- .... P,g:rt No. PW~ 109702 ......___, ____. ,PWA 0 L laD _II!!

II

-

THE AfRCRA,F'T ENGINE AN,D lIS, O,PERA,TJON

'II

•

INSTALLATION Er;lGINEER,f,NG Fe:b,ru'aF), I' 1955

~,iT .. ' I!'.!fMln!l.o Ill!!fjj H4b

!ICWo,Jnp,N ~rr.l; ,A.",I • .DI, ""'~ ,~ ltiH!~iwd It{lfM .R.1I!~i~~. j!llm.",Il' 194"9- .&!iipp,lniaif wJ~ !!!~.,.~!ti.. A!l\lIliI'IIt It,$~ -Riliflrillli w~r'" .!tt~~JP>iMF,. Jfiiill"'''' i ,~#! i'iI~J!'r; .. r ..... ft.h ;!l"''''i~i~lIj, i:i.~mi!!C'P ~ ~5i hplint '!II'ir.h lI:Il ... t:L!~niF,. f.,,!,puUfY 'fS~

.-

TABLE 0)' 'CONTENTS

FORt. WORD.

II. I 1_".' I I ....... I I~.I I .... _1 I 101: __ ... I __ .. ~.~'I~_~I'~ i":-= .. ~,! I'!"!-rl 1'I~rl·1 11111 •• I I •••• I I '.111,1 I ...... '1 I I hi II 1 I I 1f.'U,

D·

PART: I

~HE AIRCRAFT POWERPLA...",..

'THE i-URCRAFr' .rCiWFlRPLA·NT .. " , ... ," , .. ,' , ... ,' '. .... _-, , . . m.--", , ••• ,' .. ,,'" ",. 7

. >T.A E PO'\llER SECTIO,,N --- ... --- ... -.", " •• ," , •• ," , •• ,' " .. ," .. __ ", , __ '" , __ ..... __ ...... _. __ , . ,., :8

l~s ... rRl': .n'l:ElNTS .AND CONTROLS-_- .... _ ... , ,m" , ••• ,' , •• ,.," , •• ," 'w,' ,._., '. ... ., lQ.

THE AaC~SBo..RY ~AR SECTION, 'tHE

;to..~OSE S.!EC1'WN, .A~·D THE PROP.ELLER .. , __ .. , e __ '" ,_ •• ,' , •• ,'" , •• ," ""'! :iI. i

'l'ME l. UBN.JiGATION .SlYS·T:E!]t.1· _ ... '" .... , , ,_.,'" ,.," , .... , , , ... , ,,' __ , a , '; __ '" • __ ••• ' "', l~

THE C00LING SlfSTEl't1 "', .. ," , .. ," ' .•. '. , . ', __ ." .... ,' " .. ,,'" , .. ," , .. ," , •• ," , .... , , ..... '! llri

THB INDUCiloN S"LSTE,.,r •• " ,,, , , ,., •• '," , •. ,<0 ." , __ ,' "'_'" , •• r", , •• ,' ,., •• ,'" , , , ZS

1. c.o.:tib:J-ttetro:n ., '" .-, ... '-.'" .• -'" , •• ," , ••• ,' , •• ," , ... ," , •• ,' ,.,._., ,, ... _,_., 2.5

::2_ S!l!!P-erclilaf,gtn.g '" , •• ," ,.,.,,'" ,.,,'" , __ ., '---p. ",._., , .. _.", , •• ," , •• ,'" ,.,,'" ,.,," 8.3

3.. Dueling " __ ' .. ." ,--., ,---,.,' , ... ,' ... ," ,., .• , .. ,.," d __ " .' __ ..•. __ ., , .. __ " "', __ '" 4:2

THE I(~lNl"IION SYS'TE]{""" .. _" ... " , .. _ e e e ,,_.," , •• ," , •• ,.,' .... ," , ... ," , •• , '.' , __ " ,""._, , ". 45. ..

..,

PA.Rrot n

PD'W.ER~. Ht't1'EP A_~D RAT1NGS

rOWER A:l:" IJ' ITS l\olEASlREMENT" ,. __ , .. " . __ .... ,. __ " ,.,_.", , .• ," , .• ,"" , .. ," , •. , 4,7

.BMB.P .! , ", " •• ,' e e .. ," , •• ,' " ... ," , •• ," " •• " ,,_.,. , .... , •• ,_., ,., e __ .,., , ," , •• ,' ", •• ,'" , •• ,' Q..5.

RATINGS ,' ,_,_ .. , . ,. __ , ..... ,., ,., .. ,,' .... , '" ,."., , ,.",.,.,' , .. ,,'" ... ,' , .. ., n._ ....... __ ...... __ 60

PART In

HEb1ERAl. OPERATING lNSTUUCTIONii

STARTING ._ .. , , .. ," ... - .. , .... ," , .... , ,._." , ..• ," , .. ,' ",,_ •. , , __ ." .... ," ".,' ,., .. "" ,.,'" , .. ,'" ,.,'" 6.5.

Control P'Q!5iLtiJIlJl Che.cik •• ", , •• ,'" ,.,.,' ,,'_.' ..• _., .. ,. , .. _ •• ", ,._., .. _ •• ,' ,.".," 7Q

Cielarif.lg Thti E'!L!l'jne" '_"_, ,,' __ ... , .. »e ...... ", ,.'.,'" , .... ," ,., •• ,' , ••• ," "'.,', ,.,' 11!t

.PriminK ",.,," , .. ," .. , .. , , , ..... ,' , ,' .. _",. , . , .... . , .... _" ,·,-".n, , •• r'" , ••• ,' , , ,. 16

St.9.ftlng ",_." , •• _ .. ' ._.- .... --." , , ,,,.," , ..• ," , .. ,., , •.. ,' , __ .,. , .. ,., , ,., e •• ,_ 81

- -- -- ---~..___ -- ..__ - .._ - ----

PWA. 01, 100,

CTI.Ot.!ND 6PE~ATIQN _,-''',., :, , " _ .. ,,,,,,_ , ,.,_ j, , ,,,, _ , 8'~t

Vi'; arm-U» " , '."" .. ,,- .. , , _ " ,- _, .,,' ," .,'_ .. :., _."" ,_ _u, ,_ ,.,.,.' !oS4

:'H.':I;gll~t{J Sa1ety Cnecl::. " , , .. ' .. _ ..... 'N.' , , , .. , ,,-, " , _ .. , .86

(~'l'ound Cheek- . b' , ..... - •. " , .. - " ,_ ,.," '_'"'''' ,." , , ,,' , ,.,. '87

Id~e Mi1.'1;ut8 Setting '" ._ , , .. _ , .. , .. _ _, ;_ ..... ,,,,, _,., ,_._ " , _, '90

'ra:.,;jir..g ., .... a •• 'i, ........ , ,. , ..... ,,' "._ , , ,. ,., , _. ,.,," ._"", ,." ..... , , .. _ " ,_ 91

COLi) 'l,VEATii "~R OPEIL~.T:lO:r,.., ", ..... , .. ,.,_ _ , , _ .• ,." .... _.w, .. _ ",_,.. 92

TrefiGn.ti·:):s· til'" ._ •• I , ••••• 1-.·'·· om,,", 'II~ ._ ••• II' .~ , •• .: ••••••••••• I I I ••••• _1' I" 9~

8~a ''i-jll:;(. enid Dt1.g.Lnf!:<> ." .. -._ .. '''':.-_ .. y, ~, ".''''' ....• ,"_ _''''''_. 9<1

w t;l.r~)- up '" ._ .... " _._ .. ,,_, .. ". ,., , , _ , "J' '_ " ,. '_'"'''''' ._ , , _,,,........ ~hL,

FH.gh t Ot",cmti;::m , _ -.- , , ,., , ,,'" ._ .. ,.,., _,., ._ .... ,,,... ~5

D i~ut:k,n .. _,., n-' .- ,.,,, · u ,- "'-, , ,'"'' ._ •• ,., ,. r"_,"" ,,' ,_ " ,_,_ ... ,. £lin

.f'Ll{~HT OPERA'nm>.i ·_· ,' .. _ n' ,,, _ •. ,,, _ ... ,,,_ , ,_ ", ... ",.,,' ~7

1';::: ke.-()ff , .... ,'.'" ,,', ... _ .. ,." _,,, , , u , , ,., , ,., _,,, _ .. , ... _._ 9?

Tl'fLVf;ition Frotu Take-Oft'To Cli1:nh ,., ,., " "" .. _ ""._._., .. _ 101

Flit.;:, 1 c: I,ln"i!t':!I.l _." .•. " ,. ,,,._,.b, _ a a , ""., ,.,-, ,_ _,_,,, ..... , , "" ... 100

P(JoW(!f' SeJ'2('.ti:q.n - , ,,;<., ,., , _ .•• , _ , ,. ".'_'" ' •. - " ,'" ._." '102

Btuop ScJ~'U()U '" , ,., .'-'''' ,,, _", .• ,,'_ ," ,- _" , .. _~ .. , .. _ .... , ,., ... 1 Q4

AJti.t'..Id~ SeJectil}ll .," ,_ ,·, '.1 " , _., .• ,,, ,-, _ .. ,., .. , .. , lOS

111ducti1Jll Sys~em Icing - , - ",_._ " ,-v , .. _ .. " ,-.. 109

C&il'ub --.~! :ai' ••••••• ...; •• I:.9 ;., , 11, I •••• ; , .•.... U,' , .. ,: .. m ,.,~ ••••• , I·· .•• rl 11,1

rL'l'.!I.IIBitioll J"rom CHrn.b 1'0 i.c:,"~l FHgh'l "c .. -.", ·_ ,,'- rli.4

Leve~ F'lighL ", .. - ..... , ,- ,.,", ..... _. , ,,, ...... ,,, , ,,, .. , , ,,,., , us

De::;;ec. t , , ,_, '''' ._,,, _ .. ,., , '., w '-'" "J' ,_._.... • , .", I· "'_'''' ,. '].1.1:1

Glid.e J:!.ud A pproHcl.1 .. ,- , , " , , .. , .- " .. _" .. , , 1:iW

La nd.i:!%~ ,', .... '.' , .. _ .. ,,, ,. , .. _. . _ .. ,,, ._ , ." .. _ , .. - , ., " m-.- .. " '1 '22

Stop-ping' , , .", ., ''''''_' , , .;--.- .. , " ,." "" 122

S.hu~rl(~',iIjn .. _._ " .. _,_, " .. _ .. ,,,,, ,_ ,,, ... - .. " ,- ,,, '''-." ,-, ;- , 12~

PART rv

ruRE\V(JR1) "_ ", - _ .. ,., _ ", ,,, _,_, , _.", _.",_ ", .. _. ''', .. _,. 124

PUR PO~: OF S U PERCIIARGI XG .. ':"_''''_' .. _, _ , , .. -._ .. .,-, - ,., ... _ ... , .. " l~4

,

REseI[I.'S Q Y 81) PE B.CIL~RG'I NG .. _._, ,- ..... , , _ .. 1" ._ •. ,., , , ,_, ".'" .. _ ... ,_ ,' lSd.

"HE fUNGLE.5:;'l' .. ~c.;E HUP]:!~RCHARGER. "· -.'r·-.- , .. ,- ·,, "'·· ,,·- 'H~5

:1 ,. G't'ouild ~(t>05Hnr, , .. , . ._,,, _,., .-:_,., _" _._,,,' _ .-.-.~, , 135

2, Low Altlbj.d-p. '" '_'_' ~ ,_, .... , _,,,,, .- , ,-, ,-, .. , .. ,- " ~ ,- , .. - , ,-,- 136

B. H.lgh Altjt;ude '" , ,., ,,_ '.' , ..• ", _."., , .. _'" .-.-." , '- _ .. , ,. '-' 137

Sing1t! Sta;ge., T .... 0-SpeM .""._ .. , _ "._ ,., " .. _., .. " , , ,.,' lSS

'SitL~le-Sta.J:,>"(\, V 9;r,\s.b~ee!'1.~ , , .' , , , ,-._." .. -._." ", , HI.}

l:rUE TIVO-SIAGE su PEaCH ~'RG·f;R ",-.- .. ".,-.- .. "., ".'''- .. , .. , ..... , " .. ).11

1. T ·o-Stago, TWH-Sp-eed ._ _ , .. _ _. '" ._ , " ,~.- .. '" ._ " ,-,.. 144

2.. 1."wI}ooSh1.~e, Variabltl-oSp,ited ,', -." ,. ,_._.n ~ ·_._u.,· ._,"" ._ "" ._.-.' 14 ii

.3., Qth !:ll' 'fw O.$itf~w.e SYI'l'i:®]i.'! ,., .. ,.,., ...... ,_._ .. , ,_ ..... , ...... , " ",.. 146

1i..·PP'CiND1· ~ _11

n l;!J '!L ._ .. _1; 1., "1'.'."""" •• ,.;'1.1'·· .'.~I!·· ,! 11' .I .. !' •• \I".,,! .. , ,!11·. al"'·~·· ;".I!·. ;,1... ~~

}' 0 11 E \'f 0 RD

Th L':! aircratt eIl;!fill£< L:;; d!:l::'Lg"[Ied to PQwex flircI"aft in tH.8"ht_ .Its eon. ah'nc:tioH, ii:l,e~:~llllltLt.m r ,!l"'-t~ic~l)':!!, '(u'Ld i·i.:!pair I~i'e!lent maJlY il1totl.:!sliul;!: ;lind impOl'hr. t l)'rob~en)ij t blJ11.. it~~ ant uri I O·l'>e"'iltLl}'tl 1!:!, naturally, of 'mrJ;r-e immcdi.uk 00 j1';':e'[TI to the pilot, A number of ~xj;:;:l, har,rjbooli:~, and manuals a l'<! ~ 'Ya[];[bil2 ""hid) dlse usa the IJ;!"~Tr~i pIes of ;tlJgLJlIi:' design ,'l.mJ. ~rr~taJl..i.llt~r}l1., .eJ:~I.I.:I de8crib<e the m'~hU'es Ul ,!fla!nter~af,ce and (l'l,le!'ft.[l!l.ll.. As. a l:Jljpple:tmmt 10 tll~S material, it :i~ the I:tI.l1'r.r0.~(! of thls btlr}k ti;i dl.!l(:i)sS the l>'o'~'erpl<1= t At:i k t\I.TJctiOll.Lllg unit ro.Lli an ill'~.r~1 pa.1;; ·of che'ilh'e.t:~ h~ whieh it ·iF.: il'lstaHed, and 3!J til) p'I:"G)'lfi r:l!P, a ~artt f(l~ aii HrLdr.!i"St . andi t'l:g' (If sound opcl'uting I-U·.u~UE!B.

Th« f.r~t l'JIart o.f tJH: boo"k ii:i dl;!.eV'lJ.ted· to a dfflcriPtitJn of the;1:H'l.:!Ik ellJif!;inQ SQC:!ioli:!:i and i!.!l~·:;::~f.!m~" which t~~~~lQi .f1'l::J,!o::E! ilr) the Pl:rwE!l'$r~ant, an d 9i scusses them in I'clmj(jtl. to tbli!' ditfE!rent instrl~ru.ens and controls hy Itt1O')ln~ [I.r- whieh tJ-re 1j;rj I ot l'eguh tcs Ln.e p l,' f()tm;lJnce of his e·n l?iD~, TLe~i2{'cmrj part d~l!l \0;} Ith th:e rund,a.me'llt;a.t COll0Cp~~ .... If }KIW!i!(!' and H.a rnE!~u'n;!~ men e, !:imep" and 1".:1. titin'S. with pait.lr.::ular J'p.f£!:rerrrr.e to. 1.JH~ prindpl(';S r"t: englll4!: op.:!ru ~i.nll, The las _ '[l~11t QT the book COTJ1:i:;l-J:. uJ! a Bet [If geL'ler;:a:l Qopel1l:l.till,g' instruetlous in whlch the :r,tlJatf.J'i~J treated in the fint ''i'iw:(1 purts lB :El.p"pHe~ to tho!'! ,!I~J~r;:tTIC prol:rJc-I'.!:l3 .of ~jHt1 r:Jojl>ln':;\'lion enCD-U nte'r~~ ill fll:!!?l1t an@ ot: tJ:l'I~ ~r(}un&_ 1_ 11i. assumed t'h", t ~he rea-der is gencraln~r f,(i;mlUi~:r 'I'.' m'l.,h the' main features of' ~tl,..e.ll'i.;ii11ml (!l:lglne" (iesigtL, 'with the 11.'klTIe& and func ~i6n1'i '1;1£ 't.n.-E! m.Dre im.p{.Il"t wt untts of d'1l.::! pQ.W~l"pJ..o.!litl .er.nd "t'Vi'trr. till·a '[Pl'h'lcinles of the tr)ut'-strokIJ '~,'r'd'l.:i.

::r..r,fdTIY l;I~f ine 11!,i!me-:r,i.r:al valuaa ql!1'L}ted. ilJ'e: :for the plJf.ll'05eF. of ill t~&tration m'Ld may tmt a!-1ply ro al] ct git_..:!:li. Valu'lil:i" tf:!JT11K=~:.b'r:LLLfE!l5. .::r.~ \4~n.!lal]~l gh-e1l ill both Fahre'nhe[t twld.- C(';n' ig rridoe , For easy l'emcm.b>I ance most cd' thE!' tempera hi.!"e" values :arE! :n~unded Gut, rll '.:I'rre!!:' "th.a:n. bei'ns: e:roz";;vr.t r?,q'llh{~ alen ts, except those limits dictated by spcci (t~tLon tf:!qrldtun!lr:!llk F.ot speeific vaLr.:.Ilf!~ for' an.y par.~il;ul:'lol' -engi.tl.E! CQin ~u.I,. the applic~b]e· Spedttc O~l'm,t[ng IbslotM~tiDhs 1',ol:' t~ '8.llgHlQ· ilL q Ll(:!~ti'l;lJJ,

l'h~ mnlerml in lliu boot.;: and its s.u:ppl@l'!llHh3 1\cl~l.be.£. prllLeipall.'f' 1..0 the radL;llI', alr-eooled ellgi n.;m m,an(J},fLct).ll'ed bJ;" Fr.i).tt & Whitn€I' A irI'Cl'"a£t, ~nd. f~ h.ll.:!md un t.he ·e.K[pr:.!rl'81v':!r.o: 0:[ more than ~.L ~t.lal'tc.i:" of ,[I,L oont.un~ in eperati~:ll? these eng; neS.

OPE,[~ArJ]ON' &: :DES1GN

THE AJ.RCRAFT P(}WERPJ,"£4NT

oriSIL-\'1'lO~

Tne 1J.iK"e.t·~.n ,engi.t1 e aud th£i li;uu")mooile engine are :i~l'Id<'J;Tfl('-.nJ:,lLll,y aflketn prIn~.ip~Q !:Lfu:] (I;::!::lig'l1 r Both eenvert the chcn:dual. eO!lergy Qt' a,' mix1..u.i:e Df fuel iJ.ll.d· ..,Ui"" int.(l userul work liJ.:y ~he same p:t{!.I..':e.=IS of' inter!lti!il oom'J;mstion. .B(lth itL~UFPOrate the same oosh~. m@hY.ruliim!j,. ,goth. furn~sh th~ :rl'lOt,i"~ pi)W~r f(~{ the l.'ehici'!?::> in -which they ,l\.re. in~taHed.

';[']Lif.' o.per.atim) of 1hQ J:!.irc[',ait etli;ilne·, hbw~\,et~ diffq.;: in rn~uLy \~'ayJil from fuM of the aLLtl)mO~ bile ~T!B'iT)e, Tho p~.dm:mal;l;ce ret'!uirod! of th~ ~;!i~~ tel" ,is, rei:l:ttb"ely iJmLt.oo,. ami we~ght ma.v be ,gt.n-

. el"OI,f,5ly used t.o insu re wid.e mfl,rL'I:~JD5 of sd~tr, E ~·Ii!:Ll. the II.mil1lf~rmoo ch"';h,oli![' can 111) HHJ.£1 t(~ abuStG !'II iF.. f'!ti gil'l eo, aoa t{l 'l.hls e:;:;b;!nt the autemobile p.o;IA·erp~ml'~ haa ~eefl "fol)ll')foi'.;:ifctl,'" :!By contri9is~ .. ,:::I. '!J!,'idil:!! r.[UlB'{! D~' p(.'r.£lJ:rrruli:ru:'~ is cl~m.:und~d Il<f the ni:rcr.!l.ft eng-l'ne, '{lj,'hil 'Lli-s ' ... ·eJght of the pll,,'el'rl~ifilt must liGL':!.:ls;!lari I.y 00 k,ept to l.l ffrlnimum It1 the. lnterests of O-'o!(:!r-aU effi(.'i e1)C~' of '~h~ 3iJ'pJ<'Wle, Aec~l\d'iin,g~y, the operator' fI'1TI1i.t; !'Ill bstitul-'E! hia 'iJll.ij·el'standillg ami judR'tuent for iIJilU'E! 'I;'1reist'h!: :a]~~l sol td'.ity (If strudtit~.; and, in place of ~j.[(ooIIJ~ofinlil:" tIl .. s e:[~ginl?, the oper~;e(J<r must; bo "'fo[}lp[,'n9fed;;' insro.ad.

"~l'I.giM l:'::1~l.u~B.i OJ" the l',e~t['k.'HQJ];!I p,1 i5j.{.'ed (In ~tl ri na "'per..'l, non t, ara ,of llttlf! !)l'actka'l 1nt(lre~t a th~ lI.u'~'m(.bHe dirh'c.r" since in the- eeurse 111 orai I!Ffti£'Y dlri \'fllg he ~!;a:rm:ot easily olXCo::!OO ~h~e limUa. 01:1 the other lu:md; e'Ji,gine rat~]ll!:'s, mu~'l.

{1M, M 'hhs li1r::::t coucems of tha ::.ifrplaul:! pi tot, U iF: :pnSSEbJ& to o:t:n:!T'.ato?,- ,drtLla1t~; mLy aL.tcF.art en ~llL{l ate::~ssive PCiWt;Jl1I, .!!.no in most instan~e's ¢!iJ~ro' is ,t"LtJ.i:hLJlg' tn ]:"!;ffitr~j.n th~ (1ptr~ ~(~~ • .t'r:fim.exceeding the U~flit-li, sat by tbe ratingol: ex-

cpt Iii..,. l.lrLdp.r:;;¢ali1 ding ;u.d ;j udgment, If the :pi1Qt~m:!'!.kes use (1f engiTI:1? speeds ;[I;n.d c)-,l.lnae.t' lUu:s..,.u il'"p.s tMt are tl.00;;'8 t'he 'r;llteQ, 'I lmi .... s, he is f'ell'ifiL~ upnn mar.'gin~ 01 s.m:fCl'ty .. ddHt. m::w' be dan,geT',(I,llBly l1~rITI""', If he fail,s; to observe 'eJ'[nder ne:!l.d" (l-l" (Ii 1 tempemturJi!. 1 Lft.lit!i.J O'~ IJpe:ra tes

wi th.QLL t, :regard: to (d ~fl.II:!I .tLlo:!il. pi!'\B.q:;::~u'ea (lor to' fnei~:ai.L ratie, he is (.':t"ei'lti~K;a s.ituation 'I:ha '~aD Q-TI.l.." le~d to ll3oWQrT.:!a ,reli:£!.b,Ui'ty ami J:l"D~HE! m"lglM faihJre.;

In o.pen~l...ilJ.,g an aircraft €tlI;1l;ine the pilot iR {."rm:fr(lol1tea voilh the '~eJ;3i.c pftlblf!.JtL of wmbwn:g engme :=ipeedf a,nQ ~yJinder pJ.'csim:1l i.ll. order til)' Qht~h] power. T.h~ manner il"\ whleh th8&0 L 'No iac:tiJ'J1<l are' cembmcd, together '~·:i.th the mainteJl.IUloo o.f 8uib.;;ble conditions (lot cooling, 1 uheicaHall, ,and· mixture sU:i!lngt;h, i.'iet,e.rrrrLT.!e£ the efH..·CjruLf.!}, ni th e p""rlol.'l:llanec Illnd. the dependahll. it;y ,Hl:~ dLirahi.H~y ~ the J!'(iW€l: plant.

DESIC.N

FaTl'Lili;;.,;rity with the en~itl!J:l il~ b::ii8i~ 00 the ~md(!t"S1:.ajlding· 01 !'OJ"IlJU d. OPe-r.ati"~' pfaeti.eJ, l;"nmll an (tp<e"f'a,wr's PtJ!l11.t..I'}:(' \'le~ .. , .... "t..'i-·pkai aIr<!l'".!lfl pO'!oreI' pl::rn(may be ,eonsid:flr,ed fis (.'~IL,sl!'.ting .O·I:

1. .b Power 8~(!,tion.

2:., A:n ,A,ooe!I:.::or,y l\eaJ:' Se.cHm~ and 8. Nooe<

SccHoW11j et}.b~I::hIi!:t ,'.tit!;. the ttropeUct'

3. A L~Jtll".i~ti·ng System 4, A Gool[ng SY'~'~f["t

.D_ .~.n (l1d~l.ctiQA .s~'stG.'.ffJ, rofj]p:d::.~ng Car-· 'bili'-!aUo;Hi and Supe1;"'l::h.a ~ Ilg 3Y::lklrw

6. An'l gn itsot\ Syatem

.'\ set &f e!)!."1~fllt il!l:;.-;~rum~1.~!il, 5ji!!D:plemoQHte~ by the oose:t' ..... ed" beha .... .ior of 1J1::w,reFpl~'nt ,;:j.llid ;):t1'plane, ri!'l:I':'l.!J)e· tile (lil)e'r.awr to a:ctm-mLlle' '~he :m::It'L~ ner in wlwAt the diffe;rl?milt [D.s,;rt5 of h is enID'M arc £unctiCl-n~ng, A eorresponding ~(!de-l> Qf con11;'ols nerruits hlrrt l!:l :l'P.gUlaT..e thei1:" f~I:n('til}llinP.'" Effi'C;ie-llt operation ealls feu: the intelHgent cecrdtnaHUll 0-1:' the ae'h''e'fo\\l t~ notions fJi the v£J:!:Iou-s !1J:!(:.'e~Qr.iS ,iUl,d 1:.~·~teJn.i:l (}{ dll'i p(!JW"e-rpila1'1t to m,*,'I.. changing conditions as th~y llrE enoI:~mtlt~i ha iY-'¥ il"r mind the t,l'~e of ];,loedQrmimCQ dasi.Nd, and witt'L duc :t't:!g&.id f,ur the safety and proteeliO'li (~I the ~niiPll e.

PWA. 01. nm

~trQkE!; [:rn-:rl-r is,IJD it during. 'the ~otn'prel'i!!:ik)n ,31M PQw~r I't·roMes; and f<e~eaS0 thE! burnt g4.!la~ durhLJi thl:! :e~!!i~ Uf:!t atroke, The 'val Vf:"'Dp",rLltjng

AB thE! nt7~mE! h)~p lies, the power !ll:!ction Is tt1iE! ~octi(!i,rL (;If tht ,ettgihe '[n ,{l;rir:h tbe lXJwel' is de .... eJ()ped" and whioih i.E. t1 e fir~t to. r~h'li! the i~l'Ja,.l:!t (!of t""e lc~rlli. !:!fCl).ted. It cG:tl~i!3t!i '~a!!.iii;! .. ally of thE! iolli1wlfl~ .fI;l'I:sc:mbHt:i~:

r, 'rile C}'lipdns

The airel'itt 'I:ln:r.ine h .0. be.\!. i eJ1gL~c which deriy'e!;. its powe[1 Erum till:! tm:i:".ui!1lf! i;i£ a earnbUMib·]e rtUKtl.ll''Iii ofJf ga&!J"ijlH:'! :!L~ld arr, The, 'fueJM ail' r:ha!t',l?e is 19t1.n..eu hy a ,SIMl.l'3i:, ,Hila Wi:! heat ~nE!i'atF!d bl the. Durnin.a: of' Ule GhHl~8 a-=~ pantls tne ga!!.li!r,:, i'm~t"tu'!a d~rlttg its ~iJmbulftrcm,

~·-~-·v,w~ 't.4PP'eT "'IIII'.II'{ T.4~T R!'}(.t.~

--,- -

mee hl:liCdsfIi(I r.:a.11~,i i;'l1:!:1 of .lI. set Ilt earns <J.liId 1;!!~,n'l1s. Got tapveti;. ,J;rl.JBh rOds, .(l;J)d n c:"k~r jl ,l:IiCtnated by H)~ caULS to' IJ-PtYl and cJO!M!l ea val'v,£; <'!.t ,t~he, prol)f:r 'nKm;le~1t in tn12 pO'o!. <;y!Cle,

_.J_

P"S70W I'I~ »ss+o»

Tille: (;hi;'lnje~i onet''!(y Q.:l' the fuel ilI.nd ait ~B thus t:l;"uIsfor:tJiW i'iQW the mooharlk,a~ eJle,["g~' Q:f t"~ 'I:1xIP"nd£ng' Ra.}!·(':.:;, TD~~t_her "A'i t'h the PLi.'ltoM. th'll e}.~lind(!I'f.l ll}fm tile dlamheI' in wllic:b "the. "p"nt u-pt:'{.1uIJCing j1.Qm bu~t:i(}ntake!:> nJa~l:!, and it t in thsrn n~;a t the gl'CfLteat con~antl".a tLo.i1 0f llri!-<), t arnl prp'f;&U~e iii. fOlJ.nd.

2, Th'IJ Yalvts :and tn.!!! Valvl!~Ope:YaUii~ ,Me~":lLDism

Tho ytil'~;1i:b corl'[.fol the 'adtrtlssL(lon of th~ fUiel~ 'idt" ch~ll'"g'~ tlJ- the eyli pd(Jrs dudr..;;r the ilIt.li11:e

~rh~ 'plst.ons :rec~l vo the ip1X.e IJIf. the rj!o.;[p._~ gMe>3 Zl,~)d .na·n!Sfer it,. 1.0 t~rr"E!' :Ul~'ii .... ularcd an-d tel' [·qds • Like thifc}'JindlJrt's", tho;! plstrlT18 U'~ j eet to thf": heat. and pre~!!.lrri::! {if ooml!U.'ltlOJl"

'""ell ~:!i, to l'oacilIDr.II:::nttllg IOl·'e'e!1., '

dr. TJt~ ))lM,tI!r iW"if Ad [~gl:!lliCd :R,oo

A~lnblies

TIre n1!I.57)~;1:'" roo and .';I.]'ti~u'Med rods te tile ~iprt;catjJiJt motIon (If thi;!l Dt,,~o:[L.s ' fii ctii.J!,kt:!h~t when 'it Is tra.nl3fdl'J'llo;:!:d Int.o:) :r' mQti{in. Po. t the pi !!<ton ends the rods ",,[,Po su _ to recipl'"I::,ootin:g lon::~ -and ttl' pl)E!E.Ii.!l'~ r@51J!~ting frorn combU31i:ioo, whHe ,~t the c s.hu. ft: ~nttJiU.lHIJ. Ioada are. all'liJ. ImpL}..'loi:!o

THE POWER 8EC1'.ION

::.1.!!aeIT!l~ly as a. com:,eq~!en(,1I o! the Mg'l'l rohLtlona], ::;pep.i of th~ !Jlig-ine, Tilere j~ one m;:a!l!te:r

il'IT:r~iJI, ~7E"ll i!M!f fI ",OJ!

,~nrl b.rtj~nlatGrl ('oJ a.!!8~m I}jy <Jlnd Om!J cl'Slllk tll!iI'G.w l()r. f!;ji.·e:h row 0/.' c~,:-]indel"!J..

"I'j~ T:he Cn.II1K;!ina·ft

TnI'! (fl:<inkt:ih.u.ft reoe[yea the iPowur dE!'i,'E!loped l'll the ~ytilldE:!l'R trom tho:! master :'ilu('li arlteuJfitrjd rod it.:l;~!ilmblJ', :F..nO transfill'"ii! H. thr~mgh ge._1i

...

~i, T!~w !fJHr:8 'WI7'.11 !! r: M~~{G fMMf'£1f'

•

\. ...... .it_~IJl...:::.

E. ... ad'ft!'!. tu UU:1 PI"-op.f!lJo::'t"~ the .l: upa!:'Chargel", tll~ ~'1!I.11,I;eo'QreI'~til)g rneehanlsm, the oll and iu(!i pnmp:g, the magl1el;;~ the propeUer go-verrJOr, t:h~ gefJe'rn t(;it" .I!;.t.Id (rthel" il!.~s..w~[Y:!l • .l.t [a su b-. JUct - to a com binMLoll of t::~ntrtfugal, l'Yr:.dp;J;'()" UL~jJ.lJf, .i:<ULd PI'I?RRIJ:.l'e loads, t(tgethe-r Wltl) tt!:r- 51i1nl'Y stresses.

iii. The C.ntnkcue

The ..;':1:;).1lkcl1Si1, gener,'1,Jly l!l twa or. more p.iI;:rU!~ nuu.::!e-& .iLnQ ~lXP.J:1'O['t:g the cl'anikshl:l.ft. and to ~ are ~lttiH:!h~ the eyH:nder;;; ami 'UL(r: :Uo.H!I :!!:nrL 'upe.n::h~r~lt bOUising sections, :tts ~'Uj:tl.fl'~ RiJJ5

ro th~ p!l)wel',-pNdLl~Lng- loads tllum the .PLStu.n:L and 8r;l:u=!k~aft,

l"OWER .~Jt;{JrmN coxrnot,

\l'hUe r:o:r;u;!jtjOl1S b~. f.:h~ ~"''''ex j;;~.r:t;(ln ak ulcifIk....,tclt ths chief concern of the ",pern tor, the {!Q~trol uf ~h.i~ l'.r;;cci(l11 j,3 11O~ dinwt, and c-nijr Q>1I,a ins trmtll.mt! the eyHndcr rno:!l!I.d tempera hl.'i"e ,8'LlRe •. ifi ~1Id4::!I.lb', cOomleMQ,il ·iQ1t. ltls1ie<1~. OOi!ii~ tr(n ~li exe:r-clS<Bd thrm~gh other pari!!. Qf t)le po ...... l.!tph':m~. {lJnd t~l0 'E!ffed.a tit' this .~.Q,~l"tll.lI..ti[JTI .. aee me~lSUl'li!a i~Li:t~J'l!QtJY by \'.urJ~)Lp.'l lnstruments wldch ·tnQi(!a tie (!CifHlit:ion!'l obt.liIfued III the ~ose an d .rt:R.t" .3ll!dLCl-TI.'I, .;::mrt In tho .llllvr:i:etJ,till!g, cooling; ~ndll~til)l1:! find 19nit~01i iSlyat(Jl'lnL JloI' exampftl. 1".;!~"]1r:LI:1:'I;I1" .pre~SlU"c.~ I:-..:n!: c.o:Jl'.itroll ed j)~ ULe ~l1rottJ..e Qf tnt,;: Jnduetion ay~te!!ll I:U1i.! by: thE! f.1l'o-p.<!U& i!:IPE:!Ei'r:l g'Q'!,'erllo:r on the. TI~!!oe .rn.etuo.n j and tbest 'DrcfH:lur8~ are measured i,!':! tt;!I'ma (If lhld l'n[t.. iug!!.· (If ·~tlC mu[}>iia-Irl Dl'eSSUn.! and. lA':I-rl)U1"(!;Lul'" all' komperatlJ.l'c g.l:l.lb~:-J. [rf t~e, '1r.JdUCUOD -s;ys1:e1'll < or the' 'liorqY;I?Tlli';tar guge frf'lnt the nOMe 2'I!:!ction) and rh'l£! m(~h<.!metcl' ('(In.D!e~tf!d to the rea 1" ;:,.em i Ol'li.

An UtlrlE:!'n'lt.3ndi11J.l 01' pI'nper ell.R'tlll2 up,!:!ra¢i{J1l .3:cco.roitJ..g!~ requir,es':

1. A f.3.mi tiarity with the }t::lr~oU:!3 co~:kplt insttumellt~ fmd (!ontI'(it~ ~ tllcl!l:':nmne!!. .I:1I·I1d the,h" ~O"<1 Hull.

2, .An ,a.pPl'.;:!ci.a MOon of the meM:LL:i1g uf th~ .r-iJutUng- qf ~~1-!~h irJ,~tnIt'!"\ent-ihl!! ~lldj!;lUI! it in mcat'cs .lit the l~al'tieuh:u. part (If th"" J1i:I'Wel11L..'UL~ I::-t:J whjhh it.is C:!O'nn.ec:ted. roul tha Hig!!)ifif'''''1,]]c~ I:If' thl;ij oondi'l.:i(l'IL as it an:~.~~ the J)o·~"cl' :::!.:!cHG]1 andl .:rthe-r pi.!!. ft.3' ol the -B~giIle, .

.2. A kfJowh~dge· of the f~.m~til)I1 (if 'I:!~h c~:nlrtrcJ. - thf! :pMtkL11a.;r· pad 0.£ the ]WWcfplan~, whirh H eorrrrols, .Q.:ud the e-ft'ec' o'f thil:. fi!og[J,l~tjom. nn cl'lnd.ftiu~18 -ire tlt!3 powell f:lc;:!'l.lrJn .and E:!J~f!whe:re t h roull"h the 'So!ng~rllil"

..

PR.ES.sURE

elMll'l'llIOL _ 'I'I;,gltlt! ~'lI'!Ifr

o.o.'UoJ ~"I,;;;: ~!!.~ 'jJo.:!i"! IIiIHUJE1 :5!J'II!lfI!

y. • .-.;,~ i:n""'!-~ ._~ I:q ..... " ~r·~·."h ... ,Ft ,orr:,. Q,-, 1""'-':' '1r!lil1"i!I!J if. 111=..1 K l..='i!r.II::I "!!II)" ~ FI:r.:1Ir "4L ,i~ 6.,· "1iI,~.,, "r· .. ",.t., d ..... ·.If"

iIlIW~Ji.11If1N -.W'"",Uald FnlIIYft

CHARGE TEMPERATURE

rll;nuiK ,uFE!:.T5:

1. Pa .. ~,·

_I, L~6d~ eo. ~ 1,_, '.'_ Pi~t

:::Ihdo,+a d ~'a~, oj,d. ----. J j: ~ G~·hd., ......

Yo, ..... ~ ~'I ,iJIk ~--..j;~l '\. ~~., ~., ....

M .. I·", ",d blllri.1j' .~@

NgrlWill C-!!I!~ (;:"',IMhd tOO

.• ;;n:;: 'FPC"'~

a:-1"':I1-lJ".

lI!if~:u1Itijj lloJ"",."....: Jr. (r;1'~k0 P'IIIIhh)

A.:!:i ~rnnrlil p:-"lr'4r 1rii.run"Li-:r. NtI~ lli(l" .Ju.. UIII,.b'iI.M ta 1 • ~l"dUil'iI"l

M ·'fl ... tI~" t"~ ..... lglHil "''IId~ iIIH' alfi;ci<oEll br :1M h;tad a , 'I\;In::I"" I!~P;~!'t>~rd!! .. ~ ~~Mr, hil.oiIuoIIltlU1y iI"I' Il. '1'."08" p,adtd"'J _d' l!;~ p-a ... ,·. ~.mq.,!,~ ~'1~1]11!" 1.1'11 «I'I~~oj,:;lIll'f. +hi. p!· ... hw.li, """d' tao ~'ad-.::iI .pa ......... , .

~NTAIO[ - L..i ... r~ ~kp!t 4!1!!1i!"rt!!~ 'Iir 1111l! tEiFiiiirli+Eor fri!ii'i Iioa~.,l litl IIIR Ii.

INr;.!f;Jif!'QN - ";Ei,b., ... da,· al~ "''''P.''l'1!iyl'1' g!!~,r.:"'ABl.ltE)l'>C!1I A.I~ UM~~ATURI' AFFECTS1

1 .. lr.w~.f

;r,~ ~,:.\o., ~·.i d::i. :~"''!' 'I+t ~ ..... l;i~ri;;,. ;;t..;;'Qi V~';:'I ~;I!' .it;; d,.;:~, d.,~"" "+';,h'1: ; It;;.. I 00:1 r:..y 1~.'1."'p."""·!"" '" rho "'~"Ji!'.

iii, T,e,IJiI!lin<,( I,a D..IpI!!I!'I·

:J:t:j 'h.1 h~' -h., D"I ",. ""~~iNj~ it- i--:ijp;d ~:_f,. - .. n~""""'J·.,~f ~l"i:-:n~ >:: .r-; .... 1!I!!lUlaifl I:.:-r:v .. fa· .Ii- -"n[ll)I~~-li! (~'i!! I~II!!'" Fr !'".iHlijl fh.. ':~iIiI";'" ~n""'·"J~~'1 ~ ~M~ !!rilio:.i ~irr '::11J:II!1"i9 d.t"'I!!~;:i)'h

MIXTU·R.E' STRENGTH

mNl!te ... 1110111 ._ c •. ,~""". L'!!~~li filii' .Ir .lul"'l~f ~~ fII~ 'R ..... - .,ihr .

1iIII:f'I'IIIU ... ~~,n.;

I. Pa ..... ..,.

19 pi":-dLCiI ::.sli'lV .... I~~, riti=- mil t-:. !I:.!'-:,h--ll:lld, ~it;n • 1'IIII"rr.rt-

I'~""'.

:i!, T'!!Id""tl- t. I!~al.. ,

O~'I~!l!' ~Ih "''''1'11' ~:<I I.~, N'~"'F"'"~' jl')~ 'I>'J I'~ i.",J.!'o:I ..

r«llaii'!! .

;a, Ful ~o::ilmmf ,

'f" ",,101 fb ,nod ITIN f""~.,1 (I' d ',IL j)..~ .... ' ..... ,J"II! c-:,tT-ol "Ill" to;, '''''''·ad,.

F\t"O!I~r

.:!i"Iii)(l!!' !lp(!.;.I~r ~I"i.('i :-ii·r.:.·m .... ai d.filr.;l I:fi~'" ~!I "_~I:LI"II"I~ thud ' .. ,H:-n1r9 d h-, ·"ft •. ,:lldt i.ri. - ~/I .... -Jt.rr.:..

T ... ~~~y ,~ ~.!1'Njt

M.o fut.::Horl'!I ~f 'Il~~~.;:;,,", H'" , ... .... -'r L, ~:-r1'b_Ii':1J -:~I1~!'..L l4.dh; -i~ d.~,.tbn.

SPEED

OONTAIOL - ~'~p_ilr c!i.l"",1 I".r H' ,~T1""JI.11. PI»""'!,:,' 'lo!Jd IN~I'QI;TIO'JtI' - Tadl.a .... l~;

II., ~a"""r

~, A..w;o,,~ iond A<illhi9' Sp .. ~!,.

i:I.~."'.,·II}; rl'~

,1>::' ",,-lim ..

,

_'

.

,

b'll~~ !i'-"r!t.

~=L~"lr~.

,.,..-

,

,

~~ ,odI

Qf~.ln

e,

, "

, "

. ._:.

~iIiH_" Inl. ar rr::Ilin ... dsICilIl trl~r~~p:.-Ip:.r-'

b,;,;·;!oI.

3. A""rfiro::-:all~ ~ _ _

11M ,"~:ol. V -,. ~ic."!!:cra Iro ... -:I ~n" .::Itli-::J~-li:d 1m ~i:iih.-i' I"-l.j~ n .. ~ 1:-" i:P:If!Ji.r':l'hl~ f~""1 I::t!-I) ~ :I hi(!li ""'~ii"\i .;,d r["",t-:. ~<@L:v.I~~ !~ ii;~ ;! m-!!· .. ~~r-;. (If ~~ ~I'r!;hi 'il~_~ ~1:.;n~~I~r..i: ~oo .:I.~ jIj".H~ 'fl IV:: u.:-!i I~....::·~ i;I7I 1"Ni .... f-Ji~~ n+.Id, .... ' l=~tIIii::l i'll" ~ ml' ~I;n rI!"I.-i:;"JI .. ,!-'!"W~ 1,. crlr •• hlii't. ~:~I:..1-'~ tild. 'ra'llII:Il 'i-h. ITt:nM p.'~...:..::1 b~:d'Jb:-i'!iI, iI_M .t!llj,;..

~, ~;'''lri;j"'l~ .. '1 I,,;,~J.

!j)[o(il~it~r ~ii,;~~,d (ir";q!l-=~ '~1f~ ,,,,",b,

"',-Ft, tk .. 'r::"w.~~",~ .:r..' J<P: •• od 1f.

n.iU'I .... :--::~ ~uhqJ. _:-.lid. r.: ili1 t+.hCl~1"!II

ai 1+ .. rt='IT.

!M.b i"~ #. rpn ITLH",I" Ii", k..J k~' '1;:0"" f~~:;,,~ ~ r:F1'i n.,!lir;olc.;,; >it, IMif k~ roI.~

*

,

,

r~ \""i" ' "b--\1

!.. 1"!4O!!MY Itr;r ~!$;!~~ _

T~n ~ ........ r"~ :(i'~h tt~ ~i'II":~IGEt'lI'I b ... "1,. [illmi !I"R.t.- a:. 1 • ., 'f,"'Il:i~ 1"", d,."". "" 'I!JI.oof1.:rr ~. ~.rl:LmN ",..!. 1;" ..... "" .• !u,-. ar tho -::'iI~.il.iI.:I' it 'Irhi'll t+. t.._.Ind ... il t+1! n~'-=·~!:~ ""1:J'l:irll::":i,;n:. :I·d~ 1'I~1-i0f'l; "'ll! ~N"if. ~a. "~.ri'l. · .. :-lh ,rpn~.

CYU NDER, TIEMPERA.'TURE

I;:QNi~1iM = Al~ftt"ir! !)W~ "'"JII"d~,! q. b. ...~;oo b,

~ -li ~.~~i~-l

bl ~.,.;r;"" '~f = .... 1 A.a. "" '''''' I'<""~:<\II.

IN~I~Ji.ftON - Cpiind.r ~rOiKI I<ilh'lpiliiolil!.lf~ '~~a~ I;:,TUNgIiR Tlil!'lPruTURi ,i;!iHI;Ui

j. T,""' l.r!af~lal.~Ji.#'r iii' +h re:pi=indi:r .,id! ~h~~i Ai";i ~. T!>Ii ~al!i~ii ofo'F "'!i[~i=CS. ~~;;r4lr W.11l1; ... ~ ~illu RlMI ~. rud ..... ,.. .a fi;.o.:Ia-t.

;..~ ':::;''+:-'i_.~ t..;.!;n.±,; ~.I"i r.-b ..... 1.R_p.Ni11.rii·ait+,.lTi~. 'ta

..... d.tauri:-n1-:-a.......... .

LUB'R II (:'AT I oN

e>oNT,~(i~ .~ ~I!II~ <!!tr;r~.;, _

en Li:lr.'_. ;r.rt.hi1:.n ~:i:"?p~ ~.I' ':::-!"l'~:-II: !;I)~H~!I 9f 011 :..:Irr·',hhn~· o.:.Ii.

IN~I~.f!jtr.gp.j - QII 1~1!I~'-rlll_ ~Iqt ~ I!r.~,_ rfg~t

lJJnleJr.'IlI)oN .r!.1'I'!r::T~':

r, '<Til!. ~dlll~~ ... ~ A.t1'~ !of Wt~~ t-f iil'n'f :5lil"ila<>il 1I'ra!' tiM 1M! iLotIll,

~. The!' T,"",pua!'r!r- ~I tiJ.!. [""""r" .;;spJ1~dl!i!' 'J,;lr~ i!~~r. !!:r.9' .. d 'dr.a.i.

11

THE ACCESSORY ItEARSECFIO::N, TIlE NOSE SECTIONt

AND THE FROPE,LLER

'i"!l-nbhHI'l.. P-O'>Yf!l' ~a mln;gmitte.d b~~ meaue I'D:! =aD seeessorv dr,i'il.f! s h.o:ft \hrougn th ~ ,m:rwi:OItger houosin.g ~ t~e ~.ccl!.:lOt".r 1-.;:!;:'1.1' &c0r..im~, h.e-N" .u. Sllri,f!c6 of gE'!:-t r TTa.Lt~S'. itl turn. t'l'K!Jrlsmit ()O"':;P .. r to- drivil Lha oi I. p1"eal3u:r~ and ;!I.;:a "i?ifJa:e WDpH. the ma ,.nl:tos (if re'L'-l:t.lx'll.mtE!d); and

.. ,

vartoua 'F:!ngjno·(lriv'iOn. }Li=:~p.~~ol'te~. kc'ku;lin,g the

tue.l_1>YLrt'LP, thp. vaeuui , .and hydyauU.:1,pump~. the gSf'.eratQl"; 'he 'L..!1ehon::E!t.d':'~.!I, and U~e .!gu,n F.lynchl"Otli.:;(:I". ThE'! ,ilCCe,~i3o,r,)." re.~1" ,<;oe~~lo.rt huuaes t!<',· 1)1[ p~'t'::;!:;u,~p' and S.Ofl,~'G.h,gE! pu,mps i ,}Jl'ovlu!Js r,r.O'Ul:l ~il1i ~dt'i fur "'hiP. m~Jl:'nI.:!1.o::; .I!lno thE'! el'l:~in!.;...tIrj y~ ;lLcce~sorj~i:1: and ilrt"l]i's!l(;!~ ,COlUlI.!ctir;ml; tor tho i:!Witl't~!', ' he D.uxU:u:!'y p.ower' drives, and thE! ;fib! hacs •

. '·'''NDR.'',ULlC ,pu", P DR 'il:

, ;;'EI>.IE RATOR pRi;";-

Pll}\'l"F & 'WHITNEY AfRCRAFT

C:r:;l.£lkshdt lmWoE:l' h, tran~mit~ed fOO'V.'a r.d through thE!- iHIRE! secd,on 'to Ute pfopeJJe1"', ThE'!' noM &C:et]m~ houses tho DrO'[~l !fir sn./!. ft, ,reductio!'] Si:~"'.'I'ln:rr ~r;u (In€! u-r mo:r~, 9-il f.!e~venge pum~, It p~l)vide;;I f.; power tilk~-uff [1)1' the .a ttaehmo.:fLt (~r

it IH:O[)(':ller or f,J,elicopt.l[:f rotor drh'!i:!:; SJ)<i it fu;rlli~h!:1!;' IlHlullt~ng prtfi:-!, lind clir:ives iGir th.e seav- 8t1gf!- 11tl!:npS., ,tilt; llfJ:!jC!-'P7l0LlUIled in ::,gnE,()~ an d ;!:H~tdb~ ... tors Uw pro~,nl4l'.,..g!J;,.'el.'npr, arul ,nthcl' ltt:e:e8!;1J1'r~!I-,

ns ll[i(."""lw::s- GE~\ HIN~:, -D'fHVE RJ\ U{lS

1. m!!:"~t D:rj~'e

SID;'I.H ungi flJO:S which U]j~l',a fc ,at rela ti v-el y ~o'P.· 't:'Prn :and wh.ich ,a,n e.Qllill:P~.d wiiI:1 prr.rPQJJeTIJ o:i' small rli::Mne':.e:r do not normally rli!qu.h"'" :a. reduction gC~'!r betw~!du thu cr~ml:;:sh8.U and the pl'opelhll'. In such CIl':H:!,.e! thil j;INPcll.eI' I:.h@.it 'j,;:

au 'exU::UF.~ml 'of the: ctfl.llhh<J,ft, and ill f! pMpe]Ier it. d.iroctly dri v en a tenidt1:e !!-peed,

12,

2. (;t<lrE!u Jhi \"e.

LHt~f!r, ellgints "'~qui~ biK.6'C!~ rH''O'pI:'!D;::ts tfi nb-, :::iUl'n th.e· g.te;:; t~l" ~10wer dc!"·eJoped. T[r>p. ltmit:,; of ptopP.[[Cl' !'.ite and rpm are rev.&hed ,dll!lJ t.hl' velucity (11' t.hlJ 'hbti:\e tiJ1S exceeds th:~l~ 'of '::0und: tl':' '-\' ,kh pr.)ir!'~ t'h0 ~h1:U;:.t effjd.:mC!~' (}e t I:u~ Pr<rpu ie:r b'f.g~]Jii tn treat., 19wil. ,~, hile tJ'l,(! en0i2irgy of the E!-fl~)rr~ is dil:.'!s~Jla(ed 'J! maklng t~r)i !';,t;:, B~' P l:a[~[J):P..' :;" ~pe{':tl 1:8liu.r,tiotl gf.!a r~.ng -I)",,'L \~eeT~ the- cl'at:':~1'1 h.e.f, mH:1 the p.l:"0l~ellul' :.::.hdt, Loth G!ng-bz:' oF.! rid ;pr(Jpellef can tie '[[tM!EJ ~0 (J-1J"'"1:'<'I;~ ~].'7 effki ant !'.ll'Ged 5, The: riHlgp. o't 1';'f!. di..cti on. B'i?al" ~.ll. tiui"l j,,!- 71'Ortl -4!:!. ;:0 :!l: 1.,

I '

1 ...

'-... " ,..

--.__' '~ I /

, ~_ .... k-t ¥

~II'

- ~ I ",--

-~ I

I I

I \

I

8

THE PROP I<ll.f:.ER

'!:'HE PROrELJ ... 1il:R

Tlle·. ];),ropcUI&l' fs ~;!Il:'IentiaUy a de .. '.i:~!::l f~i' c~nft 1I('!i1;il1.J? shaft ha-r:::lf!];I()Wf!l' into. thrl'iI:-1l hcras!I'i)w.;;r. It 11:- quite PQ.!J.,.'!'\bLe. howe .. '~r, im' iii. pr'()" p~ller to .abi::iorb the entire POWldi[" outp'llt f.lf ali]j eng:l~e .and dull \·C!r· littlE! Q'I" no useful woIJl'.k i:n rc1..ut'fl, If ~t is to fm d,iun .etnc~{!!:1.ti}' the pru:pei'ier mtl~t be ~

1_ Cl)rrectl.,j,' de~d.gtl:ecj tl)r tts p;;'L:rHeu.l::il1' tmrt.alIa tion - t3iz;;!, !l,h i'i_J?;e , number H~Ld pitcp (If blade~! un d freeil'r;im trem t!x!,!('!li~i~"iI! viibr"", tion,

.~~ Oper.J.'l.to.d \~'itblJ:'L .¢ he mr,ojput :!:lp!.:1E:!d ;range foil' i.ts de~i.J{n_

PROI~ELr..IllR Tt' PES

Prnpf!llel"'B ~"~' DB dh~.dp.r1 into· .~one-r.!l.] typeii! :. r, Fi~~d rUCh.

The pit,.i;!.'h". l.'Joi 'blade .~.rL.gti:'!, (lit.' this type of :pl"O.pE!l. tel' is. fix;t;;d il:iin~:I cannot be vatl~ in tljght. (In ;!Iom~ models I~hl:!. p:itch Is.. ~dj us-tub-Ie on the g-l"Ou!'u:f,) This in_S1:fbU~\ti0L'l is light and H!np:](:!j aud g;,\'d ;l!.JI. th='rl:adory p.edorrn~lJ:i:~ wmth~TI a. ]imi.'t~ :rMlge' ('If PD\\'e:t" an rl s:peecf.. 'I'M j:l0'w.'E!1' fL'I1~tJ['bed 'by thla hm 0;[' iJll'OpellEi!'l" varies M the C:Wlne {If ·th@ rpm. ~ ~,{!;, bhp ._ K ~ rpm \ A i:]~ Il':Ordtng.ly, ]"or :!1.11J' gIvE!n PO''''''''~!I.' then is i!l. eer:reapu:iiding rpm. S.i'neQ po Will" t:8.'IJ 00' re:gn~;):ted by manifold pri:l::1i:>I,1i"f! oo~"y wiHi tld~ tYPE! (!If iLllIOtallatii:nl.. Pf()pcll!di!:' .!lp~~d i!l corurolled by' thE! t~ottll:!.

oZ. T'i'IlO' 1"0 si HOD

A .hyrlJ"anliG mccl:Ui.n[:;;m, iJipe-J;"a ted h:'ii l!i!lgiL1t:1 oil ~'!l~ makes mt p.os:!:ilble fnr the ~tJot 'W solect in 1li.ght .either a hjgh pitch [Inw rpm) er a l<i1.'i;' 'pitot:'ll (bf~h :rpm) p!1l!!l.i tiorr fot' lfi!J..t~ Bff:l~ ctt.'Jl~ ]Jf!ed :l~gll ~a:r;jQll, A. d!.:1!3~i'ed pm"'el' may lh UR]:I obtainuiE wLt.h tOW!) O1ill:.ei:8Ht cnrnbinat:to.n.fi. of' r[ffil: and m<H~l£iJ'ld p'.t-"€!-..'I§!irr~: a h'[~h :F,P.rtl and Iuw m.!l.nif~l d. nressure lJrth:e Oppn>'ljte eomnjn;a:tioOn to, hi~h 't>JLU;h, In both POSJtL,tlolL::' .1l!'.rL.gine ~wl;!r and, h erree, speed ara .r,eglll~·ted :by thQI tllrmlle, ~ with. 8; fixed: pitch pifUJ;lelllj!·.i:",

.s. l'1iI!dabll! Pih!'h

_!t ~,dra.1..1H(:! dell!ti'i.ol!":i;l, tAl:" l'fI€eb:~~:niCfLl m,eeh;l;l.n. i un .!permit!'; t~e pHot to ~ the proneller blades wn il~ In fligl'iit to .l::!ll}' desired angle 'Over a 4}QIl,a.j d~rl! b eo ~'·an~·e. A,::; thE! pitCh of the 'Pt'IOlPolle-r

lI_l7iB::lSe-d. ·the l'ei!t~tMlre tl'ffel:ed to .it ·b.y the an-b-eoomcs grc:::J,~el', ~md' jf {I th e:l' fncwi:'sj B.i1Ch

as :rffi:l:IlifoM pr'E!";!I;!I:Ul:'ie, r:-em(",l~~ tlnchal;lged, th.e l'PTLl 'Wili u~~~e-. 6m'li f!J'e: ely, Il. .dccl't!:!IJ:le in pUc1;j ·wi.ll re!j;uJt in <1 hig:hE!:t" ['pm. En,E':if:le· pO'W!.:!it' ~nd sp!.:!8(l aiIDl:Jrct!lljl:'lY'! no ll1.11J;f~:r ['(>':!U' ~ri.y flx-ed: reiation '1..0 o~e another.

Th~ OOiu;t.aHt. ~p.eed prop(:il[E!r i!t a ''''"al'iab~e pitch prllpell~r in whEl!h ,I:;ne reg.lllatnon of Mu! pit.;::ll i~ ;II. utClm;J, h~.Il.r i:;Qntl'oll~l bi .a. ¥.u~·c.rlJ,ti[' In . .i!Li.ch :I, way tha.t (h£i rpm is mai~~t'l!.111flr] 11L'l~ ~b!1!)!-"e-d at il flgUl'(: .::.d8~te.rl b~" the"P1[o'~! it'l3g,ypl· less of cl:u!jnR'€5 ~11 !)UW,,-q-' 1.'lI" mallff.old,p1"l!!~:!I'Il:t"f:!!, Su~h· an i!l['rrul~'Cm(!nt rdfE!I"S the ~rGatli!!;lt p~~jple ;ttP.~jbj I ity 01' UpeF.!:L tinn, bu t It 'Pl~lCes Upo:t1! the opera. to I' the rc:-:;pe:mdb~lity GT eaoo:sltlg a \\"{;I f-

haJanoea t:=ut.nhj fIIatdll).n of rym .RiJld t.nanifQfd ~~sere to ob~a[n a (~f!8jl'!:1d po ''''''"'t .aad, at the samo time, ~make nr..c· IM::It e-ffkiel1.t .'IJ~C: 01 bo:)t~h efll~dl1'~ <H~d propellel".

A~ ~X.'bll!lll .. dot1 at the v arlabla p~'b::_h. prine:ipllJl. [nukes: ~t r·osam!ble w !!ot':l]; the 'Pt'[(peller. 'hl.ades. .:tOughl y par.aUe:[ tn tne line .;!if .flIght, !!ltla:t !'liJ !!.tl}J;!' ~he i'!n:P..'itlQ while il1\ the slr. TID!; '!s known as f~atl1mng, and i8 'Dftell f(lund u::'l?f'u·r in emergen!!"j,es whldL ilE'lfnJve' eil1giuw Iall ure, \'Ij.'itt\ tb!l1 bif~uos, in t.h~ feathcNdP'!)I';Hiii)]1~ the drollg o.f thE' pro~ylli:!'l:" i!l, reduced, while' the: p~bility of f·I!!Ir.._ ULB.'!' .carnage 0 .fI.[r~r,I;Qft. an rt '~)I)W11:Fplirnt i'J"Gm. 11 dwinUff1!illi!':lg-i' eJlgiue ls .. prE!vl?nt!p.a, It i~ a.S.D tMss1bl(!:' 'i.dth· some '~~'V-Cl:! oif' prqp.p.iJers to iurn the .blD,d~~ It.ll.Rt fu1J jow pitch Jl.l,W .9. r~\·,IJ['J:.-edi PLt@ pl)slt~o:l:1.~· titm~ reY{:l'SirL,g' :t.h~ thr!.1S~ ui the [f)ropl'illl'l3.r~ .f,L fea:ttJIre wMuh :LR hef!llfu~ ill m.l!i:nll!!IJ:~·etinl? !1 sea.plane 011 the- water or hl'~lkil"!g all ilJoil"(!raft .on thp. :IiroUild ..

E.I:l,iftne ~;Pl?e(!l,.(lr l"p,m., ll:! fl:LL.I!1;1 CQFltl:Qim d In O-TI.e .of tll~ f·o.Jll!',fI;'Fil1E' W.a.1s;

13

PWA. Of. lOn

l' By the t.hrottle _E:! v I21't L!J) ,the ease or f,iXi::!d pi~h pi~'(:q:oolllJl':!O (I)J:" '~bii::! h!;rh OJ:" low p.i'i:.eh 1'!l(1f';:t:iD,n uf .a: tw().pC\!:!-h~{;~ 'P'mp-Eller) : (1;1",

~. B~' the J.1ropel181' :;to'i,~1':IlOr control l-e'ill::![" in tbe -c,aSe! ¢Of ya:t".i.~,bl1l: pltcn [wopo~lr;:rB.

Cnll$trult _BJ)f!E!d propene'l' ir..:!lt21~l~tj'.l)i]I::l Wr'iilmQ~ly i~dUJtil::l Ii :!!:OV.f!n1ot driVIi!D by .a gee.r trafn tffim th('; cranKR!h;a ft aut! mr:mnted on the no!;!! .~tion. By djrer;:t;ing e:nghle I)ill.l,lltlflt hjgn pn;!'!:J;,. ,!','Ul"13 W the 1:N,p.cnanizml Ijontainp.d in the Uit"QPeUer

, ,

f

!1

,

,

•

I II

LI<\W:r' oOO;I'r,lf~ UiI.. l¥iES9'~ =~ o1-WC;m~ .. , ~QllEM~P "".1 ~ ...

It &hould be t1.i:rted th:1.t, if the gol)N'E!rl~Oi 15 sel, to l'qgu,La te at OJ. b1.F:'l~ or <::l,t mfixirn:Llm rpm, £L'nd the: rehglllil: ls not dii:\'eil)lJ,ing ::.ufJiejent I:r.IJ"''E;<];'' to turn '~hi2: ~roDe]Je-t' ~.t th is ij,pood, tine- l~'L~er -wLll tie, Ilh'ieven in fu!llo.w pi't;;:;fl in the J;;F.L'rtl-!J·marDJl(;!r ;a' if lt t'>'ere a ftlx'C!d pi~(;h propeller:.;[o other wcin.lsr p1'0p.i:'llsl' t>pee>lllS H ftmC'ti.o.n Df :rIU.1.niioBd t""l~~,. ana is. enntmlled by th~ thti"tittle Jmt[] '~h(\ ~o.lo~l:'Jl.ing :r]_Jl'Lt LB i!l Uoo.b1Ieli. this ~harMt8r.i;:Jlle; !fJ ma-d0 lt~ L:rf· in p'N';rfli ght chCt'k~ ::md .oth-e'!'" grO'lUld Dperati{lns ;!I.t J~H~· power,

Pr,oper opf!ra tliJll o,f nyili:il)aJi0 fil"Ci'pell&,s de'rnands cha t the Gil be at tpe correct temp!3r~tUl'e and preS~l,lre·, O~l that 11'1 too >told to' 'tI!ow freely. 'W'm resuJt in a sluP.'HiJ:"lh l'J:!::Jpij'll~e (lot the prl};pe)J,er to the :QX'tv..er.no'r. In the ca~..e. ",,_.;ii' electrle p,ropelieI'B. Pl'o'p!ID"'{lperatJonJ'liiq1li!'E!& tlH{t tb e elT.!~rk f!0We'l' reserve ba r=l:l,pnb~e (l>f O:E!Jh:eriug a current ~lIffi.,ei ent to HCt.UIII. tt: the pitch control m-E!d!i~fnj.m1. Operati{l.n wall w~'k lra t:torie~ drained by tither demanda c.l:Ln lead to 2:le:ri'IJUB. QVeNlpe~.ditlr:l:.

1:!.,",:;v.1::~L ~1'~0?0i!

