from the end of the member: OR, = 1.0(N+5K)F 2, At or near the end of the member: OR, = 1.0(N+2.5K)F,t, Can use Maximum Factored Uniform Load Tables (at bottom) oR, + ONR, and R forN = 3%" (end bearing) WEB CRIPPLING: At a distance not less than a/2 for the end of the member: wes ( F OR, = 0.75(135)22/1 +4) ‘| Fw te gv 4) tw At or near the end of the member: 4 for Nid< 0.2 oR orstearah «9( (S| for Nid > 0.2 oR ~ 0.75(68)¢2)1 (a 0}[ DRmax — OR, + NOR,Example Determine the adequacy of 3 in. bearing plates for the end supports of the W18x71 of the previous problem. = 72kips < oR, Using beam table, p. 4-50: Local Web Yielding: OR, + NOR, = 66.8 + 17.8(3) = 120 kips V Web Crippling: OR, + NOR, = 95.9 + 7.44(3) = 118 kips ¥ COMBINED LOADING - BIAXIAL BENDING - COMBINED AXIAL TENSION AND BENDING - COMBINFD AXIAL COMPRESSION AND BENDING BEAM-COLUMN Use Interaction Equations: Load Effect Design StrengthM, M, po 1.0 OM, >My where mM, < M,, (may be reduced due to LTB) = 0M,, (no LTB for bending about y-y axis) My = OMpy Example Verify that a W18x50 of A36 is adequate for the following loading: M,, = 100 k-ft and M,, — 20 k-ft. W18x50: 101 in.’ and Z, = 16.6 in. 100112) 2011) 0.91101)(36) 0.9116 6) 6) 0.3/ + 0.45 = 0.81 < 10 4 W18x71_of A36 steel is adequateAXIAL TENSION AND BENDING: N - p For gp, °°? Pe 8 Ma Mw) ag oP, 90M,” 0,m,,} p For am <2 P, M., M, an 26,P, | OM. o.M,, | , Consider all possible failure states for a tension member (GSY, NSR, BSR) AXIAL COMPRESSION AND BENDING: N max AISC-LRFD estimates the P delta cffect using a moment magnification factor, B,MOMENT MAGNIFICATION FACTOR (Braced Frames) B= > 1.0 where A,F, P. = “** (Euler Buckling) a Cy = Moment Correction Factor (similar to C,) (see Chapter C, p. 6 41) = 1.0 for conservative design BEAM-COLUMN INTERACTION EQUATIONS bP, Poo, 26,7, < 1.0 BM, By My OMe May Note: P-delta effect occurs in both axes for biaxial bendingExample Determine the adequacy of a W10x30 of A588, Gr 50 steel for the loading condition shown. Assume that the member is laterally braced only at the end supports ee 2B, = ips w= 06 Kat Pe LECT, = e0kis yey - 1-9) (“4 - 1.01212) _ jog ' 1.37 ver Example (cont.) OP, = U.8SF,A, = 0.85(0.685"* *)(50)(8.84) = 167.5 kips yy bending: M,, = 0.5(12)'/8 = 9.0 k-ft, No x-x bending: M,, = 0 May ~ OFZ, ~ 0.9(60)(8.84) = 398 kin. = 33.2 k-ft 1.0 (transverse loading and unrestrained ends (pinned) 212 (20,000)(8-84) _ 299 kips, B,, - 0 __ (105) " 10- 80/228 = 1.54 PAY, = 80/167.5 = 0.478 > 0.20 « Use Eq. (HI-1a) P, 8,,M, ( 2, 8) Swi) _ 9.478. 8( _1-54(9.0) - 0.85 < 1.0 ¥ OP, 9( o,M,, 9] 0.9(50)(8.84) 12STRUCTURAL FASTCNERS Unfinished Bolts: A307 High-Strength Bolts: A325 ‘Washer LOAD CONDITION: Tension where F, See Table o1, = 0.75A,F, = Nominal Strength = 90 ksi, A325 = 113 ksi, A490 = nominal bolt diameter —a 8-15, p. 8-27, Voll [Table 1-A, p. 5-3, Ist Ed.]HIGH-STRENGTH BOLTS SUBJECT TO SHEAR Bearing: A325-X A325-N ce — A490-X — A490-N —NN N = threads in shear plane(s) X — threads excluded Z ~. —AN Slip Critical: — sam A235-SC A490-SC BOLT HOLE TYPES Bearing-Type Connections: Hole cannot be oversized by more ovs than 1/16" in the direction of loading G Slip-Critical Connections v wt CO) Oversized holes reduce the friction — surface, reducing the resisting force against slipBEARING TYPE BOLT STRENGTH or, = 0.75F,AN, where F, = nominal bolt shear strength = 24 ksi for A307 = 48 ksi for A325 N = 60 ksi for A325-X = 60ksi for A490-N 75 ksi for A490-X A, = nominal area of bolt N, = number of shear planes (1 or 2) See Table 8-11, p. 8-24, Vol. / [Table I-D, p. 5-5, 1° Ed.] SLIP-CRITICAL TYPE BOLT STRENGTH New to LRFD 2™ Edition, can base