Tolentino vs.

COMELEC- kring zamora group 3

Jan 21 2004

Parties: - Petitioners: Arturo Tolentino, Arturo Mojica

- Respondents: COMELEC, Ralph Recto, Gregorio Honasan
- Ponente: Carpio

Background:
This is a petition for prohibition to set aside the COMELEC’s Resolutions which proclaimed official and final the 13
candidates elected as Senators in the May 14 2001 elections.

Facts of the Case

In Feb 2001, a Senate seat for a term expiring on June 30 2004 was vacated w/ the appointment of then Sen.
Guingona as VP of the PI.

The Senate then adopted Resolution #84 wc: 1) certified the existence of a vacancy in the Senate & 2) called the
COMELEC to fill up the said vacancy through a special election to be held simultaneously w/ the regular election on
May 14 2001, and 3) declared the senatorial candidate garnering the 13th highest number of votes shall serve only for
the unexpired term of former Sen. Guingona. Accdg to the Senate, this Resolutn is for the “guidance” &
“implementatn” of the COMELEC, &that it had NO discretion to alter the said procedure.

Nobody filed a certificate of candidacy to fill the position of senator to serve the unexpired 3yr term in the special
electn. All the senatorial candidates filed the certificates of candidacy for the 12 regular Senate seats w/ a 6yr term
each. COMELEC distributed nationwide official documents (eg Voter Info Sheet, List of Candidates, Sample Ballot).
The List of Candidates DID NOT provide 2 different categories of Senate seats to be voted, namely the 12 regular 6-
year term seats & the single 3-year term seat. Nor did the ballots provide a separate space for the candidate to be
voted in the special election & instead provided 13 spaces for 13 senatorial seats.

Without any COMELEC resolution/notice on the time, place & manner of the special election, the special election was
held on the scheduled May 14 2001 regular elections.

A single canvassing of votes for a single list of senatorial candidates was also done.

Petitioners assailed the manner by which the special election was conducted for violating the precedents set by the
1951 & 1955 special elections, both of wc were held simultaneously & yet distinctly w/ the regular general elections.

Thus, they pray that the Court declare that 1) NO special elections were held & that 2) Comelec’s Resolutions that
proclaim the Senatorial candidate who obtained the 13th highest # of votes as a duly elected be declared NULL&VOID

Issue/s
Procedural Issues: 1) WON the Court has no jurisdiction over the matter bec respondents say it is a quo
warranto proceeding (a proceeding wc determines the right of a public officer in the exercise of his office & to oust
him from it if his claim is not well-founded), where only the Senate Electoral Tribunal can serve as judge.
2) WON the petition is MOOT
3) WON the petitioner have locus standi
Substantive Issue: WON a special election to fill a vacant 3-yr term Senate seat was validly held on May
14 2001, despite the lack of a “call” for such an election & for lack of notice from COMELEC

Ratio Decidendi
The petition HAS NO MERIT.
Procedural Issues: 1) YES, the Court can properly exercise jurisdiction bec what the petitioners are questioning
here is the validity of the special election in wc Honasan was elected, NOT his right in the exercise of his office as
Senator. His election is merely incidental to the petitioner’s case of action.
2) Although the petition may be moot, it is no bar for the Court to decide on its resolution bec the question of the
validity of a special election is likely to be repeated
3) YES, the Court shall be liberal in applying its rule of locus standi bec the issues raised are of transcendental
significance & paramount importance to the people, for it involves the people’s right for suffrage.
Substantive Issue:
YES, a special election to fill a vacant 3-yr term Senate seat was validly held on May 14 2001. Although COMELEC
DID NOT COMPLY w/ the requirements of RA 6645, either strictly or substantially, it does NOT invalidate the special
election. WHY?