."'i~~i' .s"'&~1I:f'

hub, or '~:;f cp-ntl.'ulling t.nE! e](lctrlcal impulses sent to ;[i, '1:1 I,lJt;..e-nduso(!J mQ~()I', Mle: Jto¥errnor .rcgllb.te:!l 'Ilte Ditch of the IU'()nJ;!ner b~~des In. such a w~y ~ to m,a..in H[ll a ennstan], rplll, i'I:! rar~Ues..'l- of DOWel', IIlHul1.;)ld l}~!',..'1~,· o.r aWtu,ui;l, On otnE!l' ill~tal.1.Slti(J;u~ 'the t1'1j"{!~)e·ll.i!!1'" i·~sen '~m:llldN thE3- gm". ernCl!;." .'1!a '!!Ili Ine eg'ra 1 part ()of the hub" -and the I:lJ.mpl~tc .:wutJ'o,[ '~rS.wm. lTI'durli.ilg t ~ oil supply. ~s inclependBJ1t (If the: E!-llgln0,

14,

'FJ~E' r, UBRJ:CATlNG SYSTEl1

l

I'HE L UBl:UC~Tr.N G S YS"I'E)f

l

-

on 1::. (If(ilcJl merl'eirl to as l;he 1'1 !ff~tJ;~m);l], of th~ ~t1~J.ne:," !U1i~ b~' ,B'nru,(Igy the lul;il'ie;fLti fiI~::Iy;!lrem :rtt!ll¥ be B80me\""h<:!o,t crudely C~l'I:l'p.ll!.l'ed with !.h~ lLy,m;:!,I~.;_;j [~'lJt h u: if ~~. ~t~J I)., au ~~ L'Ctl'C8cl, IrOTI1. the ~!:\.!ll;tre ;;::ectinrl 'p.f the, 'Oil pump (I'lght tirlfl ofh&!.f:l)' throtlg'h ¥'ru~[O'I]_1j, l"'[Ji!3:.-1 ;jj.fLa P~l':&!:!.Lg@~ (,ari:p.riii:!;!I) to diffE!rent p.;-i!rf;!!, of the ii:!I.I!.gcn'i! (c.i!:I.pil-

l;aJ:~#a J" A:fte,1" I')P.dlV,~ming H.!;I; ~~~rk:!l:tJTlg :and 1::ooli1'18 :f~m(:tL(m!l, th,.e q~l t:!l oi';.Ql1p.d.ed 'in (~~ oI'.!l' mo,re ,~.tl'm·p'!i. whi:l~E! it i;!l' d-rtiL wn thl''Ough 'IJthE!I' !p2l,,~g'E'!j!j ani;L Pi'l'!>I;!B l1if!ill s) ~f ;;me o.f tb~, sew;ral ~'ien:![e p'l,lm~}F; OE'!-'ft; ;:'!i.r.i~ of hea.l't}, i=.I.lI!,rI ;:Ie'nt thE:!Tlce t1ir81.lgh'i;;h.e oi'l eoo",)]; nl,_\fcI@;l!l-twec,~!1Ia~· o1q is. ;[i; triite ~tr,ained). to tine t.l11ll,", and S1) 'tJ~.k oi1ii',ice mo]:'f- to th~ ]}l'e;:l;!lUl'~ '[f.I~~ml'L

,

The p\t1.nl1ilp~il.:J!Iita;tLll"t:~ of ,;'i t}'pte.il l!ll,l1:ricn Ur.i2

gy'~tYm an inlJi'i'fH, Knd thel.i:" filJ)Ct[.I}Jli brien~f !3X~Ll' l1l.l.rl i:' d I hl F 11l_.1 0 Ii: --p.o.:[."" U1,

l

J J

The !6l:ir18atJ:n,g f'.~r::li;ii:!m '0£ .IOn .!Ll:tCi:'~,1'ft f1i~g1rLl!l pE!iI'd"orm}" thr.ep. f\;lInciiaTI;!I ;

1. 1t:red ~~!;j fl.'l~tl!!U'!, 'betw!I!lI!-n sliding and .rulliDii 5\l!rlac-e~;

~oo 'the na.ked e:l'e a l1jghlr ft:(;lished, metal :!ll!.i!rf,;We RPpears ~ike thi~:

...

-

But urrge:Ji a miero!!-C-Opl)':!1 cr~:F~eGtj.o~ 'l¥i)uM

,100'110,: more li ke tb:i:::I:: >

.Ii' tWI) aueh s~}.'f.iil(!ea were te .'!li.a e m"'e-J:'" ?ne ',UJlatller i~ d~l'ect COOtti.Ct1 the, result would toe an

in:botf""rutt!::8 'oot.\\'@f:'rl thii:! ::;urf.ll:{:e I!>I::lak_'I.; ';.vhtl;:'h w!6u]d 113.::l!d W e::"ee::;fi,Lv!::! f>r,ktioJ] and end o-y de~ $h!:[I:!r'h~~ thl;! ::It.i<rf.::'~ii:!;!1_

]By' ~cp.al'H~l:tL.8' the t:lllFf8il!es with 1:1. filTJt Of i!)iJ +h f.! T1"i('.tion is l'pd:uce<l tCi th8,t eXlst1i11(i!' betv,,'\@E'n Ute ~QI.~~~~es o! i'he I~brj~~~t, Th~ 0i'i In ~li~

co-;n1;at:t li¥~th 't~e 8 U'l'i':;;:c-e'ij, m0~ wittd the' ~UJi''bcea: ft1:ctioo then 0iXUX'3 (lnlytlY reaaon of 1he ,til1wrm~dfu te oil laSfr~ alidiTIll over (tile aD;Dther.

With l!>1::ld~t. 11,1 b;ri'It:!!Jt~OF.1, no weal!' of the beariI'!.g ;!Im--£21'If'E!!1, ~hQ~ild or:cur 'ex'~[!~, PQssibly,.Okt a~rthl:g-, E(}i'!~ t.DiU o.;theJ' times tbE'!-y.are ;!Ier\aJ:,~;ted hit~ ah o1J film. ~n;.en 'pr,operly d~~tglJeo: i1t1illlu'brI~:i,tl::ld, [p~i!:I.in bE!a!:'rn~ 'may haV<!! a cae.fElcient Clf friction :!ll:< [DcW .;:iI~d .'l: load 'oI!:1Il'Tyi'ng .ea!)acily as l1iiOth lUI lJaU 0-:1;' .t~lli:li!' oo8I'if'.!g;::I<

PRATT &. '''1UTS}] \'" ,A,IHCRAP1'

~
'=)
i::: ~
'!;.; ~
.y
~ ,~
~ .. ~
u
Lo.. r:.:
!:!. I§j ~.
::::.
~ ~ l::
@ ~
l:
sc 0.."
~ tl -.J
.., ;j ~
®®®
" .... '---, Hi

L L L L

,2. 'lilme ltdiil'i!Ca'tin,g a,y!iil!ll1! cool~ pul'ts of the r,mgin'e UlI;Hi,t ~mmt be cooled Ij;y' ::111\,

F"Ilr E!x;!lmp]~: t~o:! pi::;WTL, wllicit ronli~ (J'J1H:l ~n,jj, ofthe tC1-n'lt)ll!;,'~iofl_ ;l:hambl:ll1" ii!!- ::::!4ibjli:!'ft to fl:Jii mo .. '1t intem,!E! he:!!:¢ pre';;[Emt in the- P.fL!? 1 ne , Tn C(J()t tt :!:L r;;-.IW'.I;L~ ~~ ni L h:,' dlii'i;!c~!?!d tq. thi.e i!.iTlde~ ::::ide .a..f tiL'1lI p.i:::~QIl throllghi. i o:!t~ ](l>Catb::od in, the il:l.'.'a!l[lk. ~hait. 'I'!hi~ ~pt.::oi}" :!r.lr:..o .lubr',t~::r.tel': tha i!,f!i:rHiI.o:!-l" wal ls .and .pi5'tM pins, :;!.l!ld :ns.si~~ in L':oCoJlr~g tho

Io.w~~ 'fJl:lrts {If "the, eyHr.raer' '!,\mll. 'I'be 1lli'later nd nii!lllil'lTIg i·..., ::r:tll.r).thrf!l.' elo.'":~;n1:pl Po {i{ ~ '[Uirt t~i!l'l- 1 f'" natn t.'XloJetl .l!!lJU h,llbrkaJE:!d by'~ nil of th!::! BY'.i!.tllm. API,tl'n~;:r:n;!l:telr trJ ~f, of the h~t !r.E!I!::!:!:L~!'!tf by ll:ombllEJtion i!:,!, !t;f!m.oveCl: frmn rhe eI\8'IJ:!!i!i t'hroi;r.g,n

Oli!' .I.ub:ti('.,Q,tir.rg Sy':£.ti.:im, .

3., The! lri.!lb1'lcHting' ~'!I!m f1i1['ni~ll.~ 011 :hkr" (hi![ o:pel'af.iu!l 01' \,',IIzi'f1iulS Lmits ,lIRd a{!cQssol'i!l;!~~ .&"1,l:1!l1i a!:. =

::;1_ Tl'riel :l::rlad'l:l ar~gl!i;!-,i,i:,u:.:,dng m~h::.mi:!i:rtr, of the hy~uli,e:tliJl.y~r.ated Pl'l)J1e:Uer, ·Un this i1:1 stance eugine Qi] Drf!~Rr;u'p. h;r bC();fr.i;:E!d hy t~e, ~ne.r g"QveJ'noJ." Qr by the f'eathi~J':illig Dump,,)

.P" l'be inI[I"elle-;r (iir.tve dutcl!e!;l., YJ'.!.riahleJ:::pa,rk :ir:;J1lffi.~ melllh;;lilli'fi,m, 'm:aulfC1-1f.i ll\["f!;;rs'Ul'E!t'egui,a,tor, @oDd GtihEg" units, {Unjts BIl!Cti ;iF:, t:heJ:le ~r¢ a.PE!-l:1I.;t.e.d, by If:L}J~1J'Ial e-:ng~:ne Q~l l1reiilBll.lre.~

CONTROL OF' 01:[, 1~'RESSCRE; 'TEMPERA.<· TURIJi:~ AND li'E.o\~r

To p(H:'~1\rrt.11 l'k-!w\'fi'.id 1ltnt.t~OtL$ ,~atl.&f!l.L+ill"~' By, ]uhdcoIl.t:i!f:lg' ,d[ mu;.'[t bE:! •

1, WiUtin thl:! PfOPE'.1' !(ir!'if:!~:slirr't!' liIlllHfI. U 01 ~ nrea- 611il',e is WO j~} .... , oil rn:-;ry ]];[),t re~ct:L .a! t :p.r~l'1£ I)f' ,th~ ~rl.!Jhl.;!.', will npt UQ .fc!i'clJ~ hL- b@b~'een be'~ll~-

tS,.O()() 't..ll CW'MOPE u;JAD----:-'

.. - {

i

0f1.. MlilST A1iEP i .

~~ SEPAfMl't'b

U4S'Ti$'? ,fNJD ~T~R ROD, l!it:ARI'M;

CIMNK$HAFt---"'

illg .i:! '[Lr.i:\t 00::' , 1.)1' tn"?v!de ad~~~L~O:! f.L.!Jw ~L1um iilpray for 'c.ooling ..

lI:t oil :P'~~i:i'(;il~ is 006 htgh; !lil 1~k3 ,are.likfJ~~ ~(io develop and c-H consumptton 1:1,} beci)l'f1.p. axlM!:=,:,s[V13:.

. 0.1' the VarLI}"LlS coc:kpi;~ ,s:~e>s. TI0!1E!' i'R mflol'e' itll![f)i)it:;::,p,'!t th;;:r.J] t.he QLT J)i'I:li:>~ul.'e g~:b""e. Lu:s~!W[, o-i] p'm~u["i! U. un inrJiicnlwn o.f thiJ :f.~I~ of 'Ut~ ~11 :Slupp~, and withO'l11! l'tI1Ft1,L"1.Ur)TI It mnll J:r® (1nl~ a :t.:r::r1i;ttC1' of 13wo!lid:;; bcforl! paJ:U:I b;~ve 'I':r~li.ted, and Plirn13d_; b~:.'iIHi£1..g::: ~ v ~ !:r(~~d" unO: (hI) er.r:.g-]!liril! i~ bl'o.tlgn.t 'h~ an abrl!Jj:)t naltJ 'b.H:dJ,.'r"' d:;r;tl"i.agtid.

17

,PWA. DI.lOO

Thi.i em~nastzeR the yPt~J irnponffnll>e of making the proner oil prE!~SlJil'li:! cheeks priO-I" t_Q t!3I~ off'. An oi l 'j,!1'lf!F,;!'.U,t:\E! [',e~i~f ''''2l.~VQ ji.Xif'!s .fliT! u:r~Ii!!I:t" Hmit to 'B!1Igim>. oil p't--.e~sllr£l eneo the eDgt!r,,1? hal!; 008~~ warmed up. [Re(;aul:lE! of Uti) 'i,;'iacG:S:tty g,f c'c;Ld oU, pl'eSBUre!'l of.' several h rlILlir.C1i 'psi ma'Y 00 oncount 'Nd wnf!l1 !'It:arting_, Tllic relief vahre :tlLUS:~ be set Qt\ the grol!lnd, and cfl,rrno.t be, adj m:l'l..6d IJ) L1ia:ht.

2. WIU'LI" the p-roper Il!mpil!':nIitlD"e limU~. If '~h{!:

oil j£J too- roLa, ~t wHl not t!(tI!A, f:r:eel.y _

B: the oH Js Wet hot, it ean]]."t auppc.rt l!:cnvy. oomng l(l~1s,itenJmot'~'ll'l'Y awa,~la't!DU.{,d1: hCf:L't;r, !illtj ~lt 'mfl.:y 'reslJ!lt in too ,gre<;l,t an oil flcw, As tl. consequenee, oil pressure may .i,I,;rqv below se'cept\i!.b[e limits, and 6il Qo!ITI::JUiJi:ptr()'.tl beeomes

E!X(!E!81::l~¥e,

Ill' ])erf{ll'mln.g i ~Si h:Jibil'ic~tiTI..g aruj eooIi:ng func.

Horta the oil ab1:;.ti["b~ a iQij"flidE:!!ahh: AJri.(lIJIf.!t of hea'i:-t,he equkuJtmt 'of 80 ho.'f'"SE:!p@WCf or ltl0re i,!', UtE'! larger r;!J'J:!.dncs_ w'Lih very amall e:u..gine-a '~h ~R he.'it can be ill~.sipated th~i['ougll ~tQ curine el:lJt:I(!!'I ~md the, ~urT~;p<~ (If' the ail 'tailtl~; on ~e:r engines .an (!Xb.Ji'ml[ (In cooter 'Is rLl:mB~~" The ~ln '-!olJ'll;!t, ii? ~q,tI!i))]J.e{l with ahutrte:rtJ or n~\p:3 by means rJl.' wh[(:1'11 the flow of ~oolf:r:Jg rut'- can be l'egllbb..li'J! to {ltlt:''liJJ tJlJe ~Mi rM oll i£l!~jperfJ.tur,e<8. Tlu::! ull eonler ahutto:!:\'i'I a'f"EI t:o,rt trull:,~d ;(( uto:rnatfC'tl.~~y 01' w,LBntP;llTy by' Ul(:!:!I.!1:::J oi i;I. coclqtH ~VeI'.

It i~ the praettee tn, 'mE!8.l:-li.f:B the (i'i] tremper:~ .u 1..1U"f ;at a :!~ai.L'Lt in the engine ly t:wi.eI!Itft:t!L. sy~tern tn:a t 18 elosa to the (In In~oi;!t. :!By w)d'tl,g the temperxt.11L"'(l;. at t1:tii~ 'point" 'th6 .oil temr:;ierf.!;turl:! ,["o.~H;lina: is tt.ten, a ,dt(!;;:k 1:If the co-nditiol).tl! o:ff the Inbri:c:}nt bE:!fors :It enters the erL.tt~n.w. Measllr~ng tEll:! ,un 'temperatUrf.! at t'ho;,!> 'O[I~let has ~eE!n. SQriOllSlr ,~O:r;!aid.~roo hut" as th.f.! temperx:t.tlre at t'h~a '!p.ilirL'~ ~s :II me~51J,['e' l;ir the !':I,ll to:J1l.J.)t:=.:l'i!I,t:UN ,l'i~e in the €J1 gjne, th!.! gHgll readiJ'lg wEll val'Y widely w(t'h chang!l:l! !!XiI!ltJltLl,}n!).c and 'i,'i!1ll not c:gnz:Jti U1iB· . .R Bt.:aib~e st-oindar-d :lEor d€ter:nli;ntng tntr! ,e;onditf()l1 (lojI the o[t

'If, duri!]:g ;II. ellrnib ~1.ttJ WLde Opw!L, ~b:utr;er~, 'the aLrfl:l)llil does not provide ~liii1!!jent. cooU;ng, ~'L S"""iCat.er ftolJwof ~[r l'ft,m,y be o:8tajl1-ed by",redllcing the a!l)~,de of climb ~:Qci sn h!ic![',easing tne !:>pood of the :f!jirol1tn.0, ~.:\. :G.:ri..ill. means I)I lif).l'ii'i:;!-:t~ ing oil. wmperatoirEi! j~ '~ reduce 'POwe,t". '{hj;Pi :!Iho."i.1!ld. be, don,~ by lowering th'l) rpm as. ....,.e~] ;:u:J, tHE:! man1fl)ld preS!;I.1.ll'e, :::JiJ:i.e.0 ,ir1·ctkm and oil, t(:!ni.t~;[[ ture are ~f(~.~:~t'I:ld by engine :sp.eeOi e,wlJ, more HU1;ll b~1 tK''''er _

~. 01 sUliab1'£l qua!Hy and slJ.I.m4lient mecJiJJ.II.lp ~l i5f.I'IE!!ngth :';;0 rha 1. the oil mm W.m lL'Ot 1rurul:: dO,\'im jj!rJ(,l.i2:t an~r conqitj(Jtl of tE!mp{!l'fI.'hlr{l; ,and! '[~!J.'N m~ehr tl)' (.of! enlXlitllJi:b8t',o(lj"

coxreoi, OF fJi"HE LlTBRICA:T1NG SYSTEllri

The I)pl:lmtifi.i:' has 'I'~I) ol>.onttlli (ff' the ltlb.rte.atlng !!l~rmem while if!. mrrht Qtbel:" t:natL 'I::u- regulate the temT;lel:!'a tlln:!l of 1.:1:11;: otl in J:"~P()M.f:i fo the readings of t"h~ inltit oil temperaturB gnge. 'Ffi"l: yi'ti;:d i~:ane8 o,f thf! IJ:tb~.Lt!:i::l.til1Jr· 'SYilwm ~n~ Qf!TR ,·t ~tn:p.e;r.L\ tiv.e thf.L1; all .g'll'ound ~eclzs bE! I:'!crl!lpll]ou~ly PJ~rformed tOl- D::J..i.Iiire rertatn ,that--:i!.U adj ~::JtmJ:lnts, m.",;:e been I!i'Op.L\rly mMle.

THE C'OOLING SYSTE.M

4Ch4$~ ts C,I{1tii' I {: D , {!1J'r

WI'[w

"'"[""

S-,i00

. /;5

f?£Mi'J~;t~ ,sot" TNt E!I~,

2.5-30r"

IS c.'cmV~R'T~f).

I,/liro vs£ F-t1t ..

Pf)if:£R

HEAT DJ8SJF A 1'10.."

t.nn.. - t is with tho:! ].I:L~t o.'Iy~.tem furL't this ,ae(!ti:o.TI .1::1 cmw;erued.,

ili th:e total h!;!nt energy: re]cas~;:] by ~am:bus.tlon nr..]y aDmIt O!j;l:l""9.1Jl81't~r ~B cl)n:V(li.'f:~d lIl~iJ; u!W" .... fiji pnwel;"" Tb.1I} l.!a!ant;:~ .of the heat UU.II::t. be eli P.,!>ir,.;l:teQ in ~)uch a 'h):Hy,th,t the re~ultlllg tempel'~ .(iJtu!r'BE. will· not P((!u~'~ Qe.qtrnC!hv('; ta the E!ngl'!'Le. In "~lmif-8] .airerllit :p£I\\"el" 'Plant hl!l~It dl !!.!11:p..':Ition l!l 8.C'4:!o.mJ;lli.i!hed !:'t!Ugh!y as shown in Fig. 2.-

Heat is. 1JloU!l dlli.!\'ip[l.t.ed t:'hi'olJl{h the eKhlJ.~s1.; iiI}'tl'OOmf the, lul:Jrk:!J.tit]:g !S<y~tl&m {;[i,'~ .'nlB·~UI!SOO In the U:r'e'\'1oua ~ectLiJn}. mld the, air ~oo]htg Sj!'1j.-,

IHg~ CY1jl1~er' wt"!14)~r~UU;e8 mut le.::i!o t{). senoils eo.uF;:eq,ue:J:lA%':s;,

1. W e;\k~ng [I,r 't.he ,tjy1i1:lder hoods. CyLind.~r llBad!:: .a;re cornmoblt tn.::;;de- Qf. an li]U.lntntHI:'! alloy. Tbt! :;;treng"l;h Cot. 'l1hh rnaw.ri:U ts dlJ\!lo:!J.y re]~"tep to 1~.3 t~m.P.E!rclilture" as S}WWF.I, m Pi ~. a. If the- 11l,i;Hc!lted fyHnoer r..e~d temp(..'\t.!:L tl1.ri;!E; are a ;]I)W€lQ. 1.0 E!xceoo, the U~ Lll!:] llndt!". of 450-0,0.0 }"

....
~
J:
..,:
U'
2:
lIJ
~
'"
'':I
~
~
~
...
I..
~
C
D-
ei
.J
iIiJ
~
0 (-Gd':f;~\:.',:~.~.~ l~liiffi~$~l~~~.i:..

1'00 2'00 23 i2

'f'E.MP'::RATURE ~

rip. :3 - :$rrl!l,.g.f.1;r og,. AlumInum Al1~y 'V~ T~rnjp.fQh.!'l'!B'

19

'PW A.. or, reo

(232g2.{iO C)'~ ~ the r.fLlI;~-lal win lili£i se;rio!lll:::lly w';:','}ldooJ.'L,8d.

:2" IDsJ,'l1!L1@ie ,to cyllndrl' ~J pl!t!JiO pang. Ex~ cessl .... e te:rnpel'atul'f!!')" mm.y -, lead tu w<1l'];{iug- o,j!' the valves .and v~h:'r.:! ~t1.;, :].'udi- frol!&l'l;:! of \",Uh,'e -stern ~nd rocker" :;:L..rm lubri cat[nlf, and 1;hii:! ht"t'::Jcoiltr ..... n of ",It.;:! on mm bet-'W0;l:ll pistml ,FIlla. :Lj·Ul'fder', y .. ' [till the 'll~)~,!rlbil1~y (If :;;G!J,r~T.i1f. R;11 nI f!)Fen ~lzl1re.

:3" laeFf"Ji~!I'!d, I.\imdeJ:l:!1:~· W pm[!tlJ!t;u!1 and dA...'1iIJl· :rmtimlC' Hiibh t.empii:!:tdu~, ~l~(Jo merease UlQ tE'!:tldBfiC:r of tht;! rUl.ili-fl.ir eh 8.1'g£l to prei gt"Li'1;a <li!'.d deWll atE!. (~'Pp 27'-2£f)

Preignition in tUfll .(!.LI,llSf!!1 .rri~h crlill del", hea.d ~])el't~;t';;il~(:!S- and !-i<:) .lI. :t'icjQ'u~ ~,yclG. is beI?~I.J)" B(:!g.e.rd k"il~ a,~ c ... ~·lHtb (,OITteE!!:. C~r:st, ~'Xw~ ~'Qr:, '~hM' ('ff~t '(!on the .;hlli¢iniF.! 'i.", inl.:lVitab ly d~unl!l.ii:i,ng.

lE~IP'Ii.!{ATl1RE 'I['i,!{);J]CAT1OX .:

C}' Hlbde" h ead. 'Mr1.pe)'<\tli~:;; .are judkl!l. ~!:!d by meOJi:nlt. ,oil: !l: gage, (!ocL,m,!cU!d j;.(1 :'.:I., ili(:r:rt'I!9"c'oU'~le ~tt::Ll"heeIJ co the cyl"[;ndel' whiclt {!_'=~~l'i-e.n~£1 ~h(l""o.'j;·s to be th!?- hlJt.~t on 13:!1:.-e.qgine '~n :!I.!:'.!:y pa:rtill>ul::i.:t' imlh1:Ua(iQI1!~ .l'h~ t.h'C'imQIl>QIJ,!p~il! i:t';_;eH lS lOi..'!i:'<,ted:

III a. spet!ial \ifii:!]]' Jn, thE! t@ .i;ll" re.a:r cl" th-e ~~dinde,l" head,

.. The. cy~iT:id~r 't~m.Uie~tI,]:r>Cs oQ,'lI:i)ied .s];.:,.,;~ LULU ~t"! true l:>!!Itl;!'l!ru:il;g JKirti~.1!LLI- d iilit5 hiKi lc · J1r~ 't.J1.8s.e "i""b~d'L b~ ... e. !l!!Jip\li~ til tn;EL.m' ,~~~ru! cLbiMB liel'l"!i:rdu~ "tru'LJi.'Uh,C~~L..q. by' F:r:ilU &: Wb!~l1eF i\i:r(!:r:',!dl:;. LllfLJiI::h ;!!,r~pl):fLL:{': '00 <:l!;"l,;:jn,&9 .;.t {L,~'hr,:r '$JI.lu;Lra~t1JL:t€I, -6:1' 9:1' ,!1Lim!! 1"~6;W!"j'" Q~ 'fumre i'~Mt " W1ri~"'¥ }ilretLl..~~ 't:L1odd3" rne.y d,J.:il-er' ~m-r.'A·bL1~ from ,ttL!!! 't.!:!-JDPM!,(i,t'LlV,L:lll qLlf,)'~ iL'OOv~,

'['nE'! th.et"mfl(!(!ItL'p.l~ lo~t[r)rl< is s~lected be(!~u::li:! of it::. ~tabm~y .ei.t:i .j)j, ternH~.:ra.t'l).re rf!fe!rp.~lil!e .1md DeCans.e (rf Ute ru er.hanic:al 8IdV.!Ul b~i!:~ £LJ.r maxil1,g .::1;, ]~ra~;.tkal and t1Llh~bk' ,~};)1IiI'.!echoJl,

J'lLe temperature recQl'(lf!d .at E!i1th~r uf those 'Poim(!: j s merely ,il 'ref)~l:"€I:1tL,'lp. (".Il" ,c-D!f:Lu"Ol tem~Gei".Q.ture; tnt $0 lor),!!:' as it is k~I~ 'withi.tL ~li~ pre~~ibl;!di Hmit$, JlIimer(~IPI, te~t:;r !hID'E! &lLuWn '~b;ll,t t'h e temperatures o,f the. cy hl1.di:l!r.' d{)me, th(:! ~x'!tlli!.u::rt vah.~, WLf.:h j,t,!oi, :::.-E!.:::i.'t a~ltlJ g'l;iil1.~!, ~Illd the p'li:.1;flJ'L 'Will oIi!]~o bE! \~'ithi.n a ~,ttaf~{!W~'~' l'fI,nge.

,,\8' a; rOll~h e;:o::ample, it can ~~ i:rrn:::~i!~Qd thci.~ thl.:l hViU:3Qliu.ld "th!1:rmLNlt~t- 'bas beF!'fJ Dl~ced olio bQV~

a r~diatn1"', In (wil",t" to oht~tn the de!'.ll'E!tlroom 'temp;;:l7Lhtru It. will be Jlliee!!'S!<'U'y to set the fhel;In:I.)lc'1tatt. (ref.E!l'e:nc!i:! or Cilm~)~ tii:!fIlpe:t".;i tll~) to ~~mQ· htgllc(l!' fugul"{':, 'The the['mOlWW!:J;il8 Is' the c1{lihpera therm@t.,".!,t iTl,ti:i:r:f.L1;t)-l·, It,;: .I mri1:: ;~13 flS'tal::m~ht:d! a~hu'bf.9:rily" In (Ll'd@!t'- '~O' ':kc~ip' il t J:lfL'~l~,_ factory temJlie:ratll~ thE'.: .... o]"(::'d IDQ-J:i::tO:Ili (Iof th'e cylinder '~'h()!:;e "tii:!'IDpwFa,tUl'I3 'Uinrwt &!!i:!' ~mr!!:!L::i~ tu;ed di:re-et~f.

As, Ule th"'l'ni(.l(!.o~up'lC; ~:3 .I:< ltH~hcd tu one- (;!y:lifL~ jer C(ri~y it, can do no more tf.!ailil. ~'lje. e » idcn0o,Cil gE!!nl;!ral engil'Jii:! cO'l1.iHHt:illi'i ~ Wfiili:! r1Jffi'1ILll!lJy jt can be ,pre .. =mm!id tl~:;rt the :r;em.<"\imng e~ri~:i:1d.(1r 1;;em~lE!ratiUri:!:lI wi U b.e lO,i,l,"er'; Ioeal (!()r:i,d~hnni:l filuch us ~~Uona:ttoJi or i:gn[t[on 1'ailure will not hI,! in"'dk~:ted 'tm1eiS!!!. they ~1ll1J't" on the the-rmo~Ci;lpJe "c::r·litul!J:f.

''rRJo1 CYLIN]JE~ COOLING M"STE:3,f

["lMI'R.:\"~'~ '.rE JrlPERAT U litE

'Fw!') l~!'t1lt(~g CyHtiD.'E!i[' head t.crnper~h~~ei!· nru J,t..'lm.iJly i!:J!lma in sped~k eng] ne lJ.:J;lerat"jns' Inatli.:lC-'tEOJ.i.!l. =

I, ifhil! .higher H..ini:Hng· ·tempm-liiture 1s .1.'",[, fi .~triclcd. pl!l;ioo 0" time, and ~s' eonfi ned w t~ke.off, to IfLfk:","uml1m pe'rt'ormaJl(~e L1l dhtlib. ana !ffveI night, aud to ·6fnr:J]:g:efteies,.

head t~mE1i!Jrlilt-B'e 50 .F (aO C) below ~hl:::; 1 hnft to ki;!ep the o;!;:p·lltide.·r h~.jJ mate·l'i::;;ISl i.U lH~b opllraHn,g RtrenJl(ILb,

'tH:E COOLING S YSTE tirl

lin all sJrcraft COOHD.g ~ygtetl'ts. -air' j" ILiI ed tu ,!:3l'l'~' the heat .a ....... ay f'rum the e;y!iIJderlJ, vrheD tl:ii S la done- d3recU~'i wHhQut .-ill ictE!~'1iI1~~a.u ~jquidl .t:uolan.t, the ]}i"UuJi",!m o!)f" (;ooli.IL,g laI'Reb~ resetves ft.:.!ol:!lf into thfLl u£:

L E~Q_Stllg-,!l :;n,rI¥1dent :!3Qrf.lil~ee- arc B; tlf . 11 -cyBi!l'l~era W tho!!! ,j"'ol)(ding' aJrlk,w',

2. DLri:'!ctiUil i;}lE!' ai r efl'tde-lltly ~.ntl1!st- al~ partZ1 (It t· e ,l'~lirl.d,T.!!"'S,

s. P:rtwi~jllg.iJ_, ~t~ffid9'f1 ('oo[mng ;!I.i:rflo'i/, I to,R'cthllr 'wjtlt some nl.i?al1.~ of .l'egll1~:ijjlJ§ the .uj:t£)(~w in l"o;l:£1l0rll>i:'! to \'il~ying' c®ndhio'tl~,.

'I.'he· -'mt"i!:H!E! area of th~ cylindor::. E!xp~5ed l:o tb13 cOOti1"lg a~rflo::;iw 11:- im!:r.eas.ed b.j' the use of L"ooHng' .fit~~, The eff'kjeHt:~' o:f ttoJe iiDS i;:;: incr'e!l.9.u.a. up 1/(1 .t!l ~·t8.b·.! POilt[;f :!La' they arc rn.::vde u.ee~el'. and .!I.llaced more .d.oaeJy 1..ogsthi:'!1'.

Not· ~Il.}' yE!~r,!l. ngo e.ri.gjne Cotiuli ngwas au[!umpUshed b~' gimpl~'-holdjl'"Jg the. r=~rli:rliieu into tal;! breese. l'bi!!. an'Bng(!mlfj!~t, lu:~d ~!?v·~:t'.'tl i3h;JJ!r~cotf~iIJB'~, W!'ilUI'! s.lJ the ::til:' in th~ pa t!l or" the o",!{ll.gtne 'PfJ.:2~i:!O I)et.1,'i.'CillL th e cyl1ndE!1'8 of the. \~n~ i1ne-" ~t1h .Jj_ !!<ma.l[,portitm Dr it CmtlE! close.c:HDlJgh to the fJll~ ta' remove nmch ~J1. the heat. 1"he I:!y lin ders ,\',«!re ecoled i.meve·l1.ly r th~ rear pl")it~Ol:lS of ea-rb @t!1 tellldiTJg" tiJ rtm b;~ttc:t t.han th~ f.i'{.mt, T.hi:"'! turbulence created .I:Ilffp.ctetl aU PM'ts of the

airflJanc ~~.ft Dr the !&tLb'ine, -.

~.1!"be wrrl.perri. Jjre lim[l rtli'· rE!RtrJ.etou [I:J:,\r:Jj';'lti..-tTt!6 ~~'mu ld', tih~OJ'ei be used :i·or the- Rh{l1'h:!,~t PU8- dblt; .ti me {l1'!:~Y. und must never lb.e e-X"4;~d€d,

2. l'h~ fQw.e:f" llmoj-t.b~2' 1.e.:JtIpe'ruhr~ ':ics j,b!Jlo maxIm1IiDi. for' (;~nttnuoLii opl!r,[l iGl'I, ~t should ne ... ·c·,f

hoe exeeeda;j· oi!'X~ 'I1t~d8:r the ·rest:l.'io:::futl l:Y'pi:!n~ tip.,g 'CQ~dlitiolt!lc i!TIentkmed! In the PJ'evkn.lls pura-.~r.9i'ph. It. .LR sound pr.a;ct,i;ce to ~o.ld the lC'y! (n~er

21

Morn reeentb- jnf!.Ir-e~<Hndel' and cylinder hend haffi'~i'I hi! "'8 been I"i!;::li?,d to force the coo!lJl,E' ah' i~t.ol) cluau ~:uJltN.~t with an tJ~'Lns {It' tne-c'y-l1uders, In th :3 Wit: r the E!Jith'~wrfiow is usail to ca;r:ry the ltl..!<ll[, _.i!o,\'o';:J.,1 ::[l'mn t'h02 nt1J6, Althol)ugh the :rl:!;!Ii-!!,t~l[l~ o.>ff:ered by ,th~ b~es find. thls to thE! ~BSafl'e~ (If t!he cotlluLg atr, df!ra.md::. Iilif:l;t ;an a:pp:t-ool~1.ule Dl'ef>FiutE! iliflh::rentiru be molJlt..'I,j'nE!d a~[jlil> rhG engine to DDWjU 1l:he nE!£:=l:!ssarj. ;ajr·

fLow, the; volume o;! ooaJing' air requhred is ·mu~.h. 1L",edncedi.by the· use 01 n r,l:'GpI!'.dr d~siiIWed Sy!!.tE!Di {If detlf!ctGo:t'..'I, a~~d! rhe resn lting dr-lig is, -l'Wtually' aecrea::.ed" A. au'W .of cool i.ng .ail" i:!'u£Hctel1lt to e.lti'ry· ·a~~'<:J.~r thE! haat; fro n thp ('yl·iil1d[~t!i>1.'l obtained b;r means !)! the c()'W_ which enclo ... '18~ M'lQ: engine, rl.'~8! fl{I"~' g.{ 1':-OG.1i!fJg ail, niu.,y be :n!'g'l.lla(8d b~ a seJ:'j~!!; ar iII..aju~bbk cov..·l :ttr~p", at the :reo.:r ,of.·the cowlingo,

4

'I.'}tc Eh·~:n:.t'1!- diiF.;,rl!~1 H,~ :b.etl'o'~"'I~ {bE! fl'9!'1'; Co!!) I aud .J'B,II;r (8), Qf 1.b~, c:r.!;':J[Je: l~l'C'<!a t~'j[' 1Lll' :!i'a=.rt. the ~f-· ~:rrd",1';; th:roi~g'h ;:1~ejJ~2~l1!go:;1I fo.med ~i ~h,,:o 'W;.:IFl,,~, .ik(l~I;i)~g. Simi 'I\Fl~_

"J,.~ 11; TI m.~ tbu ~()'''''L <I!lil!:l:; ~ ,1)-. t.ht! ij.:r ;!'1 "'I-I:!!?dE'd I,l]! b;;; JOSot:l,"irl'I'q l:..a..,.,. Barre9 to IT.J;Io1"gl~ ~~·IL'iJi:I~llly Il,'~i;;h the. air !i!>~iU:li.

=

A!..':tru!.L~ly, o:r.dy :;f;i)r.Htt 10% .at' t._t.l:f! !illr Ifl th~ D1.:I.~h of bhe ,engi:r.e is f,ol'tl!JII through the .cowl, Ui.e remainder ~':!:I.~i:>t-ng i!lmol)t~llJ" OVE!r the QU"b .. · &!,ju Qt· the CCl'Wtil1g., A~ a result ·there Is tittl~ eootin.g dr.':l.g~tl:!e po'~'Cl' conl>~med in Mollr~ Ji1:l1 .... unts to J·:UIl.l~h~y S % (j,f tho blllJ--.:,ll1d per~ :ro:tmHII~ Is not saill'"1fi~d rreCOiURe'{If the :!>h!J.pE! 9f thu E!ngirl.e. and itl'il CQ·Wli!lg.

'FEi\lIPERATt"RE om~ 'I"ROL,

Ttl~ ;l!.1::li\i'"ilUlt of he;\"& tl!auE>te;rrt:.u. to ~hl:! ccmling' alr is l'l)UB'nly p,'to,PQrti{Jn;l!,~ to. the mass ~X19.ow. Contro] (!OI ,@g-ills t:E!mpli!"rafu~ mfi.~·, t"biE!refi;tre, be .<i;ccompUihrtld by regt:J:[ating th~ number (]if" Ilol;U~~~ 01 >.i:I4.u- tlLSit ;::J:r~ f:Or~ed IPfL~t thE! e-ngjne in ;II. .sh·en thtl!d hy :the cowtang, 11as;s !.L~i'fl()w in turn is: regula kd.Jjy vax:yk.!:!!i" the rl't;~.,:(lln!! dNP .~3.S ~ne e:tJgaILe, .Tnj,!j may be done ~ll (If.fr.:!1 of tWQ way.s;

ptxed eXbi ro~'lz1 ara J~:ene.rnj]y. ~a~i.!if.!i(!;tQr"Y on. .!1lt"-!rait ~'j1hol)"'e l'an~e tlf I!.paed 'jf! am4l.11J so IQJJg'" ;LS the Qx.Lt. .gap. j" ~uffjd(!;[~l'.:ly lar.8'eto· Pl'wide :t.h!:! :r.lOC~S;:).:r.~ airflow ·wit.h the 1;)l1.Jn:rnce Pl'~BS'IU'e .I:i; v sj]aH~ at tili2 lo.we<:lt dimbillE .s~d, At the blghld.L" :!<lilal:d!i. of level tl[ght th~ iUC:roasr:!

: I ~:I'

in: p.r.us~l:J.t'e at thi? !!Jowl eut!r.::mc~ 1{.!~ mON .. alF IlI!:iIo;Jt the en, l:a'l!l' tha:n i!lo ~clmany tequ h:·i?d; 'but, ,~i::I l~e ::::peed ra:tl.J;l'@ j,:-!- 10'''''1 t:l1e smaU W!:l.~tE ~f el1,pr-gy in volved does ll-ot ~,,·at"l:';LiI'.It tnt jl!":xt'l'~

we~g'!lt. m~tl clJ-J!):pl.Lcati<m (if adj u.li.t:'ih~i;) eowl fJ.!iP~ On tbl e other hand, with h(~'tI ~t"Irf!r!'rna:n.t';P:aJ:rcrtd:~ (he~a .lS au ,IlP'J;1reciAble waste of p..oW{!r i.F.!: f("Jl'cln.P.' D:N:t:t::!!l!; cool.Lng- ~jr' pb~j!t the en~ne .~n hi.l!h :.1peed::::, and she ex. ra ',l,retglrl; and r.::c.mplim catj(m (if £ltlj u~~;abl:e cowi "flfilJ:!:i arE! ~cc(ll'djM.ky ju.~tj:tied,

.! t h.:i!'tIt SpMds the exit is r'odllcT::!d 1'00 tl:tat (Iol:lly Ut>l!i re-llll.tlli?d airflO'il, ~n [p:=J.,!!;.9 throUgh • .A. t ]( .. w spcQ,d~ ui.e i!xit area is ]]Jc!'1:!l!I.sedr Ibis da:C!['B~!1. the preS8~rr..! be.M:nd f,;l1e i1::.~'lL~·lder:::: -eGo cotupcnSJ:I.W tot' the reduced frant~ l ])m~L1re; Il.tld so . J"Il..iJ.lntumM the n~(,)p.5s..'!j]'}' dro[r!;i ~cra.ila the en~

sine.

Co.wi flaps thlli-'l aet as a thrntUe {eor th~ Cl[l(J.]i.ng :a h'ft QW • 'I'h!.:! .I:!ff-eet:i v -e w,:u'Jf('if o.f (,:(!O"ffi~ ~~p rJiien~ irt~ i_!I, . limited b.~' .b~;[i!:l~'namje (!oRl:Citdera:tlons. \I-'])leh V~l.J,'Y fr{JTI] m ~tall~'~[(}Ji trJ .~nstrdhl tion, FmI£lULmIJ.le: the :phra2lJ.ti:!, OJ' t'cirn:l drag ·f the &il"'-o Chlft is .im;ri?~~d .~ t:illr;i: :fl:it.pl.'l are G;W,nE!d T and, if the ~apg a1"r:!' (l/!i>P."uedl teo f.~ll"j hiUff,etin,~' msy .[\i:!l5,uH: above ~,ert<l~n ahspi?edF.:, and the eontrot of the ~l1tl:'rdt ~.vtllseq;I1r2[IUy di:!ltll rbed,

28

II~H . mFr~"lrD'

2. By Ail!' SP~l!tI

• o\.n.'(" · v Al'ia tion i.~ t'be iOl""i1jo"l<I.l"'L'!.Ile.oad uf [h e air'pIrmoC t1.tft'l(,t~ thl.:! :pr8fisl1 T'~ at tho ~ac-r:i of the ongiri f! and; h08.fiCO! the: !lTIl:11:o!!. .:lil'rSC}'."r past t ht r:yJirlU"-'~'~' If ~il'!)peed can be tncreased w~t,h!:nlt !,llll,lingo \;rpo.llI. th~ (:ngjne fo.r ~ldhfol1..o;, 1. . ]fu"i',rer..lor eXi!lm.p]~ b;r fi(';('.n-!fI.::IirL,{t Ul e l1i'i1.'~€! 01' .;::lim~ the res ult "Will he a more eft'!:::!'(:!th'c' c.oohng '(If tl':!(:; e"giuE!.

helD"'" thls £u.e[....al:1: i!:~tfo thE'! 'I:lX:I.!~SS o;)f all' 'ir: ta)<::: e.hfl.1"!re reOm;.-s::; t6e ~ mbusl.io te:mp~t'.u tu rE! • \Yhen th~ ~!t:IixtllT'e' 1::; r:cher than this fusl-alr u.'!Iif.l tb£ 'Presence of L;'':!l:o!'e8~ DJC:] l'edl1cli::'.:l t.'h f'

< co:rnlnlMioi1f.i tam' Cl'l1!.tp1.'€!. A me;:1,!Ioll.l"E! '(JoE control i;::':Ve'r c}' Under h~id t'~~rll)..:or~ tures ;,:,ufi then A..:: 'l1l,.talm:i.Q b:r incn.I:,ushLI? ·the ~'l.K~l..>;!lil· nJ.1iu f'r.om aU~0mr1tk Iuan to ;).lltpmfl.'Lic rich pt"ovkl~ tnat t hoP, auwmr~~i;;). ri c+. mi~tu:rli! h. ::;uffie:iently li!.:.'l).il!l" thai~ l~!!ot ,.fI~),,,,,Q;r. (.~r.fri!:i.rallr I in .the e!'1J tsill,g' :ra.~gJ::!, id~'::lndll.8' the tntxture con tro I from automatic If':.',m"1tO automatic .dll:'h wiH nfi~c: the (~~~xtUI'e ·!;trUlud!fJ 'frorn ncar be:-:.t bj!jUJKrt'r.y up W .'Jippw.zt:rnate.Jr l8lltl, best PO\\·ct' with the !:('f;ult 'fhLlt thE'!" c;,<'Hnde!l' heau' wmpf!T'::l.t'l.,trc: wit! b~i]].cl'e;:t!jed [',u fuel' than, lQo',",r~d.

,2', Power,

A erJucti.M ill J)QWE!l' vr. 11l .r.,1;.'!Q c.9. U~C! a tirn-p i]~ cyHnd~ hea.d terr"LP9.rat~n·eM .. 1'1]; {lbtal[J. the g.ra:il. wilt e-ff~t:1." l)0~€!r should 'n-e reduced 'by. lowedng 'I:J.oth rom .l:l:nd Dl;:l.(,!iI,oltl J;.!.t'C 138 UJ;'e-,

OTJt ItJ1t rnMrERAr~'tR:E (".Qm·~ots·

There 3.!.'8 also two 'A";IiJ';!! of co,ntr·[illinl:l. thE!! te-1't.\penl;ti.itI'a of ':"in ~r,glnQ; n~~thl:!:r: uf wh.i,cn, flf;r,i.d1.\' ~po[ik(TIg, il:'; !:!Jl'.eCl:ed b}' means of 'the pGwerplfl.ut'F-t coolin"" system.

1, Fue1··AI.re Rati~.

The: 'he.at gel)e.f"<l1:hd :h~t. {:omb':i:l~tiQ'n ';'';1 gr0.!l.wst wit·h. a fU121-1:lii:: l',;:",tLO nl' app1"0xim.a wly 0 .. 067 ~ ~HgbU~' below t!:e so-call eq. 1E!B.t~ be::;r ,t".JWf!~' mix, ture ~"~tting. {~t!e pC! se 26 ~. If the -n'1I)(:hUl'C i~

n '~'F"" monrEiI:!i"l A~'P1'I 'T.UE ]NDUCTI~N SY.~TK.ll-:f., CA.U,HURE'TlON

TIlE· .A]RC.L\"'~ :.: r·· n :(1 L- _. ~~ l.

... Th'D UCTIQ~~ f'JYSTEM

-

FU::~CTm~'

ThE! :i[u.T1,r,1;:o.n M the :n4ucti:rtn !ilY8t~m i!l t.o d!.:!!ll.!!I:!T· a. combu f','!;:i'bl<1' mi Jo:nn'e of ·fu,eJ. and .ai Ii' to the ~yl~nder8 and, !'-IJ bj eet to il1teJii,geiJt '!]Qt1;tl'ol by Il.P,E! llflE!iro:-:l.tCir, tG dt'!H .... edhe >:jhal:"~:

(.o.) .ut bnf! pt·lJ.pl.:ll' :E''llIi:!]~aU' 1"21 ho for ULi? ~l'. tkuJ.:il' h'J*!: of [ipe!?,i7lt~l);l' cle1l1~11(]e<1 ;

(h) :~iI'.i ~'ld:JiJcj~u;~ qUilJ.ul.itjes· to meat al~ POWilll.'eq,lli,l'Ip.ments :

{~!) at.,'I, temf.!el'il1f~l'e that -..;:'m jn5l1~'8 Ei'mcjen~ ·ce.n1bu,stion:

The ~ndud[-l}]l Zly t:!'i.;liIm can ol;;)")tl Y'enlO!;:1:1t !y"be discussed UJ li:]ill' thr"%~ gBrl P.l":-:l I. he,'H;]R:

1_ Carilm'ehoD ~ .J1i.:<"\Hl~8'· Pl'illci'paJly with the. carbur·do,1;" .!ll~d thi? me;jl.~S or (I~~fitn1ni!l: thl1 d~~";j red f~Gl-!dr .!r':::.tlq,!'iJ;

-

.2., Supel'c!ha~'iitil'i~ - w hlhh i:::; 'I!:b_j~'dy coneerned wich pll'oviail'lv' ~u~ 'wll1lq uate: ;,Lj,.f1QW M thout WO .2'1'e8:~ ,"). 'tel'IlJ.!'¥'1·llt"Ll.r.:;o ri;.=:e 01'" V0We.r re- 8trkt.Lcm,

g'- nUc:~hHr - w-hidl (it"'!al.~ ·wj"!::!:l. tb,Q ellg.i::i(!·~ l<ir I!!ot>:d:ti o,ning ~y;iltern.

1. CARR UKET.lON

havoP. cl).rnp.l8Jt~ly rE!moved the gasoJ1M '~;.I:I.p~f1".!:'I; ~LtLd he v.;:m f.!IJ."l!';i; LI~(!(:!lj!\d,ed in i<l:~ttJng t~{ .. burn!F.lg; lX!.ate~\ o.nly P8r.1; .... ;;..y 'W tM :Ellie] whf!I! he '~~'ill ~i? rna-doe p'.!.i!lIlfully :..lW~i('e (If thu :ii\~t:;l!E!'.'j. ·that: ,IH:t ot]. ~l}e ptston, of an ~'I1tel'n:al etllnhIllRtiQI;},€I'l,glll~ ~ P1'0vil1 g that a X[l.LxtlJ t'F! 0'f ~~"~OHILti .... ·.a)JG:t" anrt ,.i.i:ir can. L'i.e viole:n~]¥ .E!xIiIo~I"Ze_ und tru.t hrome eXpCl'"iin8~tt;.<! f':b~ll j'd be :ti!iiIl:H::;-~ ~PT!t~oJ]~~

, "

The .lle~t:l'lTJltLnt'ior~ il)f th~ oC'Qm bll;!'ltib~e l".o.nJ«:

Ai .'L JrirS1)]l!l.(.~~h- !t.dxt:ure i!!- ,~~·t~DJ~ and ;'i::p0rtLng 11l'll'!i:::;!1:li!:.I;I.t[(}IL: TIll:! rm:t ..'!tE!f' i!l to Ii g'ht a 't1:Lr!.tdi .i.n ~!]' ~G.ilta[ni11p. no ~H::;.i)~iIl-::'· ~'.apm·., 'Ph e m~tc!l wiJJ. bJ.l!'nr ·bll,~ the:&t: 'I,I.'ilt u~ l~IJ' !i!~p]o!{.'j:i;ln~p'rfi'i!·r!rng t!hiat· }!,j,. meJ'ely ;mpp0t't~ I:IJtn.bU..'ItL()<ll, T~e .!lleOOI:IJ w.!p liil. tcr »emove e:l'.l'r2full;:i· all t!:.e, rllei V.I:I!pOni a91l¥e all (:l~':ier .. (t[S!~ u£. ~'u.rl, ana t:",I,en dMb. ::L l!gh~f!d 'm~t(!h inee thl.! lj.qI!id, ,J1 tl:il1': expertml::J1'b1:o~ fi.tI.r;,clf'P.d:~ in ,~atUJ1:g the Hg.h.ted' J[Hlteh lfLt~ ~bi:l gs.!='cdlnp., ~he :H~n~l' '!,;:Hl be ~Jo:;!jll,F.l'IJij~h8d: ~prDving ch.;t t gMoline 1:',," .i:t~e]i If!. ]!lett cembusrible, MOl'£' th~Ji. li k;:E!~Y t h'e ~r.H;stig~tlJr wLll' not

The: ~'ai"Eati:o~s In .8111S!1'E.."( w.m. diff!::!1!E'!l1t "mixtures VI g;S!:.'!QHnc ,lI;fl;Il .aj.t" '.,'u:e illmMtnt'llea below ~

Tbl.':! l.'i?f!lSht of fual dl.'i!\f1;ei] b);" the- wi?i;ght of y(!;iJ:"..ln :!I: given mL,,-nm! is. known '~Lc::' theo"I.<j.tte:fs fU~4;j]' :n1.tio fr./AL.It wHl'be IwH:.!",d. that 'ltht .t.Y:llgli:!' of :lBOi,b.k, fu~l,,:>:j't"·r.ntr 0 ,U5 rQ]HH~'E'!"ly srQ.:,'\!L

-.E'..I'.G': S8 A/'Jij-----1o-+-_---

---'€XC£i$$ 'RI~I..---------

~~-~--~~~~~~~~~~~

-~.

~i.!S'~ .,,'.I;f il"" ,/,!;, (~OYEfflR7 CI' . .:'t'-!.i4 / WFo"FH7- (:IF ~lfI

~~'I s,,'· !"'d'3',

- ~,,.. i"1,P/ ~'f .............. ;o}-\. fkEi4liJd'b" .'11.'0" ( W:O'Gtfr OF ft/Et

•• Hi-:ST POW,"~R·· ,ilJ'Hl ".uEST ECON'O:,lY" lIonx.TURE8

If the powl::!r output. (brake: nor.:: (1){J l';'i::!:r ) and rpm uf an e'!'!.gin'lJ .are kepI: eon 'tant~ '&llf:l''i:he mixtlJ'l~ l:.uengtb [8 .... ·ar..·Ll:'!d E:rorn one sx.treme tic un~ nthE!:t f 1~ will bE! ~out>d tha t =

1.. The manifoloii'l pr.e:.;::.urc.· t"l!'iLJ.Uli'cd to PE"(I~ ol'Juce th(':m~'E!~j pOII,I.'er at till.:! R~1jen r9ffi ~i" 00 at a In<!:llJ[r:u.m whun the hi·e!-,lI.rr i:'ati() i::, [II. 'thE'!: rurl.;:e nt" .,071, - ,01:m. D~' defini Hun, ,074- fuet-.;:,.;i:r r~l.',do i.~ "Iean beet power' , mix ur~ and .. 080 f1Joill.-~d!" l'a.till) 1£ !'l'jeh u~t PDW~' n:b:.b..~r~. All ']_." =:r.;.Ixt~re, bi;!t ..... een .07-:1: and ,0;30 t:'Llill-all' )'~.tro..s is .'i ~'L!a::.e powecr·· m~xt~II'!!!.

2. Tho 'qll :~'I1tltg ~)f £-u.IJ] reqll~:red, tl}' TIr!:.)<t.iure ~r.of! g1,villi. pnwer .u t 'the !:,:h'Q;]l rP~ ""HI be 8.ct a !C'.inimuIu ....... 'bE'!-TI the il1""l-a::r ratio :s ~Lpproxi:m~.tl!ily n,O(i.'25 '~:ith nLl~ US'J~t "park ac!:1n,:"tLw F:f!t.dllJt~ ~~(! o;!Oflr))ri;!Rf\LO.,11 l'l;p;ios ertlp~l}yed, Tr.i.'l ts, :agulU by d-8t~~Wo.n, the, "tNt ac{Jnomy" (n~}::tn reo

TUf! r;&1~Lh)11 ul!iween ~::.'b POWE!!(' and l1i;!st illC.(IfI"Iomy are 11:U1U ;Pl'ecv.icl~' ~hfiIWTI III Fig, ;.)_

,IDEAL AX!) AC"I't"i\.L FL"EL·Am R,·VrIOS

"rVel;"e tl~l.:!l'w n 11- C0I:H~~d(-'!l.'adlJnfl other than ~jjJ' .... rer ami ceoT)on'.Y, the idBl:l.l ruel l'i;!:!tllLatjF.lg de-vloo- wonhl we 1I:!t".>.:! which 'VI,'oul& gh'!B fJ. ft!o:!lau ntio Df 0,080 when ma::'l:1'.ijl'llm pol!.dcwma:llo;!Q W;:LfI deSJn.c:!1.=:t.F.ld "(I:1icl:i wulp ge used to- gh',e a 1\~!i!J-ail; v'l,t.ia of O.QH!::lI5, wbE:l:u ::lLlel 'el':('Inott~y ,""11.8 'Ilhc prrlm;!U'~r ~Qnl'.!J~ratj.;;m. Plotted in. '~hf;! Jt1f~) of ,3. OOtl,'p.ntlunaJ (!arburet.ot pert(J,I"'.w..9.J'L('e curve, the, !L"8ffl.-10IfL ll'lll;'''-'ef!n lue.l-alr r,u tto and §;iOWelf' ~~(~'H1:E!jjiimE!!> e}::lJ1'e~~i2,d {LR ;~:l'['t1(1;,w} arl.! ll- 11lstrabOld b~r th'i!l' f!oUd HI1e~ in Fiilr, 6,

F';8. 6 - rd~rd '(:IJ1g' A~ru.g. fl;ielRAi, Rgt-,ig~

h!l prIcHlU-c.e" b.{)W02~·e.'t", I:'!n,gbe req,.:.i;r-e.rrlOlih call :rca:" devla jQf.Ii=j frOHL th16. i deal curve, ::l,(LU ~hoe aetua L pl::lr.1ol>mancE! curve lroQks more Ilkil! the ODe dtu wn j n ilut.ten lines in 'Fig~ Ei.

11m '!l!rfn.cipHll'p.Il!>ona for depunlllg fr-om the jf.l~J f u.el-air l".!L tlo~ are ,:

L To i nsurrr S~.(WdL (lpera:ti~)~l tn. the tdlin8' ra1:1gli!, W'hEl:l1 thO;! 'eng-itlE!. ·.l!:!· C<:I[(,I..

:r To l)l'oi;;ed the. emgin8 fl!-om d8tUlI..9. Hem in 0)(': h 19h power range"

lDLlNG "llX'!~RES

Idll~lg ;md f;.llxllng p.~!terL t s;pechi,l CQ£Lditioi1,!'i, The ,~li01~.ai;r' rario 't1!1~8t he' hold within J:J..U1'I'0W l.i,mit::.; to pr!i! ..... !:!t.Jt ~h€: .'Ipl!:Lil--i: pll~g;;:( f:rum fou lin.g bi:::I.':.iJ.oUi'lE'l: of ·'~xt!P'SRi ... 'e· :rl.dmess, an '~~'lC: (i~f!' hand, ann, 'iJJ! '&he Qthef', W (l\roid, .l,U'IY' t.;andE!mlY o "dr,,!'~ 0<1' :;:I.ccf!l81t:1t.(': !q,e;;:(·ita~lJ:LP.'t~' bec:!l.'l.lsi2 of ()V!i!rJe~tnneilii .. I'ropel']Y aet idle miXI!'CIf'3 v.,Hl mak.J.:: nOl)si ~Jli::!. con tin L1.tli..~s, !l.TI'J,c9lh id li :rJg 'i-t jtbQ.u t di!l.~g ... !j" of f(~ul:'n.ll",

ru L AI K q,,.,T 10 I'IJf.L ... , F AJ.ria

Fig" S ~ ~1!I/~j!il~t.rCiIi of Se5' ;/IOWllloi' !ch'la BCI~ f:l.':o",jImy Mrxtl:l r4J 5J,:ro2oJ1fj1tJ.

-

-

..

No R MiAL eO,M ~!J!ST iQN

will bGgin .8);1011 t~:!iIe0!.j, !l.ly (;I,J'.i(J F-lm.uJ la.1I-E![}1.!1s1y th l'(m.gh(}llt thf;;. ~:fJ.b.m·tIl!:d oJlti:ll':g€. 'f1'Ce resu I·t l:!l: il. .::uddcrt Md violent ex:ptcsrhm @f' th·!!:! cliatgE

.:sf orma'~ combustion l.!'1, l'ilI,J;iid, hll.lt it :i:,:; h~f no means, an ipsi:antatiE:!OUFo .;;'ltplol.'li(Jn. 'I'h~ cilar.R:e bUrn'S @'iienly and flrl,ol):thh', t~e ftame f'tf.!:r..t ad't.'a~dl1:ta:t a me-.a8ui'xt.le i'aL~bout.35 feet per !lI!!CUllU when cQoll::t'tm~;ticm be2:ills, iI!1:!N'..<:::sinp;' til l'D!iJa;h'ly ]!5-H i·f! I;! t· pell' ~E!(!,D:n.d, ::lrlP. fi:tJ.~'lib· ~Iowing: down o~1.:: the ]:n\~i~ nei!!l"~ i)olTiPli;ltlo.l1i-

]if su fqej~l1tly be~,tf!d ;'I,'ililq (!mr~pi['e:::'~'1 :!I.~lr wtf~bl.!!;Ubl~ 1]n.ixturu o,i ,gMl}liHe vapor and fi'~l:" wiU catch th'e. AC(!(lrning]Y'rif '~PL~ tB . .mPI.:!h.LItl:t'1.:!, ,::1.:i:Ld ])l'B~ljl)&' ('If tho llJi.iburnp!l PO·rtiO-ll {If tbe fuel-ai r <"o.harB'f reach ;(!:.~·tti{';,li.] "ill~iU~:.4, wmi;!'U::IHeli.

Il'f'tOIl.9:tiOl1 is rihe S:P01'!.tO'ltl:eO-I;!.s eo m'bmlll)[i!il. (!If' the uu bUiTcea cha l"'~ iJP~ ji" normal :ig1lit.iIlHU. lIt :,:,.ets .in. ltJ..{)tton -pr-e;oSsure ·WL'l.Ve3 that tl'\'iL..",~1 at ~llpel'SOl1iQ iiDi=!i'!Q .;,lTld pru,jllii!~a gelle~:.IOdly harm:ful !::!ff'l}t1.;g Ci!l ('J):rtl'l)ll'StrOtl (;I:; amber' p~:rI:.:l, F re-

»

Q IJ eflit QrleI':11;Lon 'i!ii.th dl:ltl'Jmt'LLi.}.ll will Ilsula'tlr be f! ... drlf'ne~d a~ I}~"cllilti.li.ul by ditliett 'Dinti)f,i he::H:h'l; ~ojl.a·~s>ed Y.L:ih,'~ he~iI!.'l, b~(fki:on rirl~S fi'ndl l"i;ng'

hmus Ot: eroded pn tlons of 'vaL\''es, piSil:Oll s~-..:nd cyhndf;r heads ..

A:,:I det.'l1I~<J;tiQn eaU!1.0t ~1Ja]ly be l'Ccogu.Lzed f:t'(fm "h~ oo(!.kpil tJn'oug'h. l'ou!ihne-ss;. ;:"'Ioti.:nat head t.e.nlpct:a ture mC'FeHi:.!:! 01' 10s5 ("I; po""~r'f.!'t·'l,te..::Hp)n.

'ron] i.:f. l>tHi~ibte ~(!llrJU1ec must be plttNidled 'by the dGl~iiW of the engine D;ll:!!Imen .cd ·by adherQ~(,c .~I) .. the (f.fI'i"~·I1I;tl!n:ff limi.b. aijd PJ:'"Ot!f!:r. rt~UlnteJj] B :}LU:e_

JJetu-IW. tion nccura b.~.a~~;.:Ie tha Jlnal ·t'Bmaulh illY. unbuen ~cl. pcrtien of tlie e'h ilrg-e is overh eilte~ atul oontr01 of de"Lofi:8. tion j!l, :!l.r.:~olllp-lished b.y ~unt;M~ pf t.he ';:!hbf.t1'~ 1;em.lle"rl:I.ti.Irt:, IIi tbe deF.ijgn. 0:1 th~ 1211;El!lie, tylind'8t. head' ·':::iJ0Hn:rr, tr:Jel ,girF.MJ.E;. t!:'lljlld~' .comPfcSf;LOl'!. 1fa H'IJ, Sp:;:l. r:k timing· ~Hl,j 1);:,'" t :rii'l~ thl'l)ug~ the s.i.1:peI'~l1arger ase f .. IC;t,.o[!'f'. at1.ll!cti;tig detXimL ti('~l ten rl:mc;;{ .ainel.) "he~r' jli.l3.UI'!JJt~~ the tempera ture ",f' UlE! l~lmrge JUF.;t 'Dl'jor "lIO combi.J;s.HQD.

An e-ffel::tj'f,'C lJl:eam. of con tJ."ol Is '(he 1;t!l.oF.! ~l' excess :fuel in the charge. Th~ f!dT'1J. Hquid ]C} ~rs U)~· (!h!!.l,r~rc temM'J'&1ilU'{~ ~lHi lewers tm:: rJl.. -e- a,£ ·oombustinn. ::ll:.f tho. t the filLru: po,rtton is ~Ull ol}.OOJl'i3\t' than its. ~dndllli:g t!NJ],poe·[,l:3.tUl'c.

meted t.owHNs kcepln g thecl\air.lil:~ tem!p!:lifittlre withln ::lulc limits. ',[he 'propel' fuel gt.ada. JiIl.U3t 00 . selected, lim.1 ts (It m(;i.n.~.fl!ld. pressure, t-P.fil.~ superch :aorgl [Lit and Qrli:ndl:l!:t· 'head t-ernp,E:t'aulIl·e ·mu:;::. ba respected, :lJ.ut. :fNm f.ea11 of 1tnmedia.te fmilure but It'1:.m1. the lrn(loW"·Ie.Jge th .... t (lper-.lI.1;.ia.n. ill eXJ::e~S of th-e H·m1.t.~ will C~URe ~ll1I:\® wh lclT rJl'[~' bdn 8": .about iaHure in the tutu re .

.An 0n.:oi1<:>i?u5 impfl:I!.:.sioTI hal> C:3..t:tlQd over fwm the d.WR {]f linsupeJ:"(!hal"";6red OOI2'i.n~...=:!. and 18 heM by ·]tl..c.ll.V 'QPe;ratIJnI-thf!.t inc,-reaaeJ ip'lli retieves a COridit~a.l:l of detot1:a~jr:r.n. '1'r.i!lo is di~tJ:,l' oppooite fr(}Ili lMi. lJlI':J'e~ f-J)m. inereascs the ~pel!!d '""t the Ipt--eI'ml'~ .mpor~);',l rgi:'!f whlt::~~ el~'lI!te.s the ell iilrgl;! temperatu T'E:! m~ikil~ ~!l~ .::ftlW!'I.t.1Q!iI W(U·;![0.. As with p.l'a.eHt~:Ulj" ~n ;et1l~ :til1e ,jiffi.c.ul ties, d'/;.r.r8d":l~d l'])·rn is t.~-EI proper ['~[L!.ldr if' ,jetonatlori is presen t and ~i2ogtliz.ed,

rl'ejB'nlth~[L hi the un,c:rmtri::lU8d fJring of the Ch:-rl'~ ii':!. Q dj;,a,gC"6 oi nnemal iiO:'tl itL()on. This preDill tllfIP. ·(!o:mbu::;~iQn 1'.es~lt;o:l. in li:!x(!ossi ,"'e. ])l'es::,uie. nil d~ U:ro ftwl I"'lriiuIl. of the r:llmpl'§.3ion ~tl'O'ke with al:tE!naant de~tro..~i""'i;! i.cmpeil.'atul'e!'l. A~y ::;U!iUl.inoo Qpe]';,~: .inn 101.' ~ b:rie:f parlod in this (,o.Q:nditiofL (:.Jl11 resul t in btlliLed pisi:on!>,. br!'lJJi-en cyliJlder be-id!'l; .!ic,uifed: .... :yH;nQe}"' walls. and. dam;i,g-e te, ·v:a·~,,·es and ~paf:kJ;llug~.

The presenca iJ{ prei llnl itia.Il. {.'·;a11 .. ul.m.J.l1y be rE!~lJg.raI:.:uc1! ill t1:T e C()C.K.E!.1it b~r rol':!i;lJ~JlE!l!ll:1t bMk~ 11rinil': and prnlsi111r .by- <J. ;!1mdd~ tnerease in head temt'!i!tatune~ It iR eaLlseci!by the pJ'lE!Sf!fU::E! \~,itrullJ the ·comhu.stkm (:MIDber ni .lIiD. 'aron whi@ jJ.3. in(!a'lideE.«t:nt thtr;l1'.8: the wrnpres8.~on, :::.tmk:>B. and 'sC'rW5 .;i."l an [gI.l.irol' :in,' ad ... ·~~;::t! I)t: normal i;KUitio.·n. Detoiu'I,t;imii [!t:m 'pa ~"e the' ·w.lIiy ret!:' pre .. :[!;pliU0rt 'Liy p:rndudn~ au -eroded surtece th.!;!.t ~rf.r.l.~:!i if:lcaJlaescp.J'Jt M{ls( p"l'obtlli'iy lew:t d!Qpa.uis ae:GUml!llill. ted. 00 the c·h:p,mller surfaces ara :r.e<l P e r~i!llM.e.