strength on factored loads (see Appendix J, p. 6-130) Or, = O1.13NT,N, where o = 1.0 for standard (STD) holes (see p. 6-130 for other hole types) a = slip coefficient (function of plate surface finish) = 0.33 for unpainted clean mill scale (Class A) number of slip planes (1 or 2)Bolt Connection Nominal Diameter d. in Designation | Type toading [ya] ge | a Tran}iaal Hole Types ~~ 4326-S¢ Stip Critical Single Shear 10.4 145 190 209 265 ‘Standard Double Shear | 20.9 79.1 aa aia 530 Single Shear | @88 12.4 16.2 17.8 22.6 | Owned oma Double Shear | 17.8 24.7 32.3 35.5 46.0] °t Sher slotted Single Shear | 6.26 @.73 11.4 12.5 15.0 Loo aouwe Dauhie Shear | 12.5 17.5 26.1 31.8 anes Single Shear | 7.81 10.2 14.6 10.5] toroseuca Double Shear | 14.6 20.4 29.2 37.1 Mansverse: AQIEN Rearing Type | Single Shear | 16.8 21.6 35.0 44.2 | Stoned oa one AS25-X __Bearing-Type | Singie Snear | 19.9 27.1 36.3 44,7 B52 | Standard aa ong "hos vare’ | Double Shear] 39.8 54.1 70.7 995 t10| “ee "4490-86 Slip Critical Single Shear | 13.1 18.3 23.9 29.8 38.0 ‘Standard Double Shear | 26.1 36.5 47.7 59.7 76.1 Single Shear | 11.1 15.5 20.3 254 32.3 Oversea round Double Shear} 22.2 31.1 40.6 50.7 64.7 Single shew | 7.83 19.0. 14.9. 17.9 22.8] torgaiea Double Shear | 15.7 21.9 28.6 35.8 456 Single Shear | 9.14 12.8 16.7 20.9 26.6| Lona soxoa Double Shear | 18.3 25.6 33.4 41.8 53.3 Manswers ‘AagON Bearing Type Single Shear | 19.9 27.1 96.3 44.7 65.2 | Suns ondiong Sis | Double Shear | 39.8 54.1. 70.7 895 110 ~~ na90-x Rearing-Type | Single Shear | 24.9 33.9 44.2 56.0 69.1 | Standard and long "Mes lane” | Oouble Shear | 49.7 67.7 90.4 112 199] “eran? Table: Design loads (kips) for structural bolts subject to shear (from AISC-LRFO Vol, I, Tables, 8-11 and 8-17}SPACING BETWEEN BOLTS: Sinax = 3d, looit Use 3” for 1.0" dia. or less EDGE DISTANCE: L, = 18d Use 1.5" for 1.0" dia. or less BOLT BEARING: or, = 0.75(2.4)u ¢F, where d@ = nominal diameter of the bolt t = _ thickness of the connected part (plate) F, = specified tensile strength of connected part Reduced bearing strengths when spacing criteria not satisfied (see Sec. J3.10)Example Determine the maximum design load (axial tension) for the single shear lap splice shown. Assume four 7/8" dia A325-N bolts, STD holes, and A36 steel. Bolt Bearing: From Table 8-11 (p. 8-24) OR, = 4(21.6) = 86.4* GSY: ~ OP, = 0.9(36)(0.5)(6) = 97.2 kips NSF: OP, = 0.75(58)[(0.5)(6) - 2(7/8 | 1/8)0.5)] = 87.0 kips Example (cont.) Bolt Bearing or, = 0.75(2.4)(7/8)(0.5)(58) = 46.7 kips/bolt OR, = 4(46.7) = 183 kips Check Bolt Spacing Sin = 3d = 3(7/8) = 2.632 in. < 3.0in. OK. 1, = 15d = 1.5(7/8) = 1.31 in. < 1.5 in. O.K. P, = 87.0 kips (Net Section Fracture of the plate)NET SECTION SHEAR STRENGTH Similar to net section fracture of tension members Shear Fracture 3] OR, = 0.75(0.6)F, A, An = Age ~ Anoies = LE MygesApon + WB") OR, = 0.75(0.6)F, CLL - Mroies(Apor + 1/8")] ECCENTRIC LOADS ON BOLT GROUPS Vector or Elastic Method (Conservative) tw 1-D% fig Ei te Mr, f, ~ —atleat hog 7 J LA, hx z hy What Fay)? * to Use Eccentrically Loaded Bolt Group Tables (pp. 8-40 to 8-87, Vol IN) [pp. 5-63 to 5-86, 1" Ed.) Based on Instantaneous Center of Rotation MethodECCENTRIC LOADS ON BOLT GROUPS Example Determine the maximum design load that the bolt group for the crane rail support can carry. Assume A325-X, //8” dia. bolts in single shear. From Table 8-24 wr or, = 27.1 kips oa Fram Table 8-19 (p. 8-46) Cc - 1.46 P, = Cor, = 1.46(27.1) - 39.6 kipsWELDS Weld Types: - fillet weld - complete penetration groove weld - partial penetration groove weld plug and slot weld Weld Processes: - Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) - Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) ELECTRODE - FILLER METAL Match Weld Metal: Base Metal Cre SOLKSlamelem Use E60XX electrodes (Can use E7OXX) Rase Metal: F, = 5O0ksi, F, = Use E70XX electrodesDESIGN STRENGTH OF FILLET WELDS Ok, = 00.60. t, = 0.75(0.6)F,. 