A) Bec although no calls for special election were made by COMELEC, Sec 2 of RA 6645, as amended by RA 7166
already provides that in case of vacancy in the Senate, the special election to fill such vacancy shall be held
simultaneously w/ the next succeeding regular election. The law already charges the voters w/ knowledge of this
statutory notice & COMELEC’s failure to give additional notice did not negate the calling of such special election,
much less invalidate it.
B) Moreover, there is no proof that the COMELEC’s failure to give a formal notice of the Office to be filled & the
manner of determining the winner in the special election actually misled voters & thereby changed the results of the
election. After all, the voters can be duly notified through other sources such as media reports & election propaganda
during the campaign.
C) Our election laws DO NOT require that a separate documentation or canvassing of votes be made for a special
election. COMELEC acted w/in its constitutional powers when it chose to abandon the precedents of the 1951 &1955
special elections & instead adopted the Senate’s Resolution 84 wc shall award to the senatorial candidate garnering
the 13th highest number of votes, the unexpired Senate term of Sen. Guingona. The Court shall not interfere.
note: the Senate (through Roco’s suggestion), in Resolution 84 felt that giving the 3year term to the candidate w/ the 13th highest
number of votes was being practical & economical)
In fine, the Court is loathe to annul elections despite certain irregularities unless it is impossible to distinguish wc laws
are lawful & wc are not. This is to acknowledge the fact that suffrage is one form of people’s direct participation in
government, & it is thus indispensable in a democratic society like ours.
***REMINDER to COMELEC*** : the Court however, reminded the COMELEC to not take chances anymore in future
elections. COMELEC reminded to next time, comply strictly w/ all the requirements of the law regarding both regular
& special elections.

Appendix:

1) Puno’s Dissenting Opinion (joined by Davide, Vitug, Ynares-Santiage & Tinga)

The electorate should have been informed of the time, place & manner of conduct of the May 14 2001 special
election for the single senatorial seat for the unexpired term of VP Guingona. The cases of Tolentino, UNIDO, Blo
Umpar Adiong & Hassan all deepened the doctrine that a meaningful exercise of the right of suffrage in a genuinely
free, orderly&honest election is predicated upon an informed electorate. The cases of Bince & Benito also teach us
that correct ascertainment of the will of the people is equally necessary. In not allowing the voter to separately
indicate the candidate he voted for the 3yr senatorial term, the voter was deprived of his right to make an informed
judgment based on his own reasons&valuations. Thus, his true will in the special election was not ascertained.

It is the ponencia’s argument that RA 6645, as amended by RA 7166 already provides that in case of vacancy in the
Senate, the special election to fill such vacancy shall be held simultaneously w/ the next succeeding regular election.
However, this is NOT the intention of the said laws, for they still require that the COMELEC issue an official notice of
call of special elections. Likewise, neither RA 6645 nor RA 7166 contemplates the integration of the special election
into the regular election whereby candidates who filed certificates of candidacy for the regular elections also
automatically stand as candidates in the special election. The Omnibus Election Code is clear that a candidate can
run for only 1 position in an election.

The ponencia likewise cites the Duquette case to lend support to its thesis that statutory notice suffices. In Duquette,
it was held that in the absence of an official notice of the special election mandated by law to be held simultaneously
w/ the regular election, there should be actual notice of the electorate, as proven by the voting of a significant
percentage of the electorate. In the case at bar however, the number of votes cast for the special election cannot be
ascertained as the ballot did not indicate separately the votes for special election. Thus, there is neither official notice
nor proof of actual notice.

The Senate’s observation that the procedure for the special election that it adopted would be lost costly for the govt
as the ballots need not be printed separately does not justify the manner of the May 14 2001 special election. We
cannot bargain the electorate’s fundamental right to vote intelligently w/ of the coin of convenience. Besides, even w/
the Senate observation, the regular ballot had to be modified anyway, to include a 13th space.
Reliance on RA 6645 as amended by RA 7166 is ERRONEOUS, for under it, it is the COMELEC and NOT the
Senate wc is supposed to call & hold special elections in case of vacancy. The Senate has NO POWER to impose on
the COMELEC the procedure for the special election.

In fine, the ponencia’s ruling will not only be a step back in time but also constitute a fall in the nation’s rise to
democracy. Free elections does not only mean that the voter is not physically restrained from going to the polling
booth but also that the voter is unrestrained by the bondage of ignorance.

2) 1951 & 1955 elections: In the 1951 & 1955 elections, wc were supposed to serve as models for special elections:
a) a separate space was provided in the official ballot for senatorial candidates running for the 2yr term, b) candidates
for the single Senate term of 2 yrs filed separate & distinct certificates of candidacy, c) tallying & canvassing were
separated for the regular&special elections.