In\Qp~r liLirintellance find. ovcraotinl? D1"0ooa.ll]}eg ~mf!d ;at. :rnam ~;ir~irLg thi:! co.rti:bu::>t~on cll.:::w-ttfii} in pr.opii:l'" ~ondllic!o11.

Ali.; l"h~H",b':'1::! tF;!rrl.Jl'i::'l',~tufLIQ::, ,fIl'~ ti:J:is(!i] with ;::m tnceease in Do't"er, tile teJilcleI!~:Y to det.f;Jn;,'l, tt:! ,,~t~ IIr.!!lt:,r ind'"!Z.!I.~8$ as j,~ . .;ili.' n€!bfLU~ ,;)I.E 'i.:lli~, it j;!l; ne<:essJ}'"11 to ~eyi a'QP. from f,liio!;! .iqe.al, Li!il!?!l-air l':!lL.iOt. Wld u<ulWJall;v enrich, tho. mixturetas tJ)e pO'w~'r ~.=r ln~:ri=!~~~ oIl:b(f">'f! ~l)Pl"H*lIM'bi:!olyn':i % III NtI£milll Ratl3d ~t!W8t. Tho 'nlfll,imUlll fu~J-air ifI,'t:io 1i1 ec@ss.:.'1,nr to iJ)l'ow;t the ~':nglne L:::l nEll!:! rTIlb,Ili!!Q b,r t9::;l, au.jl .l..h'lJ l''CSul!..allt del)J.lrtulIe;} n-mn d1iP,; ·';.d!f!'m,1 ;!!1l f''''~ w:m look :!I()I!:Ll:lt~k!t lllro Fig. 7.

,
.. -
'1-';·" _ .... . ~I'lII_;·

l
-
,...
l~ .-
rt
II: I
! I
.- ~
I
,
,
n: --
I
..
, h. ;.
- -it1 -

.. . ~ ., PEtU;~N'r Me 'NO!I:iiAt, (t~ t1!i1 ~t:n"I!H F'1fI- '1 - lI!11'prfJ1l,(nI' E"!30m Jda~j FIiI&J-Ai," R,Qf~ ~Q'IOi~l~d !"it O,g~. ,& SUpPN!'~$ Ol!kift(l!UO-JI

A~l;;el' 'm:aki~g tb e ne:::'*i::::a~· :"3. oj U:!I ttne n i:::: fall' Lhe IdH~g and' pt'f'r'Tr:!f" l·,ffi:L.I:l'CS! the romploi!:wd curve l'elJ~entih1il:' the en gmei;;j fl;l,el-a;ir rat~f) l1'~ q,tLifi!!ltL.~bl th:toiig11~llt i~s ent[~ lopt!r.u _!ing mn~12'-will,be' oomewhfi'I;.1ilh'! FiB', ~:

: .-r .1 .. : "': ," . -. .

: \~"'l .. ···f:: - .. :. '., r _J_

: .. :< -, : -, ::.:: ~ I '1

_.. .. {' .. ':,:l°r .. .- I ....___,___

~i.?'_", ,'_ I i

" "i: ""'; .. <' I

=t' .. :'~.':'j': .. ~'.' .: '-1-. : _!..

. : :-:'_'1':';'~" . . :. I! 1-

"... -

TOO C_Utu l.IJlf-'fOB

It is (!(irL!~ejv,ab]e th.at mb;:tllt12 ,ru!i=."Ill::rlb:.1ofI ~mld W ,;:l.:;::1Q1:ll;J:Ilbhcd by means a:f :a m~nuallY Uop.!!I:"~h'd V,!iJ 'i!~ ii:'J~el'h:!81 LJ:I t.h e (yeJ Ii" ie, .Bi.L~ it rnBY' ibe lBil.:5Cm ;;L~ly ·,d'oUibt..e.il, t.h,'I:( allY ptJot" CI!1" pi rot'S, ascistan~ l!,.i'" t:Dntlllu~11:'y 'takl}[:;:' ~to~'k 'lIf: thE! (!(}'.tldH . .hm~ under w~i~h !r8 ~[:::; 'lJl;!emif.it1g, and! rliJfcrrir.g 'therE. ~o M!=. £ue!~~Lnl" l'i!!;di) ~'LU',\I ell' ,(!;:rwd

fe12gt!lt:ro [he m.ixtllr~' w,ith '::'l'ifl:re~,(!l1,~ ,l'api-U,[ t;v 0['" [~;i)C.1~rf:!.ol;i W a~mmQdate '~~e cooStantl~ vaninK tlJt:!!!T.llI.J:](jd of th'" G<:igH~(!. 1fI::dtlJ!"e rt!b"1!il,f;l.ti!Ji.DI is a.oncm:,d~J'1 R:lv tu,rnet:'] aver to :;L rneeh aT1~e.'3J de'ljj~c: whieb. p~rf'O:t"lll£ this function. <ttl!tomaHcaJ[1' - Th,!~ ~e,dQ:!' i ~ tne carb!,l:1"etol".

:ll.uss fLLl';fi{lw" vI: lbo<! weight ;(If ,ail" oM.s1JlliOO per J1 Gil'!'i p:rnvid,e.~ ,the: link fjy 'M,"i1jeh dile! f'!!lel mlZ!:tajn~ (It ehQ eRl'In.lreliOl'", is. C.OOl'd{~l!!l;l11:d! w 11.h, ~!he p(m'~!' i:;31':!,mani;l,'l. of tb:e enginp._ 11 S,sS s;iFA,aw Bud p0WN" are 4)1il'c;;:;ti~ 1't21.a,'U!.d, 'fLlIt]: if 1..l:w I;!M'bUl'~tor is mad·e 'l!='!Tl gith'!2- to. chan g'e!=l in ~:l'ita;w. it Ci111 !be' macl!Q l'Qs~Q..'nsivc'tl} 'J1l!riatioos i~l. pt;'I.":o!:"l"

rWA.OI. lO{l.

IX' .~.lfl~E.~·r f}!' ."/uIiU..4~ 1M rso ..... ~ti'EIji (H~ U/:;'/f!-/7- AI.~j'VJiY

and so pr!J.·;,,'jti-e ~he fu·l). fI.;ow ap~irDpi'iate to i:l~'I!l!h ]Jan of tb:! en.(~LJ)e'i:"l npc.tll.ting [,8.ILg~. In Qt1:tl:!I' ,"oJ'Q!l, the Iuo] meter:ng .1{1r,e;.es. ED the. Ml'buretor are '~dj lilit~tl to> :t"E!:!l-pm:d to airfttJ·w· h~~Buch a w'ai~' .[:,jJ tCi produce JI. t:ll.i?j-~,ir l'll. tto POWl!l' eurve Blm.Ll~!"' to. fig, '9, \ ... hkh ls t;~l~)ical for- ~1l I::i;liu uretors, and whlch etosely rcsemh le-~ th~ fuelc..:ail" mtlo curvu .i I,;.st dl~eu$o~ed,

}'fiF pI.H·t~!!oes of di:sr::lJssir1l1, !.~~rhu:ret(i"l's :1l'l.i;I:~' be m v itl·8d into two gMel'al ;;::ls;!Isii!s:

1-, N oJ1-au:tomfl,l;i!:;.

t.hmugh It, ~f' .aJtltUo.e or rempE!l'!l'h.lil'C! are iljm::el.l!l--l:ld, the same we·ight fI£ fi~l'" will ocCUPy .a ,E'ret'l;ter volume, Mtd t)m!l. 'will, flow U"'.Irou..gih tbe. cJ~l'b1Jl~etlJl' w1th a hlghEt ~'d(J('it~r. ~['hi:!l bas the, etfed lil"f i[l~t'C~jn8' t~tE:! f1.181 mf.ter~ng fciJl'OOS, The simp)f! :'ihfiow meCi;:n::Il'htg do~'le@ {If"the.tLmH:~.ut(io., rna ttc C:.liirblih!'bJr doe~nQ,;t: fully ~f.!E!D!!ia~~ fol" t1ni!l. i?xtn £U-l'ce" wi th the r!;l~ult lhll. t the. itJlxtllre beCl)me.q. ridllGlr as ~f!m.~t",u 'lure OJ' al titllde is 'i.Tlc.re:;LI:,Ed. The e:ff'I;!~'; 011 thli! 'bUiij~~ metE!"!'.tng curve 1IJi' an iru::.:l~SQ' in @..1.titUi:11.:! is WustrO! tEod in Fl;;::.].O.

"'])1} .l:;fl·ntp.8n~il.te f'Or' tb [~ f.mrich"rnent·, a mann.i!lllr (}pe.t".!:I. ~tl mt:rture 1!;Q"t1.~rol mecl:!::u;d!!m 5!!i iuoorJ:)QJ'at;;id in the c~r,bl;vr-etot",

"2, A utuma tk"

.NON -.A Url'E)MAXlC C ARDURETQkS

A~ 1!'t'B-d,r;I1.1:!1l.~ poi nted 1L1~'l, lH'Ol::;e.r :fucl :reg~]a,,· tion dep0w.h. 011 "Ii'll:! ab£iihr Cit" thl.:! 'i!.;(IJrbUXgt·llr '1;,1] .Irlof.ai'lu.re ;:;iJ'l'l'e(l,tl~· .rhc we:iiht tlf a,jr'j1OW"Lng

o

/Jf'" "1 }. .:

.. -.."'

i

]By ttlO\"ing ~'~m mI::-;_tul"\e cim1.'!.rt;lle,rer, the. area of the metering J lit. «(Jl'jj'j{l.f!:) Ia re~tr-k,t~l or' ~n. t~ed, ,and. tht'i fuel :J1ow ·~ll'ri'I3:!ipt!f.idin giy den. 0;:; l"f!a::i Ii! d o.~ .1lill' ea E: e d.

If no i;l.dj mrt;~m·ll'l. [::; m;llci.e, th.e rH'l"Il-fl.lf J';:I, tin w~I1 norrnalle be :E!!Qm~1A' hat ~:[ehe:r tha"", the minlniliJlm req1Ji reel 1D:f ro"(ljitil}ll~ in Ul(! crui!loing ranse, To Nal.l:z.e "~11e. maximum fuel e~wnlJ:mr

IlEIRCIE.N-r of" I\IOFi ~AL I'I."''I''[D 'pan'EFl "'ig. i 0. ~ ,f;ilfer;;'i' fliE Ai,ltude, Or!

Uni{am,P9P1'$l;Frr'!d C.crrb !I,~tg",

:pos.'libte fGl."' this type' o:£' (rpeil'~ticm. tOO- miKtmili! lntlst be ~ai!TJ1.H\n~l· ]e,..'1J,]l.OO.:

N otL-.I:1!tlt.omaHo:; ~liJ;ill:retors al"1.:J ustil:::LHy ,re:::tri(teri to the f[oo 1 _YP12 r'.arhU:retiorn.

AI ~ro]'l;lA 'iFIC eARn -REI1 nt.IS

Alttom;atj;('_ '~Yhuretors inC!}rpi.1rate. arr . autornatie IDL'Xtm'1(l control nu tt" ~1;l sitive to, pr12S£i!l1l.l!"e and ~emlJer<1t:UIle, ~~'h[(:h wmpen!.'lO!Ltel3 TO!' c h.D.~.l.l,,~ iLL bID th 8:1. ti tu nli!! .'I.:n d te-J11:'P'c[' at U re, 'T hS!:i e~al'bul'etor,~ meter iUli!l in ::judi. ~ w.a.z,o· as to (!01lJ!utm to thf'o basic fuel-ati ra:t1o Ci.ln'E!' thmughOJ,l t ruL JIh.:,:.flt; wr~ditiofllR, ~1td ~t ~s ~h.cref.()t"() UilEL~sary 0 ";a'M'Y tille pooiLLott of the mh.ture. oil'OotrnL 1.2""21" to maintain themanua~ly .::el(l:Ctr;....a:fiL~x,tu!'p. ~ill.i':',

Two man ual ls ~lcc~ed. mixture s;etti'n gs ,are ~lIIaJly a va]].",l:;d~_

1 Aut'l)"ma:!ic ~li!l!h III Tl,k'lf-tH'!i' £.I1].·r1 (~:iim_h~

2_ \ud.mnl.":liic L..',II:D (Cntiro)~t~) prlDv:de mix~ ti.l~ g+ ... i Il,g th e ~ .. 'I; test ])(I.s~ble iuo<!l. ~r::(lJl.-' I)J1I'Ij."" ~ fitn[t(o!d '9"Y ..... r.L.gln;E! pO'~""i:"'!l' and E"r~e' 1)'& fuel: an~ :K€J;lel'LiIHy permissible o,nl,}' under favr),l'Jllble c!'}ru:HtHm:!l ... f po .... e-e- !S:t1.(i '00 oHn,R',

Tne (':!lri:Jllirewr NJ:'fonrL:::Ln~8 CUf"1o:'E:!, 'with thp. two ~]eI:,ltLyp' mixture seetinzs, ts illustrated b~' Fiilil:. 11.

fig. I r - A $~n;rj9 ~vrve- I,gl' 1~1'i ,A"Jomatjr: Carb.II'Ntr.ol'

'. Tile ... b~ m~.;(tuT!: fJ!) i'l,jl'lrl ~'Sn:1.ti(i~: 'tiij'll;": l"'NI t,r-!>".J II ~i'ln .I '0:1 (.~ .,.,.jlh - u~~ 6J~b~ IO-llilJ~~d!J..i«l by. I';.J.tt liz WhlL~l' A.in:nft 'Dl'Id) ni ()Jh~~ :m~"l,lf.i((lj.'1N rl»t o:i1{1 lNijJ..-j,.!b:i 'if:ltlt P'(:3- }I'l!E"(I hJ:~CU6Jj r~~IIJL'l'!,l~. (!film d~IiaL:i~ilj _ OI.I~'~·. be 1i~Ll. 'by elher n:.llllJ~~~tLOrl!.l"iI-. R~~lltl~ ~mru~ :r-~~n; :nlr:'--'rilli r~ltl!T!!'ton, Iu'~ ".il'!,-}," fI,'J'j;t "'IJ.Of !II"! hum.; t'UIL~il!~ I'l:Wti"J1~ in!!.~lId f'~ ~ i.!1 .... iD~.ti!: ri.!:Il"· 'Lllli1 ";J.u,to:reatic 1&n::, Dirirl: m thr- i).l~ljT~ oiIlif~rellt fe=~ rli~, '11]1 fll f. '

It :i;s ~he l.r!5 ua I Pt.Lll{ltioo to Urnit 'I.h-a 'U.se rd 'lthii;! au t6.IDntie. ~~an setting to 'Powers belew 6'?:o or N oemal Rated P.(lWill~,

ltI 0 l'e J:'e,:entl;r some antomstse preSsure i rrjel!.tion caroU!rt!Mr:-:.' n aW mi xti 1 re p. ,;.i' lens as fC1l-

l[];y,·~~ .

1, :No·I'IU:iI.1 ~ Thi.s pffi"[d~s mixtu res .Lor all fUght conui.ttoJ1·::; Ii!XIl!E!lJt in. sorne ini;: anees for taka-off.an d fil1.~ I i).fi'WMh. Fur lCFw P_IJ'Wers h pro\'ide:!O u :mbcb.J['E! ,g.tiflP.l1gth .f'".A"!MlJitar~cbJe to the ~uwmat]c fcm~ .!iet~Ellg oS [J 'h~ CJ:[ rb~ret..nrl5, At lJ ig'her nCi¥l:en tE:tc :mi.~ '\ un!' is onrtehad 'to g-l \''E' mixture ;;t1;:r"e:n g~b8 Pl.'cm'p1iLl:'.abl e to .'1, u.t{ltn!'\,tiol! rt eh,

{!:, nidi _, T~i~ prnv.iill!!l.~ mh:ture !,'j.tJ.'ellgt.h~, 5fj:r~lllj~' riehor than ~m!',maL It i .... 'Ul.~",_o:t f.ol" aU g"1;"()ull:ld operation, and wh{)t\ t:!rit§cs.l !!!J]gjnlll cool L!'.Ig l'e.1j,ult"e!j a-rn i x ure riefier than tila t I)bt."lIit],.ed· 'wi~h. normal, In m:l1.\1J' m::.!. ... :Q:'I:~ it i~ 'h~ ['eql:l L '['eci mixtl.u:e oentrel position f~1' (.ll{e-c~r atnl "ll&l s.[pp~ac h r

A Lltnm,;:,ti c: oI'.,'1,ltl1J're-Wl'& 1T1..i:1:Y be of e.aht~ UI s :fl·);OI. t 01" ~1Lii;!(' t..i uti 'l.~' .P Ij!~L

o n CPo the. fuel has been metered in p'l'Jj'JH):rtiol1 t.;;o .I:d it" 11 (Y"i, i't h .. in t; ~ d!,u c Ji! Ii i nt 0' the ai r s t ra £I.Ifi ,r-~, 'a 'l'ltl:C, I:lwmiz.e.d .::p,t""B.y •. LtL ro."rr~E;! lndLlctlll:'l1l S"y~ t~:itI.'I the ~tuel '~S a tom~.zed at the earh uJ::'1::tor; i,~ others thhl l.B., £I.ccu.mpliabi!-ri hy- a .'Io~.'l:!l~ sp'UTlJ"Je't"'Q"i'scb"larKe Ti.Qi!!i2iI'c '~·hjJ;]h d'tSel:L~L['IS@::; Hw £u,~! jLLHI thE! itnpeUe-,t'" In both. By:st£!rn;i! the action of thoe- 8UDel'('~'e.r furtlu;:r M:SiE~ '!:.he pruce 1:" nf: at-Elm; ~ti.(IoTI~ ilI,Jild V~j;lol"~zati:Dfi.

ThQ :9.1;:;0'.,,'0 iJ1Joo"!.;~on :!!yl;~E!ms (:oveTI'!d ])'r<:llCtka~]y. till ailft':1:".afi; enstne a~plj e.a.tll)JlE. p.t.LtH" to ,"VorW Wi!lF II, An a-dditkmal sy,st.em whieh 'i.nj'f!~S . the fuel directly' into 'l':.1llch jndi,dd:ual trH~ldel' i~ wing· MferEn l~ 3 li!1,;' e tal engine manu f."t::,t'N~~. as Sum.dfbl'd el~ altii:!rn.:!;I,t,e E!liluinrnent, Thia !l.Y.:;;t.em 'pel'JT1i ~8 the comrol 1lli1 the >!I.mo.l,u~t of "fuel' fU1'1l1~H:d ,"0 each tndivin'lllaD '::l'li nder and rei'olll.t..s in more Ui%lrE1' perfcd ;Ji1;h·tbt!1:.i'lJ1l, tf!' tib.e li(~llid. po;rHon "i}r th!1!' mi,..~ tu're, 'r'nts ,i.W.v.II.nta]!C may b~ sonllilA' hat. of":!lE!t i£ 1:r.E:!t'e L'I 1 aek (d'perf.~r.t ~ i r d if! ribu tioD and ~y t11.el in OI'CfLW:tl. wcighL fI,:nd ~!)m'p,)e::~~ty of ,th~.!!'l, a.rflLn~men:_ C{Jnti,:Qul?o!t de;'elo:[JTil~nt' slmlJ1~ result itt lh~ mOti,~' w id0.£Pb~l!;a uaa c,:It' thE!' .H:I'E!Ct. in,j.e~Hcm, !;Y.'lten"

PHA'l'T & W'Hl'l'.NEY AIRUtAFt

PW.r-\. 0-1'. too,

The fll,!"~cHlJ.nhig<oi' the carburuter iSl'eg'lill~W h~- t-wa centro Is :

1, ~1:aR1:w1 flli:UU1'!I! con:t['u1 1~~'P.I'. This C(loUlt:l;ols th F! fUE!~ .noW a~ d so re:h,FUlilJte3 the' :iuel-ail" i~ titl' ou 1'00~.a 1i,t{1t'iiaci~ ci.lI'bll [ebJ:Rl. On aut(IJ;I1~ti c carburctocs it sel'.:!:., the m-txi:ul"E!' in aither the ,A 1J.t(jtl:wU~ Rich m: Autouia t.i~ ~~,n (f1tcb 0[' SQl'J[fJ,'I,J) po.::.;t:ioll, WTt Wt!lC txp~· tlf earbu 1 .. ~t{)fi1 an .additJomd posltion kno.wn as }'~]] Rleh, js 1l1!lJi) provided. I,t is basiea 1.ly B1ib':h fir richer t~.lt JJ.lltQl1;1[3.tic .rteh, ~lUd ·'.is not suh~ E!r.:~ 'to .CI):rrrp.I:l~E.~\,!.l~,n ?r th I? an omatic mlx t}jAl"e 4'"QiiJtrul ul1Lfu -wi th ,th~ :r{':salt 'iJUi. i the m:b;:n~l:"ri! strer.:gth THLdor~ .turthel' 1:],G'I:TIIA"l am~~de jnJ:;~'·8a.~Q.)' Ol~ bath trDf~ (r{ ·J;l.ILoburet{il~ the fu.el flow Ir'lA.y be F.top[JFI1iil by !D1<tc:~ng !IhE:! mixture t:tI-~'l'~I'o] [eyer In tb,12 Jdte (:'J:i.'iroff pp~.i d~.)f!!_ This j~ t.he nIJ-l,:_ m:=.j I'lay ot ~t(l.pp ing .f:IrB englll ~_ ,( Idling nid~lures, as :'>'i'ell as Ldlin:ili ~l~~,' ma;r s,l!,:,u 00

~:1 ~~5',ed, b!Jji {I~l;r {In. HL@ ground, ~ ,

2;, Thr'fiiltle. As t'h ~~r':Uufutor 'Ja at ~llli::' aL];," ert'I;~'rulec to the clJ.:gili.C, 'i t i.t'> '8, lo.gLCl}l l.ll.".l(!e· &t , wttiL';h tf,J pr'(wLdie ~DJne meat a cd C:lYI1f..ToJI!n.g ,t'~ e- airttow, TIl- S Is ./lc(:ompHsbed by ULa tirroU lei; :a \'l.l.h';,::, W hieh, ~:y var.~rb)g 'l.ht .;,'!.~.a t,b l'D'Llgh whici'i the 1i.!1liiJ.l"J~e alr D£!,3Se5~ ennL.r-{ib the fIm';' _ Binee &i diIJ-',!; j~ di l'ect1y 7'D~ lated to (:IOwel', the ~i:'!:['!'Jt-.le i.5,mll.:!, but !'lot the ullh', mean ~ of cont:rnHb1,g' pov.e.t-,

OIl ])'r€'!~ii l"e iy,p..:: r.:a~bu.F"i:!tO.t'~ the f.l_~e1 ~~t~'r int!; f~l"c:e e.!I'l:.abli~h:erl U prCkp(lT'tiilJ1. leo '1.irlt'l)1,-'· i-s uf suffle it:~li m.~ it ude to I)€! '1l!.5€d .!fOl' 1l"f.:1!'UlaHlll! I[LMhflniams w}i'osu t'ul1c~i('minp.; 'l:l}iI.lat i/fLl.'Y with power, All eloLlT,ple of th 1;;:l h; the :;:L utorfL~'lti(', E.P::!1'!o;: atl v:an-CB 'rncc:h~ll iafn,

F I ?~L PRF.S~l RE

The- '[I't~l5'.Jre 0- -. 'Wie fu!'}] at thel? -en ranee of the carburator has ;11,11 impo.rtant l~'l'feet'QT! thB fuel- 8.i~' mt.i'LJ, If It does '1mt feJ.ll with in ~ho 5l)1?(·:jfi'l:!!u Iimit«. tkl.'! c<l.rbure'l.ol' wm I1iDt m~wr fli~l eor:rp.~1.1:,,: in fl'p.!'._P11l1Se to airflo '/i,', 1'h~ OP!dl'fLtOl" haa no ('-mnt;ml of (1\(: f,'UI:3~ pr-esf>1.l re pl'Q,ilueOO 'by ,t!~

'en gin.li:l.'-d:ri~;;~n i:u~l PUIllP while: in fll:i;':!; t.. C01l.~ :f;eqru(mtl~', !.he ihCluId dileck, to see .. ha t jj rl?g]~tel'!=: ,C.~!"[,-liII,:.lt5' ~u'l:"iJlg' the ~(,Iolind lC'g~!l; and _ ma:t;:f! al.l i~(,!i2esS[j.ry adjustrnen t::l pl:iol' .(1, ta:x:C''''off,

The fu,:el pressure gagf! j~", th' oll'ly ~nst,rumi:mt crmneeted tliI'eC1i;L~' to' thlo1 c~Hil:ntretm', It h. ~f)iU ~ I'Li:'cb8d ,'1C, tlle i'lIiIe1 E.'Lta~ll.el" d1;llmb'(!J:': and the prasSUl"9 r?,gi;=.terl;!d! (lop. . !l e, gagE 8 the. ditf~~ntL;"J,l. p:!,~:;.q'U.rt:: be.'!t',l!e.~n t.h~':l of the fuel and. r.h~· 0-1 t'b..! 111_m~p.h.e.!"e. (G8ne:r<lJ lly, at. the carhl;l.re.tur p.ntr.a:nlf:E:!-.l

I rL additiorr, three ether )11 !l.bumuni£ may be nddoo to the indu{!til)ll ,F.r!;.tol:illl iii! QJ'dle'r to. assist. in th e enn t 1'·01 of Jnduetion, By~t~fri eondt tifm~ :!I.::1a th{!, ~gl:llati()n 1}1,fll~l fhw_ These are ;

1, C .. ii:'llllretOI' Air l'!i'~pCl".lliJt1,1'C ~...-~e<:- The: c;adllH,'i:)lur ail' telT_pe~-1l.t'Ure ~gl:! Lli U.H'l,'I,)ly atti!l.t:liod in ~he all' seeon elbu'r',' ~mJ11e<:!i,atel~' up-

- stl'e;Jll,,'t1 from the C<'l l'hIJ!tJf!WI' entra~Lro, as the t~pl:!rHLure m~RU:i'lf!d M thi.F. hl<l!;U bon is thii:! most 1"0'1 Ea-ble :iJ:I.OOW ot de oo.t'InLnj,ng kE:! ro~",rt\atio!1J conditions j t also prnv id.e.!i Lhli: l'\.o,.ading of iJ{eu'eost ~t-l~.biljty i'l)r det.f:!iI.'rt'l.hl~J).ff th,E! LE!~!'JpeVl.t.u~ ~n(liti0!~. b.i the, aii' 'i~if' !h~ purpO§;E!- o'~ .r:o!'l\~'e't" ealculntton, Tho tempsl'.fJ.tu .es measured ~~t points i.n the ind'l~d-i{Jll s~'5tem bi:::'. \~F(':€ll 'o:hi.e 'c:aI'~ll'!;atl:ll- end tpe inbakc 'DOrl: do. not pro:.,t~d(': a euasisten t me~H:S ,of rnaas LLdng tR.-mpl:lnl).h~ re Q!:!Jld so rtn :::Jot provide a t~UabLe means ofa:etii!t1uin ... kg dHl'h~g,O den_qi'l~·. B~' f'...aHbI'£J.tiD K ,eIJ.,gLJlo!;'; D"",'t"-· IeH1l11111 ~ :l~::!LlT.lst \'"'!,:ri,:,l.'lion in ornE:! ,Llltt'tlDeT'3:' ure of th e air 'Dlcir511J'e.di at "The c.arburetol" Ellit'.aTht"~~ thEl effM~ "i ths ;"'f.!.l'i;a. Huns iJl templ,;!r~~'In'.;! aL HiL:::. i)o·':r~ t., c@ be [3.'!:1l! Llf,L;j.Wly dete:rmiTle~_

A U~[[l p:r5c h;lY& bCffill ]nad~ t,o me\1- sure the condition. of mE;! ~lt8J'gl? Ii it at :poltLl% ''b~·tWE!Bt't 111.;=. Ca'rIJiI.H'E!tiJ;J:" and th~ hltiike. ptrt-rt bu~ t.hey h;fl.'!ii:1 not proved It'!'ll:::.!plc. <t~ !i-ti\blc :r€'.ad:ings of Oil ~uel= [dr' mhtUi'e C'.ann IJt 'bo obtai.nii:!,j ill the w1delY' ~'8.r~!i:np.: r;'il;tt~ of m:ixti'l.t'l£: 3tl'li?l'1gths th.l!i.t are ~oo,

2_. '1i'I:11l'l FL'O,,,,.· ~1;etc!1': }<'\ltil fI.(iw l;l:le~el'i; a re ::::nlIL'8Lime:=.; provided on ] ~l:t~~ <!.i.rc!',~£t in Qrde.t La rovi d.~ 8. close cb..E:!ck on the .f".9. te of 'i'ue1 (:1)11- !5-'U:I;ILE!d,

oJ. Fl~~'I.,o!i:i,r • .undr~r-~ 011 51JlM lI'!.,rt./l,]btiulli, l~rti cular ly tJH)!I.e lJ.~h~g TIQn-:!I.u'[JIIolTl.l',.ti ~ .~ I:H·blJl'E!~. tora, fuc1u@il T' alia~r2iel'!io :::1.1'8 t:n~ QllI.? meam;, I) dcwl'r.rdt'?l,i.'l1g wheJ;Qer or no!" mixture ;;:It,ren~I:.l 1'1'; l.~·i thin I..ha ];I~r~l" mj' ge.. Th1S i ~,::;h·l1lJl!l:',llt deh:!l'U1:tlle:! th.·E fnd"'.l If ratio 'by s.~l--.ttl'PUn g the Cl;" hlil-u.st, gi:li~Qs.

.2. SUPERCHARGING

POWER AND MA~S A~Rli'l.OW

(h+~tng ULE! aoc'tl~['ies; 'L'i.'rotl.J!!l()·me or i ]1:1 ab· sorbed ~n)lddnl! tile 5uperr:;ni!l.['gmng m~ham~m, 'Wb,at; :t'UJ'J:i.!l.lIi.'j1 .s~ useful pU\VIj!Jf a v ai:bbI'e ;at the Pfi)I:IeUo[' ~i1:Lliiit l.9> kll(l'lO'J'J £L:=. brake ~l,)r'.!l~'1>OWf:.r". (bhPJ, fill rn;;ner ",,"ol"dS: inp - bh'9 Pl)wJ!)r.

I loaaea. Itll~J:HmLJ;(,+j }i!'. the nower lo~~::;. are fu nct!r}rl.!:i, of [bot'lr rp.rn. .Rind .pcw~, bhn Wars M fixed relatio.n to rpm. O~ to ']JJJl,si:! airflow. Altb'Ou_gh 'php [s imt ;I>trlct;i f IlIroj"Jc.rt1CoMl tQ' aoLil'frO'W, thE! eonneetion b!i!tw-eeil",! the two is rl!E!veJ;'th,~'ei8 do ElE! , :'J!.t}dj In th£l tina! :afll~;JrYBis the po~ ... ar ~~utput of &Il £(rtJgin~ is :c~tlitro].[.lld liy ·thif,! 'ma$s (Iii.' weight o:f ·air. .no-wing- tFJrou.gh the c:s:rbl!l!retoJ' in il ,g,iVli!fi time,

Tbe- aiil;CI.'aft. e'l1gine'~' s. a. heat e;n.gtll,'" \'i.'hieH Qerive.s tts l;1O'W,E!r." from the bU:rn~ll~ of'!l, mlxt!lll."'1:! Df rlJ~1 a:'nd air. 'Tim.;! 1E!!lilf;!rgF 'r,deased by wml.H.i!l~ ti,[lJl iR djl"6C.t&~ p.to,PP!r.tlQ!'lal to the w~igla;h' or mIL:::!>, f;Jf ~he ,e:hh..t:'gJ.~ uil'J:1!wnc tnto tfre crlinlie.r& Aootirdiing"Jy" if tho :J!!L'I~l-aLr' rat~Q ~B kept. c~~ta:nt a,t the '·bf!:'::iI;. 'po-wer" n:d.d"u1'"e' E':et.ting, the ;pawL:lr d~'i!i!l~ped in the cyl1ndl,:lr8 ,dll""arr djrect;[~p; wilh the :m:l.iJ.1S5l pf air (l~nsum(!a. Thia ba.'Jie J;'eJaUol1l~ !lm.pi is 'fnde{l)eTI.at:·fi'~ o:f rpm~ f!xQept a5 th~ lut.tel"

t:Cls' he ~8'ine'a eb¥.p.!l.e~.tl-' tl;i ha!IH1~e air"

~l'Q ()btru:n a higll ,pg.wer ·OutPlI~r.lt to.l~p'W,!:!; ~I::i:j:l; t tne ~ignld!1':' m\1!l.t proTIde ~am6 m·ea!ll~ ()·f iupplring the !.mgine with ~ masa aif.fi.Qw :::I!!.Iffi~l.e:nt fo.~ flU r..mtditlo:t:b!l ",lLSil'·j;! hjgh PQl'Iortnu:rr~n8 demanded. T o dClthis satj sfac(r.lorlLy ..,;_ OVEr a wide ran'~ ,r".Ji.' attltl!ldf!, and w[thuu too g!"e.:}t II r:l~E!c in U'B;! telnpern tU.n~ of the fuel~1r cl'.u:iJtg!1!' or t.olJ g-r'e-at an l:tl:~e ii~ thE! (:omple:fHy, 'Weigh~~ and .am.1t Gt t.hE! lJl~t.'1jll;'1tfo]'j-pusr:i~ tmE! of 'i:;hlil' miJ~~ 'djffiC'uJt problblms in !l,El'.:=r,f,ir.t enstne ;;;ief!lgn,

fig I ~~ - ~elm;a-lI B.!lltWI!!i!<,fI p'~~, (lHf:j a['ld' Ma~ Ai,iJ-aw

TI!.:a !p®;,v.!11." dE!v.E!JQPed iill the ~rnndet!l r:d ~ (! Iii: k:no·\\' n .as the ;j,ndic~ted. hor~l:lplfl,wer. (ihp l" rr(iot all of II hi dl!llh'"E!;J:"e;Q to: the prllpclloB'E hat but, ss sllgge:=.t~cl below, some of[ HilE! p iBi koat'in ()'>~mlllg rl'J~l fl'iI!! tioo. and [n

Air; m- m~ 8tl;'l'll-tty ;;1~lUn.g, t~e mq'B'en .in th'l1; .wl', ill, h:it vQ"umr .and by , ... eigbt the most. impa.rtliilJt P.~l't ot the co:mhuliti ~I~ mhr\;lJ!re_ Rf,)lll,ghly l!!: ,PO'l}nd!'l. of 8.1:1", I:;II[ 2.6.· pUluJd .. <t. nf' G:1fYgen, are oonsUJ1K'>Ii in tlL'1i! combustion (If 1 pmmrl nf gas.nlinl;! at ~'~!lt !."!ow~· mixture .1I,tJ1er.lltt·h.

~ 'lit ~ = ::::::: =.::

. .!...---. _ --" . ., ~-_,.. ~-~--~~~~--~~---r

I - -- (,

J I

I -----~~-~---~

~

\

...