0.7072 strength per unit length For E60XX, ok, 1.19 kips/1/16" of weld For E7OXX, ok, = 1.39 kips/1/16" of weld A fillet weld size, a, of 5/16 in. is common since it is the maximum size that can be placed down in one pass. Fillet weld along plate edge cannot exceed the plate thickness minus 1/16 in, when the plate thickness Is 1/4 in. or greater.Example Two plates of A36 steel are Lo be spliced using a 5/16 in. weld. One plate is 1"x8" and the other is %" x 6". Determine the required weld length based on the smaller plate capacity. GSY: P = 0.9(36)(0.5)(6.0) = 97.2 kips Use E60XX electrodes ven Lea = fe wexe _ 97.2 0.75(0.6)(60)(0.707)(5/16) : ~ _—_—__ = 16.3 in. sree ECCENTRIC LOADS ON WELD GROUPS L al an yes p 1] io AL a } L xt kL ke P a P B P C\DL COL cC,0 D = number of 1/16" fillet weld size C, = Electrode Coefficient (= 1.0 for E70Xx) (see Table 8-37, p. 8-158)ECCENTRIC LOADS fn te saa Se EADS [cn ct een Example Determine the maximum design load that the weld group shown can support. Assume 5/16 in. fillet welds made with E6OXX electrodes Use Table 8-42 (p. 8-187) y i { L = 10", kL = 6" k = 0.6 | x = 0.164 (from bottom row) | xl = 0.164(10) = 1.64" e al = 11-1.64 = 9.4" a = 9.4/10 = 0.94 * For a — 0.94 andk = 0.6, C = 1.51 oe C, = 0.857 (from p. 8-158) OR, CC,OL = 1.51(0.857}(5)(10) = 64,7 kips.COMPLETE PENETRATION GROOVE WELDS Use "Matching" weld metal No explicit design LLLL FIT. a a < 60 as 60 Weld Metal: $F, A, = 0.80(0.60)F,y A, Base Metal: $F, A, 0.9F, AySTEEL CONNECTIONS SIMPLE CONNECTIONS (Shear} - Double Angle (Framed Beam Connection) Single Angle - Seated Beam MOMENI CONNECTIONS — (Shear and Moment) > Flange Plate a Split Tee - End Plate DOUBLE ANGI F CONNECTION1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) DOUBLE ANGLE CONNECTION Shear Capacity of the beam web Rolt hole bearing strength of the beam web Shear Capacity of the bolts (double shear) Bolt hole bearing strength of the angles Net section shear capacity of angles (usually controls) Gross section yielding of angles Shear capacity of bolts at column (single shear but 2x) Bolt hole bearing capacity of the column flange BOLTED DOUBLE-ANGLE CONNECTIONS Table 9-2 (pp. 9-22 to 9-87)WELDED ER, EAM CONNECTIONS As an alternative to bolting, the angles can be fillet welded to the beam web Design Tables are given on pp. 9-88, 9-89, and 9-90 (E70XX) Bolt bearing in the beam web is no longer a concern if welded UNSTIFFENED REAM SEATS Columa ALA Angle Staviizes Top Flange | Beam Pe | fe Lp emma | |a web wen crippiing of beam web 1) Seer 2) Local wea yieldit:g a yor bearing capacity of angle 5) Bolt shear strength at angle-calumn connection 6) Bolt bea y of column flange (web) sity oF 5 Design tables are provided: p. 9-136 for bolted connections Pp. 9-137 for welded connections 1 Critical Section 4-51The design of the connection is: on the magnitude of the force carried through: the beam flanges: | A moment connection is made by connecting the flanges where d,, = moment arm and is either the full depth of the beam, d, or d - t, depending on the type of connection | | The shear is still carried by a web connection MOMENT CONNECTION - WELDED FLANGES The flanges are welded to Full Penetration the column using complete Groove Weld penetration groove welds Only need to match the. weld metal with the base meta! The shear is carried by an end-plate shear Dy = d= tyELANGC-PLATED MOMENT CONNECTIONS Flange-to-Bearr ge Connection Flange Plate fillet welded {top plate narrower than beam flange) (bottom plate wider than beam flange) boited (single shear) | Plate-to-Column Connection fillet welded complete penetration groove weld d, = MOMENT CONNECTIONS The beam flange force, #,,, may cause failure of the column flange and or web The tension force causes: Pay tension) flange bending - local web yielding Pa onmarassion) The compression force causes web crippling compression buckling The column resistance to these failures is reduced at the end or top of the column (free end)| TIMBER DESIGN National Design Specifications for Wood Construction (NDS®) Revised 1991 Edition (Green Cover) American Forest & Products Associate 1111 19" Street, N.W., Seventh Floor Washington, D.C. 20037 Attn: Publications Dept. National Design Specitications Supplement Contains sawn lumber section properties, allowable stresses for lumber and glued laminated timber ASD DESIGN METHOD Design Equation: f s F where fr design stress level due to the load effect load effect divided by the member section property F = allowable stress level = material resistance divided by a factor of safetySTRUCTURAL SAWN LUMBER CATEGORIES Structural Sawn Lumber Dimension | (Beams & Stringers | Post & Timbers) Decking | b=2"to 4" bss" bes" b=2"toa" de 2" dob+2" dsb+2" used primarily as used primarily weak-axis, bending members as columns bending Section Properties of Standard Dressed Sawn Lumber (NDS-Sup Table 18) xX vv aus Stan bes won| women Nomad Pieced | soon || secion | EE ‘Areroiate win pound See sees) | seston | ative | inena | osu | tenia bee tea ee |e | ee | hy secresrincres | ct | ee | me | | | sen | some ta aax ove ors: | ovr | 023 | coe Jose | o2e ina bax Bt tan | 2600 | 030 | ora ease | os ine Bax 512 szei | 40 | ose fora Jone | ones a aan baa eso | sez | oss | ozss Jos | tas tao Bie ae fom | daar | fans | ose | tao | tae tee tei saz | anos | 1055 | oa | tees | i758 axa vax 242 ress | ose Pov [oss | ove 2x5 tia | r668 | t256 [rar | $408 2x6 avea | 270 | 2030 | seaa | 2266 a oss | Suen | 2602 | 2408 | 2a Pai moo | aos | asce | oxo | aste Pri zava | aoca | ater [aan | drat as eos | cee | Seo frase | >aae are sees | 579 | rer | baer | deesALLOWABLE STRESS. Allowable stress values for wood differ for different stress orientations and member typos duc to its anisotropic nature The following designations are used for the tabulated allowable design stresses: F, = extreme fiber in bending F, = tension parallel to grain Fi. compression parallel to grain F., = compression perpendicular to grain F, = horizontal shear F, = end grain in bearing ALLOWABLE STRESSES =p) =t-NDS Sup. Base Design Values for Visually Graded Lumber NDS Sup. Base Design Values for Visually Graded LumberADJUSTMENT FACTORS Tabulated design values of allowable stress for various species and grades of structural lumber may require modification for certain load conditions and applications: Depa Adjustment Factor Duration of load, C, Size, C. Lateral stability of beams, C, Lateral stability of columns, C, Wet use, Cy See NDS Table 2.3.1 for complete listing C,_~ DURATION OF LOAD Accounts for the fact that wood can support higher stresses for shorter periods of time Tabulated allowable stresses are for normal duration of load ae ‘Type of Load Duration ot Load Modification Factor, Ca Dead load Over 10 years, permanent 0.9 Floor live load 10 years 1.0 Snow load 2 months 1b Roof Live load 7 days Wind or earthquake 1 day Impact 2 seconds 2.0 Conservative to assume C, = 1.0BEAMS AND BENDING MEMBERS: Allowable bending