,_._~. __ I. eee -== ...... _;...._ ~

~~~. ~~==== ~ __ =_==~== __ _d~_

llnHkli! Ule ri;II:;ket.; whi;:;;1i to tJ.,e ",clf~()Et;;:lin~d must; {:a:m" both i t'L1lJ'l'c."jen1;l:). ili,e con ven 'i--imml ,ui1"('l';7I.ft .c.,ul'i'ies only one hlP.'~',ed Len ~ in [til. '!:,D. n'ft.'l CIJ.1 d mil!~ U'!. T'ou.gtl th~ o~htt', •

rL.'h~ lnt.e-l;'TI.;IJ ;::urn'l:tl.l stiott engine W r~y. according.I.~', bu tbo'Ll:1:!,11 t (Iof a5 an f'!lr· pump, Wh03t: per". :EOl'.t;U;ITI('IC JelJillt'd.s .in w.l'~~ mli!iL~ul'i on lb capl:lcit;!-'. Halt of 'E~~h. p.~~J[' ';::}"i.iJe. 11l dffi.r ..... te-ll 10 '[Iumt>ir~Jg 1\h", iN,:;:; the l!.tl'lton d~ii(!en'lkl during ~Jl-e tnt:;,ke sU'vk~r air 1$ drawn into the 'l!:yUnaer. DU:ri~gtJl(,: exha IJi'lt :: lro.ke it hi r.e}I.H'lf"l4 to the, .atmoaphere,;! i'UI a part. uf the Ii! X lw. ust gasQ.Sj, by. the p~!J;!J ure O'r. t.he lJl:::~on, ,In ,tbe ,('lI)l,.Ir::'~ qt t.ne ~!Jinpl;'e;!l:glO1 and PQ\IIcrr ~h'i)ki2s' ,pne e.rtf!fne t!t·:tLI.iS time ,!)U t. from pumpitlg ~o pr-o.dl1ce OO(lygb. :po''''''er to ke:ep i~~t1]f going ~nd de1i"'~r. a .r..:!<'I.SClna~~c t:;:;.J~m:c at '(he p·t'llPQ leI' ;:lhaJL1.

The w~is::nt" of ali' ('mt:::,u~~Qd by aon <ftllglhi:l de],1!.:Jl1as ]1l'll'narl4' 011 th~ tlJl~L\l pi;;>1:dll1 Q.i~.v.([r.eemant, t.h e rpm. th.e te~JII=il'nouJ:'I? of :the: ch ar-.!m , v.»d the prl!$sure 'f!xi:stlJl,g n.t the ~illta;ne p(:,t-i;S, It 'en;::: last, of' the-se f~ctllt:!i is Increased, ::I; ,g_rGlnter q il'f1.ntity (x[ ail" iF.; .f~(,!d :[nw thE! c}'hr.r..erl>, and, se long' a:=. HII!£: fu·et'...acii!· 'rfitjo an.] ~ther i!it:~0.ra remah'l. constant; fhs :t'e~ult t::l to incre~1:if.1 the ..... E!l~h t ,",.f the tilillll',;re, S]"'u!e thQ .g,ller,gy ;released by c(}mb~gti0n is ht tun} p.n.1po.r tillna 1 to the weight IJ'£ tlle .(!ha:rj:!,o; 'it on!J,w/! that jn'~ak!l pm't p:cel)f:<U['8 is an lm:rM.11't:<llllt indlli"= or p.Qwer " .. rhenever the, oll:her· :fa·ctt!-l's are known,

rn Pl'l\~trce thls pr.e~~uI'i2 is 11<01 measm'·ed a] a n ifltake pert., but J t U't~ rim nf 'bl~12 superehf.L·t.",g~t (:ollect!."fi. It ~s ~ilown as 'ID;:iir1:ifti~iJ Jjr~~ Slll'e, or' abaolu h... blnwer tim l)l'eil3ure' (iftb'nl), m:o even ml:l~lif(iM ::; baolu H: p;r.I!S::>tll'U (111~ll) i .IJ.~K~ is. e.x:pn~:f:jse~ tn h~en;e.:l of :riJ.enUl'Y {irt_ IL;,),"1

'!" IrI, H,g·,. is 'l,b~ mCI;I!lu' . 'Il2.ed l[l 't~l(: United !i:bl!:".:'l IJ£ Arr..erj!:SJ, il)I;..."Jc:'1," 6::1Ufl'Ltrt'C3 fru!.b" '1lSE! <{IiirGr~~lt 1,:il"llt..'o!: [(.II ~'T!'p"lc ]~, En~'l:O:'I1q, I'JLfI.;rd1'QL~ prL~1U't; ia ('''xP~;j jn p3L ·'oo!.":r~r:; IlbDV~ BeSt, k:lI'I!l i:LtJ:a::;~!;,~rJ~ ;Pl't!B3 \U7t; ,

It oj;::! ajl. .v.b",'I(~ltH(! ])~!l.::!un" mCMu:rT.!fl. f:rnm z~ p!l-i, a!vt not a "'ga,g't:"! o.T' differen tiaJ pr:e:::'::'l1.re, :rT.1I~,ifI,ii.ur8d fJ n -m surt1€ refel'enr.e po.int, such $

,fJtm!J~pheri 1.':. ,pl'iJ~Sl.Lr.e.. '

Any '2:ti1..t tion .at re~tric:t.iun (If :::ll~llow ~ff~(!t.3 tile lH'e;::l8U.ru ~ t t.hE! c~_[.ectqi.l- r jm, Ir..Iunifo.M .jlf'l:!~z H~ ~Ro th~l'eforei r(:~ul.'l. t.ed cltieth" b~' :tfa.e .~.t'bm;et{)J:' UU"(lttl ~ valve" ~.I.:!t:ol.l(JaI::ly ~ it if: cnnhuJ1e(l hr fl{~ p't"i:!I:.~ilre ';"i~kh e:,.,..[~t~ ~L'C . .be car~

bUI'f!wr ttl trance '2"''=. thf! l'·b;:!oaHi ~';i[ altit~,dE!, ·.l'fl.1U" . 01' the operation '1]1' <'In S,UXl l,'I,ry ~llr comptt:ssor ~1' SIJ;5?E!l'!.::bar.geI'.

:lIan~fo.k] pruMIU'ej jt sJ10!Jld he not~dJt. ls. not

. Pl!lwet'., 'but 'mei'I;;lJy iii. ~r1l;1""CIr.:ient l:tldcX for me~ ...

In"h~g Cone of tn;_"!; sevf!1';!I.t·'1MW·!!' affr;_o,C.ting: power. .It h ooiy in t(}m'b'iJ1l!1.tlm) with rjnn, and ~fteJi m~\k[ng ·~rt~~iJ1 nece!l,!!i!l.l'Y con.:!..:! I:.;fo~: IGor carbu:f'BtCoi ai:r wrtlperatu:rl3~ that lJl.lI.njJolai [pl'l.lsgure maY' be 1).!*ld In n:taklrllt all .,;:ippr&"xima t..e. Jetcrmhmtioh (:if bhp hy lidcrel1ol::.'e to- the ;);m;t!lDpdi!l.t.e o.:perathi.,g ecUl'Vf!8 •

C,AiJ,UiURETQR AIR 'TE)JPErRA'J~URE ~""D ~Mt:;~ ~O\\:]RF'tovr

A.:rl.}' f~.tq·l" wtJi~ dl~'" UtO, maaa gf the fue~-.B.lr (!h:;:;i';1:.'"C wi:!t a'ffGct thE! Qn:rdnefi:;i P,Owe·Jt ou1.;{llJt, 'l"ha (!iff~h'. or :;:r.ari.a ti01'l8 in rn fl.n1fold P'i,<CSS1Xt'!F.! h.-l!.:'r'.e been u0.1M, An(;t.her l:trrpol't,ant !a>[!.'I:.0. r' is t'n!;! u.!;'rtl;p~·!."'.~bU'e (;It Uta ~,h.al·!.re, Sinl)~ ULQ wd,gM of ct. gl ;"fl~ v-Qh.ilfne 01' th-e lhlcl~air' mixture 'at a gh~n press'I;l'!'IE! II:! inver!ltely prc;.:JII'Or~ tlQu,'!,l to it!:. 3, oRoJute teml'!le['I:).t;ure (ahfl. tl::!mp, = F + 4!7;@ ur C 273 '. it· foUows rha t !o'in.¥ mQrf!a~ in the tUllJ)f!<r.a t~ (jot he l~r:.ar81e .'iit u gl ven manifold ])l'i:;!:::i::lUI'Q re!l.ult~ In a aie('!rE!~l!;Q tu

thE! '.!.':!:de onen poSiHfJf.I, JlHlr.l1fold pressure ,~[m be :r~mld "to deci:e~~e !:I.~ altitudfl jlt~!ilefl1 ,find the jm~l'Ii"-'T.! of l:Ii ,!USl'l of PQW~:r W[Jll)q be eonfirmc:d hy ;II. tl}rqu~rLE!kr. The rcal:.OlJ iQf tilts j:!J, to 0.;1: .f!l;iund fJil the ~,hility ---: or, b!"::!tu!'l:',inabn1t:r - 1)£ the ifffl.g~ne;" to pump !1>\lffleEel'1t .air.

.im cenJ!H;y and 'w~l.g'ht, and hence in 't"ho Amount 0.1 hQ[,,~y' 'l:ii,v;ll!]a~le 'from l,t::. c=[}mbu~ti01'l.

lD !}t"iletJc.e the tenrveraiu["-.EI of the tuel~il" di.W1:,'-"e itl'l~lf ill: aot measured, l:l;i!'lw~d, the tem]K\E~ttm;!l ot' the ehi.U'gQ roo.i:' i:!:l taken illS it i~ .nbo.u'~ to rNIi~:t tHe caJ:"ouNtQr'.pri1Jr U;; t'he ;i1il~eetLon (lof t'lrc .:f'ilf:i! J and, In establishlng ~Si.fE!' r.·a:r'buretiJoi ijil' t~ture ,thtJi'tl'l, a:ltow,Q;ililcil! 19. 'tn8:D.e :for the COO[illlg" 6fllf!ct· of lye! YlJIp.oru.a'tllln! :Em" tb~ l1Mt riBe due to COmp!J:lI;!SIOICm in t.htl·i!Hj:peIc~h;u·geJ:", and. for o.tlt\it 'i;Elmp~r~:t.ure ehang~~ oCI::Q,rring be~ t\\'eel:11.JLi;:! car1l:iur'efiot .[Ij}1d rtli.", lntake-'pipe..

'R:igh oo:d)!.J' Boor air Wrnpe.f.lll!burcal> ~ l,.!iJi!deB.ji~ ~l!J.re, not o:tl!!y DE!(!!'1!J.>p;e they ~11lt 'in a J.QBS (If fKi.~-'E![" but. ;jll!!o{J 'Ix:~,u.!le tiler Il'lli~. a~m.t] to' deton:~.til1m am~ Clomlequ,ent ~gjile tm:h.il'e. It thus ~me~ one i;)f ·the :p:rif!clpal f!.1~r:!fitlt.l!'l of tne in.d:I.1~~jO:1!1 svswm to deJh'F.!f tho fUi;!]",air charge tar th~ cyJlnde.rl fL'~ the ,pro'per temp.w.;9. t.~.q,.

If l.he fu.el~a.il' cbal1rC is fur~ed i!.ltQ the ey:ni1iders simply by tile preesui'1i:! ex-el1ea br Rbt: at.., fuosphere, :the. engi:fie ~a called a. "na tlU'ally aspir,.,a1i;c{]'" (]or UI1i::lUPI~l'chats:ed £!,tl!¥jne, '" A~D~rn 1:4" 1I!l~ tG dr,f.l.w by rSlJJCtkm.) Such M1 l!1Jdi.m:tj<011I system aatl£fl.(:!;.· tne [',eq~reme:nt.s uf' m~Qder.[~te pe.rf(ltmm.n0.!o; ,f'j.t 1o,,,", ;!dtilt~dli:ts_ P.dID.l:l.ry h'!ft.iflmg iPl;!I.'Il~B ar,e j)f'l.!J!I1'equip[lea with s!lr::11 e,ng:ine:3"

lIDW~1:"~ ()J:M'lB thIs ~;Vp!!l of I?llzine has left th~ Irtouml!' ita limitat4ins b~,omE! apP<'I.r-ent. If the .rp.rt~ ,hi ileld COO.'l.tant, snd, ,the thr,(ittle ftXI2(3, Jn

A;!I;:lume, for rBx~m'P[Qr 'l.':fti!Lt, an Ei!~git'tl:! delivers 500 bhp at ~(';Q, IE!""e~ il!.nd, 'Ctl ~dJllco '~hi;!J 'p~wer, ennsumes -in Onli;! hOliJlf 43.,()(}0 'C"!J! it (I,t: air wel,gh- 1f~~ ;'::',300 l:b ~.t ~rI!<.a level, A tJ.I:I.T.i a!U~udli:! of'1{1,I)OO f~, 4,S,000 1::11 ft air weighs 2,4&0 lllJ and- at 1.'9.,009 n "',I:lig.n 3 onlv 1,8] 0 lb. SlllCE! t'nl:'!' power il}Llip~t IJr the t1l1l.g1he depenqs o-n i~B .[Ijb111ly to consume pCl\ll'ldS rather than cubic feet i:Jif air', it 'f{lI~~W,f;l ,that th0 ;pow,er "'ill dC[:!iEIE!a!W!: ~jtb ilJtrtude mu(o!!Ii !iR !l!ho\\']t'iIl .1'\g. 13...

'iL~!'r~ :t'1.:I]!:I.'bmil betwe~1J ~citudl?. we4r-.h.t. :and! v{JaUrti.'S can l)€! mUHtr.!l.te,rj ill I!I.lJottie:r way. A t;!1i:!1I. level, :en.;;!: :3,300 ]0 at. alE occ.upy- 4f-U~!)O il!1I.i £1:

PHATT & W.Hf'l"NE"i Ahtcn .. AFr

PW A., 01. 100

lNGREASIN·Q THE Pll;lolPING l.!AP,ACJTY

The -Pfoblem 01' dej!.[gning ,aTl c:ngitlf{ 'tha,j; win maint:.::dIl its. JKI\I,'el" cutpueat ;altitude thl~S .['tisnlves l.tseU·i:nt.n (.'ill(\' o,f jnO:;l'·8:1:1.!:Iln~· the engi:M'.s ~ir~pUTfI:pir.rg c.!l.pBci~y·; 'fht'~e ~m:!fel'lmt. m'etJwrl!:1 m...,y be u~fi!d to ~(;co:rtLp.u3h (his,

11., [n'~I'i!ase pist{11i dii8pl<'l:~mf.nt. 'by JiddlIl:Ir or I:IllJal·.I1ing' oyiin.dlo:n':!. T:h~fI j!l- a ~mloe1'6(i'me m!2tn.od, ;'I~n~*"" it jnCl"e;[[Bi~ thfi size (Iof the engIne wjfn~ rliitlt lnill'"e[i.lil,jng tllli;! ranD of I)l)Wlllr. to "",:eigfit..

2, Inl!!u'W>(!: .rpm. Tld:!l rslses the l)UMrpiJ:l.1;' rate, (!If' nll.~ Qllgi"e~ P.lIit i,)~:rS aniy a pH.rH~li~ li!oJ:u.tion to tut'! 'PiJ.'obJ.£:Fn. ~5 ~t'!ntrl!L1~l1I1llnd redpt~ u.t"J.g i(_)."t'Il!et:lsh(ll:tJ~· ·lmpo.:=e .[J, li'D~it~t.Jg speed,

3, :S'IIpiI!rd:tarlil:e Of in~or':pr)rati.:ng in the 'fmQ:~ne a ::;po~[fLI a,jr pump, ''I.'DDse pr:i mHt',f function 11:- to c.ompreF;!!. moi'~' ·wei~ht (l£ alr lnto t:h.e -thtea 'v61~ qme of .a.:ir lumdl ed [.)1 '~1l:0: pj;!ltomL Tbh ia tile· mQUwd ID(l;.iIt commonlr u:!Io;!;.d ~r). ralilie All im!!:d~n.o's a'L;r puiupltlil C;!l.~)!')C.itv. since it ~b~J.1: . .fo:t" 110 i,n~ c:real>'!i in. 1:'pl:1;l or of pml,'er !','flctJt?n slze, olild .atlds nlati .... ·e-1r HttLIj to the Qv,s!l'b'l-ll weight (J.:!! th(11!oKl'We.1:"pJOi,nt,

io.o 00 ft this S!'lmE! 'w1lll!!bt will -rtetuflY' .{;S,200 eu .l't - w!hi.ch w.Jll require an £;Sl:t.ro !',1i;Q.'fy en the

'Et.Jee:cl}.v€!.l1'tic;mru !\l.l.Rflr-c}UlX.£Ier li! 'a eeni:r:.tiflJlflat air. COTllplti:;SOOr pl"",cl1l.d. bl:ltween the tari)lIi!t'-e~ tor .Q.]!!.d tne i1:r~ak€l, p'~f,les. h i:3 JlIstl~~I1i '!:iotlsQd tJe,tween '(he pO"'i1(el' ~n'd .!:LC(!@.:3t':1ory rear i!ll?ctllll'J.S .. Its priJl('ip.aJ f@!lIUl'E'8 whkh aru shown onp, 37, c0tlsi!i-~ (~! HLI'CC 111 ain.anits :

L ]mp~lIiI!l'. At'ter l~vin.g tni2; Cfl.l"o,u:retat·, '~hf!; air ~H~£!~ [hN)~lgh 'tin:! sU':pel'Chargl!f ,throat to the im],JQ]]~1", 'I'h~ Lmpe]1j'!~ ill- urL"en at 'tX)ughl~' t'i t@ 14 1!;im!a::' ,-"r,,1,D'k'-'l~L~t s~d, .,:ula b.i2(!!'.!.u~e of M8 high l'l)t~t~on.~1 speed i mpar~s a uU'ge- velocJty ullC<l'g'y to th~ .[!jjr,

2, Diffuser. 'As' thy 1IJel .. ~i[' cbl!lr,e je<'!,"rel1l the im'ptUer n If;II.~SCS ~ntCi t,h~ dJtrIJB€'J', 'fhe vanes of 'the diffuser 1?t1:.:lUrI:! ~~ ~m-l:lQtn fl.r;.w wbUe·,al-· In'A:irLij the .:;'h::.l,r;b"C: ~d !';1 nw tl.ow.~~ as it ~:IIl)'~'1£;:=, GUtward, ·~ ... iU1 che: 1'i:'!8~lt that tbe~ v!.!lc:cil;. ..... ~~I~~su:rn al}!l'l1il'Qdl from ULi) [Dl]J!i:!.1I~~: i!:o_ trar !'I1'~wmQd .intir ~ty,£ie. prre!ii!'!iul'f!,.

3, (::un~wr. Aitc.r leaving the ,gttfuser the: e}ll~t,ge~B li.to:iod momi::!ilt~ly and eq1.illlizei.! [n the Ci)]]~dOl',. whenc.e l:t ie:··Dl"aw.t!. 'L.Q~he qliflci!t:!rs thrdiueb . the irr:I'I . .I?<k<t': pipeI:-, It i!'!i .3.\t; tli~ cCtllector l'[m t.t:L;:..t frmnif'oJd 'ptflSSUt'le '~8 taKon •

h.illcUr.g. At 19',OG'O it i~ wlli QOOtlpy l'1'8).mo cu n - ~'t'Ld tht.: Ol'igi;nal. two-sti.}l~y· ·brailding. '18 now thl'"~lj!: ,ll,JHl Q't1p.-h~iU' I7lt.(l['~es hlQ:h,

y...---. .....

" I I! .1: ~""'..(.I

. .36

...J

L

....

L.:

nos ts ~NC)wN AS ~ ·C£N rPttfVGAL COM PR~.s$OR

ro

~--.--

CR_AKJI;l:I'lA'''· -,J" ....

~----------~~--~ JNrAKf; Pj~·

SE OONlblRY·J!. liPE CT$ O;F SUPERCH...1JU~ I~G <

,,'TIlle U.'LE! [prLlldOOl t'll ncti o·n .nf :-;ti[)£;i."·ch~"t"'.E'~;ng ;;!I. to l.r"le.ru.ui1:le· lli,'I,SR ·atrD{~w· l.(~ r:~"lJjai"t1'g th·e ~!f-B~. sure, L\IHL henr:e th"" dc:.nf!itt" and wi£:tgh~ ·Df tne fl.1el .... 'ljr .l!;hut"',g"f!l, several ~th!]i' im!X)[I'HI.r..t. efteci..~ m.l'e .l1jl:!!o .~~sooij)itl'!~~ with lc, Tbe"1l'" are! :.

"1. )19'1I1'! e'),''e'n. di8t:r1l(iiljjition o·Nhe t~ml-,air ch[l;rgE! .~ the: [::~'H:&det'~! ·b~~al1C&~ ~r Ute ·i"'.[:ldi.l!.1 J::!!:.!:i:l.sI;.r'l1ec·· t!1J.:i:L (if tbe, ~u~~r~bft~'£'er ;:3,·t'.d its JLx~<J.[ loca tiD-n,

2, jj.1oru oollllpl~'be "·'I:lp'pdzi:"I.tiO-{1 ·of the ::fLiw. :rhe "fuel "iK ;i:l'Ij ~ct<!-rl i:nttl' the ;'ii.:r !!it!rE!at"u t1~ the Gar'·I::;~r~wl!] q.r .lit the ·en.tr',::iI,T.It:~ w the sli!!pei'i;:har!l:er. thl"lough .H·~:])inneT.' M~{h;ITr;t!e nq;:;~:le ~HMbe.;:l to ~h~ iltlr;.eUer ~h.l:l;£L 'i'<'i.'P0I1'j~/..:I:I:ti!:.!fl is a8!',tS~ bY' the wl1trhng a-c.[~Qtl cJ tihe. hn:peller' ,~!l wd! as, :oy the !heat: of eoll1"pr"i!l:::.::.ion,

i']." Rise:in te:tnp~1";Ilt 1!I.['.(!o af the :fud.:ail' ch."!irg.:l· :[I;R n res'alt or (:O'mp!'E!::;::.t(.'n. Vfl:l j]e: ·iD j.E; :'iI.::;;;:li~t.,!l. "V-~ pori :.:i:±tt&1L; H·~ :l}e .1:.<)fme ti me It fund::. 'bD llJw~:r the dCll.~fty oi tbe: ~:+Jar.![1.:! :>!-LLd filJ' l'e~~Jc~ powe~ '.'I. t, any gi~E!'n 1IUI.IJH0ltl _,l)r.e;;;;;:ul'e, Tn ·e~tremE! 'It.!.l::::;r::~ 1:he~e hi[;!h temeeratures nmy Jead tt!'dMon~tiQt:!- Th.f! t-el1:IPer'8tU"!rl:! ·N:!:.8 UJl('lieM~8 'r.;;:,.pi rl iy ·'!1"Lth hnpel[@l' o.Hpooil, lind. as a i."':@"me:qu:l'~:t;:':Il, WI eneme "tlHLll· , M(U:,:i.lly be- ;able U) tk:h ~'er more pO·W~T .:J.t ",,_. klw

',-.:. .. "

·l'p.m than ~~t·;u hi_gf} -rpm I ;:"'Iin~ t'h8 ]U'Wl'il" d~f~I·.li::G

t..::itIl,pen.w rf!F.: ·permit -.!J.pel'ati-on M hi,gh,er' ma·tli~· fold p~~~.[ire~ ~ ... ithou t, d :-iIngl:l1' of di:l~U'lrb'l.CiC\n,

01, Ah~l"'p't ion ~k' pOW(,l" by 'lhe !;uperc h,'!,l'gfU8' me~li,::I.Jl'i::.t~. AddLtioal<'J:) ~:mmpiJ1g pln\~i1;!::r is, noc~::.~J.:tll~· l'equlred :110.1"' apy irL!~n':~lS0 111 i!L~rnO'W. 8jnce 1he N:m'EfL'" r!O;!q:uiruu ttl 'deli't'-e:r' q, ,~~ygm 'lA'i;!ii'ght of ·a;ir v~:t'iQ~ .MU2111 r :d~ t.hi:! fi,qu~· of ·~h£i ~i1" ·~p.e.ed of' the l-tliJ.·pe!lE!r, it fo1l0ws that, for @]l"li ~j ... ~em

l~pm and ma!f.d£olil Pf't.~~urt:, the lxtl'Wer .o.bsl)l'·bE'!d D.,y' thr.:! SU:Qci'l)n~lT.:?er" .... »n bE'!- kent j;Clc a.m;ni:LnW!m. h~· opP.t'.'I!tii!;lg in th~ ]OWI.:!~t. ~:II:'illsilJ:l£: impeHel' Jil'€i}l" :ratio U"at will 1)l'U"l'ide ~th'f.! d_~!li:!I'f!d f.ifJgiL1!:! .pE!r~ EOl"ltl..'l@:.e,

If the E:!:'U8'ine ~1S :tn;!i l't >'I·tu!!:dtly· i:lhl.'Jiiigh t!;! iriJso~~ the aCl:d;Lti·onaJ ~ooL'3!il· imIlO!'.!E!d b~· the h1g-hil!: eyli:ng,-er 'PI'f!"!I;lu"e~ ~'j.'hlc'h j,'i;!~u1t frD'm :::;up.~l'I;:l1ia~;g.i:lJ.g, B.l·id Lf the· filE!] dnea nQi; dt:iti.'l'LLlIit1li b~ 'Ui2le of lJ]cl'E!a!.;i:ltl p,te:,:,S'llt'\l:!.!i, :::IJnd tl.:lfu.p8fl:1.ttU.-.u:! the Qn~b'm~ bc l'J!l:l) .~t i3Cli. lcvei with its 1:iJniottJ.e ~;i@]Q open, iUnd .~R fill[ l~.§Vj,'cr eapacity mffi;~' be Cl8.11:cd 'UI:PO:il ~t mly alti'~:udc·_ ~U(ili a .~u?e.rclLL<Il"~d. ew'l.A"Lne Th 1ill{l'\-1l as a, "gl'qund boosted" en.~mc. ;B:n.j i~ 1;YiPicat Oo.f the power :plants @t many baSLC tr.'l.ifltng· ajrpk"1i1',1ei1l.

~UDlI!0..~ ,'). BliPerc'iharger is jl}<!j,ta.!·leQ; in WI!:!inf,luttLL)ll i:;,fstem (.;I;' the. :nQ·l'm;',:l.lly n:~p:ir:!l'!!:r.:!d iO!ILg1'!Oe p~ .... ';i.·tiU;!lJy I;!,~'ed a!l; 8Jd -exam!i?1!!_ l;ha I::yHndefc6 'Aii U ati LI ,pumE) 4R,,{YO() eu ft. ~(::cit' [Ji11' huur, but fjj~ :!li,;jpel'~h:!lI'.b'l.:It "i!lm ·Wl:lilPi'Q~~ fL zreater amount p.£ ~ lntililt'hi::.·.,·o.lurnc. Aaffl.!lllie: t.i'!Iat the (!Qulval'tlTt I)t .t1-{I,OOO (:1;1 tt· ('j/f. .ou:l:;::ilfl~ ail:' .,'l,!I'.f!' com.pl'E:!l!Ised. into thi1! 4,2 ,{I0{l· (!fLl :f:~ :per ~Wtl~; Ci'lfBeity rJI tho ,e:lr~illi:1.e:ril. At ..=!e.'IJ le. ...... el 60;,OC}o C~l f.l GoT air weigh ·ljfj{l() Ib, wMle ·13,000 I:.!~ ft. ,~J:.3. ptfi!lI,' ilJtis]ji" .tLi}·blI:dl 'i,~'I21.gh onlr .3,,:l'OO lb. S[ncl1' iT;!Qk:!l.~l hO:J:'Fie['Q'I,'.'"E'!-:);" (fhp} is pl:'Q11'Orii.ol'Jal iin 111~ ;!I.l;l;''fu;. ..... ,the 'fl1g~ne-c ahi;lliJld ii.'B!;,pnnd ·~o 'tdhiB in(!rM~1d hI atrflq,!" li.~· 'P:MOJll!cing 700 h(ll'!'5epowf"l" in the ~yl[f:lrj8rs, whereas, wit:1i tlil~ ,ol'im.nal. airflow it pl'oduci2d oO)J];"· b{lO. °N~~l(:cti~~ frlollttCl'll all,a; other pl)we.r losses, DO bl)lr~e'p(;i'iN\-e[' must now be ~iverted!J 'Ill) o[1rh,~~ the· impeUel'.:w the net gain"

.tr:i a'i'ai.lab~e br;ake h01'6epQoW€I' Ybh];!J} lS 1.50;

The talr purtllping- capl!lcl~J'" of the enSne·mas be 1n'!l-l"6UsQd. P'}" en'bwgfng' ·ell.;]: f:l~~~ oJ the. ~mJ:litlle~~l" by CIlr[vl~.lt ~tot'l; hfgtlcr s}lc'iUl relLlt~ve to. the ,e:r.[tikihi.~tt. The degi'C~, of gu:pill'Ch~:nd l}bt:-i!inabl{).ty eithcr ,of. ti1cs!J m.dh~d~ l!:i, 1.o'\\'etli:rt Mb.j.ect to two HmPl1d:1ons:

1. T"t!mplIMl[l'ure Hi!Sl!l '1'hrolligh Hlii! !SlJIPurehal'gel~:

Tho wmp!l7!.:!::1::;~o.n of dJi!:! flil.i:l~""lId1" 'iih!1l.'ge tR- !)ii":.. ~oTI1Ji'111.niof.d l('1 .~ temperature :rlu: ~1 ttdbU'kahla i:o, p:-:irl; to ·~f}nl,W~!'.!l.iOJJ ·.3,~d, in part. to fluid rrletlon .LIolld flll;'blLh~n(!(:_ 11.: L:s a~:!IjtHb.l~' to kef!p thi~ [,LSf! to .'j! ;min~rn,U'm ·toOl" 'tiliJe, purt\io~c opf o~tfl.:h~lng fIlli::diti.!lm illmrge d!:!!fJ::Iity and, more im'Pol't.ant~ the amount of Lhl,g 1'"i:::(: d~E!rmiTl,e" the hm~tr; tl.I)TI;;] ,of rower wbiclli ItiU~'l be iln'PIlSE!cil to II'1.-,g'ti~LLt· d,~~oL1atL(~n t:;e. cause of. eKcessiv,e oiJ:haJ!'E'c remHPel'@.'iJ..H'cs. T1Lif:l l:!l::lt ,tilm~iaetHt.i.'Dn 'if:: thf! mtl.:lt iJ:llpCI;rtant ilJ:rui:tati{ll1 'Pla{'e~ OJl th-e tip f!P;;l;t-tl Ht whieh the iml:.ell~r ~~y be driven"

JJ:-".~

T}..j.O pmp.TfrllIlnC~ of tliie, ::'up.):l!t'l!hargl1ld: ;rmgin1l:

C()Jnp;.o.[t'lild. wl'~b tthi.\'t (if' 1.0111;} llOr:m..MJy Mpir.'l.t6d E:!1.n:g!J]E:!' i.!! illu::;tmMd in Fig. '14,

To ObU"LLfl i!:crl!9.::;~d pi,!rform:mct"! .from thl! ofit~g1:n£l 1.-..ruvh.H1J.-.jy used .3.;;:: all <!-xsmple" :::Ii hi~ ,~~1t'!J.(.:jt;r SUp!::.rL"I-.al!.'gE'r t~ tm(!Pl, 11M ill ~1n. " '~hli..~ (Jrtre which prw'id dl?rI: the! 'groll rrd boo;!. . r' Tn inrpeller (if' ~hB :J']Ii:!''.!! 8u],JerchaJ'gf!J' has .It higl'"~ip !:IpiO!il!d" ,and iii. ·a!'!J.'l.Il'~ed to (':'1;u~:,r':]. re j'L~,"r 'W'll th'l::i dE:!toTI;a t.i.o:n lin1 [t;! inl.J}()Rp.ciI by the te rpe hin~,r~~e. 11 !'IlfPpli'e!> thp. cylnufel' PlJmpJnJlt e.a i ty iJ-:f <1.3, UOO eu f: pel' hOlJl' Wi 11 the L:J.I!uj val

o-f 85,{iOO C':.l :1"t of u,ir per llotlif\ At :!IEBi J v ~S/~U~) 'I: D. f: 01 ;air. wi II W.f!tgh 6,501} Ill_ J the PO'i'it"!l'. pote~~tiaU~, f(v,uiIa hle at t'he: i!r nltL .~hH:N (Ilit.ll.ilL tJlI!'gll:!dhl{[ rri;:;ttctn tooi:i!es.l will l.JM!:r:e.!l.Sl:@ fl!'Om 7{IO ~('!I I,O:{lO hCkl:'~eTr6w·e:r. T. hl:£','hl!i' (!'.~P.IiI.;:J t.~· tl'IJjJli!'ll'l:f', l'l 0 ..... Po v I:! T. ahM:rb~ 1

i(}OOJJ-IP

2. riCi'lIr'l'r Ah~;OI:ll>I!'d by t hI!! SQpenl,':h!!,f,g.E!l· ~

_0\.", P't·~:"ilio'ui!]Y t'!;t~ te~l, Lh~ power required to u(!lil!£lf' a gh·Ii!''I1. wf;lLght (If ll;i:i:' .... a;['~es .e;P'P:tT)Xtm.:ite;ly as the squ~br'!J. of ULE! LmpeHet"·..'I ,ttp :Sp8erJ. Cilnce:h'ab,ly; ~n 'i:J:jlDeile[' ~veed could M n.;:'<ched. ,!bo.·.,,°(l' '\'.'h~ch it WG)ll:d no I r.mgel:" he e:lfi1':~ent t. ... riJ'LVe the impo ,~Cf tricu!J!~e of lbt!! ltx~:!li"'e' irll[!~ior. of t~e P.1'I.gj1le power f;bf.'lo<rb~ by tb e sUl)(:rchut~rcr. Ho.Wtt:i·BlI:'" the thnltHtion:::l i mp!:I:!IE'!d h:.· t.l!:'I!nDl'!ratUl'e rise "'A'Hi be Te;}('he ' co'jl~i.([~:r~b1Y ill ,~d"'illru=E! 'of t h iFcl !:Ipeed_

hurSl·VO· .... ·Br rinste-.ad of ~(:I, lea ,,·J.r~f! !3[lO p;nhm~ 'lial iy availa blc Hl ~h~ l1wIJe ller shd"'-

'Jihe pE!J'{Qrmat.(,Q. or t}le ti~ginE! f!q1li'Pr:oed wJth ,the: htght"!f e,,,pr,tcIt:r 3! np,o~il!.hat"ger' w(lHld i:Je i1111~h'HtE'!-fl by the chart in Flg. I.Ei. pl'!J. » irl-eil it, "I'.·er'l!' p@~~rb[C' '00 uas :!I:t e.'j."e1!'y altitude .t:Jl o.f the ];lt1W,er theta pr)~Ull'~LHUy :!L VELLlablE!.

PRA'iM' &. WIJITNEY A1JKTIAJi"'"l'

~ . ..- -

PW A. OJ.' lI.iOO

SUr'ER(IlARGI~G LIM1TA'F[O);,S

A ~ml.,'I;:Ltrill:m (xc: '!l(HI bhp [:::: ont;v pO[ii:!D't i:3:~~y ~ ... 'aj I:,'l,'ble, hc-we'if'€,r, OJ.( 'the pl'op(!llill'" sh:af~. rl'O\v 'mucH Of thi~ lJ0HlllNnl power e1ll &ttl1~ ·DI.! ijlSf!q 'm!.l~ be deWrmille.cl. jf; the en.g~lllll l's HLkOlj to v,'lt~t.ur:l€;., <J.f.lu[:;, ...... ery :in'<LduI:1.1 d~~iSi::!l!JJ'~ 'b-::::,glill .from 25.000 ft };1;t ful i, thJ"rtttl~ ~l.l d m;a,Xil:lt1'l m pertnis~ib]e rpm.. Tho d(!:W1ml 1~ cO~[lmr.:!llc.;!d tl~i.(Lg 87 oct8ue fu.el-i" . .e., a fllel of :re~~th~ I:;.' Jew al1tj-ttnDCl~ value. AB. ,L<lltlt~Ld£: hi d8cti.;m.!>f::ld ~ tk;:! f.'.rE:!!',.!IIIJ'fle .'lind tf:m~erlltm:e of th;;-, ;;::h.u'a:e a.il' in!t!"~a~(!. U:rltrJ ~"t l3:01~O ft. '!they J.jI:!l:lch the ~!]'itkal values f'Of t.f\is p<!.r(i(iul.lt hppc of: fu@]. ~m.j u'etmil:.'l.tion bll!'gL~~l_ A tAhi:::; INlIint Utf! £!tl.;?lne l!i1 (~f!'i!dorjn~ ;5 j'{I bhp,

40

SI~m ,Ih'!3rl'! P):"''f.TI:!~ La ];iateritlall1{ a ..... .lI.ila)Je art ;3, ];;)we~' alta-tillar-'!, but H~ the gLV!2'ti·m~l.\:i:mum 'pe['-. l'Ll,LS: [ole'tpltl, 1:.hlff fLUdlHut.l:d pt:Fi,'I;'~ i::. j.Li.A aU:'lid([l .. ,[I ble wiil'h'!JlJt dctumltJ:'!JiL; B~i{)w 1:3,,(100 it -tiL!::! 'Nl:~jlli::!' !!I'.IUilt ,::il(!C(':(t'"-ilhl.8'ly be 'QPel'!:~:tf!d ~t, ];I:!:I.irt U\l':'otf;te, 'i'ii.'tUl the ma;~j,mul11' hbJi Uf(!..t 'c.'Ul.a-:1tnaIlr '00 'IlllS~Q hoi .=;'1'0_ Tni::; pr.I'We:t" 'li::. a~,.:!j].ahle ~t, part throttle from l.8:"fjOn ft, ~h{:; ~0-{:ath~~ fill I, tht'nttlo" ,o~ 'crit[c::=il :;Lldtucre to aaa l~v~1 ;' a'bnve 'Ls,!OO(fO ft ~J~jtll de the Ei7Qi l~'hp ,e:D.nnui be ol:"'hil~i@d_

Tli~ flJ@J ~eIQ(!wii'" ... ·~l v,1l! h. n()w' zfy!.i:tched ~) i:!.

Lllnk COlLtUti"Jhll6 ;1(W D(.!-t;lI.'ne ·Etl~l-LI;!., (mil;! of ~iS'n al1.ti-kTjo~k ~'"a~Ull!r - ai~Ol '~h'il: <.llfr,;~(!'c'nt t:1)1),ufi~ ued Iron1 13,000 titlt'ln.nxitl1lt.ijln p@l'mj~s1bl£i ~m ,uBi J~.u thruttle. At J.0;(H10 ft, ol)Qr'~~l'l;j)rdin.B: ti) a

bhp of 635., UIIJ J1~;Id~l;!.1r:!:i and ternjsera tu ~'P- ot t h P., charge' becnrne cr'itiGal for L~ (! 1M oobIle fUE!~, ,~L!:Jd UCWill:!.'Litl'n agaLn i:w>..gim:, Wit)) :1:11[13 rtlcl rho power 0U'~D':.lt m st 00 .lmi feu tCI' 6::J.~ b hp, :;!nil i ~ m'~lll!l-b]e .li; t Plirt thl'ottJe, rrom ol1l:!;o' .(!VId] '1..0 ] {I,(IoOO ft, Hll' c r i:tk~~ .ll.ltit;Ufl!;!:,

The seleecor '!,; ~I,h,t:: i>l> HOW ~ 'illIkhM bJ ~ thied 'c;:].n~ oontr.dnJ.nf;t a :I:nh~1~-" :twn-d£ltillLIiI,t5ng .fu~~t ~nd the, descen LS oon tf nued l:U::1 bt;.lom, With thi::!. :ffuel, PJf.tCJ1l:!thJ!:l :i...~ 110 [OJJ~!' thu li~i'li UrJg f.ll.(!'i:.v[', .:'{c!'''''0"rLhi;!I~~, ~ ~ "l,m)fj it there fl'i ~lq I,_Lgly noiae and the m~;i!jn,j f,I:\H~ H~ ,it i~ {k, v l!!'l!lping 7~~O hh'p, indica t.ing th~'[ the Ihni~ of its S'I.:tilI,f!'~Utal :3~(l'Ig!,b ~;'ir;. been reached, Th~f ttJ{~J:L" L~ nu,' 'nltlXLl'nUIIi hl,vld] ,b]e; hhp regar.d I eEl!". of t'U.li;~ qya,I,it~·, fLfLd 1".(100 nii:! thoJ:l (!iJ-I'r(~:::Jp.mI.lH t~g f nll t h r'l)t~ tle, .nr Cl'iUr- ... ~~, ~l'~ituQ:e. 'V\-1te~~ r.M Cl'Ll(lli{o: laLled at, 7TJ() b11J~;:;I., arllli~io al 9{! hO:tMPUW.e:r wt't,,,, D!.3iIl.g :I:lh:li:}rhed by th· sunerc h:U'ge'r. (Fl'Lct.i(ln .l:lind oth8(jf pow!;!r lnaaes a:r~ il~8'!e(:te(t,) Tbe tofuJ uf .s~O hlJr&l:1pcnl!.'er iii thus ,tt.e, ih p C;jL~:~i ~l·ot the ,engine as de ,e.rmit'Jed It'!'; iL.~ structural .!::t!"J:!!lgth 'l'eg;)'N]e~ (If the {i~rre'l) uf ~up!)i:ehatg1ng, ',~"hE! en_gLne. Just de8cr[b~l can thet'odf-::;!:'e n~V1ll' r113~

vBLop the' l,OOI' ihp fir -O1;.'! 900. hh~ l)(lt<'ntl~tlt'r' a 'I,I!~bllHblc ,~,t ,~ ]cvci _:; and ~11l O~'I!l!",:>.tt(}n i'rctm :!;Ie;l, level to c he c:rLtie:r,] .[!!lUt1.lfle-:-d.~ descr .It.di:LI.~r1 'by the :fuel'oi' thE! eng:il'le'f\ Btrl~t;tll rI-!.'1 ILnntationS"mus.t. bu a t pJ::I.["L tlu;uHl!.l. Such 8lJ. engine fOI'

""whkh 'full throttle opetatlon ~].'b 1!:l@:!I, ]E:!' v el is 'i"~. -strictert m' pl.'Gohibited, .is known as .i.1:IL ''fd~itildJ:!tt I..lnginlJ.

CO~lPAms:.ox OF :x,~ T 1I1-lA I JI~ Y ,A.SP,[· .IP/[IIJIJ, 'lalOt:'NJ_l.'E;UJosr~'E[1. A",1D A~.:r:[T'lJIDE ENe: IN:ES

Tbe .diJl'!::!J'~!)(!e batwean a gr(!illnd.hc{l(rR~(t and aIT :u!ti:tud(':o ;;:!-ngi]lo Js l~il'"gd~ ams ~tl:!:r !;kf d8niIJi~ t[l)l') , .Eo-P buth '1101l:mal(;,>: ,u,~l.:dra ~~d .l!ind gJ'l1-llTId. boosted~ngi neR he 111.:&x:[mum usab o po'W(;t 2lTJ.d f.hi:i eng[ne..'l~ th~'Drehc:aJ potennal ll'D"!;~'cr ·produ:t.. tug {!;!lpa-r:,iiy' ;!l!re 'che same. '111 the- ease: ,of ltll1 aUi~ tlJd',! 'en~lf~e, lII;I ~.he rither la an d , th~ maKi.mum UE-.II.b]~ pn1,l,"~r j;:: .Le!;S than the ettgint;'s lliI:!O(f'li.l,ticaJ c~~Hci;!.:'j·. .It. ii', al:-;.o cnnl!;!ehr". ble tl:w:l! An UIJg.i~le' ff.l.h:fh ~ b!:! ll!orL!!id'I:I!'p.cl. a grnuu rl~ JI;:'(:I5~,('.j m.fd uc Wl.tl:t: {:j h:Kh Qual[t; '::uel .!J.J'Jtl an ~Jt:t;l;I,cte en Kine wi~,h a lower m'Mk ,[Ltd.

fhe fl.lre.goi~g discussion d~]t wit!l1 tr~l'ee vanM,ion€l of '-;:1100 s .. :u:rl'i3. liaaic E!n~ Ie, The pOWill' ~ec.tfflil~ lmQ ~'1?1(L IA'Gte ~1.S..~ U ffii?a tij) be j d'u!:lt.il,!;~ in l.1acit casa, ~ hI'! onlr <lifferi.lncc beIng' hI the degruu 0.1 ..'l1l,peIT.i:'J;}lf'B',ing" Thu lJ.(!rfDt'm~n~e i)f tliet:!e th!'eE! ;;!-Ifgine!i. tS ~-OI!1lJP~lrud ill j::~:L8'. 19" 'It will be 1l(J'h.!{1 ~hd lh~ ,gr(JUTI rt,.. boosted 1.lr.1J.d~!fe, r;'~J:IiIIl.!:!e !'oj) lit j"E'.: of lits pO'l,',.'cr il; d~rt'!ci;ll>:d to tne:;.tLpJ:!;rc:ba~.f(l'!r; cl:elh:e:t"oi' more ptri-'irer (bh,p). to. UK!

L"O,P8f ler' :::Jh.;:Lf~ a t .'lea Je .... 'el thJ.Jl '~he hi,!h~y >'lUJ}'e'r~ !l!~lst,gE!d etf:gjJJE [~;::in&, eit.her 8'7 Of' l QQ oceano fUb11 '1'he bettel" kN level p~r.flJrmatlee qf the gli"ound. b('!o;l)!';.¢e'd engine j ~ more than 'oft"~o!;:~. ;tJ.Ot\'ea\'tl.rt bt HL£! gr"eHtly 8~~peri0r ptll'i'ortnauc/p. {It the !:it,gbly' supel'(Jhaq,,~d engi,!"~e at OI.ltHuUe,

PRATI & W'f-Il1'N E Y AlR.CR ... .tF'f

,IoJ....TIT U ~E - FEET

f'; .. 'p 5' - ~rf[j!i'mtlllt~1!I C:ompCUrSOrl - UF.!SLo!fI~.r;rhi!li'9'I2.:i1r GI'Q(JIfH..r SQ;Olti(!i~ 'I:r.nd A~,;tl;lde .s.upl!ild'aI~p'ecl f.l'I!!!IiillI!i!S

The r,,:!;!Itri,~tion ~h~{!.GU on maximum P()'W'B:t !l1t1ii-' Inlt b1' ,~tr.ul:'tural Hrrll(H~kms 8:i;Jol,J,hf not 'b(! in ie:l:"preted :!ll> H rr:ltk~(!UI}J1 on t'he engin£i: The (.~eHig.~~r;!> pi"(lbl~~Jj J~ t.o J;l)}l,hJtain Rome d~&.i['~d '[!>E!ri'of'm~m~ up 1..0 ·the higtei:!t pO!l;!libl~ .li.lHiud() w~th tfJe lu;)l.s'l weight an rl: :;rlze,. l:!!nd ' ... ·It'h the a,,'ailil.ble q uHHty fuel. 'I hi!;; il:'l .achiev.!:.I;j 0]1 the .highly supereharged, or altitude, e:i'igitl.!~ b~1f pro\,'idL!hr- i!I, pumpiDg' upad ty that hI' gfuut~r' thi:ri,n

neCell;;rat·~, ur ::IuIe ~u ~a~ et '0[' near S>I"..lt ]~i"'li!l iril nrder to :m~Bt the gl'l.2~ViCi' J!llm~ing req~th'o;:!m'l:lfl.t~ "d the .~ilh~hcr ru.tliud(:~, Shlce th~ dla11,ger :e..xL::Its tha t the 'I:lPfl~',h)tU:r :rnt\.j' 'jMdvert.e111l;]Y ma.ke 'OBoe 01' ·r;.his e.~1(.'Ct!o::.~. pu ',ii,'<i..1t' ,ll low liiJtitltd'f!s :Or ·exr!eed. ir,;!!: a ~(lfe LLmitll1,E' rna nirol d' prl!!~::;;uHl; t~ h. I.:ISMnr;la] tha t he exerd::!e botll care f.l..l1«] 3U i'lgw ent to. p.r'l1~(,!o::t tho cllp,'irrl? 'l;g<ljn.qt tl-te rE!::I'lllls of :vrt.l.1:iisuk:wd, oper[~.tL(Ioll,

UUCTISG

I'he D01"tuOill. of tl:.e iildl,lc:tiOTl ~rRtem tha t J~ ahead Qfo, tli' '~Uf'-Bt"'e-(I,;rn.·' irom, the t1ar!i;.I.l.reJ;;QI:' is uf;lmLly fur~hilLi:iU t.1l tirJre a~J'~r'.F.if! ·rmufut.!J.t:t.u.rer (a::l (HSHJlC!t ,from. thE:!- eIr..gLi»ol! mi1r.lluf.r.oLU:1.'8r~, W!i)i I.e nnt 'part oi~ 1-h e en giJ1f! bill of rna~.el'ia]~, '~hil$ dncti'~g iF,: a.t~ ill. ,irtl.sW port(i)l1 ~t' the indu.::tLGn ::;yt:ltc.m and ce);'ertR r.q,f,IL-!iu8.t:.[!iuk intluo'::!ll12if! (Ill e-lJ8~ne r..et":k,rm anee ~d the' l11::;,il.l. tenanee ·nf. pr(lo~ O'pe.'-ii;tj,ng cnnd:i~jol.'l::',

1'he a1tr.::n\£f ,dn.;::.t~ng ;a:lf.to~t:::, ,erl!~.dj:)('.· opel'atlOn .as 1011ows:

RAl[

iec:a:u.se 'of t;hil!' ro.r·\Ii': ftl"d, Jil;;:.ti{lf,l (hi the o!I:ii'c:raft ·,cl):ffIsid.ernbh.:: ... cl(leity ""11 e!"gy j Ii l!l.~\'J:i.lle: uk: in We :o.ir eJ:lteri.'1,g the earburutor air int;i.k~. Prcper f;[i['ma~i(o~~ or 't{!_ .• ;ah' t"!Jlt.rIl:l.TJCe· nil~ t.he ~a~:;,;age;;; and elbow!!. of liil;) ~~~l' duct (!a~ r.elilult in tho Dl!co,,·eL.~~ 01' ,il JArs'e· rlollrtJi)~1 of chis ~f:'Y'gy, Or' ram, :and :!m wlll u{! fm"ll~;:::he-rl, to :t.h1::I ctL~b~tI:-e~(!.l'

, :!L t ~l l!re.;Jsu·r.;:· "B't'\I:8,te!l.' thfI:IL ~h.nt 01' the J;l,JtitUQol;!

,at. whi~ih tha a.[rll:!f~.!t is lh 1 mil: " T4~13 I1JM!'~he ceff"ct of i ncre!).!!i ng the I:Hllferch.l!rgjtLg .C[ ,(llici'lt and; ir. ex.tt'i:lrt'll.:! iLl.,stllil.{!.t::::., h!tg-h \'et'odt.r aLJ'cr.Ll.ft nill !r~;J.::O ver ram ~ql.i,j .... rue~t to :ll.n8·d.diti~llmiJ li.tl'iga .if ;!IllpE:!~1!hKrg'J.tI.J~'.

INDUCTION SYST'E:'tl ICE PR'I<J"(EN1'lON AN~l'l'U";Ml)vAI~

T'O proteec Lhe elils:i..ne inca' ~ct:il\n !l.y!'..tem. ~,i.':Ijn!j.t k'1!: f(JI"t:'t1:1 atien, nr tQ t·'ti~w v oi! i!!ll br1rGllth·~ llorrnl:lu, Ute ilil!.i:.!thl,g ~(l!' t'~e car:l.nrretl)]:" is <HT~ljj~t:d sct hat t'he l";!I.m i ir cart pe i:7.1.oaed ~)ff and heated, {):t' .r.fi~)~~tllr~f!!,1£:1:! alit' dt'awn in fl.kIm .I!. d ::If..e ren 1 ~o':]r('e" The d""E't:.e~ or h eat rp.q~i:t"o'::!od <litr~],1il lJetll:'e~J1 ei'"jg;ll e moitel.!'. ~fl.'!eB,'IJ.!*l· q,£ airrl:J:r~' o::!.lJ.C&!I :La. tl-.e rnuthrid (~£ lIL.i·;:!ct.in)3' the fuel,

The ':In'e<l t~t nrelreet caTJ(i.cit~r m1l.'!·t be f'li[;~ nJ.:r hE:!n lor' i t1 !';':;!l.1 i'f:lt20nf.> of iF.'11.gjne~ in w.l~kh bhb fac{ :s il1j l'"Ct0d J rn!t'.!edj~~1kly (low.]li!~.arn f;r,fI;m thE1 "~".l'):!1J."'etnJ'. [11 tl1 P-!'.E) ('!aE.8~ the fuel .E!vat!0ra. ~ioD[,[ QL"il ut'!:£. 'in ~ 1'1..!;tlull bl. wM~h no heat is re-

42.

-

I

~

~.

;p~

_~!t-

~veiil f:rom O:t.h.eF ::;!J:u.rCI2~· H.na: the· temueratl,JFf! fFl (be dUU{F rs low~ :;:I;S • mu.:;li J.;:L!'i 00 'F ms n Vtith ttie result t!l:iat.tne ·mols.~!LIrQ eontail'l~. "in ·M:ie! cJ:'n~a villi It'ceZQ (In ~·ny (:o,n,. .. lltll~n1; s.Ul'f-l:'.i...:!(:; nnQ ll~)!l.si b~y hlo:]!Cik th.e ·p~i:!sa.gc if th.e' ca.·i'hl.l:retC'J!' air· ·~ri!m~ii. ture [$ betwf!eWo!

32 .. F.,8"O j[i' 10 ('-2IJC}, ' ..

When, ·tilTle il~ i Pi .j:njer:ted immei11k tcl~· adj.a.cS[lt W t~e fa(:!@ or' Uit imPcller r the mec:tulni~ ealacLi~n M ·~he l'l)tating· jll1'L')E!~~f!l' ;P[,:~I:ctie:d]y eli.miil"ja"it.e\!l. Uti:!! I!oo:.'dhtli'ly' <b]J:Lla 11:. is nut neees:!afY [,1) .u~e tile CH.IIanht1i ·of I!l'eh~at iQ'l" leo:;! Il'NVf:!!iiti OJl that ·i;!;l rf;!quw-0d by o-tn~t lnj ec·MoB :!I~t8m::;.

ffll)W~]l,'o.r" .re~ali"tl]e!!':; {If: ·~he !type ·O"f ft!:~E ·f.n~ jecHon u!lll:!!d~ icE:! C8!tt he form8.u heda!.1:!1e I)f . I"L'ti 1111" !n..",-,,~iol{ mllist"l'11 In the nhl1iQ·;3phere or ~;..'I, u.::.;~ of tnf! ~rnrpe:ratW!:[.'f! }j]r.op 'Pa.!It the ·~hrul'lt:ll:l! AIII ·~x~x-l'l:!~[O!.il alX'!iil.t~l'Ljlil,Wd to· rJ!~~~c ~nclt.lBive.]y dml{lftstraIes tnal1 ."u]1,ple prehe.:'!!t cll,f.\lLdtr i.!i. th~ rn!Iily- :!IUTI!: . method ni l'!1I.'O"'i."id1ng :t.h'l:::!, .tl:lm]It!'tnt'i.lx"t! rlso l"Lc:cded ~o. remo v ~ iee all\el1l,(]Y· vormei.l. 'fnf! .'lQ.or.ailE'!i1 ""aitlf':.1"Jl',;'l"ti.! aL~ :.'I:i,"Btl!m!l'; a.a1!1n1K' air fTOm I!)\"~i[ th0 ~;'HT.I,J~ OJ!" fronL the .. ~,q;{Jrr 'C9fi."!lI:\nIT]i!'.:i1"t 'dliJ~\ii fJot ·provi{!e. sur- 1icl£nt ·t(!mp.er.r~tui:"i:! d.l!0 to :!,d,,'I:::! 'bhi8 e!'lS€!nt.iul. pm@c,tl(ln.

amm·y-a:ilCE!, l't i,::; i!I. .!M!::rio.u~· SOj.lr@ 8ot: ~['I)\l'bl:e t~ an ell~[ne_ I1UJ!it consista 0f !!.l'tlall. particle\!!, IO! hard abrnR~1je. 'rna ~t."'.i.al, 'l~"kt.m i.l'L D.]! th~ atll', it '~:i1 t!ullil>1± on ~h~ mQtertn:=r oiemeutB ~i'. tin e

I '

;!!:!I.FbtLl'etor'; up~tt1ifJg th1:!i :p~Dpe;r l'"l:!·Ui:.UOO 1Ji.f

rUG1 fL·ow to POW8.!['_ It t1:G .... t asserts iiselt" iu thf! . crl"itLclof:l" "Wr..J1-'l by' grill dtn@" da:!I1,:n thli!·.'lll;!: :!Iur£ua.::. and tne. ·pi::itGll rings,. It ~hetl co.n~ami:tl:.i.llte:3 tJ1.f. oil and i!'!o c'Vl'ied ~h~·\o~~gh "t;hf! ;p:ngl]]!I!i c:>i;Ll:rn~g tHe b;&!lring!> .!:I.~la g~!.l!t::; tu l!xperle!lcQ ~Bf.re~. I~1 e';';:tr-ert,j(l t,(1!.es an ;..1OOu·t11u:iidi-n!i1 :rJ:l,'!,y 6Log .lI!n niI 'f)a..<i8:!1;gf! .'ind t:ll. U:!IE-! oil :!:it:!.l,i"'i.'-l'l'l.:it.".i:L,

Whe'~!'i dusr Is m'8~t ~vj_(le:M close 1;;0 the gTl)und, tn {'ert.".J~n p~:rt~ or Ute W(lrtcl it c~t'~ ·b~ L':ani.ed 1;1:1 l'i.ltttll.d£'!-> :!:I.!i. niJ(h. ~1!:- i b,OOO iii1!e't_ Cotril:nulJ,J '!JPC:iHi:.lotl under .;!ueh oondj;t.Io,~ 1,!.-1 th out ·engj·tIf! Dl'otectiqT,l·.....,...Lll ~.ui.t rn E'!- v idJet1l.":e of e:rr gina ..... ~ . .!!:!I ind·L!2!fI.tr.::d b:t h{l?;'h. 'LTH~t;8nF.tUmp~l0lL. Durin is ·W·ortd W~l:"' [[ itil the If ol'th .Af~tl."::-:Ln (Hlti!(m tiDll:!i, e.[I.g:Ot:lri!& wMclL had ,demQ.j~1:tn~l8d ULIJ ~-Lb,[Ji'ty ~ J";d(ll'm satj{~:fac~l)rily fOl' 60':0 ,(1[" 7.01) I:iOIl'r'!l hetwf!E-!n O'il£!r'h:!iul:;! under dU:!lkft'E"e c(Jo.i:nb~·~ ·~IJ:rJ~lJ'bimL~,. oouJd ~w.':i;]l(iW dust, fQI' I)uty 2~\ hO!;]JfS 'b"e{o·rf!· liel1l~ u:ring :[.'f!mO'i/;iJ,

Whl;l~ (."Ip'I!It"',jI. tl!:m ln d:L·I""ty attnQ~p.b(!~ Is·

. ,>

ne-ees~ary, e.nk~ne P1'(lte:dLP-IT can 'be- CI hbhlf!d

.i;l.y. TI1~~~!!.> & s~~fta'hly {3~:ruf;!~l ::i!J.te:rlTla·ie ail' ~.i:LttatLl!lI:l~ ttl, th!.:! induc~t10tl ::!;.)["Me1n w·~j8'l iH(!(Iol"J)!i;;li·.lI;[,e ?!, dust n~tel'. rt':m~ ;!IY:!Ite'm shown .cn tl1:,," dU·e mljJ.;t!:'~tl(JifL ls t:g~l~fll, As the air e:nira.:nee to clw !rH~",r d~ r.ot fi!i£€ d~tly Lillfu the ;aiT:'" stre1iL:r.tt, Il:OJ1 !=;h1er:=i.hJ,f;;! du ~t :n:!'ITlovul t"I!!~t' lhl .filii fun::ing '~lW a~l' bn 'tlliill. ss it 'C'tlWts· the: duet, Tll!2; d!J:~t. particles, b~ll8' >"l,Qljd, ~nd too ~Ol1:ti!l!.lE! in a ;,:;~ra:Lgl;L"t lina :!md tlhQ gri:;ll.'lfus.~ p~jOll !)of them are removed ail: :t"pj 5 IJOLnt, Those. that arid (~rfJ,wL'L. l:t1i :fLl'f! qilH.e Ii!J:I.~jJ:.;,' ri!ifn{l)/ed boy lh~ tUttr~

DUST 11ROT'ECTlO"N

Du:;!t pl'(Ioh~bQi!i! was not ;m-O·ill8l~· cQon::..iMrQd. w.t:iJ: \¥O'tl,J W,:-i!iF Hi hut l.a1'~8tale @])el'a,t;j'!)t1s :it h:ffiIlmli!: ibaws ll"l tnQ United Sta"i;e.8 and DlodEr:" corn oot eonditieus in North ii.d!l'j,z:fi !lillil! {!tllilit Uil!l.ID:b~['!:- rd!i!8l"'l.:i" .demm1~trfitf!d that wh:tn it .~'a.q, neJ;f.:SBlll'"Y 4 to~"J.w in. di.l~t-clL~1J!"~d a~r~. li't~~ Holl. ft!r-. ·the, £!t1lgine lUl,l.Sli: pe m"{iddecl. W oj Ie d Ilst ttl most indi;!'!'kauul::. Is m,e:n~l:~: :,t'n

PRATt' &: WHl.'J:'::\':.EY AIRcRAFT

rw..!\. 01. 100

Ttl e. effilclency of' th~ filtil::!r deDeJ;uJf:I upon pmpel' ·:rrmintenB.l1(!12. '~nd ~~,~clcjB;g. Puriodic removal l':t11i1 clmluing' £1£ the filtedl1;P; eJ~m.'\;In 1~' iF: ~;.=ienti:!ll to _~.:J.tif';f:!!efffi'1r f!nglJlC m:'>I;It..ec'L~on,.

MOI:;i.:. prodl,Jdlllrl .!.m;rait for C~~-j}iH.l:t ll.g;i.'! do Ilot indil.lle- 'illtel's ,a.':! s.t"r;r.rdat"d e,r.JlhpmcfLt~ Who::ltB th liner", t,inll:i ·are .(}I3I~JPact(':d bOUL well. E:!:litabllshed rlul'ot-iree ba!'.~st the O[!':r.,j.!!&on of thll! fll .. erin g R~·&'e(!m.i~ ,j u::;:r..i:He,j in Qt'OOr to elirn5xm te t h~ ~lPP':rOO,(!, blli!! wdffh t and co.t'ttnlh'::ati{)_J of t.ht! in :.;:tnllfl.t10Tl.

'111 knese ·r.:.::t:::li;!f:I where 1:h~: :n i't"l:;r::r:ft if.! £[lt~ nfsll!f:d. wi th ~'I. :filter and it- is posslble to ~i;!.loot elthE'!:r rum or ti~Wr0d .'1,~l::'; tho .!l'.'!. Tn pO:!litiO,jl . L~ 'p:ref<C:~'l-'1i3d fi:i!, al] du~t~t:ree OO:ndit[O,ll::' Cil oI"I~')E!rath:m ;;:1,5 thE! lll~Cl'jllg i'lJ'~'tem. .r.a:UiloJ:3 .m. me:!i.sm'abls loss (tot :t:am ef'_I,!~y in the ::r.lr flUl,I,rit.g to thl'! o!YnginoC,

SCREFJN

Pratt & Whl"J]e~' .AircrafL f'1.l.rni:'!'Ihesi w.it.h e;"l,c:;h ·!3in~r1tle. a COOl'Re n"tt':~b .!;I(:1'~~'lL to be lnm

44

st;!llled Jneb,,:'cC'll the- cm:-b.nref,o[' a.na. the .ji.dj.:::,cent P~)!:tlol1 (If th'e (f..irc\"~£t chtr:!fe-ah· dud, tthi~ screen i!'. ::i'ot" the eRFolmUnl pu rr[(~e, 0f l)l'<"'-" v(ln(ing ~.hm:Bl; .. nu t.a,. bQl~s, !lilf'!;!!;.fi:, l"D.f!a, ~1)nt;. (If .m:r c>ther J01.!8~ objeet inml :furth~r penetral:iJ]g the iJ1.dllet~Qn S;'i1!tBm and Lianm,g -:tlJ1,' tbe Ellip~lel" •. :'tl.!:1.ll';" v.PE':t".lI, tiJr~ have 'fre~np~oed the;,:r~ Ml'CCflr. in o[d~r to di8pCis·e of .80 jm;::t'!ihle sur .c~~@ for j·ce.. :fm-HU!i.tiou. "~h~ne thp.j were l:'I~cccssflJJ f'rr.C1m this 'Pf}jn t (~:f "r"i'E:w 'I:hdl' oP.xpetic.ne>e kl~::I been an t.mbawr one in tha:t:. the i;nodtabJe ;;,;tonE!< f:oleked 'up b~'" :a p}"QpE!§lCl"j QI" "':h1l nut that was l;:.;:ing 1'1:l~8J .when the ;ail" f'oo/rlP Fa" removert, ciLJ:!wOO up, .thi~ imf.!~]]t2r" una cmllplcte .!M:l.gln,:;:,· l'em0Y.al was pf!l~e~f:lm'Y.

If the" {IJlp.i'::J.tiI1K DeT.'~O'.J:Lnel oi::a;n oexQ!·ciiEil·e: ths nece~!'.~1"y prtU!Q.uti,op,.!l.,to Ji1re:'!,~L't ice: (a betor co .... el' w hi 00 :th:ey h::J.~'{( e:trp.ctbtQ Mrft;F91) l:L ~ill ll'ot 11:1 n~ilary fu rernove this rr{'I1.t!.:lr::UOTJ. to the' engine f:n;::.m oot1OJiUl}n;!. Q"'O~!:' whkh 'tbO';'

. hll"O"e UtUe, if ~t'Jr; f::!Oolltr· o ..t PrAtt & Whllhey Afr~l\l:"rit R1iro:n.gly l',,:!;~,;,mlll!lffids thl:i.,·~ th~5!i! ~!'; he IJjSIJ~ .').6 irnwuded;

THE IGNITION SYSTEM

r ARTS AND "i!'Ul'rtCTIONS

'I'll'!:) chLef part13 o,f a. 'ty,p~l ~gniti{lJ;i l:',J'~tti!l'Il .1111>1:1 rbeir f!l!l!:~H![in:;I'ai['i;! ':

]. Mi:iji!!'iliC.h:J: :!:,'illtE!Tatp.R ~, current (If hI. rh y.!Jl~ .5Jge whi(' 11 ts dJf:ldJuged at the proper' !lime'.

s. li;mHcm S}Nil~h : pr'ovldes a mCiL~~~ of tut"n~ ill;; ~h("; igrllti{lll e.uther ;011, or 0:IT,

Fm- ,Mfcty' ,[;8~li:.oL~ t~'i~ tg;oitiQbl! 8ystemt:l aru rJ~)!:'mal.ly iurmsbcd. In ULI! ,eVE!nt. of f.':!iLure of 011iJ. Un! H~bffli" will ins~ru wr~t.lrLuE!d o[l1f!rati'[ltl • ..:\.1; the. 13m! '" t,hne ,~lu;ll,l igrnt~OTI, M this .arts:t1ige~ ment i!) ~aned. will heliJ the C(},mbU5':iQn. tn"''!)O(!SS iJr p:rl} v l:d.i:~g twO' fL.[mu~ :frol,lt:!:1 'whU:h. l;"'€!l!j.'uJ'ts in more e:iTIch!IJt burning I}r the c.lUll'"jj,'i!:.

:2. Dlstd&lIiihKlf: cli;!lmb.!.1 ie">'!' Hlf( e~tr:i:(:!<nt :to ·tbe

P'!."O'UO[" .sPAr k plug. .

:3. J\I!arn.e~s: ~ra't"Ls!'!f.dt:=. the current from the dk~['U.,,".iltlJr tn t'h e plUff;":.

4, Spark Plugs:: ignite the ftll.::l-flli:' ch~J;'ge in ~ he CYli~dars.

5. Shi~ld!ing: pnwldl£l:::l a gr{lJnde'fl metnilk cllcl'l.1~ul!r.E'! fopr the enr 1 Df!, j,gt11tL!".).11 ;::ly.~tenl to 'PNt~.~ adLo ag!):i[!Rt ~n:Ll!r.fcn~m~1!! from the 19:n'fhon ~y::.1;~m,

6. Y il!'nllng S}'.sh~m.: P't'O,,~dea n.~tuI"al all" n1Qtion ur .prod~1 ees pos.iU ~·e ai'!" n!I}W to pre'vent iI3-(It~t.!l.111iru:L'ei9t1. OI 'tht! ~njtio')(J Rrswn'"L hJ' mOlj;lt1u"e, e.l:l,g"i,[Je rri t 01'" a~ds furmed by el.ee,tr1Ii!~L~ .ad'; 0-]),

1, IJ:oniilter or Iniiu.;::tjQfI \,·fbru!t.ol': 1)r0, .. ld,e~ an uuxili a:ry s:pm--k ~t 6ta(~.'WL.g on ~r.

('QNmo.~ ANn eH l'JC KS.

.:JJ,B'ij,ne p.:lrfIJTmanCe; flu'nlshu::. U.iE:!' OIil!Y du€!, W '~he funoti onin_g uf th~ tgn:(hon $,yst.to.mr am~ th~pUo1.: h~'k'i- no contsol .o~'e.r :t1:.. (.I~h€I' titan 1.0 ~urn j~,{]ff 'i)'1' to turn 1'}l1 8i"t\e'l~ or 'bl)'kb IUll..l'Vll::l1'.. Qof the s;ratGf1!l.

F'VIJL}.'9 FIRI:slG

SWITCH i'Q.stF1Q:N

B ... ~J~

'F'r0rlt

,iLcd tv.;.;ar' :Re&~ Ht:I (l1L1!b c~·L.) 'FroJ:l~ ~ in !f)U:~1:'i efL) NOllf!

Lett (lo)l RJ;R''h' (R) 'Off

,Br c..wr,'l tif',iff tn~ enaine fl.t l'cdl'lc.e:d power' for ~~ few seceud s, first 00 one J;IJ.[lgneto, <'!.l'.ld then on :i.11.1.~ ed:lll.:!:t; and noti:u;g uk rpm wHf;. the Q;brnlt:iOt.J swjtl];b ill tht', DOTH, JI.J:;FTj RlGl'IT and OFF '1~rn:litk"hR. ,it roay t'IiP. P0~si.ble· to leaen RO-)11,ei;,h:ing:

. .

abu I.U both the ll!i:tUl'1:l and lDeaHIJi!".i tJf Hrl. eb-

sorvcd OJ!" suspeeted lrolLtiOll l~l.'[~.l't~y,

fF,i,h!l! ignitim:l. s:Yb"1!1!In f:urn:i.ah!l!d with an. ~illt: b tho ~II1U or cfi!te.ful de:'!ljgn ,mil tE1lIJotooii::k proof j,(!8t:1ing. 1'111 all pro'b.abi]ity it l'tm ~1,'Ve da[J]Ieltrt~ijl'e. E-~J:'''idee; p;t"Qvide~'" it, is [Jirupt'ir'l:~' ,hta~n.tm:e,1il! aDd ~'I'V:b~!3~. Hm'f'!.n'~~!r, kI'Qg.u:l:;)lriti(!~ earl JJoeCLU' wltith will aill'ooj, its l~!(';ri~J:'Jt1lm.ee ,~,ud w.hi I('! these dHTFi~u:lties. "';1Ie ]",'IiXIi!; it is ''i!fi1:11 10 i1'li!vie''IV t)teir C1FU~U:!iij. ~un O.:dilil' thllt (nil! i:lZr'-nnlto,ltt~ 01 .lEtalh:Ui:lj~iom:i[llg en'l'! b~ !!Lild~nd~I!JiI?-(I].,

1 , Breakdown of. hJ !'.1iI:!ati.rt.g :ma:Cl!:d:!1]~_ bnl'ni'l1.i! oE: breakecr: polll'h.; .::nort sircu it~ ~ (lit' ~,)!I'o].[li:!"n Q]oot'r[efl.l eonnectione }l,J'f! ClJmpal'utl'!'w rare, rl'he~' ~r.'~ re-I!'I;!:-:Ll~Ji h~' ru,;!g-h r:LlnnlnJl:', loos ~rf p(#wl::'f. or !f.iuSSJli!l:y complete StoppSl:g'';'.

2" ~tI)r!;! enrnmnn an1 [1'1'8gul.~r·itief..l rl'l.£e W m.~)[:::itll~Jl wh[cll ml:l!'ht fI,cmlP1U I ~fp. 'in. dlfflO,tl.:!lli parts Qt: the igTI:itin~ l?y::.tl.J:ll1. Thls aceumuJIiL ti on can l:i~c !.:'~~u~d, by breaks, 1.If I'di~~a (!dl\lci'i:! lI:llowol:ar< direct W'';;E:!-8;!l ,p:f; ,'I.'a tl2!(f' '~if!; 'tJl!C svstem, lBJ'~~,th~ng'" " ... hich Ol.!,cti.t..'! clurinr. the .l'~adJu§t~.e:rrt (t:~ the !:-';_;" ::'~Qlli tromJ(I~~' to l:1'i.gh at:¢Lu::.phO!tk 'Pl'CSSlJJre, can ref:l()ltJf1. dmwjllJ~

. in moisture-laden ~tl'~ (1rdirUl.r y ~urL(l~~.tLC'~t (!If 1nl;li~t air, ~ tnt) unm.r.0 ecole, can abo t~:!iul~ in '.l!.,ppred.bble mi7i';'!lt~l'e a(!(!,uill!..l~f~t16n. This moisture ,(')1, ll<l~ tll.E! Yn~li]a~inF:' It.l ~tp.~ l'~..alfl, ro I ose thei!."' 1:l]1l!(!'l'J:IM.l re;;,t~t<inr:E;!. A aH.gih't HIWJ uil.E IJ'f m oifhup. c(~tLt::J:mti:J..ll. tLljon wl~J ea use, a r.e(1).;;t:i!.};11 in :aw.~.i1~(I) .outnut by lea king ]JC3.~~ "o:/f tb"lJ (!tttt~tl:,f 'intended f\tl, 'tn~ spark Vh.lg.., to ·grou~;J. 'Th:lli CQ]1,diti{lIl win fir-at be .n-otiood In 8t.nrtt~g {lHftc!..1 hy, at which tiInl.:J tho Jh<'lg'l):€1:0 {ll,o!!tD'llt l~ a]['E!au;l" reduced! by the, lQ">'i ('![':=iin'kl:n.!:T :;'[CiIEi~JS.

.If Ui!":! 'm()i8~ll:f'"(;!! ;:i!l!-C..ut~]ullJ. t:i:ull ls. ~e.i'll')us, t:h ~ !::!ntifli!3 1'f!.ngHQ.w outpnt" "'i<.ill (Jis.:.~p:-:L.te tl1' grl)und <L11i~ rttta:ht C1'lU;":p. fica.'! hover ,ind 1,HIT.i:I.~ng ()f iTt'l,l.] iating :p:iI;rb, w!hlilh r;:M ~e.slJlt, in 'i11.!:!lr p-e.r.m[bi:"I.!.:!!~t filHllWj,

PWA .• or. l('JO

~1(1iSt~!,!['e :;w:.c1lm!lla tinn 11'1 .fl~ght i.!l, etxtr€il'Ililly rare, !:l!:'l thE;! templi:!J;1L 1:.u:t:e (lot '~b~ system hi (j(fftlr.::ti \"£l in pt~'I,.:@J1tjn.R' ccndenssrion, and difr.lli]ultlffi· fixlm 'this C:;l!:Jse' ..... m more pr(fb.., !Ilbly' be e¥,L~ent on the ~t(l'lihd_

.~. Tllg :tLDrInA] U:iljl'N!£<:!11r.iiE!rJi, i'g.i1i~l.111. t-ty,8wm 'Can o]X!:r.u to s~tjst\wtol'i1r as hfglL as 25.00{! Ti:!Ct. ,Al;:l;QvC!, t.hi:~, 'l/J ttti loR.; t.h,(! IGW elel':1i:ril!!;ll :ru..'lhtan~E! (ff the reduced n:L~ dE!~udtr win 'quic;';:]}~ dl:CtW ul;! ::-tny lr~"eiuJai'ity th~t: w,'(Iuild

not h~: Qf!:r:ioy,f,1 ;i t ]Qm;!J~' ievel;.'1, A;!jc 8.1t:it!..lldi:"'! i;!l, Iutilti<!l" hlH:!mut:ol::!d ~t 'bQ~ullii:l~ :rr(:!~ei:lsa['v ttl'

• - . I - _ • .. ~ _ ~ _ I, .

. ~ll'Pplr the S'Y3tQ~ll ;,~'itJl nil'" under pi'es~~r(l -or ta; fil] it ~mDle-teIY wit:l:i. a nOill~=:!dl1ct.il!!g ,~nbgtfl.ttlJ@F In u.r:de'l: '~o ma!iLh'1llf:1 ,~'l:i1fid1!:~t electricel resistance '(I) );)l'f:l\'I~Jlt nMho"Fl:!r'.

4, Pm.hablY" tae most e;oIrl:mo,rdy bli!i:ltl.ed u'J: ,aU !:il'l'l;l~o, ~f :irre,1l 1,1] ill r en~ille 'QPeratton .lS the :sp:atl1:. p'h.jg;

i·h i8 mIlS be the l'esnlt of 111oor[',eDtly seleclcd p~"IlIg'..'I, :Ln(!t~t gap 'c!e~rajn(,!~, ·£'S-l,I!lty in!i.t,dlfl;~t(lnf imprr)p.:n- G!ll.gIlli2: r}:pc.t'".uti!JD, i!;lI.1'liJOiL 01."' Ji:"'!;id foul.i:ng, cQJ;1,d:ef.is~tj{ffi tn tile ey1.inderg,

, CIt' a~ttlll.l b.l."ea']ta~ o:f"·,tli!e ph.lg!!" Oilli the tID!!;! "b.alid, the, iP]u~ . Ir1I:lY :r.tU~ ~D, hot as to :6eco"n].f! )nC:=i.1J d:e~nt. ;i\PO cauae pre·i8'!idt~Qll, a~J teILd to ]e'!:la ~ouHn.g j. o~~ tlia ot h£! I:' , tJJ~y way nUl ~q eold $~. to .[1 lit' fOl1l~~ out i;!y ~he sccumulation (If '!.l:'nlmrneQ carbon •. S[lLtrk pltl:g' troti!ble ia libly to De· locaJhllMl at r1tl.iJ: 'o:r. :!!elif.;g,9,l, :glug~, bU'~ '~he; e'i!ia€ilicE'c:3 of spark !J\il,l'B' :i!:l'ou'b.te a:-re mW,}J] t!'rle: same a!!; t'hil).!i;e ,af 9'thm:- t~·,pe::; {:d!~ i.gifJi:t;i(!(~~ i~!..LI:::J.Fit:ifl::.,

TIll.:: eu t'~ln:g- oUt of I)ne:Jha:lf I)f the i.J;rnitio"t1: s;v~tem, or tlre fa.H:ure. (If a spp..;rk ~piug' ~TI ~ne Qt' ;mQre (i;,;lir.!'iel':::i, wm N!fi.IlI,t in ~l~n¥@ir winblis.tior~ ill lh'l£! ~y]jl1d'!l!i'~ ~ectoo" The, eIreCJt 1S G.l)mparable, to t~at {If del;ayil;18 tnt"'! ttm.i:ng" ,Qf "the ;!Ip:!I.J'k di!'.Jchal'g.e, R!l'.id' the 1"1iJ'~uQ!1iril(, i!:l u h.!tl~ .ctf' p!,lwet", i!l.lthl}.'l,lg~ l']1l1 l'md. mani'fold ~m;e, wjll, -as :;l rule, !"i::lma~n unCh8.11.geld. If '~mth ~)Iii!~ ,fail ,hI ()U~ (!or." more e'" Hlld~· '~he ~'esu]'~ ~, 'e6sential L 'Ii, ;,'len ang~ne: of. t~'Wt"'!l' ll;yUinder~. Irt ~Ll1t ~£LW.! the ,li ttempt to. rli:!';'!9\'t:t 1:.ho l(lstc '];}Ower b;:r Ul,. c:i:"l2!usln..g lfL.9.nlfQ[d Pl'~SB'!.U:'~ lS l:!X!i'j,,d;!le, .!!!i:t)(!!.:l it. In:ay lead t9 ~eft.iI'J~'HDn, el:!p~' \'Ii hon ~lpe~atiIl:,g in the hl:C!:h power r.ill1He..

]

]

•

I... ~) I I

~""-=-Io.t:I.I""'-"'1I hl"ll'-

J):-:-.~

POWER S.MEP

&

RATINGS

Pr\R:T n

PO"lER~ B1\:1EP, A,~:n 'RATINGS

SincQ, CfngLll.@ ~lQ!ligil1i and' o~e,l'aJl:f(ll'!l both 1M VQ ,<);1: H~i2!il' u]t~m~ t.e ·objective. HLQ ;;_1fllcient a'l!~& rel.iahl'e '~l'(!{l!1lrt!o"t1i @f' ~n,,\i:o!";~ 'Lt m.;:zy not be ai~o~ t'etJlCl' i.w;jJ.Y~lJli:t",I::ate atthis point w h~oc'b a ,d~fH'l:iHo.iI'.I ~f "power", Wgf!:bhe.!:' 'Y:itih a b,t1i.e£' de~cl'lvtion (if tJl.l::l ,methOO<l by whieh it is R',Ga~ llI!:rt:!a :un@ produ(i~d', and '~IJ (!0:~li:ll!i!(:t a h:a:sb ii;r:r"'wUiS,nth:m 0.1' ci::li!'~atn of the lim ibti am. to 'i,\1MCh lUI apr:1i cation ~s ,~ubj ~ct..

Ell the 'OOIl.!:r!:li2 of Hd..'l disc~~S5~0t1; the ~';Rdi2:r ll1LW:i.t (ie~ert the coci:.Lpit and UlI.:! h~llg.IiJ:t'" i(!iiJi H·cf! bJ;II;w ... 'I;WI'Y ot tll.G iIlllg"i.neer' ;Rifila the jvo{'y tower ~ thll! 'phr;,::i~'i st. If' in thew UQw i!l'llJ:-f~umU~~:i{3

bi2! i2!:rJ~()l,i:n'b!:!~!l, :iii, ff!W f..;i,'t'.a,ngJe f~e:es, .01" ,if th~ j ll .. J".ll oj' gho-slli ,of' t1!Irn~~ !1ijj.'P.pi~;r fUi'!,r-Om!ll ;;!'Dur;;:e ~n 1.:!!(:!rJier~tary mi2!ch~ni cs r~8e to try hIs P''lti€l.lCC and! !lob atter' il:tfS .httr2l'cst • h ['" I.l;Ld !J!lgelLc E! 'i 8 Cl'.j):V;OO,; a.f:ui i ~ iil b.nlled· th;-i;,t hi~, :indl) StdQU3 '!:lp'p~k.,'l!H(in. to t11 e dull and. dHttcq.it 'Pa~tlJt,[',!:\lill::. that fio~lo:;..y' vdll '00 l'QW,l)Jit.j('ij, by nt l~i:lSt ,Q iIiIoEJ..ding ~u<l;intan~y, t'>'ilh sueh ,rdtl'mida!;llli!' tl!!,IT:I1:!lo .'1;8 indij('~t.~ hOrSlE]MW@t.", ~Ol'"lf3ll1.ej 'h:r.::l!ke maan efteetive pl'e$~m.'at ::lty,j X ormal R~:ber:l p~ .... "e:'Ii', ~5 ..... el l M b('.~ oliJ b 1!:'lw 1" LHLd'lii["!:>l::m,ding: OIl:' .'JiI1me· (!jf the 'Pl'ob1i;lIr:lli fn~tr.l!i:1l:~Q~l 1:31 to PO'l\·e:I',pl;:H~l desil"ll a!J1Jd f.Jj)I1!1'".Il ti n1\l"

roU.c:E

POWElt ANn ITS, 7tIEASlJRE.t,.IENT

'\"lfUIJ~ (FORCE. x;. '[I,IST:AXCE)

The d~,1ill ition (Io( l).O~\'ill"" ,liL v.i)l'i?~.:':: thi!;! ~bree ~ID~ id,ea.s of fU-FiCE!; dL:=:t::al:\ee. ,a;nd t~me:.. T;fu(;!' oon~E!p~ of HTl1.e ,and ~dishL:rl(!1! atoP. d~e,pthi"e~Y" el U !l:1r'l;'e. ,and: do Ii.otJt :p!:!l.",~ni't :a re.adr ,de~llitiQJl" but thi!ir lnoontFlgI'I- wil] none .. the-less 00 gE!lll?!r,.., aUll IIJliviouR'. ,11"O''iX:e m<L~lil1l:t,M.£:.<I, lIl, .;:Ii v:~;l!'tety 0,£ m~:rl~es - mQ~t~:!mf.~l; elifcll'k~ll cihomicM.~, 1:1I!Jjt 'it JS, anything w''hiil'~h tends to p.rod,'tl~1 inhibi~ ~i' .. flUer ,lni)HiJ:r;i, su(}h as i:l pre~::'i1!["i:!! ~ weigl~1.., a fi2!:rlo!!fn.'n" Mc:-tion is nt!1;. lle::eR::::a,rlly im .. pUe!i, ::,inteo tW(lo (10;1" mere f0'1'CG.£! Mtitl![; ::::iJTI.q ~~ taIu!!p1.J:!Il~~ on ."l! borly miRY' be so ~1~J],(:~ a~ to I'Nl!aer the body ,:ilnm.o1H.:!'.

To m;(ljf.l~· il~di'iKud'VI:!I.l~, work 1!:L thf! 1!;!1T~rnt e!lo.': .. p.i:!nded ~[f. ~lly'j Qe , .... een "'pul1chlUg the ([look" 'tTl! the muJ'ni flg Sma '~:rlr.J¥j.tL_,g out;r .l:i!ot n'tght, and, Is iT.l.E:!x!.';u:ted in tepm<l or faHgmJl!!", b!J~(lm, (11" do~Mr5 and cents, 'Tine en:itincer's d:o'miti(m, while he'king· in !lUltt:lirLi. l1~tl:!re::;!t, iii. ;:;.om@'wh;!l;il,more p!i:~.d:;::e., ;F'Oi:' .him, wrrk is the lJ,roduct a'I a 'force, .i1Il1:U 'the ,distaJlro furou,gll whieh j'~ .ac~,

\~r(}l"k = :WG'!"'Ce' X Di~t..·Ul'ce (ill tlu;: di:rccrur:tn ,of

thi2! fOil'i!-E!) FilDJ' exfIJtl!al~: h:' s' ...... ~JI.'"11.~ !.i"i 60 lq t~ :rlLi.~I~d IL _ tl[d:.o.T1.ClO ollf ]1], ft,. gf ... ~ wl)rk dal"J~ it;,: ljii)! I bo ")<' :U ~~ =, 6o'iD f~·rt.l, 1'!h", ~!I;t"i!~' .n.rn(il!.i.l:li' of 'WOr~, ~~I) f~ilb. y,'UL lie; dor.t~, if' :fI. ].1)" lb ~l!tbr,; lH r.:deed ~5 1'1:...

~ ~o LSS. if 'I F1: ~ sso PT -./;.~£

/w'Y"IM£ tMIo'O.tIXE.l'L. ~ i;m''6,fI e Mt #(J 7" 8 g' ME"-Ai>r!fI£,{}.

MATT. & WTIlTh,ll:Y AUlCRAFT

PW',._\., OJ - 1 <'10

P'QWel" may-be .. [ujco" (11'" "SOlIp!' to the Ia;ymal)j.):l'L1J; to {h@ inid;!l. t~(t it is t'hl!l! l;"~te (l,f ,iioili!'i!!;"' \"'~)l'k'- ia other, \'i to rds, th'ill ~m:[l.{)miL u:f.' ¥.'I!I:rk· dloille in £I, ~i't~l.Ln len'gth (.If ti.mf!-

if tb~ IT:!!,rl)l)~ ~J~m98c.:l: i71iih.t2 01 '~b!:i.:i:r:;, th_~ WM'H: d~e - ~.((-, eh~ ;(;I~od'Uct {it ~l3' 'lI;'ed~llt b:p' !J1:i! oo~J ]~iJ{b~ .;)1" ~t~ 2tl!.lrs - ~'!H Dt:! .1b!.!" ~I:L~I~ ~OJ.r.dlA~~~ ("if the: '~l1!tr, 'c:i ·Sl~J!6JLi::.. {hi tb~ utbL"i' :1uJ.'r.,I~, if 1;;h..: l'r;;r,j!0'!:' TIJ?j' ~1:Li.hlt~~c';' e;.'lr.!'O:lY 1!.P 't.Mi 4. :R1J..hr.s .:fI.J!:d ~a. 1Jtl;]e IstH', bl!ttl~ !io'!!'! .. ~ 'iIi w[nd ;Ei.T1:d: lLmt; ~·U:tlH 1l~1 t:ru!l'iI, ir:i, ~~., 41:!1('1:.t:h,;r'ti: of] ti'ils "'I'J~JII1L1, dll'ilfui~lg ti:n:rr', PI1.!J:I;IiI :!J...Ttcl ·PI{:rsJili'·!I,QOll ~]wu]d 'o:.!iJ"~n~' '[Min. fbil,~ He de"eJ.:;;J!'~ .e{ln£iMt'abl,:t mL)t'~ !1OW.r.l' .'!mi.liii1: ru ~Jtkl ;i[~r.le t.ru'll~ '~L2ri:!1g ~ ]oii_:I;].!,~el~· ell mu. ,

f'l)w~r b "E!xI!l~:::ied in n numbsr of IlH[t!I.:!i!(n.'ie'J~l1wer, ld.!o'W':at hi!, Bhl M't:' minnte'} chevalvapeur, !3tG •. - of \~·hue't.J th~ flhl't. JHJ.1D.i:4 ~s :uer--.. f~:!Lp:::; .the most fru;rH~1n.1:". {}.ni::! ha-~eDOWel" (hp} l_~ denned as wm:k dr.i'IJe· at the :t:a:~L.:l oj'. 551} :Ll-lb 1)131' '.!iJi:!(!(jfr.d~ or, what [~ tlL,J:j :!ULmii! t'hina:· • .3s"OOIi)

ft.-lb, per ,lliuillli'l1" . "

55~' "-'- ,83, o~m .

Th'!.JB. it WII ~1!:gIT;;~ ~~ '!i{iit1r:l' 'o/O~1l M 't~i~ ~To!J.'t.;: of :L G,!y(jQ Ir.-.1Jb )1'1:!~' ~~ ~l' [r;OO,O!) fwl::l J!<!~ mil']; it. 13 dwiL1l;p1Ji!.K ,'Hl bp.,

,

T9'RQt"~ rrtlR'CE X HISTANC.IE: A..'Ji'

JUGIIT K"if;U;;S)

SI} fatj 'I,:h~ di'l~ussjou of "V'Di:'~ 4- Tin'L€ con:::;ia!:'!rs that thl.:!. f1JI'"GE! f~tQl' Q1' 'Wo.rk :It:i ,l:I(!tirn~ i~Plb' in i9: sh-ai;g1:r:t ltne. TIt£: l0rm G{pi)J,~·el' ~, isui~'g" tn, a wt<{ting :3lJ1l.ft {l})I;'!~ not lend itself l~ thi;!l e]emcu'l:-~I'Y t!iJn~ and tJic .9.11:J:I:}y:::ri;!l ~ust I?O f,llrthe", ;.'10. '~bi!l. t the ll'Q:r foI'ifti'.!I.nce or {I, 11 eu gine c:.J:Ln:i:re des.cl'ib.;l:J;l· If the -foree ~;ppnr::~l to ±:hi::! C'I'anlI &UIJi th l"Iou:Il?h 'frta hn.!k r6d!:r, were 'COr.r,.!iidE!l'ediaa 'b:ciiiig r::u'JliI,'i:..::r.'T.!t{r ;~:,,,;:eMied: ,1:\1.< 'i:.hi:i' ~tJ.d Qf~.a le,"e1" aJlii .:-r:t rig-ht ;lIllJglc"~ to ;the lB'!.''e[", fh{!'~ wo,u1d: bs a te1!!aene}' ,trr- tw1!;t tbli!' shaft.

Tlu~ '~\',!"j.!j,ti'~g:' te'Jj.(lenoy !%'L'Ll;!Je:;r, the ;z:!I;i.'r::l!t te "Jr'(litat..e il!onti 'th~ ]t~i~E! ;z¥I I'{!taJ;iQJl wil] itl:t:re::lEti !Until ;::LiIl· .e'ltu:!li lind' I)P:Pos.~te: ~fc..t~ li'l e:.=:tabU:z:hed in the j;n'o!)elJC1" bQt::,u:LYE:!< ",1 d'le l'ea~lQ'n ot· lhli!! hl.ades "Wah, ,thi:! .'bi r, l'i ttl:i2. OL:luHib.!.'han. (!(}:J:J,-' diho~, .l::. ,at ~L}OO rpm, t.hs !P'f,'''-Bl' f'Q}'muia >I]!l)UW be 'WQ1'1;;~, ::L-li. fiClloWiS:

~ ... U! ~ ~ffirb ~4.n" "" a ~N"'~

IfOII ~ it Cilrr A.'K ~. 'flkf:: .•

I

1.--.1_,

f ,,~~ ,

. ~ I

1i"I}I'(:e = ~O',!l)On hb

DI~~Hn,c'-'l/M,j]l = 2';'1: x l'",adins X rp:tn

<j ·"/'1':1< ~,t .... ~' ..... -U

=, ~:'i'.: X ..... ,' .;... X :.::.~m

=, 8142 ft/nh'n

, _ l' ... t~lb II.:'!:" mi:r1I,

',Mel (,]_ l. HP = ss.aeo

2G,{l00.lb,X ::H42:':Ilt: , _

38,0(4) ""'" l:fhf!_l'l1.·

The tWi8tJ-ng form:! iIU~:!It1tLg' In tE:i~ sh,uf( as the result {If aplilyiu.ii:' We 2{1,0;OtJ lb l~~d ."'l,t the end 0f th,e :1 1n I la~'e..i" h" krLO'Wf! as w'rq~C!. ·l'h~e wlm\i ill",,''!!-€! h",,'i;!dl'cJ:<'l}'.Ike<l ~U:~i:ihilBS O'l"' tl{LLtb~-d lfL..:.re!l'£ hn'li:rll;!i .9.p$lH(!;J to;:ll'q;tllI: by exertilll!g' m~ sh (IF D'U n at ri gM ;3.J:ig1..e5 tn :!:I. Te v ,l!!r :,\I.~tat,li_J2a '~ ,m rohlt.~]jg sh:a.f;l:. fLnd

'IDoI;QUe := Force X :Di5.tan ~e = .1b-&.

whe-ft!! the d[::.~arv(!® is ltlCIH:lUl'\ed in a plane wbtelL W a~ Q, l'is-h t 1H'L,a:~e' fo thE!' i!latJ. tii:!l" 11~~ of thE! shaft ,.lIljld ULG lvn:.e ,L~ O1.l ,a oc'~:gh:t ;).ngle- totl1<e- di'5tan~,

hi. tl'Je 'eJ:$I'mp&~ e~w~ 1I;'h.:n'r,1 t~;z:" tD'r4i"'~ j~ ~'<IiIJ, tao. !'{I!';OOO !bX ,~'-iI n,.;)l' ,~'llM Llrft. I~ ~~,*~,: lJl7:, n~L '!b!lt 1S:i0DQ .l[;..f~ I!\I: tlth[.1i~ 'il'o.-u1:l; be Q~n1.- ... d 1,~ ,;!J., lQ(I{I Ib f'1)1"r,~ """"r.!!" llp~[i~t[. witb _~ r;; ftRl'ID or' _-R 4U,OOO Jt:. foil'oo ~ffl ,~ppLi('!ri! wltb ac ,lirtin (If .l ~, i~LCf.'I!~, 'l'be. J!}l'Q:_U~ force t'Q the c!l>hl1;f~ i~, tb[!; ~111ftLo;! Jl'F'iw1~~;:! ~b~ tJl-.;)IlI!.:I~t Q!! tbli!o torce ~!"'Hi~ '~M I.r,..-u' -!!-1"tIL T.'!:IF.I\ifi.1:n~, tb~ ~e::m~.

Thel'!?!far.e, the t,O:.rqua ~nt in th e ,!',hdt ,i~ indiepcnacnt' at its d:t:"fmE'!ter", H I::. fI, ft1ieH ... ~nr8 I}f load anJi i<:! ,(4"1I1PCl'lYi' tbCiI.l_:gh :t].CI,t 'r:I'IF.i~j:.'!bIl,tly; e~~r,I [n .Ih:-£~, It i!!' 1I,-:::;:t: to, b>E: ;;]on-rn!!ed ...,..,Wh .... oTk wbldl 1:; CXPJ:"€H:~d,lJ] ft~fb, Itt:,::, pOf:.!cihlE! to ~(L_V~ to'l·.::i!U~ (~r.~'J"'t) \;,;ith'ml'i; :ltIlJHoll In '~'iMclY oClIIS!.:: jJO ""fOliR (iN'b) IS p'F.!r"im'm'E!dl ..

Hll11gi:n 8' !h~dl~j~lg ilH!8, the mathematics ."f fi horse I;II')werl ~-quatim;i, (I) ~:3.n 18 ,f8''i..-oork(la 'flo. th::ij_t tha u::.£:.ful @J<:'ille mt1i:[f)lJt ~J,H he '~~pl"CSsed' in te'rms 9! [rpm ii.t.ld 'wrquc,

1.8 X tT ,"" TO iN;,Ul~

, .-

l'tf 'X T'QfI'g,llJe.:: WORk' IN O.HE 1fg--VOWT.fON .1,71' .t' r-o~().iJ£ ,)t Fl'PM' '" ,~,I( '/II ,ONE NtW¥'E'

x'Ow rorq1l8 is lieftnoo. as '11:)~ft a.ndlW (:(j.n~, t.li.it(!::; a fO!i:iJ1;! Vah.le. i+lld ,al!'[o ~ dis~aillde 'V'~~ue" To obtain ft,-lh/:mi rr, 11: ];!I ft@di!9S~..tO h1:clud~ 211 ~ause, of cil'c!i.ilal" 111,Qti i;ln, and rPT.t1 to re-n-re:.'lent the. fi umb 1:.11' 'fit: dl'eltls trayeled! ill ,i-l Jl:i'yeft ,time·

'I'Pt.t:!1:~6;~'Qt.

tt~h-- i HiP = -,- X~-mill. _ 33,:O{lQ

1

= 'EGfQ.ue ~~b~t:t.) X :2,.-,: X ~r"li[lm X 81 .. i0 IJO·

_ TorqUE! X i"-p.fn

(9 \' '

=1 - 5~5:i;

U' W!t:qUB f~ 1;!~:p'H!:.!::~Qd sn IJ.:i.:.ft >or-

'.' " Torque K ;mm

{2:.::.) = e:.a~()2p

If' tcrque. i£ ~xp~8ed t.n ~b-,tn,

Equmti 0115 (::ill and t-2a) lU'e r.at±omd. Thu.r ap!Jlt' to the :power prosc:nt ill, ""DY' :rob.ti'rl,g siHLft, re.R'mxQe;;s ()f the k~Tid of j;lBweF pJqdlUiil- 111£ urni'~ ltJ~t ia \;al1ii'lllJ;Ig the ·:=.tu!ft tv rGtl>\~" TO mBII:::lI!.!~ !~'1I.d ~(ii1j,tro~ tho 'r~<':';I' ,~elivfredJ hy 'li:hf!' Mlatt, l:t 1~ ffi1;ly' l;l!f!ce:;:;~ry ~G ,~".!l i,oe m~fl_m/.Lot' mENl;!il!!Jnr,_g u:nd (!(mtr(~U;Lng :rpm' andl'trn'qlltt;!. Trot'!' m!;}f!:!. dirt;ef1~' thi~sQ two t'a(:wJ~s 3lfe, meB:!luti!tt tho ~l'eater the ~(!eu:tll~Y of tho£;: fi'l'Wt1t' d('rer~ J'!llni1",

Th@, [aeh8:rn.~ter mellLS'I,:!,:re!1; I'p'm d!h'E!Ct'tv. !'hi:! t~hll:rnet..eir. gerll!!tahKt' if g~r~d to the' c:rnnkmaft g,eal' trai ~ all d: the, riln}:y- ,~!l'.iRi::!dJr-Hi2le.5 sre d\o.'!e of ]n.~ !.:.t'.Lilll!cnt ealibr-a tion,

·:19

PWJ\. 01.1'00

T1J1'Q)lQ h~"LS teemt'leS8 .fI!c;:_;g:.IDfi'!.!J(hrting and for ,Yf!:ar'S, there has. been no, t.~nl{ible "'handle;" by whicll ill g!t'Ji.!:(P' 1:ld:£i qU.i.lJntity. If a dLt'ect. torqil'i;! me:;:t~d])i1l.g htstrl;!!i!lleTI.t is not :p;rovided, there IS then nO. ~i!t'8e.~ oockplif. ~j1I~;je~ of BtE! ·::)~~.ti!:Ji.li and 101: is n~e.=ls~':ry to :re=.;ort W :Lnru.l'eet means of measurement,

!-1!1. tbe l;=.tJC!':iI?i.lwli'Yr torque Jill m~ul"i::!d. W HtedevieG used tv a'b§ll;Irb the enlrllile's !DCJowel" o-utiDUt. The· e:-!.tHe~t methoo empl(lyed was thc' Pi0t~lf b}o'aike w]tich. ri.:!gulh¥Wd 'me r,mn an1l t9r:quf! load by- .means ('If ~, br~kQ 01"' 'i"ncti(lTJ. :Je'\'iCG. 'nIQ

"fo~ l'eq~!ired W :r.estt'tdn the brake Il'Ooll1 turniN.g eeuld lie il1e\!l.~llrl;!d and '~~~e' p6'{we:r. fm~put (!:(I;l~ cl!.I!la.t~d. '1'lle J?r(JfJJ" bra~e ha.~ been l'eiD~Med, bj' !('i"uY.lIJuHr.:: {)1'" p.]ect:rh=al Q,1::l\':rCE!!i; hut th~ rri.Tldy,lfi remains t!':i~ £~mQ and the terra, hl'11IJI,e horse,j;lower; l"€!'f!:!t::. tty that 'p~1[t D,f ~fr.~ 4',ngln-e';!I, ou:t.p'lll tnflit· can- be measared by a hl'"<J..ke.

A. brake .. olJ&nltot be used 'f(lr' "IDiJo'ij·el.' measurernGlnt in flight &.'I the devii!?l:;! .iLEJ::>oF"b:!l a1] D,r 't~a 'u~flil ,e~gi!".le olJ,t·DUt. Actu,fl1'l:y" the, lJNpe.Jl:er k. thljj; tl'~lktl ~rJ.Q tr}l.'I:J.Ue. couTd W d:!l.ltul&tli!a [I.'-oln ,"'.!Imsi~E!,l"ati'pn o1.blade c~ar'aetel'i~,tic~ ];Il'q'llided 'tl1a~ 11M£: aligl!:!" .lIill\ dtir~:!ll'~"y allu Ai:i.'s~dl we~ .::tcuJU:t'~.tely ::w~\~nt~ Tor, HL}we"-:'€!l', :th'da 'Tf\D~11d poe atli ,indLrod lll,@.Il:SUl't;! uf 'to':t'{1U('(,

On aurcrnft eq1l1pped "i:'>'Ub tlxed pitch '~r0'p.rill!lt hl~lt;'~~ rpm ~f;ld 'bi)r-.:~Ill!!:! are i:[l~p:;U'8,EJle\'. AdY.i.'IDe.ing: the throtth;: IC'lfBt ;[dlmit~ mere ,all" ::t~~i:l fl:tel n;tLxtU]'If! i,i!r!t() thof! (:y.llnde-l", The eumln~shQ'n 'torce is, mr.re-.[s~d· a:rud :as "" ;r,01l!5eQu'ettce, ,ti'l.e tr.l'fW'l!Ie· lmpD::led mi the Chl.nhlh.9.f~ lSo In= creaS'Gtl. 'I'ace 'eI'@.r(kQlaf:t .atw:rn:~tr '00, a void ~s. :ad,dlhllyl:n\.lllJad hy tu:rtdng :E1l;!1'¥' Jj u:~ Il~ !:Ir} rCi.oI:tl.,@, defeat.=.; i.t~eJf 'by turn in,B" the IJ~pe,11eil' faster>" \\'hQJl the ~Ldtli:ld wrque ,ail}'Bot'ood Jl~'" 1Jhe .Pl:{I-,. 'tJeJlev rna tehes that nrodueed b}' tn!\! c:ylil1,Q ers, 'l3l.;1,ll[libti lIIfL is 1'"€!;!I:d~ed Ht a' h~gJi.l::ir ~!!wr~ .:ow.d 1;om1l'~:. 'rb e {jP~-r.a tor (If thia e(fll.Jprnf~t ol'th~ sees ,['pm ::l.H.d 3D- C:!:I:Jl. tlE'!' ·e'~"I:.C'Vi;!lii:!d. i'f: he b lLt~ac~~':iI,r!i! or

"'R~a&'!.lRE' /'i£.{tt' 'cWW($ 1i'...,1.'i'I{<.5' WITH MANI'!'OI.~ PR~;'$Ul?E

..w.o /E R-E..~A ,IT} Sf'" THE' "tltRt! rn. e' f;QNTf1Q~,

t!"'-I.i~" iUIIi _. -~~

.I¥BUm

~~~S~· --.J-";c"~-"f"""" r::R.INif .s~1T !!!"E.<IA' ~ ........ -!-~~

Mrqlre_ The fact that, at. oi:Ii1lstallilt ~!, teroue man,~~ with rurspeed, .alt~tude and air wmpE!l'auu'1ll eannoj be {.If -Mlf ·gJ.*r;!:!i,t c!)nCI;!.1'l1I.

The (JoPO~fl'~,hig ;!Ii,gQitica..nce (If the C[}nsfu.:at!:ipelO!d p~tler: is tli9.'t: rpm and to~ue .are· &ep.aTatel.y cm:rtr-.olled. The' ta~.homfl:tel' fh'BQ beeomes ,ruleJy .a meaeaUQ crt 1J:.,e .I'pm 1,11,'11 ieh is C!D!IiI1mOUed br' thQ :rpm co-ntJ'jJl i The throttlii!: il!i se;pa-rntri!d frnm rom and nppliQs j1;s .entirE! ~tt~n.· liDO to th'e :regulntlion of ooI'"qtLe.in oompal)y' with the iSUpe[lc:lmrgs (:o.ntml; tll!1: mixtlilll'1::! l-l£!v£1' , ;p:reheat reg-ql.f1it.Ql' Pond tli~ ~U:,pb.n~ control ~um1li as i:t vf.Lr.ie::; aJtitu~e.

Laclclng a di;re::.t: moosru~e:ht, the re.g!llatJon or tOlflilue has b~ll!n by i1"efe're1:lce ro. ma~1fofd prwu.te. The' rela,ti{!nsbip' ('if . tM~ QI!l!!1lrl. Hq W furql!lJe is det,el'miMd! on the dynamO]ll~t'11" whc'1:"6 ootib"ii.l"e' me:aa."nreli and illifillimlHti()'nJ C-4Jm~i1ii!d. 5:0 tn.a:t ac-CrilJ;i,tsJb'Jy ~ur.:-.te flight control t.s 'tJ'Omblo. 'T'h'E! relatjQrJ Y"ri~ with chang-a!'!. Oi£ rpm, altl'tl!lde, Ctl.['bUft;!W[' $ir- tempem ture, hurnfd:~ty" m.tU:lllUst back p~a~l,1.re, fuet~.a.ll' riiltio" ~ltk ad v~~, '~l!I!lIel"(!h~r~ng ant:li -B!tg1:ne ~I!~ diHIJT.!, rpfu.e; a_,CCJ,u'fI.ej" of 'lfI.!Iing ma,nif.nM PI'eS-, !'lure i,n phlC':: ttl a dired. t()rq,\H1! measure d£l[J"Bndl:1 OIl t!he cl;imp]et.f:ll.ess (If eo~th~g for v,sriatlQ'tl}s Df 'ili~if:' t.i:u~>w'r~"

M(lr~ fBCp.:ntl;J', toI'"qLleJrje:ter~ 41.[,'0 bii:!1211 made ,1I[\ralll'lble, on the ~a!l;'Tir enginE!s and a direet ~iJ~kllit l~1:diee,'I::.E[}tl. of 't(1'MI!~ Is a .... a ilab).e ,

EQ1.1atkm' (2) tl~L bE!oofIle~

3) BII P = t!,')!r!l~etel:" oiJ "P.'N3SI:.I!l"{! X

r-p,m X K

"-,,,·h-e.[,E! t.-r.lJ'l:Werne~r oil pres~lll'C is ~ndlh:!atli!d in -th e ClX!kpit finrd K IS a !X!t.I.!lt..ant".Qetermi ne~ fl)t ~.;,:h h'H'quemeter design,

BRAKE 1't1EAN' EFfECTIVE FRESSLffiE (BI'tI£F)

One ,of rnii:! b(ij~1c. Umit::"llt~fim, pla.::e-d, 011 ef.gi:ne O;Pi:!'!'.iIltl .. m ih3l imlJ'l)sed, 'by the pressures r]e ... ·ehr-..ed fn t!lti~ tyl1lldt:!nI r1o:r-irlg r.::fit.nbu~tiani On the: one h.a.ru:&. i3:1ii "Ehe&.E! 'pr-eS!LUiJ."es· become ~Atll!r~ the l'!e.!;Lult iii! an 'ncl'oaw in ~wel;': (in 'Ene f.l~'her, if the; b.Beom.e 'boo g'iL"E!:at, Ulie,y i m];l0SC hi.tll < eentinuolJl' J([I.'1!.ds which shorten. an:irl~~ lili:!. 'I'll' is fmiDortant then, ,Ollat ~he 'op.e'raro.l.' h;3.'\"e at his dl::.po.sl::ll &Dm!8 ~$ ,oi·e.stimatin;lf 'UIICSQ prssaum. not only 1]01 '~tHLbl.l3 .!b.lm to pI'D,~t hi . ..'!. poW(iiplAnt; but·: al.so. 00 direct him it!, the emi1:ie..1i a,:ppjica Hem qf jm ;power.'

Cy1ind.::r :p~s!J!res ate {Lot :reoorded 00 !a1l1ly" ,oo.ckpri il1lstr'lilment. "'it' :!fage, oPInd th1llil" illh!et measurement 'is nc.w.o.lly' V1l!l'Y diflk'Ql't. Tl:1e:r are l'-cla,t,ed tu m!i.lr.dfoM ],)'I'e!lSUl"e, l'liuce a:mr in~:t'MsEl [n -the, latter results ill. a h.ca.\·1e,1' w!I!oLgM of the ehar~l)' 'bl21ILg fiJ~ed into the r.;vlh!.de;rs" and 'OO!l'l:!lE!!:IUE!iliiUy, ,~ g))e!ater amount (If .ellill":b"Y IDelli,g'

liberated by combustion. IIl';I'wE!vE!l', :a number' 1)1 ~tILQi f'seooF's m'U:!It be, .t.aJ.ten Into account, not.ably tempe:ratu.[',r:: and fut;!l-I:lI¥ :r,H!;'tio., .'IiTI((, ,at best. m<1nifohil 'Pi\I:iiiS)ll:e l~ rn:erei:r a (IUMit.[l.ti\>4!' rnr2a~Ul.'lilment. A e.iJ"nverdent way of ,e!>tIm<l:'lting "~;'~iT1 tier pressures proV-!1:fl, W bi:! an 'liliidi';rect one, and an indaf.: .fif :meat;.1,lrement, 'inherited .fJ:'tlm ,~'beB1IL, engine practiee, u. the brake mean eJf~ 'ti'>!·e.":f!l'essn['o; iU. ... bit.l~·p, -,,;{: te!rrn t.h.a.t i~ gHblr 'I::m:t1d1r.ld ;about n'h}l'e ft"elluen-Uy" p.;:!,t'hap5, !:fum it i!J Ilflderatood.

A i!li:!ries of ,cgIUplicated .illl'd elatJiJ)!ra~ rneas!!IIl~-m".'!1'! ts ilndiel:}te "I:bH'~ thE! pre851;1 res ,Miually exisU!Ilg in a 'CJ~liJ1d-e!l' of·,[I, 1] aircraft ,engine d I] II'~ ing' \9, (;(l1T1p~ete 'Po'''~r ~ycl~ I::3n be irJ;!Pl'esente(l, by .'J. ;l!;ili ph $lmIil:l;i'" to Fi~l:"e '"20.

'PWA, 0[, Ino

f'j9. 20·....:. C:~lif!'d.llit .Pre.!~utlils 0,;,11;",51' 'ii)W~II"' ('rd~

eu r ... e ,than w Hh the: a:bstrac~ .noticn [If b":Jiu ted. mean -eftecti.ve p.t::G::i.::i'lu'i (i~~D)" [(i'm' In.!ll:..ii:llc,!:!·j .a 'tl'iu"\'e whi 1.":11. ri:~s. st~B'pty W 2.11 ex:aP.'lO:"el'ateclly h:ig'h [itBsk and descends 'h.~II'I.!,-e 'in ~pia u.;:;cm8tl'Kt1'5. while it 1I'L~~ a=j.;;:l;;l-~ ,S~i~," !j.~aJ;'J tiJl.lly the ::Hurtfl "power area" .11;::> ~1, smeuthur, llatter ~~jl"'>'e, i'ndiea:tes 'Lhe.'L tll,e newer qf ~J:Jmb;l8tlnn is. ~ijl;~ delh'e~ .in aueh :II. w£J.,..... that it: can not oe rea.dll:) '~lbOO.l'bed b~r t>h~ Emgine. !:Jjl,u mav pro ..... e. naJ:'Tflfu] 'tD 11m 8n~in~, The deton.'loti ~E ~il:r~'e below i an ex:ampIe_

The nil.!l. tiullsh:l;P b.;t,~'.;efm 1m,ell alld (he actuo.l s h.;); 1)~ 111' t;h.e :pr.;!i!I::JlJkI-e curve ll.'l.s ~11 sstabH~~)~l by cKperirn ent, A.cc~Wdr]lgl:<'. j1' UII:! tm~u of .aTl 'en:pfI_e 'CaD til.:! me~ul:ed ai gnificaut 'IP~~) k ~:.j:es'~lll'OS- and g,theJ"' combus ~i(m 0har<J.c+crbti' C:~ l'e .... ealed 'U if' the curve can he pred i~ll't1 Vi ith ~llm~]E'ut ;'c(~uniu·.y f~l: practical P~L·I·Do.~.Jl.

The ::.lL!ld~d .nrc-as" 1:~ all d .1, beltl-oN [hi;]- curve represent th e power de\'~loped in t~e ,~·~1ndii:1·; Pi br tlt!.1 eembustion \!f" thE'! :f'r!..lel-a!i mixture:

I, b~ the rre:='SUXE! oi' fh{: il'Loomi I:1.g char .b'li', The unshaded areas. C anQ R, nl[j.['Qsert ~ the l,}(HII,'-err exnen dt'!d:' (::, 'tll coffipr(!,~~ill g tb.;;! ~!hJ!l:1,T\l: ~. E~ in expeltin~ th~ exb "I,J,!'-t, Tnt; ~~~t useful power, QJ" 'ifLdi.c::,l,~l hon.'f1:f,?ower (~'h.p); deveJuped ffrI<l,Y thus 00 re'PJ"eQ;J1;l1.teca by the, difference beh~'eett the shaded. ;!md unsh::J.d~cf "a~s_ or:

Ihp - Sl);''1!1~d Pi. reli!S ,( P. _.' n - Un~r.;-J.Gecl ~re~R, (C + E)

tNll.1CATED :nn::t-\ ,_. EFtBC1'iVE PRESSVR'F.' ([:\):EP) AND A(IT1~ AI. PRI!:~SVmis.

It is som.,..t:i me:::: eun \!efLi-;;,'l'L1;: :1} th ill k of thJ:l varjous C){~I.Id'Bl' pr"SS~11'e8 -'U.!le ~'\ll atLd ad verse - M i;::l}mbtni!!irl i nta- a .::;iti.g']e 1.miWir.m ·pre::>!:oll.1'8 which nets durin g til E! power Sli'olt~ alone, :iJi1Q. j,;J ~aJ'),'I.H,;:! of pttldudr.~ the- ,IfL v en ind~ci:1(Qd hOl:'wp0i;\··cr ~ i np), Thl;!l m:9..;!-' be i llnatra ted _gl'a.phj(~;l!.lly b:r' drn 'I.~·it:1g :jI. C'1l1l9'l:..Ii.nl p :es6t're' 1 [J.J~, AB~ fOiJi' thoP. f.":lW;:!T. ::.t roke alone ;lI:t _ ~,u!!'h .~< (H!lta;r1(~ abo v e ULI) lH:J1'i'~iit~l axiil Ui:ftl the ,!iI.r.f!.~, ,euc~~fd bv thE;! .!-iJ:'l!.I..!*I![c, A'!RGD, i:.'l 8q_Utll to the Tl'l:lL <11:001. repl·e;:lp.nt[ng t~'Jc illp, tQJl;:l:

Area A tl:CD - Shaded A rea!'. ~ P + T) - l: nsh~td'!.1d Al"'e.a. (G + 11:} = Ihp, ,

'Ehe· mean, er a,Vj]:r.am p:r.·essun: (AD 0 'Bn), eJTwLi .... e dlJr1 it.g nilii!' pOWG:r stroke i8 k~lO""" 1] as th>f!inrHI!:!ltl!!d: :r~n el1i'd_i.'Ii"13 pr~sure (imer)_

Th-e ope·l'".'ltm" ~ naturally rn(~l'e, I1:tiJ1wt'ned with l:I:di.lita sha'pe :."I,nd p~,I:I.k P1'88S·I;1TP. l'J'f t~~~

~.<III' ~.f..r~~

fie, :2 m ~ CyU",dsr PJ"ll:.ni!r"I!~ IN'Otlln(Jj' tiiltd

, l:J~M!ilItr.nU·

n

f.:'U·.Q.1LATWX Of. JI~]EP'

H' t~l~ ~ndk.iL tedh~)r!';of.!pi;lW,p.r of an en)i;irJ'(a is kniJown, ~ts.. iTJteP can 00. Cd-lip-ill w.J ff'.:JJtt the' f~rmu]a:

(JI )

'The d.cl'iVfLl (o.n t!i thl~ f()!['rtH.!!l.ll. i!l. In''.i.efiy ~g

{t1]lo:il's l

'riB." f~Q,. TI) li:1,! e::,;el'~ In 3,11!P' ot<.tl:i~l;;.]o!:'t", i~ fb~ pruLi:. l1'('t @, ~ 'l'IJie·'P· Uti 'JJ~J-) t.v' '~1C: ,LL~~ilI (i.r.. ~q hl..~ of 'IJj~ [)J.iI!.'~U'Jlo l::~atJ Ii'll ...,.:b~l~h i~ .J_~r,tl"~ Cl':

F {lb~ = im~p (.FJ~i}:.< ~ ('R~ inr]

TI..o!l di~bn'n;.r.c, i'!1 ~~~ tbNll~h.. opibl~l<I tiMa l{)j~~ ~t'.:U\l~ 0(11'1 n~ J::h-e 1;)6\~'2, a t!Qk:~ i~ tb~, J~Jlgi:.:h. IJf tJI;C r;i;r~;:';o:: 1 111 LI1I J !E·I~d.1!~' ]11/' t2!, o!1l' ~

]) {t) == s (Ln,) ;'121

T1J:e .... O-lJr, tl~ ftrlb, ·ci:~)I~ !:iul'h'jf t.ru! .~·IOW.r.::- "tml;.p i~ tlni."!l:

'Wm'].r ff'~'-'!lj) = F >(-D _ ttlwp X A X s;l~

U t~ ~"drm k,u~ ~ ~'lil1d"'I'r.i t::1"" Wil,th di)n<:i n",L' J"~'FlIl~,ti.o!111 "f ,(h", "'I~~~e is:

\"if ~ LI1I~I~ >;: A X S }) N

'I:I~ 'P~iJ":f""'" ,.= 12 X 2

r'!\i," L~ dh',iJ~, ;Lv 2 ~tn~" .(';.Mih ,~p;ipdel: [IN'S ·~"'lJl·.\' 'L!t~l~l" n'~o~L:I~iml:i 1'hi~ d\~"'~M~';1;~i:lt" L1j. cu ~I:'il, "':[ ~ IL ~~o",n i):I t_1J~ ]H'lXill{:"" 0~ tJi~ 'IIl'~'" I~r' Hre' ]; i!1tH'n. r,.\) ~1m~~ ~hei 8t,L·,~~e ~::;1 t.:ilr,'I.!!'f tb~ 'J1fl~i",:h.::r I'lf e,l in r:n~'

~.N ~, Ju:lLl~l;ri I \if I ,:,.:: - .

- t;(j;~:>, X &bDla.;lHiM't.l~

't~. ",,1'k P"I' \'~l'. = ~ __ ~"""":-~----'-_

~d.

Tire work p~" l:iI,i I! ~~~ i~ ~'~,r. ..,..,:irk p",r ~e"Dlu):.jol~ t1::l~~G dB;' r:Jllln; o!'irr:

,[!'iviQ~l:1g ±l:1r wn~'I~ (~;;:il1 ln- fe.lb..) Pl!~ !'Itll- .. !.J't~ b~' ~3:,OOO!, Dt0l~n~ -jill tin,=" .illP; HCo;

Ibil _ j:rn~ll X Dl~pla~~i:rl!~r.l'!: X :rp:r.:1 2':;:,;;;:: \~~,O(::.ll

TrLLn~lIQ~i,r'i! l:ho:: hol)'!:!,';r) . QI.l;Sil:i~.~je.:. t~< 0JL'~' ",icl"" of [lie

rq!l",tiol)l1: .

__ ...:;__;;__ X ik,D, l:jlJi:l

Arid, 1,1111~!;' Si"i (i::l~llle ~,vi.<I.:Jla. IAf ;). u:rli,I:L~~~' .. ib d i~" DI R(>IlI'll€'I~~ ~'='J[j;:l.t(l~ ~1oI[]~,"liI:~ ,LLnrl tbr :r~~::r"I:: u Td'lj.rr-~ ro,.

'r ') ibjl .. , l1r.1':!I' (~~l = - __ - ::.0;; 'li'l, d; IL~~:l~l't ~ l',ptiL

Thl.:{c 'would 'h.Q OJ. ~~tt&f.9.(!~_(},t·,); \\'n.;.;," of ,1!.c'f)WjfllJ;titL~ im!iJ\~, a~,d Ibu8 ];iredi ~1n,Fi a.:.:tmlJ ;;::y]ir,d.Q[' ,PtP.R..EJ·ll ~.:}, were .it not For tho f,lI.ct l:.h~lJ U1P. 'ifii ;;:li fficnlt eo m~::;llte d:r€!(!{Jy .•

f~i\{ r, cur .. ':T1Q~' OE mr- (IItir-DIlP= ,liU P) Not all :th~ pm\'i,'I' oile"'e~G~~E!d in 'tnif.f 'c::t' ~jTl ct'Cl'l!; (i.~~ _, th Ii! ih r). j"".a 'r"8.Lb.bk at me Pl'OP!J1U 13.il" :sbmPL

As ~!1ggQ~(l:i:I j [I: lfr'LglU"" ,~, 'fi,nmf!- (!If 'it js lOS-I in I) .... f;!l'('omi:ng 111 emal frll!'.:rlon, Wine b.d.ivertted to dl'h'if,l:lt the ,~~t:iO'l".iO!;" SUM as the m:!lgnet~:;. ,;!lfl,j, f.u.-el ~~11~t1!:P::;. ,8CImE! ~:ti ,'ilhRQl"be<1 1'1'I! ~rfr.'iDj!' ftr~ 5uper;c;iI:i',l]:1:!;it1~ mochanism,

'The I~}~HI. wm"el' th u ~ tORt 38 :kilH)Wl1 aJ il"f~'1.iOD h(~~.,!H~IH)"""·.:;'r {:I:'hto). Wh at rcm,liiJ:!l i.t[ Lb.'!! Iorm oi' llwful ~pIjW'l£l~' d~ll v(:!,fi-rl Otl.!hdf.le the engine 10 the' pT'g-p~tl eJ' ~'h:fl. T~ and ether ulOJ.'fts' i~ ~::illed bl"alt0 hOl"SQ1),0W@ {bhp),

Ill;!,'! = ·bbp. • :!Illip

PWA..·OI,IOO

'l:r:. ~5 i!'ehD:tlOt1!iohi p rn~lk-'B!l t~):;,.~tbl~ U l>ilffid!;!j'i'LJ,;_.,' ii.G:l':urate !1n~ till.[ti ve"ir simple compu t<'l;tioQiru (J1: i4p, 8.1.1 d !'.O ggt'!!'.tr-. a ;;::~()rt-:I!;u:t tn "Lh8: d8t~];J'I:1.[ntltion of o.rl"indcl' (pressnl'es, Ell:p 'iAI. n be ~d!i I~" (!Rtcula tE'!d by rr1i!:1:l'ln.!1 of f~ P 100ft1/- b:t.!l.kG!t & drn:r,l.momcter: ,;)1' tcrouemeses, LI:\ Tart, ~'!j~~IlJ:!1ji::!l' th e r'i:!laLion bf;"t\lr'8".:!IJ. Iihp, ·n5m. Bl'td m!1t1i f-old p~e~l.rre 11 as, beeu cal ~bl';,'I. t.::!("h~au :-;. gt .... en 'ettg'ltl~t th!3 bhtJ m~LJ', bli! f'lJUJlo;,l f:L'IJJ u <'I. }l1J'\~ er l"=iJ.I' ~ e., 'i'~ th·€! last two q~liji.iti;J;iE'!;'::: :'l.r'"€' knnw fL, and thu p.rop"i:l¥ (!O~:i:"8e~"jons m<l.(~c f(!l' c@.ii?lJ.u l'ei:a:r i~i l' f..£n1,Dt'!l'1'L ~~U~ IiLpd (~thf!:r ieE!m:.'i_ ]~l·k1:.lt!J1 hl}f~(;!lwwo&t' (fhp.} is :::lot a constant Q IJ ;}ll'tity; but iil;!(:~';;!'o'l:ReS wit,!i Tn;;:, :!'[om and .imp@ll'!!:i; !;!pced 01' ;=;;t:\ai.2 (If sl;J.pert.::Xt';I,l':!cir,g. [t ~;an hE'! Q-eterminF$. far :!m;'! g1l;"ti!ll l'pm and !:J.ltxl'ehtIT,llin:!! ooml~iLll.'":l" ttl)t1 by T!le8;:!U ri:n~, on a mod tlie;r:l d~"nammni:!t~t', ~he puw,!.:!.t !t;:l(!~ise\.]·.r' 00 t!Jl"'n over, the en g;i 11 e . with the cy[illd,e1's not :i!!'LTlg. SO,ElL ~ ~,::dlbn'L'~!oli L:::; jlOl"!~l8.'~l;'l lruld'8 (bt 0t!d~ rwpc (If,' eng'~DQ:, @.11 d ol)Q:Jier!l. its ent~ie o:::pE:!E'!cl i!':=i:ll ge_ \\'lth I:A"~l:l fmd fh'p. thus. known! ih:p is l'cWH1'l ""8.kLlla~ed, S:I1a. from it, :i,mer and {::yl lndi:'i!." tn·'8::.i!i ul:~ 1.ll-!.1.:'j' be determin ed,

:B~"].I!;;i:'-ln!LFJ~"!i '."I'm.!"!l AJ'!lD COJ!.fPl"T AT ION 111 p't'a~fieei however, :;:I,C':tJ,;:liLt ~+m~o!il!!' pr~g<lUl',~ :;'LJ~ not d8'k~'rni.I.L'8d· :fl'Oln ihp. hut :frmn b1l n~ }1y an:;:l,iL},Iti~" im~p t.;:L T.i :&g thtnfgh ~ of ~:..:;

~ • ~ r

ihc 'limn vi 'L~o- ~l'at.iSlll'e~: one ·R;0[n:r. to nroduce

1- • ,

ths prf!i\"~l' III tC"J'!!k'I;.'lJ"Y tCJ. ~~"",!,!Jlr:·l)m(:! f:rkUuI.L f fh~~'_

thG other to '])1'(ldueld 1flfe ilIet. po".;el' d.ell.vt'!I'i?d at thf! 1PJ'!Jp<!'Her' .an1l (~'~heI' ::.lmrbl' r Ic:ir\):l', ThG ftl'~t 'is ~<1ned rtr¢tJoJ'J ll"e~~:11 >ett'el':b ... ~ 'f.'1'E'!8!'.UcJ;~ (:f;mi::![O) ~ t,he .!I(~(!(md ~~ k~~(f""]l b).' Iib!2 more f.a- 11:1 iJ ta !l' , but no. less fOlrnli\~;;:Lbl.e, n}:.rog, £if. brakl2! ),fL:I:'~lJ.L '!l:lrlJd.1V00 T'~:8SSU~"t: (bmt'p),

1

Sin~e neither hhp 01:' blll:er t.'l'ke; ,~llj," aecnunt of :f:i:-J!1:t!on_ the 811g1~)~ ,oi).9:]l be t!.tto'Ught oI.'.i;n til li': I':em:n~ct.iohl!, ,,'i.S a :€d~'I;L(mle:::.!-; po~\-·".:!,t: :plS! nt In whiefli 8:11 Uit:. P{.'Iw;i::r ~e"elCiIl:II::d. h:r ,tltf:! hmep wit:hi n t'hl E! cyJ b"ie3".:!:t"?i ~8 ikiH ~'.al~c~l '\'yi1hou: loss as bn.p m the ])l'{Jpell€!:';. SLI>b!!ot:tHHng hhp for ih [10, LilTl.1:'f) '!W11 ik; ~f~1]mtid, l;-y' ~11 t::Q.uatiotl: 1 de;n· fLeal hII f'D1'm :,'l nd cl~:riv:~ti'I)TI 1Adth UtE'! OnE'! lJ!n~-, Yil}'L].~ly used to :compute i.me~\ ]l:;). mely ':

.. , ,;,. _' '7"92,000 . thp

lBm;!i;p hlCl~I,). - 11 - -I X

. 'L5P ::J.oem~nt :t'11011:];

lI.:nn1 tf lhis bmE'!p I!Q.rrniJla. '114:1 rt"L ddf:m, bv 'lIL".:! (,;(!1'l'8sJ)l)ndin.« .Lmc1)t f'OO1n.nla. 1. t ,,,"[Jl:, be. ~ seen

fu~: .

bm~JJ ~Ili)

'imop :::: ihp

'FMEP[

BM£P{

N1P;:;8.ffPI-PHP tM'EP=8MEfYPM£P

Bl(L~P" Lhl:!:tr.2LOfi':, prO\'~'$ to be ~{lmetJ~LJ);[i"; of :"iI,~ :=j.b..:::h"olI,~tion -,'l flCti:tlOll::> iH·~S."j'(h'~ ~I'-' hieh has -nu i'Gfl.l 12X.iStGtIdQ ill t]le cyii~de:t:S. 1 TT!€l' L$ c]elll,r]y gJ'e:'l:t~J' tbJHL hm'l::!p. :!:IirU:.~!3 [t ~omp.!!."!sll!::. bOoth lm1ep and I'men" ~ th,!p~m~'i ng 1 ~,t:'.i':"-el.r ~m the qAn. hme:IJ. :m~'LJ.' h:~ !ttml. 10 to 50 ~f less 'than ime"p, an d mn~r l',;:!p 1i"e!'!E:!'ll:t a:;; ] i~tl".:!, >'3.!l Hoi5,'f' of tha ]d'~!" i ,F\i:rtJl08~~nw,rei th e jLctua'l !)e;:;ll\' Ifl'"i"lIS·.fn-!'" ,'I,R ;;::~~Q"'i":n em ~;di'nd8i" rJol'G::";' ln~ (,Ul'yCS, !I::te in uirn gmfl..m~' tr"m tJ\'c lP1oi:':'P" Ne\'erthE;!l~..:::ic1, th:R .'l;b~tl'i!1:~d(~,,· proves 'b:::i 'b~, a useful -onr. in Je~titrLilI.~W:IF.' 111~ ~p';~i:iJL! pl'f!~~U ~'-e5 ana ]11 'E~b~-, .1 i:::.hl:&lb' ~iPr.:!:t'lL H ni6 limits;

D~JEP AXO [""DEI{ 6.1'" ,C''fJ.[\-n'''~R Plll!~li;:~l ~l{El'ii

To" I)el?in ,vi 1h, QTI.l£!P may bl;! :L'O!adlly call1!u]._8. ko;,l aL .9:.I1Jr· t:.tt"!-l;.;r,c Cif O'llOl':f·:~ti em i.l) ~t'!l"m8 a:f tn rei=! (Htlll:lrt:i'tie;;l that -aru "'-'ti:!:iJly 'found: 'bh I?

(f!'om, 11 f!(m"~lr' (!'Ll.t"~'f', WT'(') Il f!tUeter, P~l)l\:L' l;k,::iIkl2, Or' d;!t·n i!l.nlom·~re~') rpm ,(ef rums L::lcnnrrte'eN').. '1nt!! ;!L euns b:itilt ('78'2,(:\8'19 (nlSD1<'l.cement) ~ :1of"OrP'G'~:E:!r hmep bears .u dd1.nj'!..-I) rela Ui:ln:::l~d.t) to ~me]) (bm(!'Dl~rnQ'p' - bttp/'i.hp), '~'Ilkh is rut:<').b~ lhl~H:!.;I· th:f'{.lug~OLl,t the (:'n~il'L€I''!: ()pe:tilhr~1!! !~ngol!' h:r '~h e.. c:1Jib:rathm -of '[·h£! i:r'p (ihp = bhp I~ ibp} , Sine!'.:! 'l::ne ;!I.(Ottlid cyli!!'lde'l" lDl'G'S~lll'O~ &11d 4dt~I' ~oTf.lbu.~tion (~.haJ:".At!,tt.il'rhH(}::; can bE'! ~edli(:~d il''(;J;m i1111l!,!l, and .~i i!I_ce til r! l'elatJ.on (If bmcp eo .i:mi;!fj 'i" krlQ'wl'], i t fJHl}w~ th£'i,'~ tJii3Se fkr'BaSl1~§ and (lUl!~l'" eondi Hun!'! 'd:Jiln be cLete)'roi ned f't,om biil1~p :!I.!I, ",'eJ I .as from imcp, iltLD:. t1i(:;! fad tha~ hmeJ'i (:,1;1] be: ]f100T:8 .l'~~ld il2/ OO~filltecl 8i~~C(!3t::; it~ 'I:'!~IJ !1!1. bii!i rl.p- a nlore (!onycnien~ j tnlQx 1;;.\,. wh1dt to il'l'I.t.€: or limit an lJ))gke":::. w~·f(!IrI:VJi":i.nf:~.

Sin~ a' :t"i>::;..&, j n b.fJlE[:'i 'wi~] I1IPb'lllfl.n~' mQatL an il]l;,!l"ii!~R~ .i t1: :l;hi(!i!!.Ctmi:] t:'ylindr:!T' ~)iI::!8f'.1J ~"F.!!t, stJ'~I.C ... tm'1I.1 con.::iid)::l'aUori ~ w m d ktate tJl at o,pOJ:"&t.i,on 00 c~mfined hoe'l ow' Mn~)'[ll. hFlLeP v~11 Ll:F.!!I.., !Jl> the :3t~::;:cs 'ilrHDOS8(] m~li.\i'· 1'ii!:;:M-H In service difJi'!].ult[I)S, E:m8~ l:irnit~ ...... ill n ot llG~<::t:i[L!:il;~' bT.' thE;!: :!l:!lmf!. thcouzhout thq ~·.rI.g!:iiT.(;!'I OPf!J';jL~lng J:"<'Jrll~, tor j t 1::; Hl", irnep; 110t tF.1i<" brin~p, tlsa t al\.l!!J!a~ly· il[l;p~ii!~ tn;e m€!cl""p!.i",;te.al . .s11·~:!lr.:!~ Jln.m. high 1em~ Ile:If'.,'I!.h~r.N ,

Shle!.;!.

b~~ - _!.:rloU~ X Diz'!p]a~f!ment :x: bmep

. p '7.92:,000

(S} a~ta. b~f!~P .= tQl:'ll]u-emeDNt prl!lSSl.cilTf! X f{"' '\...-1"1 ere If' is a 1jJ00m:,tan t wh kh ~s tile; !J1'(Hlurit (J~ 7£1o~l}uO l~mii!:::: ~b;:, t01'{I·UelXL'8tld,l' ·wn::::b,;,i:, (K) Ili.i ,. idf!cf br the- e1l1!'11:1G' Gl.!lpl ~leem<;:'Il't.

Th i ~ rel ~lli(J(rl2'lhrp i Iltctlc,'], tes ~h,:"l.t terq ll'I", whh~h fu d iH!dl~ mo!';:="sln".ab~c. is tllS'rl!)Jllnlhl}· 'i'f!l;lltE!rl . a. hnrep w]UGrt. 'b(:!ing a :l'idi"fri(:!l~S Dk-eSSlll'C canIml Jie. m:I:·::iI:'::m:"E:!d W l'ecc[r. R'-\!i~~~:dl~:::.s. ~)f tb f! [12:17.1'1 u !!Jetl teo d~sCl'ib8' (I Cl'i:.put .and th~ Hilla;;; of 'OT!el;'.::ni-on~ tli'8 tl:!~arl:::: n~' rneasurernent and eonhol. ':!"'(!i!;qtl~~.Ily boil do<w~ ~t!: r1lJ1'1' .l:l;nd b)J'fflle.

'1 ~ h.M bGl})1 ~hlJ\'!"'~~ the.IL t. rpm and Wl'(') n~G fl._t{: j Ild'E'.J:knUeil1t1y ~ont!i'oll~ an.a: t.li..e;t ~h!:! !IJ!p81".1Ltmf", h~ ~ ..... ide ~'WJF[Qt1i (Jot J' p.m-,to~q:lJ;!1! {!i)mbill ati I)n~ 'tu dfu.OS:1:l ;f.'i"(xm~@" obtai 11 tiJ~ lICCI'Llired P':':'\~'Iih' as i'n e~ii!' fotlowjI'lg t!lb~i;! lli:lh:g \l'i09.~p 1tf,EJOJ" ~ R486<Q} iUS Hn E:!'XJlmpl'e,

P'IJ:.OPELLEH r ()!~q.'T: Ii:
J:i;H1" l~ Po1'!: 'I,l1-Ji''l' BJifE :P
1800 15fJO j5~iJJi) :::11. ii,
'li.~(:,(f 'lL80(} 5252 18.2"
~SOO 2100 .1.&I)() IJ6,
l~Otl, I. 2<M)O SJJ4'Q l36.,
18()n :27(1) 3.5i]Q ]2]. . .40 tILii!CH .. et~I!;~~ .[ TJP!',oac:h 'It J ~hULllll)nk ll"lg ,;J!,'t all of the fil~tUl·.::i \qmld til v. m· the v€j'y min irnllm ~prn. a:ld a eQ'I'r'e<lp:ondhHd)r' llig~l tr.H"·q LIt!' ~)l' hm,-ep, bqcanW thfs Cr}Ihbli-.i~ti on \.','(10[1 Id ])001:1 w ce thG r(:!~if.'8d ()U~Pllt "if~a deli ~'~~ it 1.0 the. 'p.rop'E!I]~ wHrdhe !east lhp,

B(!(!~lI.l!:!>B i"LH:,l i,!Cln::::~~m,nH:)ol~ is 'the- reml~ ttf' Indi(!.'1. tC!(f h Ol'i1!CPO'WOl" i!'.~J1J~{1· ::ihou.td :i.i'itt:!J'i!!:'iL'Iie if .t'! ~h"';~:n ..... ~illil..l' n.:(" OI.1tput 'i;::: oI~.i ned W:i1}1 tho J:IJ.LWH,-~m rpm ;,;L/nd ffi-Lli ... imam oorqll€! Olr bmep,

Pl'.Ml~~cal {!~m::::ldeJ('':;. t, em ~ l'e"lu.lre <1 mooiiif!T!:H~lott of ell ~ theorv, T11e hiltn: pl"upeHelr h lo'1!rI~; ~11 gle. ~uil'Qd "to ab:~0['b, aueh "'" ihe,a;!i,y torque lOatH tl!J. at low J'pm WQll~d: ~lCgl;l[~. III a 81i! I?i OlliS': 1 O~!I. . or Pl'OpuJ!;l \'~ dTL(!..[.:!J10;'i _ li,'\"h ih:" ~t1e :enii.,r] no '~'O'L11d be g[vi r~g,' il;j. Qill ~P1.Jt ;lot. a v en" 1@IW luel !i!O~~::::llLmp.ti.f1.11, the Pl'op.cU~! 'C1:).;~lld n~t '~";IlWJsi;)!,(e tliis into, H:€ ~tiu.sL miles rer nound.

Th e ·i;':or.f:!.TIl){J\i S f' .. l2'h to['(,)11:0' ~~oul,J ~l,lh h1 h [~(h. "8Hahil,'l:cd ::tn:::,~(i!g on, the M\~'et' 'transmfssj{)~4 ~·::.tem fmm t.h ~ pktotl to ~~l@ pl"0pe.]].f!i!' :;:h..'l, f"t. ]:i~;:';;]){''I!'[GJl(:i2' 0 .... 91'· thE! )lE!l'l!r!j, '!-,a~. Dl'''0,',eil

th:el;t '(~Lt~~12 lm.H:li!! :rnu~t' be Hmi~ea:. .

']'0 a v aLet rfiOg;;:,hlR' a t8:ooJ'i ng engLlYe, t:h.P. 01~p.r. ~(Oj'lnL4,V tm'll hi tht" i:lth er '~~tf'€Jl1 e of h hd1. rpm 1LtLJ 10'\;' tOJ.'llu;P. ~ on Iy to run ~f:!;to .bltL0thEI' ~~et· nt di:ffic:l~ i cies ·cligl'.t:!i" !i'!)!r.. :~:ult.!l in :!fI"e.:'ttc·r th:l>I, Acc(},!!.;diJl.!:l'ly 1 Elf! 00 btm II1l1~t bo !T.i:!i.ln-· tULJierl .. tilT,! i.h D. n:Plst 'be Inoreas .. ~·d ~J].d: .lil:::: S. rest! it th e fuel e(lJlSUlfJ1J'I,,[otL ·w ill be g'I'IP.1lt1'!i' as i~ i2I irt]). l1ut :l_!'h~p<, .i:Jl:.;; g,i) .... ems fuel t[o-w. ][Illc!;h !!'pm ~l;!'l9 lii!;lld'5 to j~a'elll.tel' :~:.«.[p:rot,ll.i.:i!rJg loa~_~. all'd the FnO~'G r,"'I:pitll,;!-" thl'! e.n.g1ne tu i!'tt8 0,~;cr (r)i..hL"r ~irJ,J;~ 1;;p.[~·.Ll' !:"!quill), th e ~oon'G.t n will 'r~leRJ' lhp.l.f o 1,] t, ~At the ~8.1M time_ 'lhe l'ti;gliel' f mllc,Hcr speeds t~!.L ~,. rrrean. th.:d;' cr.i : k.(IJJ <,har.l,T lulnp~nL.-· hl.t'·0E\5 -arf! :l-;;p'L:I7I,R' .;q;rp·~~o<lche1].

Pl'(~peJ' lope:r.t!ltioH cle.u'h' li(:;!~ !.;.mneWhf!l'f! hetweG'Jl~ th@ h\'rJ i6')CtT~meB_ l'.il"Jn:!l? G}(IDI:!'l',j ('n~r.:! C!!L te8Hng ..'I;ncl S'P,'f'l![gC {Ipern tiel! :Pl"O~'1i:! tli.:ll't th~ €!TJgi r,~.o&:!.ll. bll: t:i<lf~l~· o[i'~ratf!d. with :lr)i"Id allJ:f].btli~)l' :;:lbind':!LJ'a;F. ill ·ihc rC:!I'nlsiTI~ l:lJ.Jlbl"£', Li.'i[iIlJr f!)ei (It tn C !l)l;'c"pel' !.i'l.'t\c1ill, ro~, pl't!]llom~\'):"!d pE:J'i6t;is 'wili:h 'lJw e$'linde:t tm:!s..!I·q !"'S9i 8.11 rl: tem]1erolltll n_'~ fqp.r(:;!:..:l(:!!!]i''?d Ely th;f! 111 i.'!,lJ\(m;t:Illi .g;rnise bItl:@ 'Ii mit

P'W A, OJ. 1011

I:!pwl§lii:!d' by the ii:!ng.tlJE;' iIl.::ililuf.l:ljI!!t.U:h!il:' ihr '!lItii:! l-la'ctkuhr en,g:in~ 'ITI:ode'i in ('Jl1\e~t~l)ll.

]l.lIL~::;t he empn:iBh:ed th~\t ~:I:"U 1~e 'h:tnep li:rn"H~ a~ merely couvenient numbers that deoo:rtb€: op~ruru~g- 1 im'itatlmt::> In '1 o:! 'Fd;R, th&t. l".:!a:t"L 4 .:±p'P1,jed: in th08 ~~~pit ~~ m~ails eof a1,.'ail~ble: inrConitrutio~_ '1hez;' do fL,ot Cir.:!fih'l::l a kni~f.:!-~dg!i! !itL!i! ennne ;z:iile of whkh is ~afe 'oJj1el".'!lt.i on wtd le ou th,Q c-th@j, 1:!1il'l3 .inU1ilF.ldi~t.e tY~S't:rm:!ti£lll wHl be Le';ru:::O}.i!n.tei'ed.. 'rhe ma;~~m'L1TI:l ihn W.n~ -rI'),rie:e bmer is ct1l'ofnl!y ~elG(!t2>d on th~ basis (if r2X}!ri;!lriencE'!' an,d ~t as t.h~ lJPl;!l'af;l:ng ~ondltbG11. combining dG.iil'od! 'p@rlt),ITnfL'tICQ while: tlibiuinitl:.(f 19r~g &E!l'vicii:!' ~ife_' Cmltil1,i!J!Ou!I, use nf .e:x~~i v;-e p')We.l", £v_m, Ql" temper<1ture ""'ill more probablY efLU~ imln02dh,;i;.a d[fficuli:;J 'l:h'a'l'L Iligh b:mep_

USE: OF' PROPEI.rnR 'lYon E?rI&IN!E L1IECK ox 'rHE' GRnT)NJ)

In the .'lit, the pr(lopcUar can 'Ij,erts',Qt1igi:ne our'J1I!l!t, in 'the foo'ni. ;:rl' I'~ ~nd. t(J'l'IIUiI;l, into nJl."'u.'It, On thf! :S:J:'OU11 d. withM forward mot jon. the .~rl):peUQr h~ n,otlifng<ttl: fli:i but Bli:!lr~'e ,~1B a ~}j:.t'~kE:!' to :q;b"'M.li"Q ... ,+t.,'lJti!:'!:'(f''!'" DQ'~eJ'" the enzine Jf: pro,d1tl":ing" 'Whlle the effidcr.er Clf perf,~rnu~lg· ~hi1:, fun~~j.u'n i::i. of nil ~(_m!:.!E!rlli ~he 'pJH}IJe1.i.f!r' 'I:::h"ap. "",d;e:r13~k8 'are of 'Value because the ta':r:que rc,q.ptrt!~ 'GI}· obtulIl :!I. g[;"'F.:!lJ. rpm i~ 1ired'l~t:!:Lh1E! )i1'I long 1ilF; th,£!' h1;!ld.f! .angle 15 'fixed.

On full gI"Q!.H~d, wHh the pl'Open~,I' adjU!:;::te~

U) £ull 'Un~1f:'eII;8ecl: rDirQ. the 'bJJ;1.dru are 'lP,¥itloncd :at a defini'lJe m[llimum !l.!lg]A;t, TId:!!, an.g1e win lie the ::iam!;'!" ~aT~h time that the p':roIJ~l1el;' l';Qwtn:i[ is' in this (p@Si:tioll:. \y"b:e~nh~ bl<1il'8!b .lI.D:! in :flxed: li:M p:i:h~'El!. thE! E!n,gl.ne l:;:i d,ri:dng ':3, fi:O::ii:!'d-];ii:tclt p't'Q.pe'1'ler ana the reb. ti(lJ)ship ibctween. cngine 'P"&rJ.!0i'llHHil.'.!i:! :!:L11cl pili'i.'lpii:!lleit- rpm. gL'iE!!i. F"ig:n,Hi~ ~!l3.nt fnfL'lornl~tt@oll J'eg~U'dhi.i"r. the c(Iou:diti(lon (Iof the en I?ine, 1'h[s aillarnc:t8r1.i:itie ·It: 1.1~1 dutlng .'i;lu:! g.n;iti:~i~ '~he'~k of t;h;f.! PGWE'!1:1l1~nt.

The ii&ad !IHf)'irjded hy the ])oITI[D1211er i~, 1m€: l'\ll"Sult of .. fha ~~l~,Ui.Jl,-te or the :!I.i'r' to trtf! 'nmtL!.'l:jJ, 01 "th ~ b~;lI.des, If jt" is lm;~~~, that the ~fa1 air f<:![,0G ts ~t[ng 8."~ otlQ po1il~' .1?h th~ 'bi:9.de~ th~ fi~l".foh!E! pel' b]~de' mul.1;ipHf!dl by th~ dista11,l"lE! be~weeit th~ paint .. 91 .applucatioTh and the 'p,m __ pell~·l' uo:!n:hep' line, tlm~, (hA;! i;lllmhe!" of M;lld~5 e("(lJil:ils the wt;C!,ue at)Sor'bcd: hr .t1lil"1: propcl[e.r aud l!lq:tI!a1s the t8-:t'"q'll.e o'll:bF;iut of ~M 'f,!rLgi:n'E! IH"IJP~l]e[!.' shaft,

'Bte dlrn~ f0h~c {if any airfoIl .8£1.11: hR. ~prcswd by ~h,f!,. foU1wing" er:l'l!l;jl.tiun;

when IJ = dr@-Ji:' - lib

Ca ---: ~on:::;.t"'iIlt wfpl)ig.e value d,cV~d~ 1l,P!:I,Ji ':!:Lir£orl ;!j,,!~~ bon all d aTIP.'lc

p = ::til' dii:!ll..'lity

A = Area

·v ;:::::; Ve"lodty

,----- )'>---.-"

If a ptc~ll'e i5 formed oi .all. the, o'I,l'ea and :a 1] (he ~lY~g f()r~E! hJei:i:Lb': C,(}"[L!::I:!~jYi;l:li;t!ild, ,~'L i}1I:!1 P8\[lJ'~ o,{ ''I,'r.pH~til)]:l,. an a~a'loF:"o:uB. e~~~;l!:~J0~ ('..an.:be

· c Mi"i;!led t1J clIi:!BC:dl.k tfli:!' j;I:t01~U,f!!", l·~a~~U(nL 8.1ld. :it wLn J1fit be :neqe's8~ry to 5tn1g'g];e whh thp. dlftP.l< ,~nc(!, in S~I;':di: '!b~1:.-',l;'Qilljl thi3 tip aJad the 1'00t: 'in wh kh c.:iI.~e;;

'F (r1:)l'ce ~ .... inst pl'l)pefl~,r) = p

i C~ A (2':01: r x l'rm~~::-"~

wh ere C~ = constant, clescl'ib'trrz' [ll'i;}pellel:"

. bleW.e ocllll.r.o.c;tmi:S'ti~s at fLxed lo,,,.,. pitlili

.A,. = td..'l,de af'i;!~

r. ~ disU!.llW fl'om engine center ]b1~ ti.i pillnt of f!:l'N0 ~p{b11il~aH(fn

X = '~-®. (It ~laliles

~~'hl!'.:l'dQi!'e tOMl~e varlee dl~tly as the SQU14!"C 01 thQ :rpm .. In :!llmplt:l:t tetthst. if wJilie thii:! ':'li;1",i:!:r:aft< is·;;.;ta tic (loll the g]'ounli ana. the ];i'wpeller bbi1ti~ .ulX! in fl~J lo,y{ pitch! the 1.'ph"i 1t:1, (]otLbl~d. the tDrqlle rra.ri:u.ced. o'1!XI;Q. .';!1:i:snrb(;!Q, L'Io 'mu~ti,plied b§ fa-u:r, This r4~tiQo:qrn.i]:r makes it pos$ubie to ruSe '~h(;! llropf!lll:(r.o to Pl'01.'Ldii:! :II. brake rriii:!IH,D.i'E!ment ~ however, the' blade anzle must be the sfLWQ ~lli±L Ht~& 'I:lm'k the ,m~afCl.~'!illlig]l'~ 11':1 p~r:.. fi;il:"'1:I'IeQ as the blade. all gl~ dete~iTi~ the value !Jof f'k.i tll. tho I.2ql<.m:ti".)l'ii "a b I)Yc ,

,

,f~ ·th.e 'abo v e ,ei1~til)n" "it is no i2:frort to

> '~ ,

continue to<

= Gi' [':rpm) 1: X rpm - C~ (l"]oltl1 s

or fhfe po),~·'eil' iiJ.l:if.iQl'lJed by· l.i. pi'l)~~llBt'o ~'r' hm:,e bbclt3 8,!'8 [n fix·,,\d Iuw pitch "'!.'·.::'lyle!;' ~S the cube or" t:h~ :r)'im_ - ~ rel .. ;;t1 oii: ','i"l:clcr. holds true Ul'1 Li1 t he- Up speed (If the p,f:0!)I.:!!le:r lI.i)pr(}.l'.(~bE!s trJe: :!:ipee·cil i1£ ~m;uTl.d ~ud e,~"is aitered, Jill less teehu ic;'iL~ terms, this :rn,l.!;::m~ th~l.i.; ~he pt! 'jI,'er m~~t be etJ':'M. Hl[L!.[::; :;t;!I f,'t">l'..".t to ~Q!.rb:le the rpm, and 1:1,l'€l'ltY-·~'E!'~1 ·[1m es, as ;;::l'ea~ tl) t:dpk l 1, a~,d ~("J <()11 , Fo[' @{.i1ImplGt '!iltl ,lI: ,\i!j.; ::I:S~ 1'f~iij·iU"· {R-,-l:c:.fHl}, thi;! l'oUo."tl [11::': :Fo::?latinl1 ~.h lPs ,of .l'JJTI1 i tordue and! :poW·p'l' W0U 1 d he eneoun tel\!d.

I'nW:EtJ
G:ItANK- P'lH/Pc- A:J'I-
P:UQ- $H'r.Fl' SHAFT :So:R:e:ED
EN(]nn .. ;. P"P. J.T", F.R TORQI[_',E lOkQt:fJ i!:":~ 1":lto.
:R.iP)''f R.PM .6i1:l-F'F LEI-F1' PRLT.ER
10(10 13'15 31:1:0 .22·1~ ].1~O
lotIO M~2. I$QO ·50-4[, 540
:J'fIf.i!l 7,~~0 '3~6~ S913(} 12HiJ
2lQ0i) ~a~ -%~I)~. 1~{lOO 2WO·
;~mw 'l.l~~ 1!SeO :W1.'i.8 ·ta2~l ' T~fe f!gUrea 8.'p~~I.y, if;I,f CGU rse, to orJ;v ,6n~ -pe.l-"ti£ll 1"I'1,.l' i:J]p.dEl' se~ti.ng IJ(_' a !!?~tl'~l.;;tll:ii r rl.'Gpei ~~1". U:i.:r1J81' 111'0 p811~!'s at th e .:;;illU.Po M.ade .iJrn 2'~e '!'HI req ulre more h L}r'_::l~.l1ol1-.ve1:i' f:m; a~w ~j \'o;£lt~ rpm but !E'IIlll:1,1 h1)l'~cpowe!'· £l.L W~:f:i~ l~!w~~ 11 ade: ::=.11F:'1 ~ ... Smru.ll(:!t"priJ~lLeTh5i will ;reQutiri'.: hi~h btid·a BngJ~~ ;;)1: less JIOW e:t:'., N avc.r~_h.il'ii:.!::!:1_ r.he rl:'!J.f!. Hf!Ji ~1;'I,VGQif) !!'PJif.I ~l:fL~ hh p fm:- ;R:F,IY D·n:m~l.lel" and a

~ ... '~n bl..!l.d@ ~td:n.g wil L ~T.! aU ,cas.es' hI:] giYell. by fOJ'L't"',~]].,'l, (7")"

Thl!l. :t·i,hUiJ(l1 lS "known :;:I,S [Pl'!}l>CUC.lt 10&;:1 &~id in il''3Dhical f4IIl'm is 'l'itIm"jj ~1.!i PWilil:']lE'!l~ load

< '

curve,

~~nrm FrOR OPE.R..:o\TL'~'GI.n~f[T-S

An, ellgil~e may be pi;,'\de to last I·GUVer, By "piil;(,kl~:ng" ~t irn fI, 8u11~1i~11;! ·pti:!::>e[,l!ative. ~f.!c;:;r.s:Lf.lg it .lll u pr~)per, eon t(l,lne:r, fI.lfd swdng it in 11. f;QI'too t~oll~l a 1:.:4tiJ::iph 1l!1'E!'" lt MCtuld bc·11L us "good conillflj;jQ~'Laftel'" iilC'll;yrol :Y'O_::i!l"8 ilLR ~t the be~:hmln:g Qf s Lor~t.gl[!_ IIi;!1!~'i:'!ver, to serva a U::iI::!£Ul1'1lI.U1l'OSe. the engili'lll must :bf', ·!"1I,U~~ and iJli b{}i!1lg :tLii'dt lfL J;:ld:.jeet to, wear which wilt iUE!dt~bJy Jirn:rt H';!!. !if-E! apan,

TnQ .1P~.'~V]Otl:::> ai.!-M:.'U,.5si 1)11 ]ros d,~ru.~ ;, .. ·.itb thE!

Vi:\r.ll)lli!: rorces iW~ up in 1;hll;! ~n.Etn(l. In titQ ~~5.!I< of 'Dl'D'l:l~u::4ng ;P0wGr. A::;: th-e, thi'{1 ttl e.' Cil1~~ll'ol lever 1::1 ,li!QvaneeiJ wlinder p["-{;:::::iI1J['e~ irrcr,eare,

R .l 'r'II""·G· .e -1"i. ,) 1,· .:1~

PRAIT & '\!{:H,'I'F~,EY AIRCRA.FT

P\V,A. OL 10;0

ami the :s rI;!S~, res~dti n;g fri~ th~:!d~ pI'Qssur'e~ b:'CI)J1l<! .. ' greater .. Obv L(}'lL.'Ily. "1:hl.:!ro is ~{I, IjIiI jt. t.o' thep~ure !'It reas ~~i.Y.1 Gat} be safe'ly imp;oSiOO en the cr]LJ~dcrs pis.1611s, link rud!l,' ~l'i!l:;rs.:' .and oib@'r 'cnKi ne l)tnt!l., '~Umlll1.d,}', tJie C(lo11:l;;:r:'~1. a;f' enSP i5P-.:ee hn:;iI;J.gh the pro[peJler govarncr must be he.!d \', 1lldn r..'icfi .. i!J,jte limi~ to p.~'G,'en t the ;;:If!t.-

uflor e');.~si ve G,t,mtt:"tfn;i!;al ,and, 't"fldLj:lrot.e.1r m)!' r ON!E& In addi bot! t.Q mechaurenl stressee, deloJ1.~Uwl mll:r be th!!! del!kUng t'.iJ.ctQr In e::.tabI in.r !:l~ifsc Hrrllt to ei tner pte::l~lU'C o.r :r.pm. wdh. l:II tl!riain ;il;f<1. f! of. 'fuel. 0 nee the l iT.rL~H:ig pres UI" 1nl!l l'plTi ha\'e been e~t!'lbHsheJ I.he I" . mg poJ;w9r hi a utmna:!;:il!':a!ly d!3fJJl"yl, En gine ope:r:allou it,; fmoth eJ' ri:'E!s'h'ic0,J, by .I b:riltl:l im-

~" ('~Ii nae:F :!I.!'Jd oil tem rE!ratui'~S, and on and fU'i!'1 pressures.

The Ii mit~ (!If ~iPf!J'atkm !Nitllin wh i~~ l]w ao-

(_'tl dE'~ree, Cl;f l'Elltahi~jt'i! ca n he obtaiir.led O'll;~ knDwtl II.S E!al!:...J:ttc ratIngs. "OpG!rmi()~ withi:tL" '-hI);! ra Hl~ a~lU)f!.,q dE!1P~lldabmt~t, f,U1 I:Yllpfy fl.elnpn.!:.lti tcd" by the tYl\c (lor pm(}'f ksts re.(Jl,llt'ed br

he pTBl! uriliJ;' or '!'\f!gulatiniS ,1:\:Q,'el:lc;y. OPI',jf',ll; tion u :[dt' of the¥! Hm.i~s ~~')jJ)ml,t a~LTl'e thi,;; reliatJU i t:;~r. ~OO tho pilot is i:l:!lri'ti~ on m~ir'giru. olJIf saf~l:,. th:a h,fI:'.·f! nut peen PJ'zy.:ed,

s l'f!HabrLtH~' oCC~lpies ,a place oJ the g'root~ ~t importa n~~, and :::i.::! the ·rating!:. QQfme til i:! u.PPCl' limits n:t l'"!l!lLable 'J,l€!f'forrni8jiCe, th f!y are 8- ogje:&1 oogbln'~nt. Jill:' a diseussion oli ,b'1~j),1ne

tlpcr1l. lion,

'1'lJe J'a;titl,!l~ of :a p,art[crJbr <C}'t:rin.e ~r-e, :0 be f'cund h'J the en,g~:I1i;; !:lpcdrtc;).1;:0l't:::. .l:l.J1d tn the s.pecitlc onpe:r:ll.~irlt:!' LD_s.;t:l;"I,l,-r.tLorLl!o. an~ in a,ddt.tL(I'[l" 11.1'!.: imlicatp.d un 'lJ e app,li:eabl~ ope:r<S.ti.ng curves, ltej'er:dr!.~ ·for e.xar.n·l-il~,! to the ~PQclJte:

Qp~r;:Llin.g Instruett ~tI!I. fot £L D~"b~e- \'{lISP GA 15 shi,B'Lf!~.t:.ao~J t-,;,rt}.-!:lpa~dj (l-rt,g~tI.-E!, the :tathli:;:(8 wtll be q:ut&ined frolfl the pij;() .~::. ehcc ~ c.t~;jLrt as f1J~-

10Ws:, '

Ol'F.r,iL Trti."r. "-1G:-::o.rnoX"! ~ril;<'il' • 'Ii:I~

'Ei:'4~.:l:<I:i:: ~LTl"L~C:,

.)~""', l.f .. ~ .. xn- 11,;1 .... ~r~ lll. Eli

'r"t';'·:1f ~Jjl::) 10:(0) L[i'<:

(~ min. "oI!it:h ~l~~r~

T~~:iI' n::i! ~!C~ .L1Jr.'