stress: fy < Fy where - om fo = Emme Cre Fly Cy Cy Ce Cy Cry Cy C, x Fry Some factors may already be incorporated into the tabulated values For sawn lumber 2" to 4" thick loaded on the wide face, apply Tlat Use Factor, C,,. REPETITIVE MEMBER FACTOR For dimension lumber 2" to 4" thick used as joists, truss chords, rafters, studs, planks, decking, or similar members: = Cx, where C, = repetitive member factor = 1.15 Requires: - 3 or more members spacing < 24" c/c - floor, roof or other load distributing elementsSTABILITY OF BENDING MEMBERS a Nominal Depth to Width Ratio Rule 2:1 or less No lateral Support is required 3:1 to 4:1 The ends shall be held in position. as by full-depth solid blocking, bridging, hangers, nailing or bolting to other framing members, or other acceptable means 51 One edge shall be held in line for its entire length 64 Bridging, full-dopth at intervals not exceeding 0 ft unless both edges are held in line or unless the compression edge of the member is supported throughout its length to prevent lateral displacement, as by adequate sheathing or subflooring, and the ends at points 7A Both edges shall be held in line for their entire length ALLOWABLE SHEAR STRESS For rectangular cross-sections, the shear formula simplifies to the following: roe 3M 2bd where: d = depth of the cross-section (in.) b width of the cross-section (in.) V_— = __ design shear force or reaction When calculating the shear force, V, all loads within a distance d from either support may be neglected (loads applied to one surface and beam fully supported by the opposite faceSHEAR AT NOTCHED BENDING MEMBERS Notched in tension face: . d, a , . [3v]fa . 2bd,||\d, | where g¢ = depth of unnotched member d, = — depth of member remaining at a notch V_ = __ shear force determined by conventional means SOLID RECTANGULAR COLUMNS r = Determine effective column length: /, = KL LJr < 5O (75 during construction)COLUMN STABILITY FACTOR - C,, a C= LER |] gl Bgl ° 2c acu c where = tabulated compression design value multiplied hy all applicable adjustment factors except C, KE Foe = “ (Ja)? Ke = 0.3 for visually graded lumber BEARING PERPENDICULAR TO GRAIN Based on net bearing area: f, F..' For bearing less than 6" in length and not nearing than 3" to the end of the member: C, = Bearing area factor 0.375, where L, is the bearing length measured parallel to grain (in.)BEARING PARALLEL TO GRAIN BEARING PERPENDICUIAR TO GRAIN F FF wT Toe Direction Fisin®A + Fl one? ee Slete 90 2, an Dirvetion or Grain CONNECTIONS Design tables given in NDS General Provisions - Part VII Bolts - Part VIII Lag Screws - Part IX Split Ring and Shear Plate Connecturs - Part X Wood Screws - Part XI Nails and Spikes - Part XIl Strength values a function of specific gravity of the wood (see NDS Table 8A)STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINALED LIMBER Fabricated from relatively thin laminations of wood. Stronger, higher grades of wood placed at the outer laminations Require application of adjustment factors as per NDS Sup. Table 5A, and NDS Sec. 2.3 and Part 5 NDS Sup. Table 5A provides design values (allowable stresses, etc.) for different lamination combinations with various wood species. Section Properties for glued laminated timber are given in NDS Sup. Table 1C Lamination designation given as XXF-VY where XXF is the tension zone bending stress (x10* psi), V is for visually graded wood, and Y is fur the lamination combination (see UBC Standard No. 25-11). NDS Sup. Design Values for Glued Laminated Timber See) — casa EN ON aa es ESTO tori | ere an ‘et B| 2 | 8 3. lige |= 2NDS Sup. Section Properties of Glued Laminated Timber