'\"'(1 'R.5-.::b ,~!J:~ 52<.!
,~uIQ I!:I-:b Zi\I;1I ~ri.!
i\~L.: Ri.b ~(.:j] ~$,~
.~Yl)] I'l.kh .l~:4'1 "~.tl
,~\'I.: 'Fl':'h 1foCa ~'~.) (~, ",ill ..... l:I,.m WIlL« I r.Ji"/';lm~r·1 Ci ..... I,inu:olJII I.(!~

:r;;;'<I!f .~~~:

'i\.; r rlIW '9..,111.-: 11 ] ~OO

J .... "'!r Lri~

,;C~ r."", j~:i'o:lll 111~h ~.~:-(' :WiI' l~,"=<l ul~b

Nalrot: C'r,;;" 1\,,,",,r: );(IL<if..·!;1i t:rui~ [11'''''' .Iull ~ (j~P7""~ !" ',,"n in~ ~(II' 'L!:IluIIllU,;,y. ",Itt J..,~t .... ~~,ir.:.;.·y ,~Irc.~,~. 'i h! ''"'I diu willi','l! l-;, ~""Li, t;,iz.. Ctui!l: Q;)Ii b'!' ,,~,~ rll: <.'<!f,:!:':lru~ ~I Qrn'R!,lill" i:rrcil,.L.::I~ I..!!} w:-:rn:rntl ii' ... "wr;"IIJ,:C!~:! l~rll:lllr.fl ':fli;:l :""i :~ tUlfi ;!C :t .::,,1 ~il i:lIc~ :!I"I"IWlT:iY~ "f II., ~~~ H5 l'. "j'h!' :';'! 'l( hi¢ i,,.,. p.:iJo!':' rlIY. ,!;r!1I n·~ '1);;, :o1(,,~yr."lI· jl' ,h~ [1.:"1:':'"'' ~ir I. IIp!i"I:!l:Jr~ !~ i'i:"l T.

i)S

MAX]}]lIM' CO~TISUOt:S RXU::"ri,C,·

'1 !:ie, ra tiug Ciefi'tlJIl g the ~:..:lmlJim ].Iowe:r. a ,p,aHabla for CO'J;l ti t1ILWU!:; iJ}PQl'~tion is Ma::,,-im:LffiL Cont~TIll{l19;;:l l!)o\~;e! .. This r.atinJ! ia tn ba used fc-r emE!!"gJ;!nqr fUgh~ 'oon,Ji~iQ~:;:: il'l:lq"uiritlig ma'KipJlJIm austained eutuut, A u~)!'[na ~ie :rich, mix~~n,e, Of' Its ecui valen t, l~ i'e~i.:Jl:i:ll"t:d when 1;I .. 'I,lng MaximnID (;(knti.nuu 1J.::j 1.',[1, l..LB:f'~,

'NOll:lUt RATED POW E u

~~hi!! -:r~ting Is ~:pccjtL~d .by Prarr &; \Vi';d'tney

A. i'~~·.fi£. ;9.]1(1 i~ the ma,~~ltl,llm r-ecomt:ro:J.ende..:i ilJu'lPl.lt fm' a~l·nCl,r:trHll !}peI'[j.til}llS sucli ~ :t"{I!(j. , tine (.:'Iht'lb £!.\jld hili::h speed If! v el tliiHt. A ,s.e:r.a~ 1:';9, ~e ciinib power rating is 'established fm" ma!f:lY engtno mode'lio. AU~OUJ . attc :rt~h mix~lJ!rc', or tts ~ui .... alent, is ri2~ui r···ed. w hi::m, . ~l~jn;g tl;I.E!!ill.

t,attng~. .

MAX.uUJ M ~nU1S1Nl; POW..IUt

~I.':I.xh1:1lJim C:n;lislng P.:)Wcl·' 1-S .,'I,J'J a!"b'i.trari~' estabt ished 1 i[l1tl l'qr use with autnma t.ie: lean mbsture, or its e~,ll i valent, Maxtmu m Cl'U ~:;!l'l1.g llmtts , ... h kim. .l:l.p:plj.' to ,all openatnra In\\'.t!: been e.qt.aulhhucr for th.e WilI.BP Jr,', 'VM:P~ and'I,'\dn 1V:a.s;p S. '1(:3.(; engl,LI!Ii!::;'. In the f'~~ nr thT! l~l,w. r n:tad""l,H :rfL!:I;~lllf.ueJured hr Pratt .& Whlh)~ A i r~ -!!:!l:::1ft1 the ~t/l,,ximum, C:tuIsill.1ir p~f!r.- i:!l detBl'mined' i u~i \' i.ihiallf· ,for ea'c:h opE!:ra~q.f, se M to obtain tin.! opd;nul,Im balance bU1.ween lengtb, of Qi"')~rh[:!.ul per,io,d8' MId tin: de~;tl'f!d alrerdt perfr,!'l':trl~n'IJ-B. Thls limit is e!tt.abli~ed h~r ~~8I.Jil'I:.Ii.tio-n between the.l'lp~t·,lI.Wi:' tLudJ pratt: &; ~Vhi'l.,_ncy Aircl';aft 1:l'!1.i"U-·- are .... ; P.'w of sll ~E~ 'factom ,::dfe~tjIlI! tJle. con d itip:po.'l ullcl0l' wtMi,c:h the e!H~ gil1e..il 0.~eJ;~tt"l. Indj'i,'idua't liudt 'incN.9.SGS, ma,v fOU8W' f.l:l. ,,·o,tl.<lbk ~'::U:Jer[f!T.lc,~, it desired,

For a ~(ltI;;'!i,der:!i.ble, p£:i'lod. ~ orma] RutG.tl.

P{Jt'F';j:;'t" has been .l'l.lgard~d ;!l6 :1 O()~;;, f>Owel all d Jl:]] uHlel' cmt[)."mta h~ye Won meaaured by '.!.'£;£~rence to th i!t :ta:I:.:i:!~>g. F(Ior example, 5i}1,s,:. power has m13.l:l.nl 50 ~~ of" N ortnal Ih-L!;ed :Qov,:el' and 60 9i: speed h.II.R meant 50%0 1)£ Normel Rated !!;peed. :s:- E!W ail"l..'!r~1.ft ])cerfQl'manc.e lle(1uirf!me<nt:£. haH! bl:X1uiht about the revisiorr (Iof 'thli!' ~. 'WIn of 1'l:ltinR.!l but a gTI:!90t lll.i:\lly :irldii \'.id~a~~ OOSi;: the)}' cOflcep1:.:!a of J)~wel" ou ~"pm ill termR ryE 1.:-0-' c'C tl t<l~e. of i'\".nt'mal P~'t.OO. "p.L}wer_ A '~l'1';<j, t l,l'ortion pf thJS uook, yr,a,a lA"rilb.:!ll 'before thi'l~hang-e ~m<t as .a re-;'luH; pOWOl' se~p.c:HC!n d~s~ I1;U5UOm ;i!,JN~, b;:Lsed ·<on .pel'~ent~ ui N OrD.l al

'Rt'I.~.::!CIl IJ()\~'~F: ..

n.~ 00 Ii e:y' .of i:smhHghing (!:t:1.ljSl1lg, ~fl.tbl~d hldi v l.du:al~y Iil.ppHi?~ nnly to the 'lw~t1 Vi/MiD 'D" and la{Qr model ;:mgLlloo_ Fill' pJ:'e~~'i(lus moo'il:ls~ m;Rmrf;ll~~~~l'~d by rraq;t .&, ·\"r'hitr.Jey Ai tcraft, thi= c".n.I~:';@ rat!.i:I,j?'!-i. all'p mxiI.n:;j't,,!:'d fhe gener1l:l] Hmit~ of 'o, ... 9Q thp per.eu, itt. for the tip:Il?l-e ro ...... sur J.e:!! ::!I.tIq (urro, ]]bp pet." cu iII, fO;t.' the dfli.Libl1'! row serlcs., Ra(in?!20,ba.'lJ~:d (In, these 'r.l1itios p.ci)'i,tl::!r:l to kie .li. ~tl9f;a~~q,~:y lim'it tiJ't" all nI:l1~m.'l.l, fean miKU,Htl G:rUi~lJl;g: '~11,J. liD/v/;! ghi'EiLL un aecepto'l,Me ~mbill at((!o11 of OJ~irabiJi ty' 1~J1 d pcer-· fmmv.ll~(I:, ];n hi:!1l i)f"~ po!ilH Vii! defi niti6n 'lJJ:' tl~e l!.jaxinwm Cl'lJhir..~ ratin.g, . ...tl~·, usc 0'1 limits l1::L!!e .. l3 ~~:n the 2lbfPti:'! r~t ina will 'i;nBI!,r:e ili.lil.L ~O-Jlservative' po,wei's. ~l'e used ~nding .reeeipt (!of morf! !iipi;!c.~fic i ,..f6·1l'TT1t,ti (1'11, I TI ';;..11' C;:3,~, onenaHUll \dthiil nl.'l':!S-0 lir:nit::. ";lim liJ:,.sn{~ 'tlle lil<~13 uf f,i(l,,?-,ers that are in the l'~lli':'P of ~co,'fiQmi'~&i fuel 'OOD;!IUmfiitl0fl_

WJ~{!'l'l thc,)ta:KirnntrJ Cruigill:(!;' :lCt1'(jp i?;: is s[peclf!·· cally .d!l;!fi ::-Jed, ';:he :~na.iii.bt.l.'uJn rpm i'm' ',;;ontinui:il];!j llr.ui'Se- will ~lroibc ill~ie:t:tcd, It.lS not' ~ntena:c.d , that t.'h fs er~g;J t'le"speea ;;h'al1 he 'used i'Ql"!lL1 ~ C'J'~d;.'j,. ilHf tM'li,I:or~:~ :md th~' InIJ:=]t :s~\tj:d.¥t.orl l'8Mlft~ 1'i; ill be o1:'1:.l);i ned b:y f.'6I;lhd;n~ t'he' l'pm .:U:: UTi'! but,-· :p'LI L i::l .l.{.1!\\'~l'!i:Nl, L{).... engln!;l l'Ip.:!0d:3 wlll gh'C! mea surabte returns In the fbl.'m of Tlii!!.! eOQl'IOl't,.y a~d increased du i'~l!h.il:i:tY.t pt."P v ld;:;.-.,d '!llfl:~ :?i, p,t'(IPi.2i ))B].ru::J.*;:::'bl.:ltwBG'r, pi')wii and 1"))111, LS mi!!.iT!tair.~~.

Tho ].Ow Hmit b,t rpm' foil." arty' de~I!r!ld .PO'w~1:" i~ ,p.xpr;::!s8ed ~]] tl:!l'.ITi:!l. ,-of bllltp, WhiJ~ the m~il~> m"w :Il.(I( specilic1'i:ilr m.:!nti~m ~ ~it.l(;!P limitn tj;Ol], eX]Iie~':i,i=!~Ci? 'h::;;;!1 hlUi'll;!):k!d. the d.6.:d r.ab~I.i.'~f ()if' .9,oiilu.3.ring to "<J: ..;le:tLIlI;'lbl e l:";::!'J~lti.~~~L Letw ceu 1P"7er and. J"'PTIl, .It 1..'1 :;n.lbrg~~1.'.8d tJlatthe_ o~fatol' l;~f! hei!;l- ];)I:r\'lit:f ~11d 1'1Hl1 e6]nbi]l;''''''~i,a-:n a~:rd:i tL,g !1. Ui!:! mlo'~h:Qd outlhied in P.!'Il't In~

Pa,~~ liJ!4-1 00, ~

R ~TI~GS FOR 'IDm·l_.]JI.fl'IED

OON1l.Ul:I.~ ~N$

At; ... .-itl1 'fi1'0S:~ TIl echan 1.:;:al ,deo;;keR, .;:I, n :!IJn::m:H engine ill cap~b~~ ~~i ;!I'Li~'l:lliI1iTlg an &~''',]:E'lo(i,dJ., trnl;po.t:a:r1h;: '~'Ltlm'<.it iml)~irjh:r. tts rel'i'llLH1Hy ac.d withiilill.t .l>I~p!!."e'C;i:!:LblY aff:F!Gdng .1.t~ du r.a-l.J.iJit_v, A('GO:rd:i.Jl~1y ~'~a ... '~r.r;] 'rlltiT;1:1Ul ha~'e" bee~~ 'l?St.iiMi£Jt~d ;;_etHn~ I;! p l'imits w i 'i:hi~l ,"iihich thi;: ell.!line ,m:!I.J" ~ !:.a~!.:!I~' Pll'€ll'£L·tcd 1'01" n:.=!tii;c~ed ]lte!t'~lli1~ (It tim-€! at Ji)(!i'i'je~ <3.tJd o!!:p.elad!:> gnli:1~e]; tm:eLi'! t h o:::.e pe'm'L!'b~tl f~.r lli.nlmuIil ~1,)1U:il'i.1I.01~a t.I J:II..!:ratiQ~~.

I. Ti1~i.Oilf- ~Vhil.e bll-&-{~rf. t1Jc:in.::mds {in~ g'J"ea~t ,p'()'L~'ili' (iljjtput, ic is. iii, 'U0~~i;tjot1 ''Ld{h

d(!fctLiW time lilli~ru. 1'0 r.::.bthl!! ~hk 1')!.l~P!!1.t I.Ul '!;,hp. ~)~.j.s O't' a ;r:ou tin 'LlO'Q.S J"13,:!;:ill:g w.ol!1M T'Ii!IiJI,U re iU nmch hoOO'~'i'l1i!L' engln!.:lt lloJl!.l HlJI:'. ::!iIlrlR'Mt':!j effi,);;i~t1 C,,!!' if!. ,a~x'j~dill~rlf increased by ICStati~

i!i, "l>Iti!!)~ whic:h. .p;J;:'I'mita t'll.E! englne tll< mBEt t:).k.c~l)ilr ~tiil!€menu., lmt liniiu. this ~·r.r~l'm!!lh{:e 10 a '!l:h{Jrt' p~ri.(Id 00 'Eim;!!:,

Th~ sp(!cin~ tUIlt:l l!JTI'ita~l~m::l ~n! oelll!l:Jm.nm :1)1' the )1!;1[l'itiil:ry ProC:Ul'emel~t A~lle:v or m· ~b? Ckil Ae:r:unauti::::: A1ltlt1)I'i~, A;!I th.is perioo 1 ~mi~atjart is ,s1..l.tj cet W eMl~, tb~· ~~1fI~ up-

- ;f.!r'.ati,ng' (F1.=;tl'I}i}.tr(loll s Ull!i8'~ bE eon sl,ll~r:d j"1;r,a" rn-. f·o·i'rrt..J). ilu,n l:.tgl1!£UillgT a g~ \,'r.:!~l. ,.mgJ n~ :lDoo~l

'111m" en,Ki·TI.<:!:S w'il_h t.wo .. -'8pf!ed or t,._..,.,~ ~Up!i::'.[clLa~.l:&en;' ~be T~~!:!-iJff' .I;~tr'[jg t::, s,'Va;[hLb.tl2'

,only in 'tlL0 lowest 'impcHcr ratlo 01" sta~ or :!Ill~!!'I::n a!"gi;tq~:; .Ex,-::eptlQF.L:;:; tn t:b.i;:: I'il~e rn.:;.y ~ l'c.unJ ''i~'i~h i.ti.dh':i:dL!lSil i8.ng~n~ rrilld·l.ih;, .Fall' J!Ilf'?r:t11~tj0'n l'f.g<=i,:['.dJ,l g' any (ln~ mQd,el ,oo(D-S'!ilt tne ~ppl~.c::ltil!:!~¢J"":Lfje 0~~',fl.Un:g In::;trudw.n!:i.

2. J'l.Iilil.Ei1ry Baling. Ta~i;;:;fi.t ~nJ eom~~~ re!;l:lli:l'em~'nt!!o 'l;l.eci?F.~~1:":i.[Y' o:kta te the anrount ilIf poow'!J[', ~h:l.1.. w r11 00 usM in ll-.dU~ '0 'p!L"J'atioIlS" 1]1 mwt'hi R t.he!joe ,df!ltl~i:l,d~ mil i. ta,;ry parson hel ~l'"£! il&'hh'.::.lly l@:!;::; CGLPXl['~'.:lJ l/r ith kJ:LQ ] LfG of thl.i! €J:.1,fdl).e ii)an, 'l:~·HJl:.. the ;QH'en~['ye I)-r .;:le.,ii?n,:li'lfl'! ad'~'':';'TII.~,ge·of Q'i."ei'·!(f,fl.d pE'!:r'1;o~'.m:.:rnr::!{_ i'll-£:! 'mtHi:..ar,l'n~ting ~wilH::.lL@::; I_!~~' :mfL..1{LDlU:rri ~imitt:d pt;:rioa rl€!t'til:Hrri.an(!~ f\QJ; '.Soe'~""i ce .. .'I, i,l'c J',ift, oilml 'i.!J; Jll):t ,~W:!:l.il:ilbl"" h) other a-pa!:'a,fut::>_ 0](1) thl!- 1o~"".8!:11 ilil'meUer ratio :Dr stage of ,,=,:ul~l'chliJ.:rgi,n.g Mi'I jt.lry. Power 13:l)d 'rpm aTe, !.1~!.lally the ;::!am~ as £'01' lbll{~Q -0 n',

A:);1 a'i. l'C': l' a ft eli.gjp.e can :!I,L':ttl!I)I;Uy" bf! mn C!:IIJ1·tllllJ.lJtI~lr \milf~' OY!.:!r'lil),~ ~(f[Lmtil}:t:LS. of P@WCl" ·iiI.;lld "Speed. for m~uc1i l{ln:ger pel'jQ~ than ~"OOe! [!.:il:"!±mltt.ea I),,)! the raH:n:b'1'l_ II-O'W('ii;}@:r:_, th.e ]i! oi!::t.L 00. of i.'Qll~hle oi)~ratiort, l;;.; thereby l'edillced +o a'll -tmph;::MC81ly ~ho:rt tima. By :i:!!f(pO!!.Ulig' !L ·bim!." IlttLi:L. 8'tL 'Ta'~o-o:rr and MlHt:,'q'Y VO;';l{,~J.' 'natill &s; the ~~lm'lllatj";"e f!ff&t tit thE! iil'~'e:tlo::W.s ]A dru: t:rib:uted ",,,"lim];); 0'."1.:1£ th~ lPCl'wd between overh;:,)Ails, and tlie 1.1~efllt tHe of thf! e.D.gine ::It..''CCll'lii:ng!y .~e·:r;Igthr;!ll.~L

:'.i~, ~'IJ1;!b"'d"ll1'IilU Dhil~' 5 [(I)_':(o;d, '1111 i:s J's-tirfg E!;S~ablisb.ea the m~ximunL ;!Ide OVJ~t·-;!I.~;.d. 11. il;; ctidatBd !by ~h.i::!' d~]ow<).ble 1'eCirrooif;:J:ting arid clIlntr[fiJ:gat lo,'J.(Ils resl;I tti.ng from the !h.igal .rpm wbh;:h .m;,y lie i'.:l':rnc(ilunut~"OO. cliUr'lllg a1l'{:m.ft J'f.Io!.I.JjQ;U vc:r.!: 'M:ttimul11 'di V1TI\8: ;;IJleed. i!I I!I!i:>U::l,Ur .limited to 30 8e~o:n.d!i.:.

.ADDIT:IONAL RATINGS

1 ; Tii!Dil)!lH'1JjtUll"e lJiiLd ~u.:tc R:at[ligi:i; In ad~ di.t.bt:t 'to 'U-.e> Pr}<WI'!f, and. rpm. rs:tlrl..r.s which :Ir(Ive:rn 'liimdnc ~~nrl:"(Lanee, limStrn;r ca..nilld(l~B of ~mpeTat .lT~ and p];"ell~'I;U'(': aw l:.p.&clt!led by the en ghli:l ,Ir1<l.nm::;I:I:;i::lJrol'. and ,thu (ib!'iE!'rn;;·.II:tl~e; Clf tbese 1i mit::; i} mQ.l1.d~itt!1I~. lhes,e ,nl ti.:og1'l am:

"-'tor::. will 'n@tura~J~l sel~t p ..... werplallhl t.hat ~U'e pCl'~ittt"!d to dol1:Uyer a hl:w.h p~!.'~rd:.i!:~i(' Of thl.:!::ir. m'axlrllum l)otenti8.l 'o.Un-,U't- OtL '&hoe ..-.th!t[· hm~(lit o~·"JI'-@D.tbuz:!i~ilIm :t::egarm:ng l'atir~g:,; ~ helle] ir~ dleck b~· tJ)e: COIl !;1-i de:i'utir;:m.that. ~he ,engine must pass a I1s;jd prc(tl test, and the )II1!l!1utf'lIitll:rer'!lrC'putatt(]([L ~\'iJ1 stdf,er l:E the ~L~:!I.b~ljt~' (1f ti)i,~ iJ['O(].uet'lt:iillil 'to -n-,e:!l.::;u~-{! ~Lf.! to tl}f!o cl.aim muilc 'fo'!' It. TJ11!;': pp.rflJrmfJ.nce nffur.e is thu:;I :'lae 1'T1.snUfcictu,l"'l:u,-';: best jll,dgn1cnt Cil1 th€! (Jutput an etlLJ11ne C&ll deliver, 'w.ithin -he ar::L'ep-t;ecl ,!\t~[ld~rd of ),,12- liabWt:r Hnu ,a+=l ,a8!ttLIJll.~tr.iJ. ted b~' .Ulre -type test.

Q.. Cy1ir~tl.r:.'r Ee~rl T.~mpet;lturt!-m[.1.X'lmum

b. bn Ur.tlt:~t) T0mpemtutr:!----IDAXiIt'LUm A 1J~. 'rflmJ:u'mUTI1

L'. Oi.l Pi'i::!l::!sm·e-ma..-;;.btJ,lUlt and mtntmum

d. Fu,t:!~ PrlZi~~1.Ll'f.!.--Jttt!.%.im~tiU mId mil, tmum

E.'lC!n. 0'£ '~~l~'s..~' ra ~i1LJ~~ IS gi'iE!ll [(It ... ·adon~ .opel.":::.Unr. -;;::otulitiu]J.j=.!. T h·~ I!D]JS(,~U.E:!:nt::i:!!:- {If iaHm"C to (lb~t'!T'''8 these I'i mits have :;:t.]rr,:ady been djs~lJ.!i,!!<:;tl.

E!Nf;IN£ D'L"R·\Hn.:lTY

DUi'eJ.bil'ity is thi5> :t;I1e:.f.ltll'E:! ~~ QJlP.;i:ne li:£~ ob· tatnoo vih He t'li-:'~lLhtiJ. inlng: tho desjreJ l'Qliu biJi ;y_ 'The fad ,that. aiill i?n~flo. model hal; ~u;:]o:;ei'lilfu:'y completed itfl tY~')ll "':"1' ):IraQi ~8St is .[!; n j:n.die.o. tton '~})f-r. t 'it can 18 a.]iI~"".'I; t.:?tl In a normal mauuar {.!VI3[, a 10Cg' :perlGd~~fol·P. r-aq uiril1,B' {lv,",rhHlJ 1- However, '!Do dtfuli te time inte.n·a[ betweeH over hali~ is spp.d~i;!d or imp1ieil in tl!lP. r:;itLJJj\,.

Tho. <&l~l'ahiilt~· realized i~ UCWI1I't1'i:ned w.l'l<::e.ly by the, tVlll;l. .(;.nu c-Qnditton ,Of 'l)p(3![,ffi,tlo-u.. Th(l pe:t-1ud lj-et....-een n .... ·erh~1 ula n~::L~; tre re-pre::=cnted rouJ!llLy b~F 'FJJl. 26'.

2.. Cow hat 11~;t.~lJgl!. The eonventional j'\i)iI't.Jilal :&ated, i L'~'rkt;-o:r and Milibvy po ..... or l'~"l:itt,:g's a "e I,asr..::d on pf:!~Mh~LId co,n~ll!Ipt~ Qlf engir'-':! .reliabllUy .~11 It dunl.!Sili y. In wftrt~rne the~"e: oo!l1Sid...;:ra-, hom:! see not "'Jlri!c.(.'s~<l,d]y the ~t imJ.Kl~:ti.l1:lc!~ •. and tMt~cal v.~ld comh.v. t (.loei11 f,i1J.d.'! wa.rr.an.l "'lie' il;,le ):[' pOWeI'R In @x(;e:.~a (Xi' tho.~e: per mtcted under n;f.!~rn.n:l eireumstunees, 'J. be perf ormar~f:!e !I.'i.",all~ble on so ch (lCCas~(ms ;il:l E!1ltireIY re:br<J.l1at,ed b.\· ~h('; J"nllit;p.ry i:i~'ryi~oa.::i, and the demonstra HElD, o·! • hp. engino's; su tt.aibj1i t}~ fo .... tbis po.....-e1:' output l~ not an <obHr,'.o;ticm of, tho lTI::iInll1:!l.ehu~E:!'1:', 0V81'atiol1:::i 01 tbi~ '}ypa .eeme under llHi! C:!I. te.-, gmy {If cirm'l;r:lI:~ r!i~,ing, ".F.Lnd ~1f'0 not -(~ bQ <OOt!~ :sklcl'ef! Qutl:iiao~ of t~ mllitary "'i;!'r,,,·k.~.

;H. OtbP.l·' .1~uU:t'L$s (\.Q't·Bl'i!~g ii!l;r"l!!;-i;3"J. ,~).pp.Ji.~ t;Jcm.::. mar ~)~ ::,u'PPlit"!d {["tim time to time for indivtr,'ll· ual e ginp. mu.;,1Ci16.

"RELLl'lfl,. ~ .rrr STANO-ARDIS

Sbmdl:llro1s ot ,~n!?i:ne reltaH,i it~r .are: iHcg-ree·r;l UpUJ1 by th~ eru!ine manuf.e.cturf![', 'I1Jl the 9DE:! hand. and rho Pf'Q(,!Ul'j:Jl.,g (If reg-tilir.ttng ;Ilgo2i!Lt.y on t~(!: "Cotftr-el:!', 'ich~ :UOC~t mulated -e}ffier.~€!l:'J.ce 01. thE! past m:!:l.kr;!~ IwsaU':ILI? tIm qBt..,.,~")jj.!!hrrwent.cot tr:!!ll.h~i!I; stl!mlards tb at l!I.L~!mr.Ll. t<p.ly demonstrate '~M abtlitr of nn f!P&r:ir!c. to ped(.)r-m at g~vl:!n ratlnglio at t.hp. ~f.an{bl'd of rellflhmtr' spo2Clfl.,eri Or HJ.l"re.ed upon. C:0mpI:lH~Jon gi"'""e~ ev'cry i:nOOfL.tiV€ to the: :JJ:La nt!:f:!l.~mrer trr a-il\ll:' the' highest r-o~!io~-blri! ra ti!l\g~. O.".-eT'Oi('",o.ll:S~TV'l\tiHm in ra ti'ng en:r.tt e ~t:"fann:m£;i:r _wH] result in l{lr.g etL.f:'lne Ji.fe.--blJ.t aLten (In the ltt.l:l.n.uftl.clI.H·p,r'::; ~hel,;-,ea, ~l~ (r'f.JE!r-

~!-,:~ CCNTIh!lJflI"I::aY

~lrJ. l6 ~ E:iTr!!d' cf Cgld~rtr.l<OCl5. P!r;I! ...... i9'r 01"1 DU.I"!IlIbUiry

'The values ,!'.ha.'wh in J<'tg_ 26 are 'Onl,)' ,aIH)l'Q:X-. jID,Ll,'i;& and vary e ..... ~n at. the F.aXl:Lt l~tagQ (if POIWW !:1u,tpU t '1£:.e~&U6C r}I such ,otr..el" lMwrs as

RA'l',1 !SUS

oJ!: ~ ..J w·""""·==

::,",

i.eJTl'po!'":!f.;).tu 1'C -RlJd ~y.pT.: of in!!.talJatiO:J!., 'I'hc point 'to be li:n;f)~~~tood is Lh.l:~t Um !)eriod i"If 'l[',eli.;:!;bJ~· ellgtne (IPJ1l'1l.'!.]{!.il, ((W (!1rr.;;.biHty) is t~Ll~8l~' .detE! rrni !led by th I) eeu tifiIUOL15- du tput used.

fl~ et, nl,(! T .... -in \-\ ... .iI.~p :)~C4~G 1~ k th~nJ ear- 1:UlJ:;E!t(f,t' .:::~tttn:l!1! 1.\·hj~.h pl'l"mi'l:.s til e use .of .81' octane fue.l with IQ1 ... e;r ra~il1~l:', The [ml~' dif. fe,r:e'IlI)f!!;;. in th~ bi.li::. ,of materi<1.ls Uo,f i~lo!!\!fE:! th J'f!e '8[rgin.e!i. ;u'e.· the ~<1:t;bu:t:.;!t.6J' ,P 11::::: ·,,-Ihic.h J!.'i n.! the, reo ltLr-ecd, va ria Hom:: ill fuol Ilow,

I n [he case Of!1l!lgil'lE!:=' prQ"ilH!:cd ,~'jl:.h cl:Ltbur~ WI' $·!3t~l[[g5. .... :voj.'c.h permit d[f,! w::::.e of I ... w~t' .1':'1'0008 fl:~l, '"1Iigoht:!l'" gn:~de, t!!.1e:1 111 [Hi- tic ll.::;8a with cmt Ch.9.11l:,'"e- ill (!p.er<).tiltl? p.!!.°tlci:!d!ul"e. f<~{J1' example: the n~rii-J. I,.l'.:!::::p 82·l~.1·G In.'},'1 bo used 'w:i:th either' '~Hig6 01' 1!}O .... 13G fUE!L Jt wnlll<J be pCr.l:uis:::.ible. to UJ:5~ the 1LO'I,tiU 2:5 a vailabla with th,e hi.~hei gl';:I,d'e fu~l!but !'j.per.'1l,ti ti-n would be u]]zlati;!lfaR_" tl:l-.i:";'f hf!C:lIl,5e Qf CXCGt:;!;i ~'of! E!i'ldi::hment,

It ji:; J"loll. p.f!l':ll1:[~~i.ble to use, flliJ.g. ,oJ lnwi;!l' Rr'ade than _thf~L ~pi3clfted :f.9"1iJ the carbul'T:!t..:")t '::ri!tt~ng M the engine, 'Tilts p.t.adi(:,e was l'e;. eertcd h,1 du,dng 'i:.he war in order to, eot11$O.["\' Jj {!(}iTi.b.~t qp.", i i. tr -v,asolline ror the flghUng - neaters. Howe v er, tb il'> w~s (iiBCinlJtlY £ttl. mlll:1'\.~Lle!r' p.IT.i~edlJjl't.:' and. ill splrs >of thE! :fa~t that eng;i'ne~ were opera ted ':It. ;CO!lu:j'c:terooly I'educQdl [)u\vel"l<, thl!!: reaulrs were unsa ti~i8,e'to.rr. IDy v.;:a_y (If ill l~~ tL':!!. Hon: :i f the 'lwili,\VMP S3C4-C (':t~~ ne WE!Ia *0 be opel'Mea on ·gI·,~de 91/!'Hi (mnatl:o-ad GlD\)/l.:~ll), with the take-off r~tiHg reull!:J:::d tn 11(1) It()f'f:l.;lllO'~~.r; thE!' mid~I't'f! .~tren i":lt.. prov ·i.i1~~ br the carburetor ,[I_ L thul powur out,pu t. wuuld ~e in su Aldf!nt to p r ,ev~t de· q;natEo.n.

Thl! .9..!:I.:ne bEt"~i,r.. model (If ~h_gtjle m.!:!;;;v be nffe:r.F.!O wii:Jl ain;N~n~ t~LtlIl.g~ <l v.all''l.bie d;~~I1.:111dh~g (Jolt, lhu gr;:li:le M 'fuel tobe :U~I.:.'d. The r:mtl! dirf!?~lI)C be-tWt'h'[L Lhe:::;e ot~~l:Wiii~~' LdcnUcal ~tLgi.ne!-;· .!:[I;f! the ,'ilii"'i01tioDS !n: the l:!.II.rblJ!l'et,QJ' iietttn~ rel uired 'to. ,111.l:rn tR~ .:'), ft'i)""~ oOf fl1ci :::u:tT[[~!e,n~ MS'IH':I]1l'es~ dctoaatioa, 1i'or e:l<3J:np~e ~ the Tvrin \V~~l' S30.I-g haa ~ ~arbJJirtro:r ~~li.Lng whk]'p"l"fllli@ ~li1.e (!llgilJ!l!: tlil deye-l{JD its ratiIli;£ wil.h grAd)e lOll. 1 !=if!.... ruel otl1r. T_~.~ Twin \\'::ii!P' S4C 4l-.G ILfl.:::;. Idasrtleal l';~d;h1 ;;::s, b~l{ it is pl"o\Fid~r.] »r ith ~ C:j; T'b:urewr' ~L !'Iuffic;i .. en fly l'iehe;r to 'Pcrmit i.he.!le r.ati!'Lf{R to be de ... !'(! 10 jJ I..! a I .. ' ith. [Tallie !':I1!./tM~

~Tj,l' l"tll,Ul:r m~~o not be- f:~oi:i~r. wit'h the <i)'~l'~I~" .;:.f l!,a(IIEI~ r=ll; re~n:l:..'"'i1 b~' (h~ , :.b:!la'iuI!l "tci)/l M."' n~retuiQrr. ell ." .. 1 .. ~~ Il<.!~JI~,cri.:::r1:'d J:;y nEl~ o("[~r.~ r,IImi-,1)'I' audl ~~ "~; of~ br..r~ rrr .. ~OO -:It:.1T1~," J:-ff'·.~h~,;, it b~~ ~~!'J! hrJn.a thnt .b~ m!!l~ nL'fr'tI.('i" '.a(l('~..n l a.dJ!!;.'!Iilt.eI;!: ~~r::rib.!' -:S.!: ~Tld-I-lTlC~ i" d:atI:[ui~[k:, uj a luel :"'",,~IIghr,'lt pbI: \1:.3'-'1\~ nni~~ u: m:xtuJ"~ ~rh _ .... (IIi~II;n~ It)Nlull! l'-"J octil.u~ re'l.1JI~:i1fn~ ... t. ricl] m I~I!. n Dlll:ot 'b~ ~~p!!.bk or I'LTI ;_nNl-kOO('l":e rmUI~' .... r 0":::" B'i uctece ij

LM- lC.iX[l,:l~r. i:; I':~I~. i\(,;:GP:l;ll!,.l;l:(, ~~, M3'b~[:!i1~ J1~ v. tlr.TI[ tb- in..·..,-, ti ~' i h,' 11i~'1 Ktltdl:l by t'''''n n,"m~;el~: tho" i' r:1 :il.mi:i!~~ 'Ill~ 1f".I.n n:.ixtl:ltf: D .. ti-loa:;nd; ll1'J,ing, (be' :~Wll!: :1I!.IJTL11I~r 1i;.."'!Iiiir::o; ...... r: 'l"i,..h min,I",' ~t"ltl-~,J~~k l"l:ttU;l!. A fuel li;';:~ th:ll' d:c":~.I'I"!)W ::!.~l'\\~ · ........ uhl II;: dL~i~Dltt?:1 ,j!: ~ 1"~,?-J: ~, bei~~ i.~~ I!.:!.'.n ru~[n:r .;.r...::1 1m h?:ng I E ,.,.,11 fii:! '11£. Th~ followL;e I'LT~ the r.~llr.: r,r !'I ic ~u:rl:'J1t 1J~~'

'1'1'11" ~b{l~'1: ~d~iJW IIL'J6.!1!:l ~:[U au .iUO~1:'"1 lJlubuf:.~tL!l.mrl nr tN[i::'l:.J.t!'d io.r ('oJ1-CI:II:.~nr_. 'n>!'i.r I.JI'l: In th~ a'l)o'l<\'[l ~, •. fl'l i: r ....

Ilh;,::tITI","'c 1"1111;1"'';''::: 'Ii,'" .

Bl

p ,i!.:;.!,~S fi2 t.hl:I.Hl :;:-'!r {i·l

have been (!'.nL~tte-;;l by the revi !io~()t[.

• .:>

~
i~
, h r
~
~ , ~
~ ». C.n.O((JND

:1:tA"'~T In

GEN[ER A,L 0 PEH: AT)!'''; l:N~rRUCTION'S

C,:E:'i'i]!:RA.L

',L'hr:!'t'E! f'i,iI''t a !1I11:l:\Qel' of meth.Qds lOlL' Qbta}nln& CtalSi::.t'I:!llt ::1~;!l]'.b:; .... .::ith. ~ll.ly E:!:ngi:ne m(",de"t_ :11ost ()f th'8~ rr,e~h0(!g al'E! i<l.qUli.i]y' l;:_ood even tli.(IiJl:;t.h they tmlJ" 'i"H~y enn !l<'i,q.el'Il:9Iy in d'<!'f.:.:l,iL £m:M \d~J ilriv,e sure rcsules f'ol' one ittcri vidual bu.1.. fiiLil co gi ve :=l:-:i.ti8f,~ti rm Ta):' (It'll er\:: ~.I.'h il"l' :=lnme methill'Cls· can be u:::;~:(] ~Mu!t:'l (jon~l; b;'!i llu{ tn6:s1l. 'l:x"p@l.f!!r.I(:ed pr:!1fli:on ual,

ThE:!- tr'l:!lhod:-:. (_m~l~'11 Pod In thLq, ~HO'I1: h:;rvr:!' f,llfOvecl ,en~eti:Ve if fclh::;.wc;U: ex,'I,cU:,{ anGl- withuul, individual ch:"i!'n,l?e!l-. Th,E!}" ;::',!:"f.' ba~,' O~.~ thE:! aXp~l'i@l~r2C,.of PraU & "\'ltl Ltll.a:v Ah'~r<\~ and are J't:!~om.'J't.1ei:tded a.'3 it is ~rll.OWil'l they (,,;;:Ion. i;.d ..... ~ 'i:h~ .d!~::.ire.m, trl!!luJh.r:i w Hli ilL's Erteate::;t :pi'otedixm to' the. enzine, It i~ not C,XIP8CtCt'll that consistens J'e~ ;!m~t8wi II, ;,'I.lway$ :be hnmf!i;lii.~tel:t· ... b:i:a'EiJ.ed by' tl'l.dI .... 'J.dllfili. lio!:!:'iV :[0· this '1i:Q:!1lpmCttt. TIL\lt;q PI'.).. c:eaU,l'f!~ N.!lluirr?, :rfl,~.ar:,k"" 13.~.d fili,m:t~i.;-i;:I:':i.~y with

tJl~ 'LllstlJ,"):tion O'ilQ that the lO'a:l'i()us col1.t-rol ma)]:i:p~]ill:ti:Dn!'l ~\"ill J.:Ie '::1C1l0Lft1Jpl.i:Jl!:!d r2'ff'f!~tl,v~J:;, R!',d

wi thonr: he~Lt<l,W:m Y 1)1' ](Jst ll1()t1.6J1. .

DJ) '~r.~jlte$ ~~sjJlR' the pT'es~u~ hlj ection 1,':[1'1". burator }l't".l!:tt &, ·\\'hitt'lE:!1," A!ftr8.il :itJl!(!o.tfLn~C!.ild.t:l

'I " - 'I ' -

tha I th.c: start be" <.1J.::cen1.plisi:l!:ld vdtho!lli:l: it1u'!iI" duciu g fuel, iht,C1 thp~ !!IiJ,pBl't:h2l:i.'g,el" lJe£o.f":"1!! sLl:I~-lin~ IU:; lI,W !J:t' the mixture conerol, <i. p[l'.a('.1jr:a Clommol):;;dy 1i11:cn'i.'11 as ""~';"etti nr, thf! hl ow e. r, " Tn!.! u::;e (do UI.(:! JtJ.ixtUfXt COlltl'OJ to OOiil tJ li411id, [ud into the 111 dl':ctiQfJ p~!l-a,lI.gf!8 m81r- causa the enI!,~n£! ttl "hydraulk" (~r.i!'(,! P,Hg,1_! "(3)" <lind tlil record {If enzines dIlm:L!l~d bif 'the misuse of Ht2

.. - . ..

mixtl.li'e ~C1T!h'\8[ ~t~fii:"'!~ to. bh~;!joU::liidJJ~::; i;j{ ihiilii ~·IO'''Ui:nlfL'i:',Hdat~o.n. It is rl)e(lmmoturled, th:a"t the mixture "-:0l1t.mt :N1,Uf.iJf.! in i~]'p. cut-o-ff at all time th,:;,i te-..~ eng.h~E:! !!l ~L(!ib firing I2xct::pt iJL tlt~ ~'nst<l~mC!s '~b.:J. t ti.l'e speciti~;'I;llr JT!.-e'Ii'tHo:neod In the' in;!ltrudiO!rL~ t:lu;.t EoHCiW;

PW A. 01. lCltl

I'll gf:~ll.!.iai~ three di,ff trent !l.t~'rliln:g prOIJE7 duros will cover al] Pmtt &; \\'hiti~~-Y A~l:"Cl:';!£t. ell gin~!'!,; oim Ior en ~hi..e!', u!:.il1.,g' tloat 'i.l'P":! t!.::I;.ibut~l'{Jt!; ahd ULe other two 1'(11' Qni=:'Lri~ ualng pres~1.U'(': jllj ect,iQJ1 carburctora, Thesli! ll:}Uer tW'11 ·p'i'('J(!ed1.1l't!~ vs,ry !baSlc,::a.HY· ibi:.:!ciil.1S0 rJi' (&tffF.:!:t8nee~ ln PI' iming S~'5tl?m:;:;_ Th@ Sl~i TIe; PI'I:K!EidlU"C!!o tnli OMh (If thes-I:) '~l'lAtdl,' H l1roc:edufes 'f,-;,U(!ow; Ihc V:l':Ir.i.nup. steps are d i~Cl<:::I::'8d 'tr~ cijeta il on T'f);ReS 7U-8;!"

F!£!J!. ,I [1:-' }~I,'U.C:ld,J:n' 'l~IISI!lle~ COl:l.!lII h I:hff appl;C>!LI.I~ hpocifi-c Op!l'!1"' • .di'l~' Jns' "~r'i:i f~IIS,

S·J:_UfJ ~"'iC PHOCt::UC1IE: .<\ ~ Eligill;;::~ ",,·HI.

F'~IiIJ1. (:alfhllrG'HJofto!'

C(u;dn-Il lPo",illcl!JI C,h~L~k

J. ] -n:Lil!n I~, lrll \t~II'" c.. Jl'ru):,!'lll![

on:

- F1.1~1 lean ur ; .... I~ ~1:1.-,:xrT

- HN["'U'ln ,sttl:'iI:OI.n:.· o::'_'Jl!ln-

· .... 'o!!~dl~ h i'''; r:')h~~ Ihu~l,)":"i"ItI:lr.) u:' tow r)..IiTI. ("r.i.;,t:1 -ji:.d,), ~d'~""" d h:dl 7~b) (In'''''' p:_L.~~

- t:....19

CI",I:It!'rd (C r r,ff 1

- fll'l ':::lI:'n

CI~d

- t:Jff.

- 14 l'ip:-::n 'I!'iI;::' ~lI.!dJk ;j1"C"t

,rUl1k.:in)l;, i.:rmrtl:1, nr oon:.~l·;)~rl.:.n :ne[tia,li:i[I!L'l "I':)r.k-, In.:I; ~'Iil.tl~,;~ ~ ('J1~1:o '"",UI (':\f :f.i!l;;..~ t~['tO![b

d. C~ .r ".!\.n:I:lF ah henc tz, [".ubu]'~:,.:;[ air Ii I!,," I. eU1o~ r'I~rli"

x· (jjl ~JuJe:- :hlJ~k"" Ii flld ;U jl ['I I:::

i. Thruu

1. Ii '~nettia 0',)1" @l't:ridge'.!It..arrer is used, pull propeil<ff th rough in the djrer,.titHL of normal !0tat)o'n IiJ.t.l' at le,'J,!>t five ravolutions of d"lC ~:raJJ~hl:\n. I f direct Cl'<'J,ir.lJd.tlg starte:e i!;. used til rn E!J:!..!? -ne over :fm" 'Bight (';r8.nk!:.haft

I'J:lVlJ.hl~~c.n5. "

~,' 'lu r~ nn fuel ~l.lPDly fmm .sl,.l.iW~le ta-nk" f'.. M()~'~ miztere :C-l):rI'-b~i..1] M full ;r,ich,

4, Opel";ll.t-e wotb]J2- P!JoUIP !J_,iJwly., I)Jl "turn on, elactrle aR:dti~ ry fUll] 'P llm,n momcntari h', until 71le] p~:~Ul'e 1'egj8U!-1.·S ~ mi.

fio, H 1 nertia ~ st,atw.J:" i::! ~~sedr ~:g[I'! t}l1.e!i.'R'~zi'ttg :::Iurrkr' whUp. p:t;[:rl'litl~:

.fi_ P.dm.e:

a. If earburetor has inl;egr09.1 pr~me~':,

(1.) ]'ll'ove mbd.'J;Jru contrel to fuU lean, o;n Pram:p throttle ~hruu~h wmpkt£; tra voS f{ll" .o.wnbOl' (I' !>trokof':.': ] '<OC.e.=:I~ry it!- gJvc l"t!!;I:uin.!;j prirne,

(a) Rctun1 mi.xHIl:"('- control tl} i'll!' rkli,

(4) Qper.!JIW- wobble pump :::IJo'r\']Y or tU:t:ll. {In 1d1.:1e.~l'i-c. au~lHat'Y fuel 'Dump mt!menta,:ri Iy l.HLtll fueJ ll'refi.!I'LI.t·t1 regisft tern 3 psi,

b, 1f ;:l~p.3i;"a te primer 'F~.unp :is used;

(l!.) Keep 'n',ixtun! eontrol in tun rich,. n~,} :Prim!;!. A<'> ']'ef.lt:!h~.

7" JJ l ne:ttl:9, I}:t" (IN'tri rl,ge ·s![al'r.Ol""il.=! used, tu m, ig]1[Upn to ji Both On,"

it ~fe;iljt.D.in ;j I-,.qi. 1\1,;:::] )),l'e5su:re ii',·j:lll Wl}bt]e lmr:nl.1' 1)1' tu,!'[[ op_ Ih~ elei!tl'k .lI. uxili.;);ry' itlel pUIT1fJ,

g, Ell.B::'t.,R£! gtll;rwr (;:mil: ign ~t:iujJ booster, Hi RI?j1amt~l:'l· oont['oJ1.f:!d~_

10. If dLN~t oCl",'l. n I!;:j'n,g E,tH~'tGI' is u ~1, 'wtli'~ f01' engine b-. turn L ..... t» l"C\"ol~itinn;!l_, \Vatcl.l for i ndi,cation::. lit ('h~'l'hal.~lick:i.tLl?, " If nons. '~u:m tf~tl itiiol'l. til "TI01_h 0)",,"

11, AIt~l" !!!on gi.n!:": fLl'C5 r..dj ust throttle to hoM e:':g:il'~E! speod. .}t (;(H) rpm,

(\1411,4:'; W;'i;r,d'f •• iI ¥,r,.r.!i:I~ lit!iIIIl!!. Ii -!'II~ .Il<K~8;J~ d~~:

Dill T~~jttr ;;.. h.I" E! :"~i:nc:b. S',fOP ;(:Uzjr.1' .1'nd tr .. \;X'~'::.~~t~.

12.. f er)lJjp[Wj!d \d"i~l, Iltun[]ron St,a:IJd.aM OOI;,m· tI8i1.'~\·elb'.'ht type (~Q'~ HraiOl'tlfLtiC') pil'opJi.'lIll!'. move contr.n1 til hig"ll J.'pm (low pltdt ~ ,

13, \\'nen nil 1)I'!3£.51l1·,!) shows, advance tlU"(I:tJ:e to ()btn'~l ioeo rprn,

11' Fi. ssart ~6 11 (}t rnadc ill .u reasonable t:l..rnl::i. it lS ],X:t5!'-'ible tJm t ~

1. _ Rhgi[l.l::!:9 Q,ve'r'l,'Dildf.Q (-1J'O'er primed) ~ indi-, ~,dc.d '!by di ~ch..'1lr",>"E!' or fuel trnrn CR:rlJ ~ll"!j!oLor dr?:in, o~ ... ,in the ea e of H "'tlld .;;mF;'3ne, hY' tbl.2 pre!;:.€f! c:e of: H(_',dd flle~ i T.I the e:.-illl:\lH-t outlets of tlu~ pruned ;;;otJi:ihierB. 1,[1. thi.=; ca~E!':.

i!l- "i.l1lilh dire;}t ~r:ril.iI1killg~ !i~a:vrer :

(1) C(!o'tl,thlue t':n~ukmFi::.

(2) Ph),';:';!' miX:J;;ul'e. in full le90tl,

(3) Dbe('lnti fmE; 'llI:pe.l:·~t.i ~ wo-tble pump or turn off Ute eJ-ee.tI'lC! amu~it.r:'l fuel l\ulnp,

( ~) Fully o[J)en tliff.'IJt.1.le:,

(5.) Afte!' ei'g,bt revolu bona r&U[lg. 'l:Ju:01r d~;. p]aoo mi~Ll, l'!? .c(yrr~1'!i11r.J, fL11l r.i.t::h and repaat :!IUtl'th,g p:roc~[m'l:l"

;",~tc ~ It ,i" :~g"cl1.tly pn 'br". i.1). ('!1\"{~ 11 ~~aI~ ' ..... hile dL~.HU,1: '1!1.lL ~~ enl!;i~, in , ... ·:hi-::l':. C"!f. [b:-; ~fii":r!lt"l' must 1:(' i-o!n.dy t~ rr;1,u, rl 'lhJ'~Hlc 51 ·1!1ko.;iatdy ~!d LY!y,·t' lhe i:fJi~l'Uri! ~~rJ.n!l til il.ll~ rich,

b. 'Vit~ inerH~ ~r '~al'tridB:c ~'"til;l'"W:r; (11 TlU,"fL .off the 'ig~itiot!.

(~} F'ully oeen UitXJUle,

U:.) ,PJjJl p:r.CIope1[e:t: thl'0lJ)"th ,t)b.&'l1t ,'i. .i"elF''- 1i)[IJJUuJl,:,i in d h~ction (Jot ,[]:Ql'IDid ['00, :L!I~inn to dear tlt.lgllli'.:!'_

(4). 'Rebl.:1:"liil th J'Q.tt! e and repeat .strJrting proecdUt8.

(1) OpCI'£!te. '\Ii.' ot.ble ,rumg t@ mainroin ~~ 'P!l-i. :fuel nressure or turn un E!lei!t!l.'t~ f~lLKil iur;y fuel pump.

~ Z) Pd[l1,I;!", S 'J:<equJred.

b. If cie(:trio~Ll.ly operat,E!q !primhllK W!"C uaed..

r. 1) OpQfar.1:! '~i®bhJT,! pump. to 'IIl<1tillrta.J..D.

J:'E!~~di!'cd f1.~c~ p'~8UN or turn Oft QlCo;ltriJ:!: aVlxt1:ii:i;ry fu e~ JlI~m:D.

(~) P , ._;3

\ _ nme 1~ teQ:ltlJ: '!.'Y>,

5. If' inill·~i.R or c!J.rtddJe stareer is used, lum i,g:nitlQtl (0 "Both OIl!'

6, ·O]lo::!l'.u'l.€!' wobble f,llllmll t..Q mi:li~1roil1 l'C!:{lJiLr-ed rUf!l p:t'efi!;ure 1)1' hUTI On slet::, ric' anxiliarr fn·~a ~r,;;rrJ:p,.

'1. EIl,l!j)}~ S'tfLr~r:!:r' ur flf'e. ~ai:'tJ'jdge.

-Gl. If di ect ,c;rant-dng ~~~Ll'b.:!t is u~, 'W3ejt fill" '8tl.gml!!· to turn twg. revetutions. ,\\'al:.1!h lOT 'jn£licatiCtol1s J}f «h~'dlruJl~lck~ng:' jf' mme, tur» :3gni'l:.:[.flIl tn ,. iH(!oth o.n..' i

.!l)i, 1j,1j,;hell: ~llgjl~e lirel:o, :m.G'!j:'e> mixtl;! re comrol imn'll:!d.l;R:tf!ly to ,'U tomatic rkh PO::;,[t!OD,

I I), Maintflin !~e] :p!I.'B!Ii!Ul"e wjth 'W(]'l~blc PU!IfI,P (H' ~~l~tl"i ~ ,~Hl:;r~jj i:lI'y f'tl&.l J)~m,p' ilint~l engill~ pllmJ.l 'blinds tjJ' apecif ed f.u~] :DN"~s~r'C,

1 I. Adj 1,1 st :ru--o(~18' l,1J :rmin tain all<l)u'.: 60fJ rpm uattt oil. ~r!?S--!)t!t'€ ShQW5.

2. Eh~dl'Le :18 unJier..p):'ilttcd.

In this ease:

H. Repeilt .priIninll' PfWt..,uUl'8 t::q g] .... e enJ;:'in(!: :!idditlO'l:ull prtme,.

b. Jt.epcat sl.urt.i.t~g ~Jrr:l<!ed~,~~

It Ii is sd II, 11 nt possible to s"tart the engi,il"Je-, net Lf;i,:ni io~ ur ~H~1urE!~(}.'t' 'for m¥f~lif,n:;ti(Jni~~g::

Sl',urIT,\"G PROCEPl1REI 'B.-E!li!!i;n'C~ ",-jlh, l'N':Dlllii."e Jnje.dlml' C[)'r-] m!:'IO'I·.p.r and U&llii_;! (;yl. iml,.." In'llks POI'l l"rimirlj;':"

- fir

- :r~I~ :lJl.,;:Jf .

~bn:.ib:on :st!;i~'t!ilj"<j '.YJ!l.JJln w~'il!iJ~ ~y~ .: iI,ot • H;f~IJ-~·, !1:.ltic) J,t low 1'",11'" ': hL~1'I p-.t(t'o 1 (j1.bW"3 H hid, 11::n \IJ:i!Io' pit~1 ~~n~~-..~~i1g.;--l:n'!' j

·1:" .. 'i)-;:;l~II1.~-omin or ,"'~1J[?.:J]

Th;':J~"';':'ff '

Col!!

- I_: I1li:W~,~ (or h6).

- ~~]"r.fi!:J1

- ~,,{I!nj,

"'ri'!Jilt'; W 1II~~h [ioU p.~~U1JlOO J!:~~. li. Qil pr(::MiL-.;: oJolo.:: ::om rr.;;i~t.m 'l!.·lrhl\'l 'I ~ ~~[j,b; ::i'j;U~' ~J:.~ir~ and 1,!~ ... '>;;1:I~t!!.

12, H equipped "",i:!h HamilWn S'.and!ard ':;'OLU·'~ terrYcjJdH 'l:!:pe. (m~t Hy.:[ :rOJl1-"l,Uc:) pn)~ldller, mnve controt to high rpm (lGVi piJ:th ,

1 :3,. \Ij.;~o<!j'], 8'.i! p:rE!!>,::nn"e ,!Ion J)WS, ~Idj_u::.l thrntHe h~ ] O(lon rum,

If 81-"l~~>ifLo.: dU>B.!I ,[Lat 'f1 N ;llJf,Jl(!o~l irnrrw liil!L1e1r ~

1. \V cth ci:1Illeet. cr ... nki g ~L~rler . eXCl'fpt models 'U,~h ~ updrd, carbu il'e.:~J)rs)

a. ] f engine- is ~lld&l,·,prlmed, ( 1), (~n't..blU~ CI:;'iLt1'kll1'g;

(2) ,b,l;;l.'i:nto,j tl. fuel lU'~U ~'"

,( $.) j!J.f~\'E! mixtune e'QntNl to aiH.tli:;D.31ie: rich I01' not r~tI'ro;!' than ;t 5'eCODds. ,( 4) :n.,~tl!l'm m,ixt~.L re OO!It.t'"ot l~ idle ~[at(If:[ i:o:r til secunda (u [I !f!I;S engine fill'!.!!!. mean wni!e),

{fi, _) r- tl ecC'&S.9.l'",Y rapsat iS~~ l8) afl_d (oj! ~ OR!."! ;0 three finl!2l!l.

""i" il'<li~

l: ~rero;r air fiJI 7 C I fl .. ~.

,~, r ':l1uLLl."rJ

StarliD8 ,Pl'otedUl"e

1.. 1f 1 nen.;,a n,r, C!artl'idge stal't~l'" is used, pull Pl'~till~[" Ulrougn in tbe> gi rection 'Of norma] N)'I;.;!,' ion iJ}l' at IMst ftv,Q ro:.;:""'Oli!.i1.'1IlD:!'I of. th-e cr.lmhh::d:t. If di.l~ec:t cl"aw,lkif.l:rt' atazter Is u~ turn ('.Jl.£'inlC o .... er !:o,~, i,;dg,ht !::!l'ankan:a.£t r4~i\1ul'lll t.iCI'nS,

2. 'rtlrilli QJ1 fuel suPpl~~ f.f~)m ::;ui'l:.,Hlhle- tank, J~CiI~] iU!e~ M 1.x:'J.'uliro:: CO;o..i'-rROt J;;; 'IDLE (til; '1',. (10 F F 1J,'t R II t:IJiJ e e VJ1 b ~ TL" offi.ill:r.. e :~ Mt

turntl),~ !}ve.~, .

.s. II :ilit:·Jrti.I:L ::;tarl;er' 'i s u sed, , start GlllargiJill.:g s'b!.rter whi~e pl'jmifig,

Prltrtli! :

3" If' hand pr.immg ~iUmp lo!. 118edi ~

b, If engin~ is (lo'\'e.donded; (1.) Contln.u'I:I cranking,

,(~) Place r~ixtul''f! control ill id~e· Couk-ott. (:3) OP8il 1t:!l...,.H.k. wide,

lng~ ~d all thy orlindQI's re~ej ve a combusti blE:! iUQlI.ail;' ]]'.d~HI'I:'e [L·m.ther. than jUB'l [11. lilll[Wd TI\lmtjt,!i of pd~ne.a. cylinders, eonielJ.1,Jent~y. th;f2J ulld(':;~iil."ahl'i£l Pl'.l',(!ti~ Gi' J,'E!::iurttll'lg !to th~ uas tlf the mh;lll're cnntrol t:o slllpp·lem!:!llt the ptin:ring fuel 11o-wi& oJiItl.~ n ;,J.'i;.e:d,

IJ'iBte~d p..l p'dol~ina: b."d:(Ire e'[lgi:\~ ng the 5tlal't~l'. the p'~irni g- $witcl1. i15 closed ~n~"l6 neouslv ,dth the f,'tai"I_Gl' ·e11ga.g:iI!8' ;:I~~ Itch, A..~ a oomb-u!ltlble fuel .... atr mixture rall~ If.1 :reaeheq fh>i!O il!llR'ine will ft l'e, .amI should. be. ~cectel'~b::!d ..... ' i~h tho; pr.irner., aft0l' wr . .icll thp. mimur"l: contr.-.:! i2'I :J.ow'ly moved IJU l (lof thE:! jale .ctli:.-o11' l)i)F.li;]oOr.. to au t.Dm:1.t~c l'i(ili! lJ.!Uflg' prime: as ~uh'cd unt;] ':bc ~tf!rt is .se(!lU:C, 1'0 "" v{lid· ovedul!djng ;a. W9.t'TIl engine, 'flicking the :primer ih\'lcc1 i~ ad\1~ahle,' A ('ol.der engi:nt!! ~nr~ requil:'\e !:':o.D£tc:nt l)r.jmin,g llnti~. it n-rE!l:.,

The t'lliminatimi :ul~ p'r!m'l~il( ro~fon era n king and the u;ile o'f tp,e ini.:Kmr~.i[!,1_mtl'{l! til supplem~J~t tn~ :prime· ·ha::. clMD'!{,j:;J,(ed 0'):' Ndu~eiJ. 'l;hQ oo;.~Cln'retlec. zyf 'llt!'d~[liJlkkhlif(~ .a.l11:1 other hasil'l_rd:::. as'wda0d w:ilih O\'(:!.r,.p!'iming_

A t,yp:lc:m.l iilt~:tt1:n~ p!rt!cMIJl"e iOU(IW8 r

Aft'er about ~~ l'!d'lt,oJunGtu; of th~ 'Gngi[Ll~ l'Pto!! TO tln'OtiJt:: .&nd tJl:peat st.~'lrtl ng preeed ura, if engine nJiH not ::>'.al'ted dldring this el ~adJlg~ ()L1~ pro(;f!(~ ure,

2\. Whrn Irl!.3l"[.i,a or carhd.dg·1::l ~tarle,t:'; a, If engim!, ~, (lovet"IuadeQ:

(1) Keep mi;{tute conrrel in idle ('.ut-off. (3) Di.!K!ontiu'ri!i;! vJ;lQf:<'I, ~!on (If wobblu pump (11' t\Htt (Iff ""I"l~i'[<: Olllp['ili<l.l':f fM1- pUlliP,

"I \ ~, ...

{:II.) 'f,ur.rt '('I:!f i,gniLi(m.

Ope~ ~~:ltotiI:tJe widu,

Cte:u (lU;iiJH! b~' ])'uUirlg thro'LlF::h .f! ruvo.llJ.'rj.ons.

(G) ~etal'd tlLrrrW.£; ,a.J1d repe:!:[t sta,r.l;:ing ~?:r~u[\e_

b_ .H cn:;;;hlE!' '~iQ under-primed!

(5)

{1) Turn Hl'OI!il!JlCI' :m:'wanI 1/;:, ro,,'(il~n U(IJ) to lliWtlg'3.ge ~t..",n:~t' J.e.w.

(2) H~p:rim~.

(3c) ltJ!:peat !!It:Y..r.ti~.g P.:ru.:::(.,.J,pl'.f!,

If .=it.I:L:rt is I1{rt obtained ,~'r1li:eJ:" a rE:!li.son(l,b~e [mXnool: ;j)f attli!f.J1rj.ts, an il1\'~t;'gatiof[ shriuld be nh ..... rj;e to det.(!rm ina the ':;:i\iU~8,.

.j;l~x.CIi!"p·t in th.'El ooMest ""voo.jjl1~,r th.e sm l:'rting' prtl<!.edu,1.'e Ii G" fQlIowi[l~ is l.'eCOmmem:l.i:P, ~"'1 bCJllg pruferable :Cur .etlgiuG::O h@..'~' ing ctec:trie. .primin~ ".l1h:I;J:g And ~quip.p;e.d with d~~t r;~'~'L't'I.k. in~ OF oornbinat~()n i~~rti ~ - .dbr-e~t ~i'fl.rLI!dl1 g' !ltaJ:-L{I['~,

-Of.

J~r:Jli.wr 1>li':m~r~ iP1!'i~~:

- Idl~ ~Ut~ne:

- H~·rr·.ikon 51_; q,d~<d ['oJUl)'tr:T-

..... O;!ua,t t .... p~ \l:!..0t It;rd:'<lrnntE.::·;, a~ k~' rpm "ueb! t;li ch): oli..c:'ii nt ~,~ rj)lIl! ('Iii ... • Dlo;..:h):

- ~ngk- ~ia~ - 1" ..

Tw , :s.~~~ - Irr .. IL~! ~E'. ue'J-

rl!Il1 -

'1"\1 rb 0 olt,

- Cookl

- Of!' ~ uu61[!!tvri}

- Fu]: ODf:'I'I

- Ci'l~rt

S-u P!'l. h ~J "F- ~

(~·h~" .. ~'lyrhT:i1n!.o:!·i

'(':~trbll;;ctDr IILr ",('nt. C~tbi.!.r{i;",r nlr cltl:l[ ('~il :iln::r~

Oil<c/;",;', ~ Ih·~tte[~

~l'AR11'J_NG p:ROan(J rill: c. ~ Elll9'n~ with 1i"l"t!lio:::iW'"e Tpj'f!(!Uon C!1i:"lml'ct~~ and 'W.illi ,1UD!/O"{![' Ulim.. Bl~ ... ·~·:t' 'fbn.I'1 ~ 'Cro1l" Cro-l;!ournkrll" Pr'~'II.lIiG,

M~rl)' 01' the la.t(!~' eng;i:m!s are pro\' fdl1:d wilh blD',,"'(u' Mm, hl(1"~ th.foat QT I!!al'bure;tor primhI-go !!It";:lt.li!:J:tlS;; l' n'~!iJII! 't)1l.'Lrning :systemE. iutl'Olih.l'cE:) the p:riruirr g CUd "jnta th8 blrJwet. rim or 11le hlo\-!."er t;hr-ua{ in::l'~lI:4d. of th,<! eY!irrd~r tn lJlkE! !port. The 'p.r11n~n:J! ·f1.r.rw . is :getMl'fLltr m:ucn groo ter than with c.:_..,'lf1Hler LlJ.La.k~' ,);wrt prizn-

2,. Au:rdliary p amp ".on;;-

a, Turn ~ng:n(r:. ever ....... ith sta.ttQl' fO;l1 ·~ght (!1"oHnks.:hatt ri?'ljuIl1t~ons_

~"()-I.t'! ]'~.p 'mixt\:r f~ ~01:rQ,'Q1 in 1!ille-Cui-r;:ffil i:Io. aU thr..r.r; 'wbel'L e]1gi'l:I~ l~ Tt{lt f.r~ibB"

68

1" "if'uI"!l t;E:t1 itton "0111",

'~K, Aft~r ,f!nii,n~' rtres, flJ0WJy ease mi·~ture' contrtl out. 'o{',hU"" Cm-Off L-u A~Ltt!J1l.!l.H!J ,INch !Jsilrg IFli'tme. ~ requires ~mtil engine is scoeurC!ly ~lH.l'~~d_

'7'. Nini)l4tin fnci 'Pi'!l::;:::llrlli W11:J1 .KlI:"(il1.~",fY' '::iq81.

JlllTI1'[' ·m1.ti1 e1lF:'ill€ pmnp bu:tlds up &'pecii'iE]d l,u~l [Pl-e8::;Ui'8_

S, i'\.diijt$'~ tht.ottl:o t~ ,mllim~~Lh MQu.~ MQc rpm until c{li I IJ~511H'e sb;oVi."~.

NiWr: ~ WLi!r.:ll'l1Irl I~~~~~'I!t«; l!iil"j"f'- U oil nl'l:!~~~1I'~ dl}('~ net ~~t~l' ',';'.LMdn. H) ~€OOtld3F !!i:rot: ~lLS"llte ,lLr,i.3 llL"'e~~iJ"I'~~',

~. If e(l'lliTJo];}e.d 'Wi~!t I-I.an:liJrol) S'4ul.OOJ."d cO L:iIL~erweSght. typ~ (t".ot. Hy,d:tlomatlc) pr,op~J~ le.r, ruevc eJ),nt;rol ttl! higl1 lJ~.i:n (luw pitcl'L)_.

! Q. W'i1Jffi oi I ~l:C$sure shows, adjust throt-llif!: W 1:001} rp'Jn,

1. ;M'(I\!c mbl:1LI.l,..e· cO!Ltr:ul 1l.'l.ck '"I} ltd lie ';;Ut·0[f" Imm~ ~a!;_~ly'.

11 ,1:\ i:-l::u'~ ~ not {)htaJnoo, \';:Itl:dil1 a r"C!lltm:rt£.~]e time. au i'rliVI1::~.tlg.I:IJ'l...itm. ah!lm!d. nf!, made to determme 'itm:e C.'l:u~e.

3ruriZ!'Jf:S at;;! c!J-LIlma:Il]Y of Cine {):F' foul' t.V])es: inert~.a, (J i,l'~Ct. '1,.':I!;iinkiul!i, I:!lJornbLJ1.l1J'l.l'IHl i,Hp.:rti atIin"l! ~ t!.l·ll~,];:1ng; ~;ng, C:lu:t:rJdJ'f'4':, The .;)lPcratol' s.hIlUJrl 'in ."J I c~es' consult tfJil!l ~\p'pUil!.;!b]~, in- 3~TU e~io.tH:i of the-manu f;!l(.!:t~n'er :tp aseereain the clm-e lil11its ,I?OVDi'BJng 0t:!Il!'l·.II. tilln. :fL11,~ (!()n]i i11lg for Ln!i!. p.'lJJ'ti'l!:l,l,t~,!I' ;=;t@.[,·ter 'neing used. "Fhl,!o f~[](iI'I<1- in;R' j~ ~:trhp~:'1 ::1. g81181.t',:,,] i:fe~l!:!!'iIJtl em Qf the aeveral t.yp~

L The t.i~d,i"," ~1I'~~1f ecnsists of asmall, he"," v'"!' tt ... 'W"Il~eJ wni$ U~~.[.L D!::! ,rt1adi::! t()o tl!._J'n at nigh

speed ~ 15,/tOO tID ~~'e!i' ~(}:,()(!\n rpm}. by :tf~G!ULr::,. Dr ~ 'h illl d, (;.l:",L!.nl~ or .aM il:h:Jl::ttill! ,m(~tnr', 'tl:liU!i ;stor,~ Lng a tl!.:.!:tJ'.!Ifd'l:lmhl:E! .'i!mo.UT,lt of" CJl£.t:{ff ,UH the NiJ.~'~~:b~el. Th('; &t.i.'U'1.iCI' _ i1:! '8hl3.tgjzl)2{], bJ:i," Pilln~~ {If' b1' . ffiiJarl::; ,of :iI. ·~Qg'iKl,e switch, afu~T \~'hkb it i::1 !i!1't~

R~ 'IJ.?,' !J. ],0'~;(:!r-(}J:.t:'J.a~, {':iJ11cb. (!I]' ~ ~rtcC' :!iWit:!n1' .and the mmnGnt.um 'l1f tiL8 ~ywheE!1 turn:;. the; r.m_gLll(:!' '!JV"er a, f.f!W 't"I; .... o:lu;tioillils. P.o'!l!lll:!'t I.!t :!Ill!l'pl ~~di 'Qr llaJ1d, .t:rom tiLl;! ::dl'~;['j~:rt'~ blJ.'t'teli"

(lor 170m ;9.TJ, i.ndepende11t ,~(loUI'1)C 'af eurran L

'4, 'fb"" Di['ud (l'an'ldn~ :_Ii!,'~a .. t~!:' 'is ~m'P;O.r-s:b .1.0 the (!tmv,et"',t].oJ)al .[mtomohi!e ::;~artel"_ a i ~. gaged by ~ Bm:r'i..0.r' :!lW itch i!Lnd rums ~ II!ngtn;! aoirr.[:r1 [j,ou::ll;if'_ PlJwer' is MiDiDn~G. foil' Irn:e ,ele=:!-ri ;.qt.'l:rter m 1)t;Q 1" :!:i6,m 1J:Lor. :orb'Cl'";!i. f"t's ilJaUcr.i.:e:. «F'fU~ ,j]],d-E!pE!~,,1e1)t M~m:;c ad' CUl'n!"~}t, To .a~ .o¥'el'hcaht1g, the :::{ta1'ter ,5hould l1trt !)I,.' o[).pI!'rBtaI con til11L,L)U,~Y f(lr ml1~ H~:!I.~ .one mnl1.1ro, 1IIJli:! ~~lP!.:!,l(t [le ~'I,tQ'w.p'·d ~I) !IXIQl lMldh!< attemp'tln .. 8ec:ond s!al't

,11" ":Ii'I'fie 'Gmnhtn[:lt.i!l.tli1[ !rn£:rtia;-,lli;I'e!·~, Cq:~ S~,m['k;l'~ ~:!:. tha n::ln].~ ~mpHes. 1Il~l'P'Ora~_e:s .aD ,Mf;!ctrj-r.:!'!Jly oP,11 e1;giied {~~",o,]I!!"r',a teed,) 'liJ""WheeJ ;l11d 8. u1:rocf !l!-.n);l;I.l.dn,g 'e~e~mc m~tut- the £~)l'~:ner to 0"e:r:oorn~.U~(" iri.j.Ha~ ):i.W'fue9..."'l Clf ~ ~r.;:!i't1:Q. ~he latl!er' to :l;urJ"J j t cont1m.lo!iilj:_~1.r _ Th.e i:l'b.art.e't" 1!!o 11 o:rtnally :n.!C~t oI!:.fiQ1g128d {~ceel~lIJtjUl) h;'t 'w_I.:lHH::; of ~'1 .:-:;~d.tc:h ~ ""her wtfieh It is I!! n.g.l:lig'ed, t.of:l tne ell R'incC 'by moans ,[If :!I. ~!I)i!iId s'lJi.ritd'!" (A. double th1'" ''l.'' ;~nl.';~~~ l11,Il.J' ~G ma.d]", [.o.!i~Jt'l!'e ooili J;I'IF'~Oi'iie!;,,) As iJ'l"" (mill':,gy @I the Ry ..... 'heet F.,S dis:::ril~.li.,Wd, the starter 11l'O,toX oonHnu!,;!::; to tu,m. the Ii:D F!'lJ)(!:, In: 'lhil! .e.!.l.,::.~'f (1-£ .!I. ~'i! :-;;,mi eil1lgi:ne', 'it is often fJn'[lJ:!!!'E!!>s~r'y' to(:! ~IrLeri?rze 'the st.!i:r~r. lM!-tril)!["enan.d., <lind Ic n-W)" be ll!i@d ,8;!1 ~ dtlif!d cran k'irnilt slaW I' C([l!1ti l1lied l):tX!rat[l)l1: {If mO'fi!l than one minu ti" :J:eoIL:ild ~'e iwoided to p.!,"oE!'i.'li!'Il'~ ave!!'!1 efim Ii!:. d 'l'I.ljfkt~JiLt- time must ehiP5C bctwooo. a!lempteti si.;.ll.ri:;g !:o:;,]low th~ e~edr.11!: mO'i;01" to, '!'lOQ], Po '

is su ~!llicd In- Nl.c SlI.!Utl m . .a:11n~t w:. fICH' the di:rel!'i.!U;jnkLn_g; :.=;~a.~~i§!t'-

4. ';I:he cal'lrl.n:gQ St.3Iil'I.er de;"-e'Yqp;!l :its power by" thE (!umli:ll;!lt;ii1\1l flof a ~i nw-:Qmil iH.P:' DCowdn- ru - tatn.ed in "" "ci!rt:rh.l!ge which is. 'insel±ecl, in t11 ~ ~b'l:r~e;' Qflil1 der 1A'j."· means :!)f ;i1 bl'C,ce:h li!kI!:din~ Im~dHmi::\m_ The pi::.tDT.I of th~ sta:rter c.rlindt:-r dri ves a hel [cal spline ~hiCh In ,-unl mllill:.ors t.he ro!"JJgine ()\"er\ 'I'he ~l';'!t1cb:n~t't is tYr1~ eel 1I,"e''t'Y l'<l~h:Uy :rior fL W~le '!es~ th,.I:I.fl Ci-~ l'1;! yolu I!.]OIli. aft~r'. w'b,i..;;'h tb~ momeJj!tmJL~ of 'the en:lfine'& par.h 'iI/i:tl ~u:::;Q h '~il turn, -one!:! or 'Lw1ee ililJUTe..

~I

PW.:;\. 01 .. lOilJ;

n1SCUSSION

1, {~~n1;.[,Di PrnJ'i.\iOO'll .ctu!cli

By d.l!!£:t::kin:fl: off' f::'h.e pm'lii.tion 01 c.'Joch eng:il1.i;! .anu .[!j(!!I!essol'y. o:;(m~wl the: oJlei:atw' m;y;kes l,.!ort').i1'1 1;:h.a t all [powerp'l;a nt u:rdts. ,lI;I'e ttl. re'o!Lr.l:inw.s r,or ('J1l'J'!II"~t[O:fL, ::J,ud sa~i,;]ti~ "hi m .. .z:eU t hat :no ifr~m .1::1 l[j 3 ])iQ!l.iti~n 1m c::I!U~ri!" ,dJ3.m;!li~

Ihld:fJ~ tnt"! J!ta't't~n~ pr-u!:!Gldm'e eseertain ;tk'1. t aU i:,!, dem:o iJi£ t:hq' l)l'I}Poeil ler pefol'l:'! l:lll:,n:ing' Oil thQ igllitj{lri ~'I1Iiitclt.

'y. MixtQl'E!

The:. igni'ii:.1(1111 ;:rwi'k,h ShlOlJ~C] b~ i[fJ ·tlle, "Off'j pqflit[()irL .at. 'BU tirnii!~ when tht;

J.:~[n~ i;;l" 'r~ut l~".mni:ng·, Qxcept a::. the Su:d:in,g proceq.u:re :r:Qll)" require. ~i;!l i:::l '~::i::;i:l!ltiIJiJ. fo!' tlL!:I protf!Gti-D)l' (jf :w;t";!IV[~~ nel ·wl;i.Q :rtL:>J¥ be Bli.!"l:vking t.he ilir;t!~i::I.It,

ill tbe C~e .of pr~su];-e· inj l!d1m:l caeb'u.!i.'et(Jt".~ l ~ is- e!io!l;l;!tliti~l tb..i.ljt We mi xtuu cunteol I'~majn h~ idl~ ClJ:t-o~ ~j:t all

tim.:!:.=! when the en.gino:!" is nut th-i J;!:!{, ex~e'Ptit~ ULS .LnstOllt1iCe5 spedth::£IHJ" mer~ti,CI!T],ed h:e~ P,9;gi2 G7} ,. If the fuel is IilIndur P~:!lIJ.i::n!~·n. is di~ci'il<l.l'ged into. the·i nrluetiQ~ Sy;~tilln fl'tlIn the. ca:rbu!l·~tm' when the mixtu!:'~ CO'I1 tJ;(lol us; I}U~ iJ.f thE;! idle cut-off :p@~it[C-IL. Some ·01' the .cl.t~·~~'Lr,g·l:'d fuej [[Lay 'Di)'1I~t In tbo':! lIJW\E!!r. i ntake fJi~~a'tLd e.il Ufl(i. thre en~.,. n e '11:0 Ph}'dnll1l.il!!" wben !lt~J'ti tt£: is nn811l1pterJ. Fuel di~(']tRl1..",ed HU1OitiJgh. til e fuel' 1::1rrun is ::1. W'lJ.te]: .. t~al flre h.aga,ird,

d. SUf!~~bJ.n'g~11 Control (wjulOr.· ;;t,p p If ca II i.e)'

The ;,;.u~!I:'[~haJ'ge]' oont~1 lever- for' !'.inierstagQ, 'J:W;):..s.].Ji',,!i.:!d ,Bngin.es flhou I il 011: pwo:!ed in the Jnw 1)9sUiQJI; ,and fi).[' t~';o>flt...,,~e' ~ngjl1e::; III lhe 'lJil.ll.i:n s1.~ge (~~eut1:·,'l.l) J)oojtiQll. rrliis causes lh~ filhllmum fo.a.d hD be inrJi>I.lt;:.'Bd. rtn tl~ e iml)elJ,,=y (hive dl1rhr~ ~'b'J.rtin~.

"Er;g!llt:'B ... t:i:t'h ti,:u'OORuperc!iJargen; ffi(lu&l h:ave . the 'tllirt)OOU1H~I'I:.h fl.!'gm' cont rel i 1'1 the ~'Off~t 'positLcm.

e, C.:u-hWll'elA I,.... H~I]'t and CsrliuN1.ol" ,Ail' FiheJ'

WItb wntroilable .{ v.Q:rlable) p,i ten' propel !li!l'S, tile t;Pit] -J:f.!nt;no! wjU hava b~n pI£Lced, ~I] the high .qJ.rr1r p{.I!)iti-OB at, th{l ~im,;; ef ~hld j;ll-eyk.!us shut-dowl]. The !Cont·ro,! .ih nuld M h:lf't 1;1'J ~f1is pasi~iotL ~T.! ordi .. r 1:.0 :n;4.1H·__e the ioad O!!ll til e engin~ dim rI;iC tho sHLrHng at1J~ W;i!,:rm~~l!J pof!tlr:LOQ. 'TIll] ~lH.!ri!lptig.lls to th:is: zule .ll.J:1i! tl:\~ Hamihfll'l 'Sfun.d.l.u·d [!cUJJterwet~li p.topellO;!N t LWo-.pcsitL!.Jn or '!!tu'!!1ble pit:::.h-bo:t Mt he I-1;trID'lJPl,p.ti1!:). \\'ith I;hc.sE! 'pJ'(I'peile1'6

the ~ngj no -should ue ,,.'Ihl;l;~ 1;l_Q\\'1l 'ji,rl'l.h thE! propeUe!' ~ cCflltl'ol tn low .. rpm (hi:ll'h pj [elilJ) posrdon. 1['t.~ is to :re.tJ.'fillt the Jlrnpollll!'f'-OI)el'aeil1~ ,eyHndE!I" to p.l':O"t.ott ~ from did L. and to emp~~' 'IlL!& ,A] rront tb~ c '!f~hl del" that, otli.e:t"wiae miiil'ht GO.ll~eaI it], auld' WI(!I:'I, ther, 'Th>IJ ]H'''l)~E!llo:!-t' contml sh O'IlLdl not. 1£i l.':Mf~, 10 high ~.'pi"1.t. Lill"Hl at er !1.tart]lll? tho rl:\lLgin,ef'. .!I,j1Id (lobt,'!i'nh~1iC' oil Pl'Ql>!:>ll.~.

CMlyLU:ettll" ail' he£J:L mU:9t. ~m the wid iPooitim~ (Off), al:1r~ ol' .. 'lJrburet.oll.' .1:1.'11" tl ~tE!], (where, applffi<lblG)' .muS't:. ~e rn the unnlteu'li po~itl.Qr.i (OJ[) In urn!:!]" t[JI p'lfe-· ven t d.i.lm,ul'C, tu the:;;<e hl~bHatiGn::!: in Ci:lS'-! o.f ~d{fi I'~;

PWA" 01. 10'0

r: Cowl FI:!I.:ps

'D~tixLg al] :irr{,lnntl.· oiJQTLltf60lt of the ~fL,g"tnG.': it is ~iiI~hUi!:Ll t'na,t thi:l cowl. flap5 -(whe:"ve ap[~l[r;:aU1er 'be fuBy open reg<:!;rdl:-E![i,!i- of ou t13i,cl-e f+i:/ U:m~)(:;rat!,:!lre ~}I."' thi2 tenme1;';3. h:t'N o.f the eylind,(I;rrJ£.{(ds" '.['1i.1!l ~gniti'l1i~~. barness, aa wb41 ~' ~her powei::pt~lm ite.ro~. teqlllJrn ail p())'I:!liJ:iloi!! (\jrcU~;jiJ;LPn. £If ail; to pr1;!i;l.::!nt ~m,o~B clama.gl.::!_ GloSJl1E cJ th@ cowl >:fi."1~B· t'(j;, .ace81ill",u te ,the W~!l'I!fJ-Up win ~ead W bUl"lllr.!2;" !"it the. il1suln tidn lJ-p. the i gni h (I Ii le ads,

A~ :[!: saf~ty f:t;:;tr.r Ule f~l1!l' ~up;plY' ST.!QU !:d! lPP. tu:rr:!:!d off t ... 1L11:l'L the e'ng:iui;!' Ilf. !:'-h u't UUiIA'l'i, and ]loOt' turne.d {:In llll'~ll ]n'epal",~tL('io1l, for ::ItilrHn~ is made ..

The: pos:itiA):!iI of th'ill '~hNltt1e o'I:t tbii:! in.£ta:nt th!::('etl:g:L~~~ f:tnt t1i['e~ !8 :!l.n !II1V'Ql't!'1:n't f'a'l:tGF in iJQol1!!15te:n.t >s:b:ll't!IlJi:', It. is .im.p'!l'l'LM1,'i; to i;.i;rl~~:I:,[mj)l tn'i't thlr1tJ.¥: tl~f! :Of!l'i~)il or ill"ilnki rJg .... and 'Li:Ii'C1l the engine ;IFli:!olereatt"ffi, lI"lQr.mal idJlhe' speed :;I:tttfktw i~ lii: tle , if 8ILY t {l,1Teet~d by the IhMttle p 0:::: it t on I ~S. littJe QU!>1i::i:'!!.Ictio,:n, is {lri"e're,i f.".Ja fh~ .;_j,'P~ 'l{f!loclty th~l1i!!:h the CiY.l'bul'etQr at thil::. dInG.' Airflow ~8 tben mainly .::Lff£;~tf1d by tee l'Dm of: the enB'lD~ ~~ t:.8f'Ch _e~,u:nd,e.1 ">'fill ,ilt;;iw jn 3Q'

Oil !:.!otitor sbutters (?ilt@:r~ l1l.'pp;Jic:a~ble:) .],:['8 Nosed' ,to fL~:!l]St .111, 'beating' tl\i~ on Q;u;riilllg Ul€!' 'Wlrrftt~U;p period aftar ~~f.L:tt_ ing,;,

Itlll'll.}' '!:.!I!.!bic lnr.1h~~ Dr liI,~r ~:t .~EmO£.· ph erlc l)res!l-IJ;t"'of,! .J'@~'nd[l;!::ls of. the th.rDt.He p.osUion. H owever, fu..et·ftol.'.· ·ts. ;jjl.'os!ll:~·· ~E! ated to:} the 'pwi"~j n 'Of the t hrot.t~!.:!! but \n a l:l::Ili::tlJlet"' · .... 1-.iieh d!ff'!1!'::. becween U~1::i two J;j,'l,sic ty _pe.!lo f.if carbu:tetGl'S,

(1) Flo.at C{tlrjjllirt!lol'~

In ~~U.l! idli1.lg' l'a.tlffl:! (If up era tton this t;~pe of' t:Ur-l::i-ll't'E"tor furr;:dBIi.P.~ "fUeL mJy wh~r.. a d.oiJ1n!te p,r~.=J81.H·'O rji:(~ :feNl:l1.L8J E!~j sts DQt:'i'.·>l?JI::!~ the !d]o di<!oh.c.r·f.~ :!lti;c!; tr.e flld in the l)Q~l. If th.l£: t!.ilroI.;U~ it:. to{'! f~iI.' tld",u!'l(:!ed, t~i~ !l.Iitrel'elJJia.[ b(!ll!omea insum~ dffll'( . u. 1Jro.duce the ruqll [red flow

· .. dth the .r·~!illJt!-1. Um.~ ti~(! !,!pgi"lle 'C".il::tJ.npt m"Qpe~l~! fh'll:!< :and, in alii J)l'olmpHi;ty, back-fur-ing .v..rjH Ofllcj.Ir.

~2) Pressure C!!,l'b!1ll'ej,on;.

Dur.ing t.he ~ ~;!!.rtj]1g iI ~:d. ldJitlEl' p!:l.rlod the ~I'C5:;;UN! L'!arbul"~CrjJ: iyrK nii3h8::' fll.e~ ef.ltf~·'l!1iy a::: t"he' resuH ill thl!! J;l0~[~1(1~ (l.r. the j cU~ val .... e. w'hi,cb iii- dil'f:C:j;ly~ ·HJ1]~i tl) the... 1.1LfiJttle.:iIr~ow bas J).;} i'.!fYec_ Ill)on th-e qmmttt._y tiL ruel di,sc.h.a:r!bred. If t.h~ thr-nttle i~ '~!.JGi far ~d",T,u:tJ(!.~d, t"llt:! fi!.ll~] dls(!.h,IJa'fre will ~!e too ~'"C,.[I;t £.0],' ~:b_,e HmOm1:~ Qf lilirftuw th~"t is "be~ug dr!lwn iire!} the cylinti!i'8 ''''LtIi thl::!l .Dl!BUJt 'th.nt thl3 m:i!iUie '.1;11] 00 U~'E:1::'~' 'loodE!d_

In Rl>.ttln,g' ULE! tfll'mt]c tYpll!n.iir.lg· bd'(Jril!! Sblu.t't.(ng, ¢he PUl"];,I(:-.!Ie is to :!ll::!ctiirf.:! t~i2~ Ill.roPUlr f"Ll~!.I·air· mUQ. !()"r oomb'Us'li[I"D and t- . t.hr,otde Ctl't!l'!ia~K is afi'ected by !th~ t,:;'pe m: M.'l'D!t:Ir.:!hor ~nli st::iirtet ernpJoyolE_l"or ex_airr )1:E! i:.J:l.rtrid..i!:'e &tiilit'rer3, which turn th.e eng1n8. nver at .a li.i1.ghe·l;" rpm tha:rt ,0tiHlr typeila:nd wnseqUeIftlr IP:rOOrU(!.~ mnre ah·auw tht''Ol1.ll'h the carbu resor i'"€!~uir:E'! i:l .'!1(gbdy 'I,l.{Q.e~. ·throttle u.pE'J!Ling ..

2. 'le;]jtlillig the. E[lijit'inc

After the Pl:el,:'iriuR shu,td"9wTI, th'lil' warm r§fiiual wi cl.ingin g to Hi.e powe' sl.!ction "~lLr.f'nooli- :flaw,;] do.'iIr ~~W'S.l"'Q, to;Yl~l'd the ]owul" l!!yJtnde.r~. Some· of tM.li. ClcH .3eepsp8.!>1;· tho(! pl.sto·n i:!.m.l iP1Bti1fJ dngs, ,l;Ic(!umuIa1: Ilg iii) til(!l.wmr..~:;:;tio·n clw.mL~, If ::;I1.t3~[!ie-:nt Iiq.lt:dii j;q rr~~t1:~~ ·t;"f,je' true etlmprellli!l'N', ra tiQ. will

'be r.;:I,jsetl J.Ltl.m extremely h~gh p:t"e~S'Lift"s wi.ll be- DfOduccd l.'l.,hBtli toe- " ls"l:.on of ·t11e, t:".·lin.

. , .

!.ler: l!!- TIlIoved dOW!l ward on th~ compros,iem. l:.'Cil'oke-. Ttrese pf'l!is... ... Il!'leS @J) lni:! raL8ed to sueh fLn il:!xtE!n~ that i'.iH.mag'e, to tho (.!.I'lin~.e-r, "pi sron, Or fink l(Iod w1ll re!'.1,:! ~t; In 'BX~

\rllm.e instanees toe !plsw~ mE"ty :aC'_tua"lly'''bottom'' -ugllJrJlit the Hill] [~. TM:$ Is "knm.yn 2,8 '·'"hydl'aulicki.!1Jg" the (".ngine.

P'R;:l TT & W1IlTNE'V AIRCI;lAl!'T

----

To protect th e engine ::!g.l'l!l!,:st ''llds 'PossiI)H~ jf.y, a:mr ~xf.!~S liq ltj;li should b-e do:!8.i;o:!a out if the e·TI.giine. h~y, stood, 1.dlc.· Il)r t"i"0 hnlJl~~~ opt mo~~. Tlih is done by ~m~.r.Lin.g tlll9 G!~~gi:l"ie' over f(h' ~i.ght (!ro!r:ll{.~h.tIJft re'ijfl]lltto.n~ wIth thl'.'! startm:' if it rs thP. d1te8t c:t:'fi!l'.ikll1lg' (nop-· Ill~rtia) t"·PI::!" IlliJ:th t lX!'I[Qluti.OIl;!J kll:lUl~ tb~t .It:rlo.'r' li~li.!lid tuel ill. th.e j1J.tf~l;::~ ];d[ReB will be eVl'.;.pora:t-p.d by ~hr.ypt!.&£agi::! .{)£ ah'.

:T:f ol;h~l" thatt di J'e~t ;r,lj;.tJi.'.:i~ s.tapt..;:!·l"· l;!,!, used ·the: p.rop~nH' mUflt ~ !p'l!.dl:E'd '~ht.{lu!Sh hi lL~U'Lr] •.

[)g nr}'h "p:u'U thro'Ugh in the l\l:l\"iiir~. d:iJ:'"e(.!~ trOll '00£' MJ'I:il:u~ (ill ~iDe :r0'i:&.1J@oll. "H;ilCkil1g' up!:'.- the· @.gine will result itl: p'u!:iMt1I~ ttU;! li((LllRi 'h~~LJ tha tnta1Kf!' ~d.~, wlLel'f! i~ ".rill '00 irl::!OOJ" W mum ,w the oy,l:illd~rs (In t~(;!·

llext intake ::::tralre,

Hi:t{'r;

CI)1.! Df thn nLlm!.>!!i:- (If ]},NlHilk,r. 'b]~, .. k..t ·~IoI.Lll~d ~h!!!,,"'1 !!:I:i, 'II.:'iir.!I: ~l~e· !':;']](iI."';lI;-i''fIl.r. lDUi", Ii{! d8tern:iii(!~ tJl(! '[Jljjbbe~ of Q1M-:::~ ,..,....,,~I;i ~~d_ 'i'(J {Ib~ln';it~ ~:l'.!1i:;I~~~lZ'Itt r~"'(;--

...... , "

ll.!iijQI'i~ ::

.N il'~,Fr'0p,

B LI:L ~ E 'f'1+J JLiitil

'00 '1~1:ru·!ji. . .;i . .5 xN:o, Bll>d~~ mi P:l.~J~I_ CJ'.f!.nh~L~l'lft 11~ .. ·~.=-~. '.' . ~ R" i.n. "L) .

.l1.o:.:I1Ll~, ~il. M~~ < .

fj X }l(!. B];!lde;:; (}R P.l'G1l-, X f-;iliQ(lcti IIJI .• (~ar :HflHo (2:) (1) 'I:r~Sll' P,9.PQ in J01'!1! ! :2: 1., :I-:~, d~.!.!,_ (i.~~, 2il, .s:.'2f o!!t:e.)

.{:!:} G~l!.r 'REIl;ti_0 jn f(j~i!1'.: .F..U!lJ: 1, ,6!.i'h 1,

,el.C,

,]!bLl~·:. In 'HI/:!" ~~~ 0:1 a tb!l'Be;'blMl."(It; D~';'p.;:i11~iI' Ilmd Il try: 9 ;: i"lr- .5B1l5 h~ ~Ji['~Ji ... l:lB1' l\i:!dl.lcti~J1 gr.~'!', (!; hl!Q,(Jo:::1' ~bmlL.il I;IC ~1.!!i""Jii2& J1:bN!JI~h. 00 "'bt:&-!n :5 rc,~G'hrtioJ'J!i ,uf tllt ;;:r.u If! k H 11.01 ff.

While pulling tIll;! :proy~Ue:r tlu.i:Jug'h J:J,y' Jl.i:\nd DI" with. the S.t..1rter" 1]10 !Y,Ilill'.liIWr must he ,alert: :[o,r any' ,sign. {.If ,the JI-ktOll peing ,f(lrtFliJ J:iga.i.I'!IF:~' ,mu;::.:u:a;l1v 'F;iigh ,rjfl.tn:piI~!1..'I):nn.; 1'hiB "'1m be l2[vtd'I:lili:J:!~d. ~Y a sll!dd~H i'cS~S[8.~LC~, :!± '!L'lJd~errt ~~(:IWinit dQ\j{fL or ~jJnpl,.gte s.tQp::pnge. This 1i:1 :!IlJffi~i ef.lt· inQlie!J.:t.i011 t;hi!l.~ ::rtJ t::!X(:)i!F:5 r,Jllantity (!oJ!.' Hqt! .. hl Ia ·iDre~eT.!t in the lo;;.,,·C!:' ~IJ nders, ~Qd .all.vfurth0r ,~l.tbeTtl!pt to' turn the Qnghle rwe>r w(ll result ill! dfl.Il:l~1!,te.

T'f rh e. ~noc (lot' li.q~dd .it:, ::;u::;~ter.t, r~' mm'E!' ,::! ~l?aT..k :plu,g frmn each cif ~!hQ; bottom ep]jllde:r~ bt2fm~ 'Lu!I.'rd.ng d1iE'!- E'!-Tlgl1'le over, '1"1~iR is e~pf:!d,;illy iru,vo.rtkmt whO&[l th£: eJ],- 11t1:r.u:! ~ :r;rto'i.l,u.ae(l with ~igh ·exnali!.!;t; tat~· piJlli!ij whi.cl1 Q(I not allow drMtlag8 I~ ~h.s lllWel' (.!rlln~h!'a:b

:;:.. G~i;!rn~ Fuel '1.0 the: 'C8i.hW"£:tO:r

Tumfng !)]ii the fl~~l fi:ele9~00" 'It,aJ.'11€! O'QJlIS :K pa~n f'6r the fud nom thE! 1.eJiF.lk. to the ,C:~'!'1-bU!l"eior, b.ut !j.InJe+'l:S the t.all]I iSc'l~ tc.;3, :9.bo·.,,(! ehe -tarniUl"('ill(1:J:' i;}CI3 fU131 'Co!:I,nn{)t; R~h, th,t'f ~~~.r'h\l,i!'~t(l;r,. Thereil)u, -it is '!iicccs~'y' 'bo tl'Pl~ly preBsWire to Jill th~ 1 i,~~It!~ tl;) th~ ~-, bl,U'et:o:ri .L!<n.d furthor f in Unl {~ilI:!IE! U'l pre:::l!:.l;Llle

,inj !:!e~ioT.i eail'buret,.or.'!, to :li.pply ~lJim(:ienk ~ddtrlol"ial prcssusu t'i:! d!s6~IiI.:rgf! fue1 Tl'(mIJ the c.ar,hlJreto'r ii;]:to the cn.ltin,e fh(llleEIon ]AlISi;fL.6~l1A' h~I1 Illu:!" rtili-"tuT.1:! '~ontml jr. moved (.Iut {.If, i!~He e~t-.o,tr. Inasmuch .!liS !:tLI:! mqg1,[lI::! :fu@! l;)!.i!~l'p Is n~~t "·'l'Ip~T}!ot.i ~g, an .auxiliary fuel pump ~s nocc.uar1l:r ~. Oin !lJi2:HlY i t1-, :!It:!L~lB.H{)n:::l. thia lS .'li h;ll'!ll~ Jlom]}~ cOf.l1lliQnJy 'kUOR"tL as :a wobble l/l'liL'rllp. 011 ""t~~8.t llRst"SUaHOJl;!i, [p~dk'l!'1 ~'i"1y. fL)'1l th e lar,R'er enRines. at'll el;2cuic driv@ ~ll..l.Xili~u·.t fue,l pLImjp 1.'Ii !Il~erl.

,"Vith flo:;;:~ !:!i:1!!:'bu:t'!:!!tm's; thf! wobMe fll,lD1]J Fohi.JolJ'j,rJ b I 0pel'at~d ~Q''!.'i,'~y '!.m.ti~ 3~i ,m ~.ildiCi:1~_@d 9t~ lhl:! fUB~ p.I-t~ru~ g~ge. 0'.1' . qe electric alxxiHary pump Wi'iJo'lltd be tl1tbe(i {J~ rr.i~)mf!nt;,ar.i I,y 'to Il:!'bbj n 'U!lls 'Pr'e£s'UTe.. BY 1mu' In0.lUlS th~} Hll,1!:3' ,au;j, 'LJcJA l!;9;J;-I:!,uretOl; 1:>!1'1;~'] wi][ be filJ~ wlth fuel ,j)n1d tnt:! an- iI1:lf~ l~l.r@d'. Co:tltl:nliud 'pi1ft.lpll~g a-.r g'n!'&te:t pres~lJl"~ m!!!oy l'e5111t in f1.i!~ (Ivel'JlQ''''iD~ 'I;'.he t.K:tbuft!ltciJ.t Df!.wl l>ind {!.h!;!l ti'm"g ::j. fin hazm'a_

I ti. 'l:.hf1 Ca.<3~ o.f 'DreB~li.l'1.:! J"t\j~l:;tr]IL earburetors, t.h'l:!i minimum pre~i=.utF1 reql:!-h"ed will vary WLtJ:l. the partiCl!IIlar. @:fj;i.ne model, 'and the PT't;!s!'.l1l1:'f1 cal"!! he applied :!lr~tI m:'il:i.nt.o.i'ned without. dan.Ker. r pro1..ri:d~di the mix'l..Ul~ I.':C(nt:rol J.::i 'kept hl id~e.·· cul':(l1'f. llrl.'til. the Ji;!'"[Lgine Ores,

"[1 Ui-e mi-,:,tllrE! consrol i!:l rtl.Jl)v-ed out g..i ia.h.l (!ut·o,ffr fu-ul ,,"ull be· ,JIs~h :=j.l'gOO iJl"ti.1- tht!" tnducuian ::;ys'tern. As Hi~ !3:ri~ine' is not t,ul"hin:g over, on'E~" the air co!ytaJned fn tlite ::'U'PQI'e ehail';;:,eJ' . w HI ab!illrfi v,'tpormli:l2d ftJ1hl. ~l'b e drain vah'e, will Ci'n'~Y :!I.1.~'~y p,nlJ' a ];IorHm1 of the ~i~ltild I::bca'll: thf". oearbU'r~b)1" di5ihfi't:',ite!l, The balr~~~ @f' the Hqlda, fuel pours. 'into

'lion of ,trh~ ;pr:i:tnf! ,and Cl1~agh~:!t' the straicr, '['pis Is d~iZ';;tbltl ,in oMBr to, m1.nl.rni:Z1? th~ pD~sibje ei1e.d o,t r"aw lue~ ~Ylng inshle Ule

.. e:r;'J;gl riE!.

5. Prj lIi[Ug

As the. dmib'll:re:Cfl' C,ltlJ;J0t 8Upl)ly the. ,c,)o·Ul). ... ,den. wirh a coml;i~l!ltible milo!tu • .ru. ei air and Ju~"1 'withollt ~tlfr:cje.nt a h·fhJr\.,., the j n: ti8,1

. J'j1J g d:UI1·ge· must t.e pl::ep@.l'of!(i b}' or1:JWF. r::)l"!ar.5. The air c:rn[l'lu[])0J: 'in thc ('yll ~,d8ts ":;:'01 lnduetiou pa:!i~fiff.~ and t1u:'<t intl:'oduoG~d du t'ln~ cl"""llkln~ mu: t be ll~~rl in pl'ovi d;lll! i,r. ~ i nit[al liri :,,~ .ch..ar,ge. By .::In'.:-t.;~d[l~ fuel inln this al1:-, ,,"( 1'I,J.e.-~Lil' ro:ixtu:rc t]l:=t.t h3 \\:1 thir.. ,;he com bustible ·T'ld.flgC! js I)'I'"E:!rw.red to . gi .... e '!1(,' ini'llal trill:! jnllml~~ whj~h turn th e -E!tlgitte O\'ri!ll" at <i. <speed t~a ~ .... HI '!z.;ii'~11 g .l:liidlow and II m-rns I ,-,al'burE'~iol}.

! l'he .cue-] h=: f .1'"11 ished Lli]'l}l~ gh the Ji!'4'[mbt~·

"l;h~ Jow e 1" .ir~h .. ke PlPii!::'1, pavt'ng ttl!;), Wi.l.'r' fol' ; 'hYd T':all.l:lcldn~,'~

Ij.,. mn.'<r'~I:EIIig W-Fl!l.lI St;;j.:r1,~"

t: nel1g;i:grn;I the i.ri.ill"ti.~ !'.(l:l_"ter {\~. hurc '!.If;ed in CQnjuw:.:HoTI ,';,'lth e~;]i" (ie,f in aki? port Dr~[if].i!I).d whne pl'illling' the enKim~ i'~$Ub." in Ul'l1 le;)1lt time n ehl)' ootv.een the 'Cil!l1!1J.;}o

r.ENFJIAL OPERAT]XG lNS1~I1IJC'~'tONS,

ti{d l"as~<l~:eS, \\'i:' ';;:I. r:Dmb'l~ati1IlB' fU!I!'l"E.ir mi;"1: Ifre. ,/A !I, m(f,re; ~ ... lt h int["tIduccd In' turnj ng 'lHi:I I..!llj.!,-im;: the f~l~tE:\iT m.i:dur,;:,wHl l::iI~ TIlll.]11'[;it.jnOO by the p.I'imi~:!i£ fuel 11(1"".' ue ti l ~ spark [:;O;Jlltr.::l> i~ and .LJ. atilLr~ 'b=. aceorn:pll::.h8d.

If the nutairia ale tl1mj:lI.ml,'~re ~B above 7 ~ ]:i' {a5 C) I}t if' tbe ell8:~nf'! iifl waran fl'-!Jl-n p!i',e'FLI}\l-:;: opel'a.:tiotL', it ds P!D::..::iblc th,"1. t ~'t~t~ ti r::ent Iu.el .. cltii.1'g'ed air I'P-m;llin.q in thE! Iuduedoa ~Y1ltem Lk'I- !;1. ,r~e:ilu"t af ~idual fuel to o-'t;.tain a ::;tad.: .. U:fld~: t.hoC's.:'ikd~c:J.!:'mr;:talx~!'.. 'J(!I pl"i11:10 .L:!. l't<1't~j \'er!. I!J nd<!l" al] Elth~r. eend)]tLCtoll!;l. it is nee .. r.::.::;~nn" 1:J(. pr~me.

Tha !l.r!imm t o!)f pr.imp. I'f.!l:"[ui re-d VUl"il:!:S with the te..m11lf!r~t:u!flE! 6f tf:.~ ::Ltt ~"Ld (III ,he l?.nginE! .. The quun ..tty {If "i.'.:llDO;"iz~d fu~l ll.et."tk-d .is tho same frcm one E!xtL1'.:!JJV,! !WI tffill)e.'I'at:t:rrE! t(:J t.'hi=!· other .. B'u L as t.Jt! tern pp.l'iati:n'~ is lowercd, more Iiqu Id rue! m t:I:st b • i nj<p.c t='d to (Jbt;).i n thi'! I1Kl1d va Of re,;tu.i t"eTTli:~.rLt.. Thi:; is lJ·~:::L1d:S8 rC~1p~·r'l'l. hn"ii! a ff.li:!li!ts me \,~Ol"LZnlion- of the fu~l.

'rb.:!' ,L'Bq'LtLl'~d l:l]JJ{I'llUt of pr.lme. is 8:!i j mated b,~' l~o~ki fig at th E! lol.lelwing 1!:"a'gER:

{I) lh~;;;: Ail' J"e-m:pef'at.ul'e: T~l~· t,,tempe'f:L·lu.l"L: 01 the aiel' th t will be

systern, 'I 7 j~ atnrni sed by L1,1.'}Zz]e~ 'to 1IS5ist the \'8.porh<L ,tim of tJloO Iuel and is dj;;k ebm':l.]:ea iJ1 ~I) the iJJ'ldl.ldi ern ;!IY:;:Jtl.i!m Gl' I:;}lf2 ,intake. ,m.t"I~5. (~I 'i.h~ ~I)'P cy"li~6Jcr~ 'ot thp. ·en.gine dc:pcmlin:!!;" (1)011. the t,;t"pe i..l,f p1dmlng 81'!':.tetll -orl. tho!;! E:!ng.im;r,

'fhe- ideal pI' hn~ should contain enou.gh ~CiI'tm~ctelr ''r'"pol'i~ed ·hl?] tfdlH thE:! i adue-

P.WA. OL :0.00

drawn into thE! englno during crank·i:r.l:i{ :'l.::-,.:t aft.t.l' sti.u1.tTl,li;". it :!Ltdi~ in O;!:::. tcrna't11l,1l:' se, e-"'!i!l.p(~n:LlLJ1t ~])<'ll~iHtj~ of tltf. euld flir stream,

,(;"1;) GilI;rbuMWl' Ai l' ·1'l;:mperalure: Tell;::: 1.])('. tlCrnr-eratun:! 'lif the <\.!1· in I:hr,! duei, ::1.'1 \~:~11 1S. ~oml;! 'idea of tr.. ,0 o::adJL~.t:otty:;:' t;enlpltratute blJ'!:q the (WlL- 1~i'Uerl fup.~, .!:i.ild honce ~,VI;!F; an id8<i.

dI)f (:!'~·a~I)~'.;).t.i"i',lg" (!fl;Ti dH..irlll~, .

(3) Oil 'J'~mlC)i:!rl:l,tUrc; Give.'! 1iI,~1 Indication of tEo;! sttftness -rtf lhi:l ,cndne'":

Yr" ;~~lohel' 'i. t ·b ~'I.!l< been ill" 1):pe!l"~,ti(frL l'e.cent.ly D1:"' .!lot., if it has bee~l ..... '."Lii:'m tIl- Wb;j dU'rL n I{ Mor.!:l.!l!;'IJ. h ,)"]31) gi v E:!'il an ide~ "f 'th~ LCtUDer;nm~ {11 ~h.e f,;u]!If!,l""(!h.9.rg"C:r- aecf on ;:ind ns uibi]; ty h~ \' aporiae the ,Oirnt triel ~11' 1))1 fuel,

('1~ G.'"!"lhldi:!1' Head Temperi;!.tul'e ~ Indi{~d t$.~ the amoun t a.i' ~_ell '_ ~~~'.ail alJ.l):! in tbe, ~nt8 ke POH:b 10 vaporize Ute prime; also whether tha fLlt::l wtfl be ineliued to cltill and collect em the eylinder "w,:,.,J].!1.

II n.df!'1:' exh"'lO'rr.u]y ':01 d, ;;;mLlHU111~, w'f.u':!lie ptimiJ I,~ berore ;:;~-.a;nkb]g' is :o~~~a~'y.I' t1'1i

. atn (H.m t df un vaporised 'fue-] t:'€'I(u:.lt:in2; a-fte,r pd mInI,!; eon ~tj ll~t.!!:';..'j a !:'!rl:i()ll! "nyd:t·~ ulh.!Joi.lt~~" h.t!.z"," rrl, Th~ lowest tP.'tUpp.l';!l'_ ~~ for obtaj,nir.g deplJ!,dable, a.afe ::;I_a~ts, wi thc;!oD.t pr-~-h!'%~llllg the t:!ngl TIt"! is i) F ( • .zo C) _ OH d -]ut- an: all d ,1* W"£iU UeVeW];loect tet!-h~~icrU0 ar~ 1)f!f!.;-jE1jj :lot starts 11"j('1E!!1(' ,W:F (lie,), B;,,;en ~~ t:his fatter ten:LtjlJ.ra~Ul'e, p;reheatl.tlif (If t'h~ engin8 ~s ~1.(1 n!jl1tagellm<l; if p~hef.t 1:::. .ll.'~·}).:ihi 0]02:, i,;n Grcl'er 'bll reduce tIl e amount of liquid i"1J€:1· !'l:?im~lLj)ing ,lIter: pr.i.miLl!!. {P'rkm" jug sy:::Lctl:U '.[!.f'€1 o,;.i,f!;g ·de ~;cl(lPorl ~ c~r S'lm'lC IJngi nes 'w~:d eh PQ:I.'t~lit ('onf,i"3'l:ent. S arss .at • zn F' (-2~ C~ (11' IOil,.',;eJ.' \\' ithout. 1l:ne· U:t.1::! i:)f I;U'ciU!t1.t ~ \'I,."h en the t.cmpe~':~Jlll'e i~ .;, F t ·20 (:) nr Icss • .conf)lJlt ;::iE!C~jt.l~ 011 "Cold ~1p,(~~th!:Ji! 0]) "'F,ati..-rn , !'

ing the r;yl-:Ilde~' wnlls ann nf pllrlon .::uiz..: lH'\E!; ):P thll! Ol'.i10 Fl~- h~iii b8;Ii!~~ Qo\!o!rpil.'~ med 1-:. J1!!. e·~ktt.."J.l fh~lt·"r.t~h (ljI t?P. ~.I?J'::Il.'r·oo

- (I)";J t hf! {:yH~~.e:r~:'al! ~ I~fm:,e 8tM'Ung. J:;I'r;j:" ci'ljn~~iI.'i rrit;'r~ ~ hldlr:altml by a ::!.queakillli hea 1·11 l~:hU.,0:vfhe en g,;.yle is bein g J;llllled_· thJ;'q'uglt :0~ b<'lnd,.

".t.o'>\I..,......-

Il~ extreme casea ib.'l'i e}Dr~;::: fUii!~ will b.'1,~]{ up H~le, intakf:! pi.pes ~of tho prhnecl oi!:':lllldG~'~ and How in{Qo i~'l~ intake plpC'~ 'tiL t.QQ I CiW ar i!-;ililldet'.:!. Tht::; }uui been <'in all tuo fm~llent 'l!:~.i.ll.::lC o.f en yd. i-aul-

'k'- "

l,~ '~l~,

U. the el'!,gllll::! i~ ~)l-iC!-wer!: W ~hL~1d attf!1:" several nMl1l)~!I-..~£U~ .idt.0mpts '~H sL:,i,rt, In -;:])(" course or which t.hE! 'I::I[·lW;lrlC ·1! ~~ bffl'll n v erl}!l'il)lted i nJ.!!'LiJlg (If the c:yHnder' ..... <:dls. and. pliton, i'ings wm owl'll' ~m tess rot pn:rt..c,diT.l·)~ fi lru of 0;1 is SP1';lI.~f!d

. on those ]1<\ ria ..

b, Undt"r:r~~i lUi n~

'fhi!l ~!oJlcllliol:l. u8uaj]y ~h:l.::iults in W auk H !r:i r~1t \1;.'11[(" ,j d~~!:!:::. !,0t. hav'p. !i.Um.IJ~~Ilt

• I· • ~

t:tl cr~y to turn the e'i!' glne 0\'01' (11" p.t:=.e

,~~·.I1.~8:s Mc}{frri,'!:!g. It ind.i ¥id'll~] u IXU c~ ex Jl<1'USI :!Its.!:!~:.t:s. -are used, there ',','JlI h.-! no e'v;dE:!Jl'l!~ ot" fu e1 v apor tn ,.he, f!xn.l:l.Ui!Ot. OUti8ki lI'f the pt'im&d ('rHUQ!er~_ In eo]d Wcathel;, t\te] d~schaJ'geci f,rum the :uE!,l .r,Lr,8,i.~l duos not :n'l'lC,.;::st;~U'~]y mean nH~t lh~ e[llo:,ill~ has !been (J. .. '~~;:me-ll Ff!.;:; Ol1l~' a F..rrmU t>.Ol'ti.on Gf th!l -~!el wIt] bev fL 'Po ri 7.i8Q..

.. y, 0".· ·'-,:III·j rri,ilD~

\ ,'iLh @r!itld~J' intake PI) rt iYrim~ng, ene .::iJ..!l'10:Q!:; l'f!SlIIa o.f i) .... e;n1t.'Lmi tlg; ur of cont[nll Bd undJr.H1)l1ming w:l tIl Ul1.HN'.:;e;:::F.:ful s:ttl'm,IJi.s 11 start, it ihe pJ'E!:::IellCI:! 'of li (I'll M fl,l,e.l ill Lhli:! c~'li~df!ra_ This w.[!.site;:l off' thE! lilln (if (:Iil .em tho ('~;Ji IlGer' '\ .. ·.I:I.]k, ~Jt&;{!"fi nnd p'i.s~OJ I ~~in Jl:'!I. \\f Ith(j.ll'~ '.bi E!. Iltbtic:1liou thew i~ a p(~i1ttity ,of ,!ICOl'-,

c. S~~!ll:'~!<@, ,~f r'~im!_n! Fue]

Fuel .fm:· ~he p~·lm.i,,~g .=:r.s~em 'j Ii- commC!r~ly pr(witl:edJ by ~

( I) P!'imlng pump lnta.g:c::;d ".,.dtn, earbnfllto)' ',nwt ~~'JJIJ' l"lii:1·htl,~·{:'l!J:l.t')

(2) H:;..nd r,brrUJ>f!ii' 'If!"~rrd'~:i! !p~;mtl,

(S), El~(!1:.l-1e ~ohmilllld pl'itntrJ,g' ",·M'ie

,p.(t·iii101!. T~o:!, 'Ilu;mhec\' of :3t..,oktil ai" the throttle lS ~.1?,~m:io:!-nt ~E1 tha arnnunt of' pl'1m e desil"'ft1.

(e) ~ri.'.lihtain fuel P'l:'4!";!i!lU~ ,a p:!'!i ~ l~:I'lll tha r:~r'bllmoll" 'oowl wtLh fuel fl.f'L.i2:r two 0[" thiiee ~t:roke5e (rf. ~~e U~ro~Uc.

(n Ri:l!t"ilrLl ifl:ixhl.l:e m:rnt.nol '1;0 '~tJl l~kh.

(2) Th e :hi!.L'ndp(f'",~m.illlg p'ump 'i S l[!{.:;d" m . ;:::o'fljunctk.Hl \~1ii\ r.:!I1gim1le IILStI!IH&t.klTI~ f!(1~i PPf!g \~·~th i:"'1 ~h e,1" f.I~t' 'I" ]ll':!\!I~t!'~ ~,riljRtlol!L ,[:!::ulIoUi"etoi'.!l.. Tnl!-

(1 )

'TIH~ prim'i:l'!g l~!!J.i!ll' 1!-'meh 'i& in'legl'a! '!Jr-<lLh tlir.- ~;aj"l'liT,r.t~~F' (the soi"::;,lled ~eJf~ll'rLmit1;~ ,(!,u[J'Lu",;:d . .()l''i is. llGtu&1l5' . tho;:; :!L~I,erating pump (.If the c:arbu rctoi, Pl'hniJlg ls ~'L~(!C\d'1~ l)lhd:.,ed .;iF. :!(lo.ll.ows:

pri mi 1:1 g Dump is·<.\ plurrg\1l::" t;ifl,!i2' .Ii llm,!.:1; ~md i!-i. ~lSll;:dly l(lc"I;~edl in' ~nfii cocl~'P~t Or' 'p®~:!IibIt .tn' the'" ~n-gi,i!'.re. noll,celle. 'I;he a.tlamitv cd' ])rim@ is 'gfl!J8~ by thB Mmiier Eli !;trrj'Ko:!f: !m;jLde ''!,!j.'h.H~' Bril1:thl j;:'"

1'0 Pl'lID1:I ,:

(;a) - ..if!i xture eoutro 1 tn idle cut-eft.

{h) Place ,mi~tu!'le control \n fnU riob, Tltl:::. i!I.nOW8 the o:!l.:I.1:i:!1!1r€!" t~}l'. bow"!. to b-e v~ntted .

. {bJ nabe fUi2l 'p,d~~SiLH-.a 'i..O ,3 j;I~j.

Thi..=: n 1:1.5 the ca '{'buil.·eto~' bowl ',~~il~~ :C'u~~. "G r'T.:!ut!::!T z,Jresfi.u!['E! may c.<i. 'USf! th f. 0::: a l:blm::.t¢l' to !!lNe~'r~(Iow,"

(Il!) MO\;E mtxtll ~ con ti'ol to lull J~<1n. Thi:: Oprmlli th'l!l' p~l:!I!ln~I:!' rnll:ri, tn.':? 11-1:.'::""] E!l':=i:i;l;n:g Dump Ut "Be p:rit~l(:!,L" .di..'ih-.ibut(~r';

~ cl) M~o\}'e. th rcrtl e bad t»: <i.l·(IJ:s and .forw m,u:: LJm:l;L,L.gh i.t~ full '7<'1.Vel. 'Thtt p'l,!n~p.i: ~We' 'fuel f~'!Jm "the o;!:!l'd)IlTo:!tor th 1'f;ltlgh . t-he ~l'imel,' JiD~ W fliLrj)i~h the

.PWA, m. l{)O

(11) Rlicise :fl.,p.y.:i i'u.cl }..lo\'lei.'l;;:lIl.lN with 'w(l~;!b!e -P,!ilmp (!iI' 1.;tu"tl. (In e~o:!(.!h'-c au::dHanr _Uc,] pUJ'llP_ P:tiCbo surf! is n~~Bl:I;('Y to flU lrri~':re'r pmnp ·e~rUlttfE!r en Utei:lJ:blm stroke,

'WhH"" n1Q.iJ'ltaJl.11ng fuel [iir'E!!1.:!! uri:: , dtfj.wpl!J.'!~iS'r.::r, ii-ik:,. .... ly· out W f!na'Ltt-e tll,'J. t tbe pItlIfJ,p· C~!-:li.l:Ldsr ftl~!1. complereJy. Foree plUllgll:!.r in mpbdly ill Ol'deT' tQ a to.rflb:e the fuel 'Illtre.Gth'lE!1.y- at UlQ dji3(!!-...;:L~~ iJ@"1'J'E!S, Prim~ the .tCQlJ1t'·l;!d number of ,~irrGokffl,

(e)

R-f!'~rlU-iL the plunger to the ~~O:tr,. p~i~imj1 find make eel"", tru,n t".a t. ]1 is f~lUy j~ed.

(3,) The eh~~I:ri-c prj.mill.g v alve can :be 1l~ ,d th 'pre!;~Lli'C ill j ectli)]:1 earburetors, a-:t' wfrth ;fIollt: C:9.l:''bll.1!l'etoJ;' inst!'ill;lHons if ;9uff'ti!-t(}nt tuel presSl!alo:!o, i~ .a "'iJi.~lab!e; The elE!ct.riL': priming valve !!'I :US'llLJ.U~..- ath1ell~d to the

carburetor or 8()mE! o~hel" S'OI,U''(!t! I)f iqlf!J under' p:re!i:!iure in 1:11(1 en:lt:i.ne r:;JjlIlf}ijirlUi.e!"~t.. '\'V'hen the 'r.,fllen'i.'iid v;::ih'e 1s opened," Cue~ undt::r Pl'Cs;':!l,l.rt:I is distriitmied through the pri'[t~ing syst~ fo tbe i'lri.nl~n~ noz~l!:ls, The .'IJm..:;{il!it ·Qf prrmo i3 g~l.:br.OO b;r ~too tH'e~UJ'~ at th,e p:L"Imill.~ ""ij'I,l..,.~ and '!;fle hm!\1l1 of, thn0 it 'il:'i held Ol)eU_

To iPl':ITne.:

(a) Roop rn~x:l.m·'e I).Q~trol in idle (;ut,..." .. ft

{h) .Hww the ]JI:jJ:l:u.~red fU1i:!1 li'l'el.'l~ :3U~ with In.;!!: wobblo p~~m;p or the oleo:;tr;ie ,auxW.lI.ry fJ..h'~~ .PUilPP.

lc) Cl(lS'G pTim8F ¥wH~h fur ,1.'&-' qu'i.red ti me wMc:'h is (lJQPCli'l1- ont. on 'i;amp!3r:!ltlJ!r~ ;3, nQ. the wartkub,]" :IT! c~fiiQd o£ inhoo.u'6~ illg ;[:hB primina: rUf!1 into ,the engill~,

Tl1i1:1 .ll.c'O.'U:!Lf .mIL{J'Unt of ])1:ime is "ierr difliellU to define {!!{ffiCtty. ~\::; P'.t'f:l\"i!JIl1!lJy poinyed 0.(:(. t, Lempel.'at!.1l'E'!, i;:;: ;Ji. I al',8"€ i~etor., \\'rth 'lhti! r.:!lE!cldd lll:i mitl:g' \!~l ... &, fUlJ.l p!f.'B!!:!Iure "~'ill ~fI:'ect th.e amou~t of .a.:;tnal p!'rme diM'1Lm'Ji~d 'by th~ p,:d!ning tl.!JCt;~1.;ri:i. ~VH4 t:h'F.! ;;IE'!lf'~JH'jm.i T;lg' (:;lI.l'b"-~retk)l' and .haud PUlfl:p.s, t~'" ITLijirLrL!3l" of ilp!i;!r:_.;-tt; tl:g them J,!,'ill .l.I:ff;f!c:t the total amount of pl'i'tnQ d~lbn\tedL In ,1Hl!t.Ht~O[LF d~.E:!" i~disi11'u:d lE'!dh n iqu~, 01 the onII L-.a teif' "j.',-il j ,,,,:!feet the ilU1;OUlLt o.f lJ'liil{ning fJe:s1"n~ib]~" On;e hld~ v ir,1l;1,al 'W<'lY go tlill'i';:mg:~ the t'a.1l !l"('.l!uth'Q steps 'Df. !:itJrting' ',vl~h very: exa~t L ~i II g~ a mi nimurn {',If lest motiQTI fl.ml '\\'·ith .. :9. 'I1C"zy ':J:rfI.Rll (JIi.'€!-.I!'-;!:lll ~'imp. .fi1l' th,e '::oI:'t1DJeM O'VeTati on., .:\r~o-tb elt' ttl di'i'idtl~~u mar t"r.lit p@l1ftlrm til!.!! ~mlJ :Pfi:lv@d!LH-e );~'hh l:~e !iatrl,€ Q.;:.-gr-ee Qf" sl!.lr~ !Ili-"S5" C-'Ol1s'eQucntJy it, is ll..ot f~fl&ibli3 h} d~',:.l;W" ~,pan 'B:'!;;:-:y:!t t.'iible' rtTp:rhni]l R' reauirements.

In M])~t',I!JJ, with ""Lhe ~arhi:LL'eWt" i,n~g;t:',al IP. nmp.J" TIll) IJl:'i:me or QUe to two, strokes rnav 1Q l'C'q UiI-e.:i i!u-l' l:I. hpt Dr Wa!",m E~git'",e" up, to th~ at' flJ)u'r '8t:ro~e.s for a, cold ellititin(i-u In.~.trulmt[r)n~ .... ah,,lIj ;.'iE!]:lil.r&j:~ hatrd II(t"Imt:t" 'pump m& :requke lip t-tl~:Ki 1)1' dght or m.o:r12 :!:.[rc-k,,*s. ,ro,E" a ";,'.;:01:.:. r ~l.d 'E!'ng:lU~ Hr.-we-vel", this is depefld~llt mY the ..:;i~ of tlr~ h'llllcl r~urnp, whdeh -often if'; ot ]esFl ~p.at:ity tha~ tiho~ Qf; the: rorbm:e'tor i:~~rru p.tJ [['L!3t::;"

The eleerne nri mil!;;:: v.ah''e djs(\b,ar~ Witt \'.j:~.f"~" w ~th tlie :r.UE'!'l P~~tll'€! ;and tJi;e ilY;!'lt:;!~ Q.f '; ft!t,~du(!i til::": fh~ i'l1e~ i1l.t:o J.hG. ~ngLJt~, G(j~r:!:iQqlie1l1.1v [hp !)l':imi:ng dm-p. 1,';,' [J] 'ljfj.ry" a.,~§Jl'(hn g ho t'h;f! p;J.l·lic Uhlf eneinc boillng sr.fI,n~d.

,twa. :re'il{llu:tio'lWJ the C.'llgme .dJiflil~d to come .::!Ig'l:I.il1F,.t " defi:l;).im rubrnli!'L. 'Stop. 'TJl.[l;V 00 eonc!udl3d till'JiJ. thE! lewer C"I" ~a;e ~ccu:rnllf'). ted liq nid, ~ nd i:t'D. f lJ.Ji:k:rllpt :;:il'w:~ld D.f! m.ad!e m 't~l:rn tl

a v el:" ij_jnti] 'tJ:d5 1 [q:uid h.l:L::l ~ d.rai'nl!"li..

hi ~be c::i:4e of 'inE'!(t'Ha ITt" C'.':I.rki,dgp. ::5~a l'~e~, th+.:l ,l.g~d'~~'.;m BlI List b.ti: ~lH.'n~d I}lL ,p.t:[8'~ W :!Ibwtecl" ,p.ri!£)'l.gi?!mE'!'ll.'~, :!iF., ~he: fu 1,[ :;::<3;:r~ln:!{' pl."o.;-cdlul't, mnst to ,oompJe'Ded '~:hU~ the SitLrte.,l" <:!,ll ergy 'i;;:: a'ii':l.~J;llble. Th~ d1 l;,ect crank lng s't.::iir~ii:" makE!:':' it fI'O::;.'-i-:ib~E'! lo dle]ay lumi t1;i!i 011 the iii!:n.i~'j'(lll I.1ntLJ a fte 1:' th~ en!Ki'liIe, h.~ ih.:!i?!~, ~m-:ned (f,,>'e·r 'tw,o ];-e,volu:t:fons. TM~ odft'.to.l·16 t!l.~ (I[DPOl'tl.111l ~~' to. miiL'kc CI2l"'~ tAin tMt there- is '""'" ~~~ lklUkl P!'l~~1.t to G:!L!.l!:!l::l "il~·draillit.k[ng.'r If! during ~hi2sQ

.1 n the! case 0([ ttO\:'):t earb LL!·""t!J:nl. the :mJ.J:;rurc CiJrL hoI is alr!:!aiiy in d~i?: :a'~IOO'matie ri...:h iQl:'" fll.~J l'l('h ;positiotL Wh.eiJl Ul'i!: ·::>1.ar1.~ Ls.' ~ ,g8.g:~d, and :nil) ;Lnen:t:i(,~I;_ is ff.!g;!Ji'J"ed of 1lb.i.'I: control as th'l:l eol~gillf:i ~t:!l:ttR_

\V'~t"h [p1'>es5i,J, Fe j nj~.tii;)l1 '''a:l'bul'eillltl'~ lh~ sl:sw:t i~, tl11:1.d!e i,'i! ~Ul thE'!. mtXbl!"e Gl)ntroJ iT! j.jJ e cut·off so tha~ fUcl TN ill :cul-:. 'be! dls!!'har,g;E!i;l! irrto the ellgiu~· lJ'Lllit :r1Iee:fje!l '11l~ ililrCit~il' timing (It U\€! mixture control m_o\ tL-.

PfU.Tl' &. WHlTNEY.AIRCRAFT

P.W:A~ QT,. 10.0

mE!nt OL1l tI'! idli2 eut..:)jf \'j:·h!F.!IJ ;;rl.;a·r.;lltLg o f'bI:! n. determines ',:tie suc~e!;2l 0<1 ~h.~ stm'l .. If the mixture ll!o·rrttQl is. ~H:d iiow ,~llt:nm~ti'l.l r.i~h 'tH;:fo.I·e tJl€ en8'~];1~ has ~'mLlLght." .l".iJ. \\' f~~eJ u;:; dumped into ~~(!i engine tiern:t"e' norITU:!.] .ah·llo·,1[ 1.:. see ~rI' and th~ "mgiw.:! beCQ1f.es looo.:W, _~.F; a 1S'liit~e1'tl.! rule, :tir-i~g {,If the engi n·e s!1ou.ld 00 Cof sufri·ctent in tel1s1t~' to prodnee a.l. least ~?j(l or ~1® .f:pm ht:fr:}:rl;:':' tbe llt1ixture ronh:tJl is mo .... ed to. ;;:LWltorrmttC r Jell. DrICovi'll.I:!l? tnr!!: mixtldlN cunt rol Inti} :aUi't;(li· rrJ;!l fie. rich at ·i.J'le filii: t SL)1;11' (Iof fE'!eiJ]~ fI:tl~g OJ' .poppi.nl,t will usuallr be the ri!.lI.tI~a (If' an un sueeess tu t ;:::tarL However, wHl1. ~i1m:e priming ~:fl:lkUtij ~f ]'I'~O"'emE'!nt of the mixture con-ro'l is .jeJa~IIE!{\ too Jong aitE'!l:- th.e en ~Jn;E: li:i, fh:lng ]l(ll'ma!1y.. the- 'eIlgtJ1(: w.ill hnvo used up 1t;::: prime U!,c\ fat! to start, and boacktin ng .. ~ ill often result. 1 j t:hr;: pl"iming h ~o!'.·l~!L propel')r made tfLE'!:i"E'! wiH [be sum· eient. 8!!'I d p;mper !S',bl.:J~j:ii..-th ~J..!icl-f~Jt· lrt.1b::t.u.re in the erL~ille CO keef,! it tumLng over at ~lrffi.eient; S'peed unti], Jlormai carbu re'titm .reSI1I,t:::: iT.'OJ:IL propel' ~'emf!nt n~ ULilI ~:roi"'Wire euu l 1'01.

The [Jpet'J:;.'l:.trl: must be r,p.L\dy "lr:~ .mo~·r.! the ml%hl!:,{,: control LmmediaLl'Iy 'b,'J.c·k;: ~ ldl~ oI'.l)t-ofi in (\a-r:@ Ul.<C ~n~hlf! II~He::.I.' or shews SiI!Hi:i uf "d}1~g,/~ !1,{l that. t~je dtS1;.ha'l".g·e of fuel i'!1'~(10 the EngHlc, Ls 12ot<oppE'!d ~t ~~~l('!l;!" Fa·.]ura to du thts' h~, lJ!i.'f.I~mhly W U:,!e~' rnure i !h.tdi'anLkk:~ "1 I?,ngLne;!: 1~1aJ! fai.l,u!re to clear i)ut·:in 'f:r~gilLlJ bdo,r<.! ~t~rthi.g_ Iil ease there hBJ!'i ·br.:!m Btl exce::n:,i v e diseharac of fuel .iuw au en gill P. th~l:L raits to ru n, dG:lI.i' oiit . tli~ eng-Ell"" by 1)U I i ing th-a p:t:ftpeVe-r t.ht'·'.f!JIl;,dl bi::!'Io-re ~tte1'r'rr~Ll.L'Lg .an(li:he·l:" start.

I n the (m~ of' a 11I.r:l.y~n.g'! engine, it maJ.' often 'I::-e rE'! ... ·h .. !E!!l [br I!:t(lYing: tha mi:rtm'e' .;;ontn'.!~ iLLn:. 'idle· Cl)k(!lff, ~hu:'l stGl~jn..g thi;! Roon of -·pe..!) :!I.~ld .81ll}'II,'il1 g the tingina a ell ance to t~~(,!k Ulh .after. w hic~h Iho roix!ul;:'E!' cnntrol .JnL\y be tll;':tutnW eo .auti)ma tic rieh,

sure i ndirl!.9.1ioil shou~d not he eX(!i2r..:!dQd. U()w~~'el:", ((I) some it].~t~nadom! lU~i".'jnF: JO!i'~g p['e~~1iI N:l'l i [lI:'!S, UfO pl'QS!:JU ~ in d [~!atlIl.g tta(U';m(:4i~)g' systema, th erE! Jt.w.~ [be a tlcfJ1e lag rcq\lLdng ·that thi:=. titr~c: lirnu he ~engLhensd, it l~ l~ll).;}r"J;tive, ru(fW8VI::J:"f that !':otl'kt attention be given Uw oil prc85u.r~ ga;i:."'i!. al r.hi~ st.age o.f l~C' St:"l.I'thlg Pft)~WllI'C. all d t~lill' ;u('qlljrin~ ;;:if til 1::1 h.ll.bi I. ma.V ~.mne da ~~

lllIiY' d'i'iiQ.endB in ~'l .... in g an ri:l,:rqtinc. .

~. PROPELLJl,R CONTROL

In 'thF1 @5C of -be HamtH:,ofl Sb.llld.am cnuntt:nYe.iR'h1 type pt.opr&llen.,·' e corrtrul should ·be. mo ... "ad to t.he htl:r,h rp;m (]('rW ll'~k:h} PQ!!oi.tior~~ftCJ:" (!oj l ptes::,Ul'!:l ~s indi (':~teri.,.

ASo.;S0i;1n ~I:'. tIL!.] ctUdlile.. tirell, t!~, rpm s~wul(] b~ rield down to abmrl 600 rpm until the (IiI 'P eSZ3.ure re~:i.::f~~~ on the g,s6"e' and it i>':l cel't:.a;ill that We ell ginF,! 1::; .~ vi" IS nil, III m:!l.:C.)o' lnstauces .. fu!. oil P'l'Ie!;!f:Ul-e "~'m not ~!j.te.l.' lmmi2Ji.I:lWly l.1P(l'11 ;;.tm1:tng. In mos'L iI1i8t:d!a'ions l,() !l.el:,cmds withnut oil p,~~

fat a b~o1!' lntl.:!:rval 3l.'I qudined ilJ toe 5'ta:ttinR !Dl'~Uil.'C" (SeQ P1.L!J!:.! .oT) _ Thii:"! 1.<1 thE-! nnly inatancs where It i~ pormissrol(' to meve. thl4 mixtl:i:rE:! >!!0nlTol. out of idle tt:i1~,;f)ft' l'1O!"~();J.' 1;0 ~..;tU.i;ll en~ine. l)~r4- tj,OH, a'nd th'e. OP(Hilt!:Jf' must U;:"!E'!' i.'::;i.1Jtil(rn to snsu roe that u\;c time [ira:fh:i iLLditHt~ m~{i not F;!~i(.!·e!2!dE-!d .. .Int!'lO(i;uo:;ti.on {II f'!(,es;.

'- ~

!li.v~ fuel into .o~he aT.J~.-j,t~€ may cauae "h,..,-

D!Fuu!kk~ng'~ /)J' i@1j'~l,jooaiu;;J; O't 1l,.e eongine.

b i If ULI::! :::to!lI't ,j!:!oi net ~,{jimplishI="El hee.:illf2 o,t' .pvcr]o01,Hng/ tl:n:!· fil.r;:i",.'I;il' ratto ,m~ h=dlZ!!~:l1erl. Q~tt" l\'j.~ dtilwlng h~~ ail' into dli2 er~gJl:LIi:L Till;:"! 'is ~(iol1e ib;l.f- II)penh~~ lhl!!' tl1'T'o-ttlc ... ~~idc ,~J:L!i keBpirl.ls "toe rn i'):;tuI'C w1f.t..("ot in :j:d.~e ~11t'Qrr' 'Il,'llii,!.:! C nJ.1] Idn:g ~Q~tiI1!U(!S. A::; i.1U6l IU(:!]-:o:Lh-. :J'atk:. leans rut Id.nd p;J~se~ -L~ft)lIg!l, l-he eombu"~ii;d~ l'mlg~, ii ::.tm't .!Ihou.ld be ~fl'eeted. In t:hi~ {!:.::I;se, i'mme~iak ~fio.il UII. the p-a.rt; nf ll~ (IpCr~ltr.lr h :reqtd !'E!d, to·roet..",;ra UlC t.lu:oUA~ .!'10, ;jLS 1);;;,.t to Q~'(:['~r~d ill'!;' E:!ll_gLne, <Ind to nwl, 1.:1 rh,e' :rr.HXtT.ll!'!'! control to .1cUW:rmLlic 1'1',cill to estabtish nomn1:i. c:'l;['bul'et],on, ~~: wil] be ~een tn.~:t the tn..;J.ni~tI!l~il'IJJl ~r the lrti;.:ilU~ .etJ~~'~'F",t in 1;1iLC!> ;f;l, ... ,!'!l't of ~l-])a.::!l-p.t".Lmi ng 'all:d or the ~ throttle. irs HLE! event of ,t)\.'illluudi:i:L,g.b. for the, pu~pose (17' p::'l!)..'lingc the mtaturc ch!l.l':bl'(:! ,iroL't'l!- OIJ,e ~}ih'B\inT.! ni tll,1?! f.\J.el~1!Ltl' ratio W~~!t.rd 'UtQ (I,the~' so tnat ::..L t!ol.lib uatibla 't";ange ITI;,'Ll' be ,n:m.(!h~. !,iud·a start eft'er:Md,

In the ease Cof hll.:!:rt:l~ or r:a:rt!'td~ shut!i!~l'.i ,f::dlure TD prlm.e f'1'1)t'C1'j)' m~!;t hI:': corrected tiy Il'l€ani:tlg rurt tnP. '~fLghl.e j;!i11 d l'epei!llh'L!! the compfe(Q i:Wi.rtitL~ptD';:(;!~ dura, "i,.'i/hei'.J-"E-!'r the fal lure to start lMS been due to itlll.deI'~rjlli~ll,g O,!.' tu [loVeT~l'iffiilfg, ;. f 1;:' lle!!'OmmE'!T1,d~cl tMt the -81.g(ne. 'be cleared om 'So' thu 1:. Lhr.:! upera tor wit! 'knGw the amCl1J1'l[ pf']11'lm;e 'lti!iJit i~ tn the c~mtlili! ,at m)y r}:til::! b!m.e..

O\l,el'lO,1I!ilirt~ tI'! U$ '!:'ngi:rJ.i:! 'with rid. ''Ii' t1.l€'l ~~ LL'j,U ally ~c(!(lm'Pan~ed by :a hoa 'Ty dt~GlL~W;I?E! Oit !'~el £ru..i:n the su:pej'~!r.al'g);:!J:" draIn iu \1: 1Iit'i)) ';reatb_8;,t" {:Ii" the pl,,(".;!]i:!:mI!!E-!' of .I1q:lli d fn~1 ill. the E:!~f",;;;n'5~s of t~.~ prim,Melllit:cil(l:r::i_ vr.eak flr:;irng, .fO'llG'i':ed br Q211!j.f,! ·bl.;llr:l;;'·~moJ;;'e :;.;ru3 IJo!)~~i ply ttre from t11o& ~;(hml!:lt ou tlp.'l::;;; is ~ ~ in.d:ii!8t.i'i1? {.it o'llel'to<'JAil!~·.

u. e ....... SA..\' mN'4:;," TIlE START

'hL in2:ii~n.!;L Hnns i11l)Qfl1Ql'attn.,g Cylil~;j~:i:" Int~te 'Port pr:ir!l.:i:tLg .:ilIl.d di,J'ei,':~ ':;'~.'Lrd:;;ill,P.' ~tal'eQl$, .!ll~ DPJ'(.Lrtl~11lt.y is prl}'t?1d...::d to "aa ve" We ~ta:tt ~~ [tlwlj b ~~E-!'- !"-t:!C!p.!11s:i,ty Df rel~!:'.i:S the E!ir.lti're t\'r[n:ri~g .G;l'.lU ,o:t "it:±rti ng pro~ QudWltf.:!.

'Tlw pl'D~i:!dure5 Justo di'=;~iJi!ssed~ if j('olh:m lldi lis ol:t;~~hled, 'Y"Lll resul ~ itL a hllih P_~t'Co:!'n.tage 'I;ft !';I;!t!:Qcssfti] ~t:-;l'ft!l,"' '.ph'f! iPercenm;;!,'e- 0f :!:iI!l!{:D!:!&Jul sta['(~ will lll(O!re.!I.::'i!i! vi,jtn :e:-;pel"i·e-li ce, l",.lH there l~' al'.l.".a.'f.=i t~j~ cP::U)¢.:l 6f mi!g.£~g.i!~g Lb.'E! effri:!l!t uf iJl'li :rnar~r 1f~ld:!l.blf!R, ~h;jL~ mu;=:t be taken into aecQ!.lTllt.. Fl!I.H:ure ttj" ObU1Ln ~ ~hlil't tE!~u.tt;;::>Zl!'!:rier ..Illy :f.t"tlT.rl 1:1 u flE-!YJl:riming or Tl'80]]l o,vcrl~BdLh;;g \eM .f:'n[f!;i r.c I,~, .~~ii \r{]: primhLg·.

.... .".."

,_a, , If tJ).e .;::nj:!:hL!::! has hE-!en un d el'];iJhlmedi, adclitic..Tllll Ilt!lel may ~!.:! trujec.ted il1.~o ~~e r2.ii,gL:ri.a w.hil,e >::!x'o3,'nli;:t:rlJl:' continues ht il.l!;)'l-, itl g tfie mixture GMtml o~t 00' id]~ v-uto(.ld'

rw lL, or, lOt)

GENER .. \L

'rile ei!Iif.JfLatJ'l~· between the efLl!Tine of 8!11 :I1.L'Lh~). nitlblk: .Lllnd th at n£ 811 aooaft ~, DIi!I!!t1 disoo.Med r,iJlE!VL!Jo~" It h. we'n ,to, £otgt.!t {hLIi! J,:I.,....l4a tiGn!l.hip Wh;;Jfi formjna'" hap~l:.,g oj' Mfer.af¢ . engitLe. eparatton. it j!l. not mJ' any me._'I,n~ 'WL&.I:1I,f12 tOo ~~l1I.rt a cold .fI.'l!ItlJfliobtle ~ll8"Jne', pull .i.\ ",~.:!t" tr'Om tnE! e'liirb a1ld dJrLv~ !3.vnl.'y • .Ai lew bloc.ks 00 :::l~[}W, lIQ~t.rniDoo n~nni:ng wm suffi.ce to' W;_:!Irm 't"!ll.:.': ~IIJrLlle 1;;L} the pL;iil1'~ where 1t wilt "lake" '~he

. ""C:~E!~Er[LfO'.l" and runctton f)'DrmaUt. .A.s Jone:" .9i1il :no a,tt:8mpt 5s made dl1rliilg theo£ll'"ly stage!:! to ~g ti.'l:\(!ka '~ir1 f:ron~ I2If tl:';I:Io!!ns Cor. W '!;!E!rfotm fanw. t:r(3:f!k maneu vers in the 'A'R)'n~ hmo. Ute. ~!J' .l;l.nd drhi~t wjll "be jook.ed upon. wlth fBl'iofr toy' tl1ie insu_rance ciltnp.Ltll.Y. 'I'ilJe' ~l,lltoJ~m!l1J.tle does [)~ depend '[j~tl iU!, e,llg'Lne for sustenta-

t.wn. .

At tbe insbnlt the i.lirptane 'le<ll. vas the ,R'ro1J:f.Jq and! ull.til it is in "full t1ii!th~ and ,cle8.l" ~: 0bstat.1~!\ it ia E!.llli[lQIv, 4even f!1il:t. lJI(m.D. 'iM, engine. As Cbe ,uirpJal7"~ lPulh'l .I:II ...... iJ.y 1"rom ita "eurb", tht: ensme rnua] d.dh·,li:f its maxlmum rating 'with(lut ho!!l!jitu(jiiU. 'r.here is 1Il~ :posg[ble ITIli!.!11ll:!l (1f g"£It.tiflrt under ..... ~y .!!1'1)'~·1J" and warming' 1l.p. in the L\ir. [';. i~'!.: e!:J::umtifll then to. t..;lik~ wb!".i.'~ t.trn'B ts 'n'l!'(:Ii:!'B:!IJ!Ll';l' to bring thor ,engine irI:to ~ eondi'!::ilJn 'ij\'he:ro ~t een s.!Iif'E!ly d.~H ~!'i!I!: its per-

f0rnlLlILol2.e and t~~ n'mkQ ~uen checlt!'l, .I:i!:J, wUl giv-e MSI.:u:-,a;nil;.e o;m, l5J:ij.t[sf.o.cwrr ft!ILdio:nEfl!t. A ci!<ld eTIO!,rir[,!.1 is mot a dep.endable CfLK;iJ1<e ..

WARM·UP

Af[er ~t.a:t'tL:ng, ,l:'IeV'I.:lJ!ru. minute!'; 'WiU be '~pcm in vmrmi tlg up the e.ngLfle. Tha~ iF.. done, (Lt. ,1000 rom" with t.b.8 propeLter in the Mgll roIn (low 'pite-h) pljf:ljt~(lon. One thGU.J:IaJld rpm is lil!Pecified us. this e'ngjne .q.p~d will ensure ;ft'eedom from spark plug f!JulilLIil:. The pl"QpeUer :pitch position l"e1It!ltE. itt tllfl lightest D(lI.q})ihle lead .1:1. t 'this rpm.

'If. po-wer were ap;p.Hed klJ j), CQJd e<TIiKine t'heJ'~ w,ouJ,rl ~p. an llrl~~[~f.jj,ctorr '1le5P,On;:le 1'1.11[' Hlii.'E!Q '~!i!Jlons=

.9;,. Oil. :~QoM, undiluted w[ Is 'tOO 'thick to f~L}w thrDugn the v ari0 U;;J, tJJi~(c:itl9n t\!:1lasa,g~:!;F i!:U1~. r;ital e-l1B'i:r.!I!~ ![liiri;E'l, 1o!<'Of;JM 00 8'wvcd lOr' hJbrkaHon evsn thO'L!J~;h, Q }J i:!!,"Ji D~a}ll'"f!: !'Ino;"'(id {In the oll PRS'-o, . sure gagli!J.. The oil m:uat be 1;1Qt Je.'l:!l

~l UOll' J:1}Jn ji:j. ~ml;rw['Jd~"l a&, 'me ..... ::mn-I.ljl rpm 11)1;' CIJI'NTIt: P~Rtt if \\,]dt~!3}' -e1i1S"iTlf!!1 'l'.'ni~1!1 lIav€l tiLl[~"I.~Jr I"jJltl~ :t.sm~l"ig rr.Q:ITi :2~i).21!01!. .A. .r.rl~r.~ ~E!e-l'aJ :ruf!:! wO'Utd be to w'.axJtI up ,aL. 'Ul'.~ ot tbe etilE'I"le; '~pooPo1Iii1:;.u:il'11!1bLri .wit~ tl,~~ 1',\;J1e-~lB ;;,~ai!'1d thp bl;;:o.t:fi:s lUtd wiiih the Nqpe],"cl"~ III fi~l!d ]1,;0'9 pLt,dL.., Pur 'eX&"fIl!:lle,:

T.o.k.e·OfI ~Ii')jl W.p.1'"JI)-!_·£1 -r,PIl'!

s.WO X ..i.lD = 1310"

. ~iXI11 X .~(I ;;;: &II)

;f;ENEnA.I, OP'ERA TIN(;, INSTRUCTIONf&i

tho;! ~!.:!!llgn, at~ p,f'I)p!:!r~Y' aUj usted, fhe (!ndri;l rna::..::!, Qf ,me-~£Il ~l1tl:f:l'~ !;Tid ill '~h~ w<Ol'lkilw. u:mlM!:l:".u tum r[l;n~ to '~aye ~ l1li:~rrn!Q!fJi'!)!;..i!8 J:el,'l,tiaTi 'betW'E!en the j ~divklllal 'p'I;ll't~,

UnUL 10;f!F (40C) bd~:a .. e inlTI'ea;:ll1:1 ~ e:Ogllil'e sP.;:!E:!il 03,PCt- » .i!. the, w.a-rm~lEp q:ml

b. [nductiiJ-JJ. iRY:!:3IIl;!_(ffi :-Et1igiI1'!'i ,!X=tlonnatH~1:! awl ;:Y_IlW'".!l.HtlJl..utQ; SC!llliSl~jJ,:'1'l to, the twnp£r'..atul"1.l hf the lrL!:lueH(i~~ PMS~,g€S;

In f.:'CD~r-J:-l, 011 t.irn:~r,l:'liu:ra i,s U~® .mc:::d: d!JrE.d g:::.ge '0:£ the 't:e-mpf!rattlre 1I:~!!!idjtuon of i:he @l1'ti~ 'Ci1~d.rrlJ, 1£ 'lJ:mtl l-t.i.4.'!! b~ni 'I:.ilke.n to 'l;.,dng thi_' 'oil tf!mpet'.,'I,tll'r"e lJp to ]'()CJ;.'p.' ~40C) at 11J;Qt) rum 'Y.1:1:h the; -prt:'p.cll~i[' .in h!:i{1i! tl'p!!fI p~ti-L1:ru, t:h!i!' 1>ni:ni'n:l!'.Hfi 'J'em}fil'l'!;rr!'~'l1ts !)t '<1, propel" wmn-uT,l' will be met. ,~rheJfi:! 1Yr;!lctie,l:d, an '0]1 l:ritet tem~ p·el'[~tul.'e ~ 14tl-l~5]j" (J!)D-7,~C)' mCo!.lld l:r-e ~~:I:!bl.ehecl!"

I. Cowl Fl:::L.[!i8

D(_) f1J!Jt dtl:!l<:!O tbe (:ow'[ ti;fi'Iffi to a'ccelE'!':r:ate fll8 wanm -e, up, rl;:!g~rdle:!l~ 0-£ O'w:t.z:d,lie .3!i.'t" tC'm'~r~tu!i'Q '01-' tllliJ !lldl'CJtti(l,n IJif ~l~B 'l;~.'Linder 'hea,,(1 :!l.?,1ge, r,!:'it.I!;'1:· heated ,atr caolllliMing :!Ho.'itrL,d 'P:tl!! ·e.:..:.h.au::It ··~·::.tii:!m wil] be conr:inli!'i1 in th~ area -iJIdj.o.cll:ll'~ tfl th,!!: liltflltion le,'1a8, for li:'h1e Dfo-t-ecT:ij-on of the j~[~~011 sy;;:wm, j:~ ~i:: -eF:!'.F.!t1Iti r:;J t:Hat Ute cowl

tc.\!~ S!l ... r~[!~

~ C-;lAII~Qf' 1(~~~t<t.'I:~ UAMlfI !'Wr-'I;NNTW;£

,All ,li!.'~~Ik~ <:;h::i!J~ ,Ciitnl1.i"lt n9'lli.. all ,i~!i. fuel wn;m it I::OlIL'!1<!:, ih ~'n.lit.H:ct with cold met.1l surt~! mId] Uti:£; IJ£m[ll~~(Iu't Will ('tOiiU:!Ie thE'!; ,engine to hesitate rl-:tJd l!ll'L rn~~;

c. Ev~n ExPttns,looru 61' ,E-:ntiN! ,E11gine: ~' l'~ (J 'er.!gj:ne, des~a'l1el\ haa i28t.n:U]'~h·!!:d

-'" .

-the ct!;!:!u'."1I:n;;;.<e.'l< befw,eefl the wQrkill!8:'

p.u.r'b:i ~),lltet' CGTh!I,j:d'E!!I'Lngo t:fie effe-cts ~f ~PimMOJl when 'l.:hQ ,!m(f;r.:!rl.ll.'l 'b,::<s ""-armE!d IIp. I'n many htstli!1ccf:I thQ <J;old d!::!ar',:;'i[I)::.e~ are TIQ~ sufficient TIO &llo\'!! ::-:±tt:!lf.ll.cw['_y oLl flow. :Because m<ttlly lTUJ!.j>Ol' ~fIJ!ts :itr!:! :iIJ.1lae rmm iii s~~i.I..u' mE!t:::.I~, tJH~lr must tEl b-ro~g-llt. Il:r~ '~1Jl; 'i'iFf!ra'till.g' 'tem~f;!el'a1,;li.!l'Q 11£ ,OrilEr Hut t tIl!.:l ilneven r.a ~ m ~JlgI.Oll, tilila-t have been b!i.kBrl 'in'OD a~i!]nt iu

t1fl.~ reltl~')linc wid.Ii.:' 0,pefl .l'-lt all Uf.n~ 'l:.n8,t. 'w,e f!ngi~e i!l, 't'l.Ul'ding on Ute ~rQo!.JJl!dl~ [Lnd :till' :!L C=lJo1t,ng-o:ff. 'Period ,2!Tt~ tnt! engjn('! ia swnped,

'n,ur .. t OI~ 1';'''

:1:: -~Ii".&s.. •. \.. IIJ!V

typi:! cat'hu:!'"€E:tt'fli ;;}l' 'Y.rfth ftwl 'ne.z~l~ l{l'-' c.ll.k!d a't :!lO~fLe dllili,fI.lIM~ Il.IpS~mH from the impcUer, [t is fiMtr.a,ble to raise, t~~ (larpUlcr~,tOl' ~ir tem[!·eratl;.rre .r.hrn.rI!g' W'::'J'rn.~iJ.ip to P'n.v~l;I,t J.:;1i:!! io:r-rm\,tlon, to as:Js~ d~:3.trlblJ!tio!l; ~.tJ.d to ~II:i!~'iill1:or)tfl 0'pemt.tC!'l1, Do ~8.-t exceed lOOF (400} ,

4. e.iJ:.lhul't!lQl: .Ale l!'[m~:r (whe~ .,'i,·ppll!i;:~b!~}

DD :J.tot !)lise a lee:;.];!. mixture tiJ ,:kcel~!!1t;<!. 'eHi': \'t'i!1r'ru'H.1p. AchHi.1l.~~, .;lI.:~ UIi12 W.~-'NP rpm t.n:cr~ h. rr,(J.~tiooll,!" nb. difl'f::rence, in the 'mm~l'e'·8upplied too the €TI~jlle whether ·the rnixtur.E! . l;:l ill a Ieau CU" il'kh p08Jti,mit '.II!:!i :[tL!::!wrlng in UIl!::! plJll'.'ill" fan~~ is ~'!!,el'ned

t~' the tlul)t~le P'O)Ltto'n. .

A~ thel'e l;:l :nQ oI)C~;:;Iim'.! whHe OR the gl'Dun;i3, tG. 1I.I:!l,I'!' a lean mLxtu:n::. .PIJ!li.t~ol~, H is rrn:p~rfi(iv'iJ UIH~ ~h~ mixt'l.lre ·qcmtro.]: re.. nlt:!.~~ i 1'1" ~h~ ri~h b':.Iltli:l:i:lJfl' 1.(1 lli;;!ok-e ;!Jl.ll'!:'! ULat it .wtll ;~Li1t ba imldvlS!r~nUy fol'.[,' td,t sn, ~ri!tr to '~n:k{!--o1f~

E~gin:e f"xnaus.t 6mok[cJ)g', while l"U11l1.ing' '~dttel:o~ea thrC1-·t~le', !:lJ;o!)_I;!!ld be .eHmlnat.eii, 'b)l pta-per idle atijul:ltntE!Jlt, tlt!:!r~br pilE!. vt:n~jng fc0ulcd plu~s_

3. Car'bureto1" He::d

Wn(:'ft, dijs{. e,0.jtd1:~~'l)t1S arc: :P:I:.~W!1rt tl;iQ t;U!bureter a.i'r Jl:Jte:r ilhoul4. be used, As. SOOI1 ::b.'l. the ehgun~ R£!:~ 8taill~ed, the, .srir should! be ,dY.u Wn in n'Oll:l tbL{ sourt:e. mrHl ELfw[' th~ t.'J.ke-o-fr has- been performed filla, nTh ultitu:dl:l reac:ned' 'whE;!rf! ai!lst,..f~ ~tr 'iil1l :Pi\Q:!:i@ilt,

P'llii:rqg Pi£! 'A'ilI.lTll,;;lJ!!p' r:LUltlij"n$., the m~eoo )Ul:fcty ,~lLC:r1k ca,rB be IJerfol'TIled, Its' purpose i~ to ensure t'h at .'Ii]l igr.dt.i{)n OOirmec.. ti ("Ins· ;II.;r;'f! ..'I~_ure ~nd t:}];!l t .th1l 19h1t.icm '8;:r·.i!~ tern "I.dn I1Qrr.nit ope'l'aUon ~t th'e l!,jgner power used JU jhe B'fo(i1!j:n.n. ch.er:k t~ ~ "~DJPo

{~l'tUl'ewl' h~t ,.:;alil bl;! l!J:!led. ~z:I l'eql;l!hed 'lJ.t10:'!l!t' w~HlitiqllS l~~d!illg' to' i¢e fD,rrn!lIl:J:,on. In tih:offl case o,f eIl,gine& e~lJjJmed with fLoat

diJcwd lttte:r, The masneto !'.ifety (!;hll;~k is Q.o-ndueteq as £o-lliQws:

~ 1) Rpm - lDQG

(g) PrlJ'pri!'Up.ir - High rpH~ ([0"';: pitcb)

All G1;hN' w.nh0B th~ SMliC as d.nil'in~ w;>:rm-lj.il1;l -.F}xIm "BOlh" tn ''1Hg~i'L''

;!3;i!!id :~tlirn to- I 'Eoth""

,_ Fn(itl "Both" to ".LeU" and l'~tl!irl1 to '~:B[Jth"!'

_ .FraIn ;'Buth'" ~Qo "Ott':'i ]'1:1.0- men t:''lri]y an d. :r.p.t'i,rt'n to

"",Both";

Ylf' hi Ie ,;!jwitching 'fl"OR!r "~n~b" to a mngle rtn:[gne~(~ 'p:U~ltLC-:U, for ,ux@:mpJe t)"lD;rn' "B,otJti.~~ to ",R,jg'M/' a· 51 U~ll'~ 'but' notiGE:!\lI:!0l8 di-op ln l'f.I:rTI ;.'I.hn~11d, o 151:. lJ.t"; TIdt:l inillcfl.tes '~.ha t th'e 'l'Ippo.,lit.:! l!l~LJt~~1.:!1'lO MS 'been ~Jtrnt:>er.ly _g["!Jtin!i:0d ,OiNt and thaii:: the (:ol1.t'"lE;!t!ti,on. :Po '~h~. 8illci~:le '(1)t:'rMj t1:g" :m.:>.gru:ito :t:!3 i;~~I!II1'e. (\~rn:plf.:!tli:! ~utttllg lJ.out &£ ttl® engine wheft J:.wN,c:hillg' froftll ":C; oth" to "Otf" 'j'[!i:li c:;),teR< that both '1'11 ~·l:1ewF. ~~ proper ly i~~',()ilt'"~d~(], l? ~l1'1lr"," ,t~ ob~:!Lhl ~U:~~. drop \\ihi!if! in the ::linWI:I rm gnGwo Ptls]UCo.t.l, or f,ililu:r~ Q,f the e']lJ![ne to ell:t out while ~WLv:::hing to ~'Of:f;' tua~c~:~E'!;::I that nne 9t' :t..Uotb gru!lll1d CG"JlnQJ::~ ttuIL~ ~C lICIt seeured, Tho!] t[rne T8qUired 1';&T proper' w.;U'ming~'llP 8Lves amnle Wt'Qrtlimi'ily to ])el'form thl>'l si1'l!l'ple CUi::!ck. which J1lol'.Y d'i:::.i;:lCi~e .':I; ~!undHjnn, which woulrl m:;.100 It it~Hjl d~bk bj, cc\H tiItUQ OI..}I;I[,R'kLtt'.ll 'i:ill'~n af1:.er" '!)Ol'l'e.e4:.1:Onf:l have 'boon made,

(d) 1!o'. the f,,"el I:!sr~bmt dd!veti.u..g fu,!)! w "tih.e Eillgitll.{.at the J'cqllirod l)n~ll!lC ~ ~e) Al!e the Jti1'0P"=!,lp.f ani'!, pll peJ,'cilIlu'B'f::l' !ihiEt mec~.ui~ms ~md, (l'tW aCCTc:!!l:!:l!lllo net; liUncH6nlni! profiC:b,:k~r;-

Th:~' af.!6\":.;:!f,;S ~Q t;t!.i'!:;::f! glJlr:~t!.ons ,f.)J''e i e~~d :LTI the W!J!r:;:je, (xi th,e ;g.Fml~d ehack.

A ilt.!il'nilJltd -gfIIU.tlfl. G!b£iti}{ i:-:. flerfrlWmp.d :\l:=; lollQ'w~: :rho ;ijircrafi ihouHl be headed h~t.{) the '~';i't1d, Lt t'iOflsil.)lR-, i;o tak,e a;:!,!y;;:r:rJt~~ (If 'ilbis c:aol~]:Jg .:iirllllw,

T, C!:f.fitnil Pollitl!r)'rt Ch~t:k '

t,q @w.i1:.ch
(4) Hwitch
,~) Sw~t¢h C(>w] F]:;,:12

.M:i,.turl~ -

p~~,])~i: er

Cnyh,:n0"r lTr.r.:;' C;;'!Ull~ H\)r _JJ.~! FjJ~'~J' ~'~ pe.,mh-\!il7o!':'!' t;!)l1h0!

u ';: (. •

• oJ: Q:·a~'_'~ '~W.:I~rl~

@;I)J:J1CfbLf!j

F',ru.;.:~dlUl[,C!-

- o.r~l1

- Ricl!

- Hi;!!"! mm

(;;:.I~l

- _~ is ;rEi{J ulre cl

L:;','i! X ,;::q~"o\!.l, '-"r' Qff

1" t.:he.&k 'P'l"0pellu aMordtl1:~ '~o. p!"!I)p,elle;r' l'tU:lJl:1;! fci:l;rtlIt:a"'~ i t15'tl'U('ti on,

2; O:pi:lfL tllt'ot1;lii:! to matl,'i£old pl:e:!ls')}re{:'it (li:ikl :to fjli:kl bm~bJl:J~tdc: 'tl'~ ure

S, \5,V!.~tch i't'Q:rn "B:UH'}[ ,; to ",fl;lUJfI'i; "';TId ""l'e'nrrll, tr.J. ':JlQ'fll"

K(ltmOJ:l (lro~ - 5iO-75 l-pm';' Ji:r~ximUfQ, d:t"l)p ~ 1.00 r'pm '"

4_ S:..dt!.!j~J ,from "]30TN" 'btl "I LE FTJ , ~)1d return ~t;;t "ROnic',

}i D!i'mal ctmp ~ :ii-O .. 75 rpm·

Max'i.mum iJlfP~ - 10(10 i'pIa >< JtlaKil'nJ.Hnd~;lferet:lce between "Rlil':;H'I" and ·~tili:~T!f _ 4)) r;pm,':

0, Cheek:

Fu'el lJ'l"ea;::nrr€ - I 7 [IjIsi· Oil Wl::!~~ur'i;! _ E!i pl:li t:

6., Now l1>m

7, Ret~J'd thl;uttle

,;_ ,G!tui1tLd ~1it4]l,

... !i.:H~ 'thf1 ffi"Lginl!! haa bJ:il.:lll gLV!:!T~ ::;Um~eILt low pOW'er l'lJl1liing 00 m,~te 00r~a[11 11ffLt FlU par.t:::i 'are ['e~l:~· to ","Drk tog;et~er~ it ::ibo!1~tl!, & a'b[1;! to ~lii:!li'i.;'e!:' Il:o.~.;re !lOWE!r with, ampl-l!! i'eliab.ili'iw____:_und pl"'ol:t..!i.bj;:r ?rllL Hm~'f!'i.;:!r, the-n a~ a t'ew ~u~tjcm~ that :rmfZ'lt :PitlJt~ j,\'iU '!.'f.Jllh to h~~' ,[~Jl.}I't'i"erJ:ed bQf4J)~'G: 'Ut0Y wn'~Ir:ll( 1.1tti!:rtIi'!el ~''e!!' ·t() 'i'li1~. i£llew ;jepepil~),")p' (In thejl: p(loWel~t dux" tog thE ta~i'!-[}ft\ for ,e:x:='!irl:l:p~e :

(~) l?J the < en_ghl;~ ill" ];il'(lIb1oe.r:-'mGe~i!Li~ic:~J l;:o-T1ili~jm~ ~

tb 1 Is the oit sy;:rt:em J!ullcHmung at the rf!quirep. f.'I\E!!lo!lll'r.e?

(~) Ii:! the ii:nJ:tt'lln B;:p"S'i;em pel'f"orminF.:' ;propel"], 't

XO'1')£: I ALlilhJL'<~Il.L 11!(1.tl:j~N" W{ib ;f~ mlJJtf~Ee; ,?pl!l!Id Ol" 1)1'; It~A"'€o ,~~-c t;'I1'pI~ry:Jr,iJ:I:'~.c~ ~Ilukl)' ~1mL! ~,ho~~.:o:J~lg, 'l·jl.';! ~~;:'lIltJ]:r.: c CtlStl!L:.eg ,Ill th~ ;!'i~~\~ irI:;'~:C ~t.;.C8{!1J,1'Ij "",'~II hi,! "')i'~I~lli n1~d i II. ['hiP ~'J'Dp~~~~,~~i.L'!I dmii]l'b~ t~~B .:q;~a~(!(rrJ' ... 1: th~~

~~c~Rl .i~I',~, '

Tn .!l:d('liUOl1 W Ute (I'~el'@tiQns. 0lLtbined :ab~""'e:J the 'ful)(l,'tio,l]j ng of 'i8:t't~1l S jt~m:=; IOf ,dr-plarie eQ!llipme~t, ...... 'ill be c.hecj[(:!d in an 8.JiIpro,iY~,aate order,

~q'b%e f<:oon1jti.ea An fiDr ill1lStJ',;i~otl-, C'.oo1sult tb;;,' ~~iJfk .;J:Pe~.o:tJGtl LI3bJ.·ld~u~b:S ,[Itt "'al U.C~ ,a:ppLVlC:.g Iro ~ ~"ti.ol~I,!!I·!11';.II:!t1ai'l!~.

DISC us S:1 ON

1-. Propeller Ch~ck

TnT1 ptL1p!S'Ui2f check is ;PE':1'iorm~d to l:!1isurc proper '(!ol~.rnUOT.! of th!? p,itr::'!-.i. ;;:0:;<11' 1'01 and '~h~ p,jtch chang!? mec.h9:rUsm" Ea~h tYre f.lf :pr:op.ettel' .1~'Ulru~ H· diilf:ereu t p:t'(:lOE!dure,. .a.'Jlu t~e, !ilpp~mcfl,b'Lc m{l.liI1~f:w.tu!['e["B ifis;tf~(!·tloos' sJ:imlld! JJ.e f(llJO'~e(J.

cnaine j:!lo ~:;LI1La'blc of deli ..... et"li1g ,il gtVeD, :q9weI at a ,gl van l'pTIl ~~d lIJlJ.llillchl p];'~~ I:i.U!"i:), T~lli. miginal C8?Hbr.~tiffi1, m" me::il:!lu~ mellt (it !p.ciowe~'i 1:3 made. by means ct:!' .i dY.ir.li'lua-meb:!I'. [)urirl_g ~,he grollnd e~f!,;::l!:, .rni:m,:::ul;e~1ent of lmwiEll' l~ made w~th t1fl.~ !P,1'O;Pc.l1er, \Vnh ccrrL~ll:~mt co:n.nitiou::1 of .t:41r denlllitr, the pr~o.;pcller, ~t ~~~" .IL-.;:~~ pit<i.h l~p::.ttiDn. \lj;'ill .nlw..ays r:equ:i:f;0 '~'I'lIe same ;nrrn 'bu aJDsOor'O the ::iI:1J:Ht! hm:.sepow~1." iro:rrt the !p.iIlELlle.. TliiE. ~h:a&a£,teristic. 'J;!! US8d in Q!!? terrn~llin.g tbcoT:Jdii;:ion 01' the eng1!'le. An~ increase ~:n m:!l!!11hld pressure ~ qufred to 'I:!~tain HLI2 same ;rpm.. tDr con"el"!1,ely, ULii:! .tllfi'bLUty to 0bta'iJl the. ~'hcc,k i:'[J.m ,·tHh ~he c:lte~k manH:p!(] pre~m'e.1 1 .. s 'an indication t,h::rtt the !l}uR'lne is not ,gLvill:g: t h'l;! l~i(!ol";tfL.1nCC Qof wtkh it .h'l ~_.lqrable. Vari:!l.tiufi in fiUitlJic!e"ot tr.!:!- tle~J~ O!~ whkh the check is made Woill r:8~ i.lH in 'i''.j)j.rymg manU'QJd ,[)[,E!::.::.ui-el5 [(11' a. g"l~"'l'!iIJ "['pm ~Ei 58 ~ndk:H ted in Ff:;t. 28., .

B.d'O]t~· st~rtil1g the eng.i::w31. observe the roOi~jtoln predl'fUfi2 .f4f1.ge, In llil g.a;goP. wm I'Qil.~ Jl;p.pl"OKirnately" thE! atmoe,r)li~l'k n)al"0- ruet1iC) 'pl'!?'Sl;lure WhN"~ the el:lJ:'ine is not rq;nr~ln:g, A'~ f;l8j.'i!,Jeve;j tlu>3 j,~ .'Iippi;o..'T~mi!:l'i1ii:!ly ~~o in. H:1il' and ,at f.i!?]d~ ,5;bO'\'t': l':Il;!H level the .atll.J,I1;::1phe:f'i1:: prcf:lf:I.tll'e "Wil!' be le8~, -, depr::!nn.. If.!g en nCti,ght above sea teye].

"i\1ten 'E'jK': eni.ine· j S :lotarted! :g;na Li!I 8:reJi!J.w-:.. !"L'ted tbe m.p.;I!j.f'otd prE!'i!I::;u:tl:i WHr taJ] ot{ IJJDtiJ !5I:'hQl,lit lfl.:OO L1r 1700 ll'pm is :t:~a(!Q",..d l'i"he:r.t U. w1U hegin 'to rise, At. aiJpruxl~ Trl<l:tezy 20.1}0 l"IJ;Fq:, with the p.rop.eUcr In

.siPl!!c:~fio!! \,=hecH of I"fU::tL and ·rP.fl.llLf-o]d Dt"e'I!!!1Jrt! !l"1::!'a·ti.ohShlp' should he made g.l;lli.n8" e:ll.0b. gt'u:UJ1d cll:ec:l~, Tlli>'l 'm;p,1!"" be· UiJf.re, at the time lM'I!l engl.lle l!i,orun-.up' te wk.e th~ ~;gn'Bt!.')l check, Tile bQam idea ij£ tPi.s, Iilil:!l1!k is to measure the ~orrn.:m(\e of 't'hF,! ensine. aga;:nat· an E!8i1:abH!l};u .. ~d s1...i,Utdal'd, Q!jlibl'iH!£ion wiS:t:s hf('iI(!' di2ti~l"ll'l:ine{L that th~

$.S

fL~8rJ 1'LiU io:tw f)ltciL p;;;.S'[11unr the lfJauif'oo.d pressure !'Sn0lUd ~ ..the £.;:LTIlf: as t,he al'i::n.g:;inner~Q nresaure, That )5, if thl;! m~ni:fold pri:,-~sllt"e' guge '~cli:i!1!.!1 {.Ht~!i'.i(}':':1lhQdi2.! pres~ure~ ~s 300 'in,.E1K" betpre ~'-~artil1g t:.b e l.:!ilg:itU;!. the ]It!2!!!i.'IUrE:!, readi!'flgshtJuid ,l'chrltn ttl ~O lrt~ HU ~t appr-oximateJy :Wo~ rpm, Qf'~ ,l:f thE! mani:lf'old Pl'€!'.!!ifLlt~ ;g).:6"'" ru:;:",lft l:1l6 )n. Hg :OE;f:o'rco "'~~brl;'inv.'! it sl:!,!)I.l:Jd ~~ ,26 lill. Hg a;gaftl O'L t a,[~Ihro::dm.a tel1{ 20~m rpW,_ ,][,h~ £(~~W.~ .t1l'Hl ffil.4:y ~fI!lY with, \".nri01l3 moo~l~ (If >e"tlgjl1 es 9:t" bec;;:L~~se, 9ti .... ~ryi]]g: pl'c~.p~li:lr." ~h::U-.I:l(!Wri~ti~:!'I_ In· il!8[ul'n i~lf:lt:!.LlJHtj(J!'l~ '&h~ t!-lm !~"'Qdii!d, 'btl ~Ql:!!~.IrI.,l, a mfl.ll[f,olq '])l'e6SlJl'e nw.Y be aa high as 2000 :rpm, ,H,i.)\'i!~v~l"p op.:;e, 'tnAi!o requ];t"ed rpm ru:!l.!:i [b!2!en @st8:bll13he:d fryr £ltll [:Q:!it.&ll:!l. UOil; ,00:4" ~pp'¥Q('j:a ble :'"aJlj,'l.tiOOl lheiL"efi"om indicates malfU~iLctloning, !j,'l:tl!'l mOlY be ~~1l1l~ :I;~,E'!' ,t9"W f~i kfl ,stb,p ul t1~;;! prtfllE-!-llf:!!."' ha!;. Jl.I:lt )Jf!eJ"l PtiJiPlJfly .!:!~t o't; h~iUli:l~ tJ:;1I.~ cat:'1umhlll' n~ iil':n-LtiQTl sl..-item Is riot; fune'ti0.lting properly \ th.i:l ar;.c l!t".::I!.:;r of 'tni!:. r:h;::!t:x :mw be fltt'ec~ed. lOy ~h'l1: i(lllo'i'ltn:g' v,ru:.i-liJ bld:

a, Wind:' - ,Any fl.ppl"C(!.jR'blc· H.tl' meeetn'i:!-~:],1;' W 'n!Ji Ie,!!- ,Ji~J' hour 01' ,ml)re;) wm !2hai1ge;. '~be' arr load on 'I;~f!- [lil.'i1pel1E!-l" '~lMe w:ben it is. in tho ~}lif1d pHi~h pOF:iti Q-1l, A 'h ead 'lA1l;l't1 will m~8(!; the' rpm (}bt::t±t1ab.Je ''i!i,~th a ,given ,[~LHnL\fD],:.l pt~~!:iurT,,!.. A tiLil WLila wm dJeCI'8a~~ the '-vm"

. b, A.tmCi,.'luU€!i!;LC Thmper,a-fm::es: ~ 'Fihe il;!ffe(_~t!l, of Y!i!"Lh'ti()IilIi;;; in a tnl,{)F,lEjI'hf!l'ie wtn-p0 ['-I:"itlH'1d t.o&.tlll lo ';':.:!I.llG"']. ~l,l!::'~i etber, Hi&'hu: carburetor. ,e'I1Itr:ance' ::11Td cylin ria: :tem~erat_iu'eB tend to ]owei' the rpm, hu~ th,~, ,)!'Ir..pp.]l":!.i'" lG.ll,d ls Hg'hterrtd bc:caw:so ,gf tllQ 1~:3 denso air,

c. ,f'Jl'Ig1,t1!f! ;and ]T:I riu,ii:1;iQt1! Sy!'!,tf!m Teml.)£r.ll.'lilt~:: ,_, If UliEi 1!.~'Jin~ !1f'.itl. 'L':3:t~ buretor- air - temperaburcs ,lai'£: . hIgh 'b~eal!.lse'·.o~' t'f.!(ltor, other thau atmos~n~l'll1!l- t~ni'p~'r;y:tu:n~,; ',IG'W :rpm 'Tim .result !'I.1- '~he PCo'W'{!l' v.rftJ [bt;! lo,\ ... ;;il:fgd

wmwut a c-01tL1)ensatin.ii:' lo'-V':eri~ of th,l! 'p\"OI~n'P.l? lO;:!li;l.

d, CHI T1!!mperabJre i'"-,C'~Ad ~tl ",,,j·lt te!1l~ .to h:oltLd'OIl,'irjl thQ rpm ~:3 Uii.l hlghsili ~i ~5ity vesults in lnill"e(JJsed fl'lcl:ion lHJ;h3 e'fI g ...... E! r 1i)::;;::;oe!>"

.G..:~·.·I j I --~II ~.I

- .) -;~~tryn·>:·.:.·:'< i-- {,', - :- .' : .

. - .' L1111;'V" . ; .,.:-{-:-" 1~1:~·:_'· .

: : .:,'···:~J:.~'~L _;:-::.".' .. , ;:;:~:~.' ,,···\:i;::·:·:' ;:

/l-:!.. ",r.:,;<' ",:-:,,~, ~::-, -. ,' I ~- ~ \.

it ;'I~~: -- ;~:~~;~)~i~\':/ ' ~~l'-::

• "," • I • I I • ~ •• , ... I,:,..r - 'I . _I '" {I • ..,. I • • • I

I -,' "-:-:". :;I~"''''-''''L~ ~.I.I.· I. ~II .~'·I· :~.. . ..

'p'. ····1.'·· ,-'1"'('''''' "',.,'-:

;:~I::;~ i .' .' .1~~~7- .. ::::-'

••• • I," _ ..... I-~~-

In .pel'tOl'millg ~hl!l m~g!l!jt.o (!.h-~r::k '~.I;IiI::l 'Power f;,bi'ijo:rpii1l:a: cll..r:.l'aeteri~t!es or ~h(\ pf."L1~ ,fI~lll;!r in tYJ.e l!l)W ;fiKf!Q l]'1t;'..h ;posH-ioll, !lr.-e li~111;!l8d~ In ,~w±t(!hITlg 1;0 ind"l v (.;hJ:;l] ,m~g=nates tlw l:.!uWJ]g' ~lU:~ ~Jr~tb~ op{)IJ~ih plilS;6 're~,l.lJtB lcfJ a lower ~t{\ 01.0 e:u,m.bu::;tion 'whi!!;:b. gIveR the same ,eif~t as ret~ltla: ~h.{\ ~ll'fl'k .!I.Uv aMI:3. 'rh,!:! d~np 'in. engl11'e !!~d i~ ~ Ine.QJS!I.lrT.1. of UtI.:! .lO!!H a-f. PO'WI;!!r ~ttF!~~~:l::l.f on this lower combustton ,![',l1L!.:J.. By' ~Dii1,fk!iri1J:g the !"pm dr'W}-O'!:l:' wjt'h a ,knm"'"ll .::b~Ll.d.lI.hl th!2! U)Uo",·j ng' ;3;3'12' cl:~~e'r'" ttL~lle.d. ~

"'<. 'P~r 'timing' {If ~ch mBg!~I2'b!J_

h. 6errLi:!f'~l e:rLgim-:! 'Petriol)f,mal1 ee ~ evide'11i:OO b.y ::!ImQiJth ~}pe!'atLo.u"

:11:, Atl)i:Uh~~dl ~l[lick ul! Hli:! '~)!"i1p.el' COB~

ni:!(:ti:im of' ~.h,p. igniti(lifJ le;);;j6.

~AnY' unusual cfOUg,b]J(:,~~ ~m !:!ltr!eI· tn,'i,gneto 1;;J an inrue.."til}][ 'e-I f~lJ!l1.s}" jg!d~ro'Il eau !I~d ~')y I~lu,g fDl~l.i.r-~g 01;1 ~1' .malfl1r.!ctiol1f~g o()f the live ~~ae' !J'! Hii:l ignition >:::t";.'!.tem, Thi2: op&r.[ tor should OJ:! \iU".r ::lE!Tl~iti""'e' to engine rmttg]llwSS dUI'Ln;({ th1s ~'illl!lj!k, Lae;k !'!!it a dr."f.lp-b:!f 'way be an indiooticl'll u-J!' ,f.li!ll1:l!:zr !l)'Wllll rHlltg ~)j, (Jfl-l'i ;.ae;,ne fif t11 p, i8iflitioo j.)'I:1~ 'tern" Cpmplere olJ1..'Cing lJiut wlten !11Witc:hiiliit' tl) OTI,~ m.fl!gueto iii; aef.initr2 ~""J,de[rt~e iI:]~.af.' ~Lct..!i ~id.f;l ,ot th~ i:g:QjtlQtli !!:ys-tem 1;; n!.:li~ LI:liliIIi:tloniI1g,

.J~.x~I:l~!:-I'ie clit'f!2!rE!:rlce fill 't'plir. ,dro!il_.,.Qt!' lrQ-, tween the leIt and riF:'hb ,P0s1tJon::, I!.::H'I tndir:/!, t.e a Qi [f~:rer"cP. in timiing' betwecJl ~h~ ]i;!l1f ~.u.d :rigM mllglJi~h.!f:j_ ,1n.I!I~mU'i."!h aFl ,Pl'att~ &: W h:~tlley Aircraft Ill'llldets lISIl! tnt ::;;,i11i:E! ::l;J~u:k .!I.aVH.rlOO fo[' both !'..~de:::l i1<T th;e ~]jj:~i(lfJ .5ystml1, ~l)(:h a ('.!OHditil)Jl IilhQ~ld be -I:;{lt;rE!~~Qd.

• , 1","(

_','i()~',) oil

- - '1' 20-

-,~ ,

-:., .' , ~ ,:'

.... \ -,

' / I

thsn warm-ujs rrn'" mu~t be lo:.e'pt W'.n miriimum i' 4's.::Plilc'j all,r ,~£ the aL:rcrnft LS not h.Mcte~ in tG. 1\ goo,j wind. 1t ,~ e~eJlti<:li~ t:h::5Iit. ~ylind~,r head tetl1iB~rltll'r~ ,never liliulJQu, the TI1~;ximiJiIm splOll:;lfllS!d iT}.i: cl)ntinno).l"st opel'~~ '1i'L tfn , ,~\.nd it it de1il;atle to. k,ee~ ~h,em ~lt l:CllISt ':;;(}F (;'~Oc:) be"]wiIi' 1:fu;l .D!L£LXirrmm eonti.nml!;lii. limIt. h :fniJ!:!;['oo rem.ernl:lierect that ~h(~ h~:~l.d, kmt~e1'a.tUl'e ill dki.'L f,o!,:, u:;; c-rmJlie~,t£d to, 1I\o1W ~;rlulii£et: O~l;]Y _ ~Ll~ cyHw.ll.:!l" k scled!:!O! ou thE! b::u:J.::. (if :tH:f!;fit ooMttiQ~~, ~'11 d often will, not be th.e'[1 (ttt~t .cyHn.deJ:' during gT'(tlll~,Q: gi"l€!'t'.:! UI;!:tJ,.

ru e,6 P'fi I;::$!: U R E

TtL.:;! fueT ptlmp ,r!:!H-i:1f c~'al V8 ,uS set to glllle nQrTI:l~J l1ii<l'ht pJi"ei!iB.l.'.Ll:e at th"l' 'rpm. of I~hc g'r-:Qp,ru:;l, chaek, &Jld'.!H::tury fuel pressure

y i[l;Ji,e0.UtJ.:n "".9. t this time, lie @.'i:SJ)!l'!ll!1l(!1;'! tl1.iit the. ftMl ~reln is J)'mpeEly :El!I!n,.;,:Htlli[il:g.

eu, PRES'suiH

T.h~ oil eressure re]j ef' <"";,'I.lv~· is .~ t-ru gi'\''IOi

C'" -:; ...

a stan dard oil 'prei:l::'I;L121::! at thg :rpm u'E tue

g.i:"O!l.llld !!h!i:!dk find with ;u, ~pecdlea ooJ ·t·ew.;])ffi'.atu:l'€!. 8:ntL<:lf~ttou ill diC;3:f,]{.!n 9£' oil Pl""€!l!l:!I'W ~ ;!lit. tb I;!, :.'I-IHM!-'lfied te:rtllX!'l'£i.tll~..Q ls assuranoo Hwt,ac1eql'L,ate oIl pressure wHl be ~'ijaH~ abJe to·r the opE!-J;:.'l.ti:ng I'i'.I.!~g&.

.1:'''IIl.K fouH:ng llll,fHc.ulty ]s the ine,,'J'I:.-li,ble ra::.ul'. ·IJ£ !&llul\!a;'JO :pN~'idlQ :RLO'Pel' idle m~xtUl"('-; ;.:ettill.F::. 'The tenden.::1t~· :!lE:!E:!-F.n;:J t'o bE'! to "adj ,~;:::t 'tJ;I-g ~d] iiliJi :rnDl::L,Ll~,~ -iJJl Lhil ~~i;e:mGiy l-ici.h rid6 .and. eo compensate tOl:" tti 5 ty' tI,d~Hst~l1:2: tit!:! til 'i'l}tti.e ::ll~~p: to ,;II. !CielaH~'E!lyhi:!{h }:ph~ L-br Jni'l.trrl~jll idling. ,\VHh .a p~"'{IpcLh~ 00.1 m:ted [d;Je- setting 'ut ts Doo£lb'le to ;r~m. t'ne ~n'g,in~ at 401} f.piH"L ,vr 'eV£lL Ie:=;& fo~' lO~Lg pe:~'.LiJ'i.hi "\'r"il~l oomplet-c !l'08Q.l)ln 't);"0111 :p]ug IOU Ull g. ~.1~ ... 1{ ~ .'Iettb'ig wil i.l'p.-

sulr [n :!J. milli1r~~ln M plug fOllHng" £KhfLlIst ~m(lkit1~ ~nd l(la~Ulj.R' ~~p; al1l\1 ,dn pay divLa dends f~~i:lm the ::lR. v~J]g on th~ aiqlhl.:nd bnll:;.G.:; Hl1~T It'LudiJLI!' ,cmd .,_ .. ·h il~ taiii~~.

, '

1:£ the w ~n.4 Ja nvt wo< 5tPJ".rL!{. th-e ~ll.(;!~k !:II U.i.E!: hll~ .ml}rtuN- .~e~ting- can e;");si14 ge- p~rf:Ol':Ji[le-cl, di.rrini the' gJ'Cl[!.FLd ~hed!k: ::Ji..I io'llows:

<l..' C](lW fh.l·O'tt!:t~

h. :M!:.f'\i'~' u):LXtnrl'i eontrel ·i;oW.at'(l idle cutcitE and observe l":l;1;!1.~~~- n:~ l'!i'liI'J,

e, Mm'~ mi::d.'llJ:\'" coa'Ltl'ol bMl~ 'l:oilI .;). uto-

matte l'kh b~I}Te e'11 ~"I1.e r:1;l ts <.Iff

As ~nf!,. mixtu r'e 'I;'i)llb'u] le\'~f is ~llli'i'Cd towa~'od iii[1;l <e'Ltt"o[i" iiIJ.\d befm<'e n0m1ili.1 dmp{I'll'.i one {If twn thi'ng!:. m!1.1o' UI!1.!.'Lli.' m.ill"t1EiJil~ldly :

Ltt~~c. if MY,· cooling- a'rr1'li!)W i·~ <J;,(;li.iJoaM!:! on t~(;!: ground, and ,()[.i>I:ln'LtUo.n -I:1Iib ,gfTil<lIi.~r-

TJle ~[~!£iJjfl 8l)&,liid ,t't'~~1.J· rnCl'ea81:' by :3.::0, much as 20'(), or 3£111 nnp" Alii inerease '0£ n,~)~ m()r~ 'lli8;'Q. 2<r~ rpm :L'TJdk>i tE:!1.'I. pro:pet;' :tm:K;hU'C :!;h'~fh" A greater iH~r'i£t:,:j.::!e :fJ.::Hi!.!!. 00::' that tho:! mh:htrE:! il::l, 1:00 -rvch, ~s the en gil'. €:' aecelerares w hilec 'kh~ !~d;,,:t\l:r8 lB:!(ll:ii uu L t;htt!'u.wh be!:'lt p61,l.~1""

'Ill-e ,engmc speed may nul JncrMSI;!, 01:" ll1;="J~ dJIQI) ir.nme~i.'i:te1-K. 1l':h:if; ~ll· ~j()~te.:; '~h."1t ,t~' HI1~ frtLx~tU!!.'1:I i::. too lS&ilf H~- th'l:l :ful&,~..-.!I.il"" !["::'!t~o h'8<1 stl'a~ii!:hi;W<1Y ~car.ed Qill~ b~ymld b~i:-J:, POW'ffi",

The, idle, m~xtlira .illt!uJd be :!I(!t '00,. givE! a, mixture sliih t.:ly !I.'iche.r. tb:.an bc~t.llo-u.'I.:I:l" rc;!iu_lting ~n <\10 to,2il} rpmrus,e. ",:ftel' Ml{';'eun~Jft

iiil.:l'l:Y to ensure l;2Npel' ground :Ll-nd '[tight idl~ng',

N{jIT!~; 'l't.i..~ ~i1~'ri L1;,~~ be 'EferfDnl'L~d lilt atill ilih CQtl.'lit.iomi, Any wn@!iel".(llfJ~ w:blllf, ..... ~tlt. "f!.~ ;~aA. (Jl' '~all., !:or a~~1J'.:ll!I; 1J1_(1 .>ll~1 LlDII., " .. ill [I:f,i~!lt r;."Je" r~&'llh.

S:h1;oo the ln~,tet"i""g {If rhe fuel b;; 't.b~ ~hL1ite!k~t' itt dlri:' idle l;'S1",g~, il;! not, cornvensa Wd fur' M'eiU1U!2t i.e l(JlUl:lws t1:-.1I t 1m irl • .:!: mixture s!L':tti'n~ cl}rruc1JJ' adj tl.t:ited lo!" lJo....""€ fiili.d i!Ti~Y n cit giv'e F:atjs.r.aJi1l::01'~· ~ tdomE!' Gtbo:r hi:tld of dr~eL-en t '('j Uitllde- Ii t~1i! miXtlli"t: f~ wtir",ti]if' 8E!t mr the

of tW(I f[e~ds" ~t wHl temj '60 be- ~OCI rid!. :II the highe:t:' f~f!k:!; 'if l}ol'r,eC!l:Jy ~L roc h[gl1l~m 'ft!:!ld; it wHl bf! t~ tErI fl ! lower. In the tl~Be of all aEr:p_!;l.n.e iIilJght scheduLe' ealls far :!lh.:!_p.!5 at ~ 'i!l!!:!ld::l 10£ d~:!tel'>ert:l; ,~ltjtllde$, U. ~ ,fl.lll{ bE! :(~m fl'di po~5~bJe W mal«! ~ pr-omlw., 1tltl:!!t~'cli;li:te i!l'jle milrtlll'e ~ • ......:;& :w:Otd'.! ).~'Ul gi v« g.!lih:d'a~i[;.11\!"yj H no . m::;i:!ltii .lI,t ~.l'.(:n, of t.h'€i '!l,un uus ~eJiL4-illl'I!'Y of, thE:!- I1rt",tu.re tOI 00 toe rid:! rt altitude, and h0LL'~1iI to "tDr~~";l!l])'iI c-!: the -q'lf.'l.l'k [f.I~'ili!!?~1' mcl1' b"" tlft'se .. by ir:Umg ~f!!il'Bds !!li.ghteJ~i' hig"blor tb~Il ,!I;]&!"mai

T~~l;s !:!:l:iE:!":li. ~hm.iild be _P~l'f'Ol'mE'!'d whh t~~ddlin:!!:' ~:peed -set i\"r 400 tu fl.-{) 0> r.fJlm , I!t' '~h(l: ['pm If:! rli.ghIlW1w!r.',t;:-B1rt i.m1il1,g ;1dju..'I,t. m~'t wm R-ot I'tS'll:~t, In -add.iiti.(l1Jr the engino c::r'li~ldE:!r" lL~lJ o-il ':[;ll!mpl:I'!:'.:ictu:re:::: ~h{)W!lcl b.;:!: .Il,.t a s:j:~bmz.er.! ~.'alu-e ~S'entjn8' the notmru tcmp.8~'.i!; [JUl'-OS ,fIt wlI~eh_ the '.mgiw!'! ''.l.-1.lt O'IJl;!·1:';lI.t-e at thts 'rpm"

fl1'ihi:=. (.!h'l)i.!k f:!hollilld be iPl3rfor!!)'.i_ecl. fr!;!quE:!'lltl~,'):nd l1-eOOSMr~" adj,iUf.lhnc~~~ matl8 till !~!dW tU'5~a!~,~:tiQfJB, as. Ule' cli.'l.:ph~gJ::i:1P! o,~ :new (.!a:d')u,reu)r'"'1: may :inClot ba 'I!~ 5D<3.~f!d fO)' ~, ;~l'liJffic:i:l:Jt1. t l.e.r~gth ~:i iHme tl!) lJ;Ib..t:,,:1:c]'j ih-ei:r mnru. fl.e.xlbmty, -As tliJrxy ~m(i: miJ'ft!; !pH •

• ,.bJe: t~e jQre. 'rn'ixtulle settinF-l: mu~t 1;2 ,M~ justed tn mi3;ill:ta~n the ·dJesfr,ed idlhl!i'. M~ U~e U!nphI'H.gm nal>. bl:!i::!O-mil !'.oakedto a 'permQ..uent t!l!!on,diti(rln .lit i::. i:]1:!:!:l!l'ahtE! to (!he'(;$ the i~ljng mixtuiC' ~Qt~i:n:g' !:~u.

c

$. fr.:,.::t'~l~lg'

l[J F:E! a !'!i1Uooth flo~~' or lliI:iWf!l" or -allLt1'b~b (!han~!3- o'f I!Q'Wer tlu.dng taxi iTiS', ;Rapjd ~ll-Il freqi!Jf!TIt "j{:;:';:?liw.'l! Stt-~jme.:;l m'tef.f<8l.ic~ ''r'/,1:i:lL '~hi:l I)p~'l'I3,Hml of th!3 ,1lI~!i!~B"EIt,. Ll~2' pu:rqP,. w1th the illeR!;! it that bll~kJiI.~ [lt~~.lJ' because 01.' ehe low ntmn.i!1Jld ~tcB&Uf-LlS j'Ll:!lt .'ljr.~e1:" :,'I; ah_.(l;l\I clo:.!d.l!Ig of ' throttlfu;, 'A~hile tfj~ ~:ngfne Is Sltlll tunm!l' at a, ,hi~h r'P1'H,

--,...._,__,_

91

COLD 'WEATHER OPERATION

......

• J IJ":" ;:...... - .v; :: ........ I"I""I~EiIn-rI'I •• II_ I ~

~' =:,,:-.

,Cllld '\','E!atlLf!r (~~:>I;!['.at[()T1. aiT" th!1!'~::,,;ll'~ra1t e'L1g1:o:1:! tnvelvos cot~di ~'LOW:, tJ:U\t ~guh'!il .!::pooh;J ]!<Yi.Pb'il:.utiQ't1J;; .;-I,nd ·p;rec!).'I,ril;1il)t1i6 as oom];i;l!. l'·ed to ,1'1 Q !I'J;n;;L I. Wo::!u1]lill: Opli!rutlon_ Yapo·n:.:ut·uon of the luet !b.~comes dJjfi~ult, lIJnd tJ)A h~®. viscooH;~r (If tlte. oil ·8:H~ redl;l(!elJi Qra!1ok{~g !l:peC!d ... dth :;Li~a.'flmp.:J,ny lug high l(1fi1db~ on 'lJ:I,'C ::wr:1:.c·r afld ba1.tGl'ie-.:::". OftJP.n tbe ::I,c:cB&.'J0i!'l~ :f~~l b~c:allse ;of' con geal edi JUil. E:-;:ul..!~~ve L"J':Wtlrli:!!"" p:r":i.rnLllg 'i'.1u!:ihtii:- 'kJ:u:! lli~ frnm t!te lJtMOn rl:IL;i!;s Md ·e:ylillder Wl'<~ eauslag pi::;tOIl, '8L"':uffing :=i:l1 d :;'l(!GFtng '\J'f the .::yUm:l!?!'!."'.!I, while fu01. jIL(ij.V ·ooll'il:(!t in i;h[;! bottem llj.tfl.k;@ Plll~. :bt ~W~e- hydra'U)tcklll;;::.

~nIUl.~A·n~li~

ApPIIDXlml\Wl\' i} P' (-4'1). C} i.s "tnlJ lowest tempe 1".lI.'Thlre ;jl."t w~i-r:h eng1ne etartln g can b",- aec:c-mpl:i.sh!3d Lmlng ~h(:!' ::.L~[l!1~ ..... fd t!l:l:'l~lng .. ~ysk:in, 1:I,1:=~e!!'so:r'ies, ;lI,n(j b:=i.tt~l'j.f!~;; (PM min,~ ~"'i:lt=m'!\ 'are b!::!ir~g ·d~\'elDped £1:1.( ::.otl:i.e en.g~~ wh.1r.::"h p8iimho (:oll.~i::!ltetj.t s~ai!'~S at ~2n F (.2.'9 'C) Oil:" lower ·\lItith.iJ-ul; thE! iii::::!:! "00 l!leheat_) SLl-oc€..'!~.rlii.l :lit:!:l,rting' .Q-t I_hi! I.\Qnp(a:aun% ~~ eon ting"cmt c-;tl <').dc~jll~"t<!. oi I d:lh~trot\, !1lHffi(iel1t C]'"an'ktrug "'IJ,~!;!i.l.i' and p~'{ipCi L8ciLplqll'€,E1Lcx];t(!r,it:[lccd. p8r~oB.nGl w'iIl lleqll i re !l;on5ide·r,able ''Pi!'aetke b~fore ae hi. eying rli::!f'E!~ld;!lb~e ~'i.t:-!j:rting at {) F~" Ht:0 [: ~ _ V@r:i c.:xp~b.l'!:!: :pm'sonnel. U!;!'~11..l1:: the ,oo;rj""'~Jltional s"ta;rting" .prOoi!e-Qu t-e, h :=i:'j.'e m.arl!f! :::Iti'irl~ ,!:tt much l!ll''i!!!::!r hllfl.pcratures, {lceMi.plWlly as low .(!IS ~ffi3 F {--37 C:). 'Rilf ...... ·.e'ifeil', this f,i,lf;ac:tke i.!I. 1t~t ·r'eDDmTJte!nD.ed £11:11" g!l!!IlQ:l"~l U:s(:! b?~fLl1£(!· of :I..h'il: m~H'lootll)f '~lU'd:ra~l~

i(::!k1.t~g .lI.fJd p1:!;lxm :::&uJ]:tLI:': .t.t0.m Uti:"! ~ill'i:t8.fLt(~r}'unt "'d' H,:rimittR ne('e~Mrv, a:nli the ·l)0J!..-&b1e toohu;e' of the hlihl:'ir!a1;imi. il~r~tem !l·r :lI.~~;!I(1de::._ 1l't..~f,&fOl?ie, the Ct1Jgltlil.:! and ins'tfl.ILfl.t~o.n snl)lfi.d. be 'pre.. ·h~;::i.tffl1 w h.·e~ ,R"!l"It7i:(.md tf!mper.-atll ~s ,a:re bt;!l'ow (i F (-2;)) (}, lHth:!::.s i:J:lI:1 '::!ilglne .allBJ. Jli:slt9.1l::litlo1l ~i:"'I:;!' .. ~ . .aj~:in." r:r:Cim l'~C~l'It O'PF.!T';).th)11., (:o~ h~ v,e p'rim-· lng syst8ms tlut i~t'rn~t. l(iw't:i~ tflli:!j;ref'$.tAll'O :.:rt;a~. A~equ2<te :oil dHut[cm i~ nGo@s~ry to 00- ai.l~ the reqo i:red. (:r,ankaibibty f"1}:t:' these im)ll'QI';'ea t!rimi.ng s;j..~,teruJ;!!i'

J f oil "dill..ttio·~ "'fat'- '~(lot empl91!ed when the eng~n~ ""':' 8.::' pr .. '(:!~lttlu.:.'ih;,\' ah"lit dow !~) ~x'~~·fL:!l.l himl gp.ne-:ral!y W~Jl):II;:~ r~eCe6S:L'<l:Y at tempe]"";llh~1:">:;!fl bf!~ow jl.>l) }' -( 0' ~ ~. Past !lYxpl:ll·i@ll.oo, "s~lJI'!~i2f;::." {"If Uw en~ine. fI.t"id finidi(~' i)]:' tJw pH 11 t the Y"'Gralll valve 'l,l.o;i:!l be the be.~t il1diC\3-tlm18 ~f' (hie"m:!>::eflsitv £Ot'PlrGh9~~L

One ~ng2:G5"~ccl m~,<"1.F.!3 Qt udrl:lf ell gine cQ"'>'~:I:"'S ::HLd .~t["iJ:lttld b:-!~ttrLg' eq:uip.r"n1::!!~'L ~hf." pnih;:!:!I.tlng the N'I!i,,~ lji am is _sllO\Vt1 011 ll~ -as •. in ~l1. inst:):II.:=i:i;krll of this kind, the~ .;ire t..·WTI lZE!gi'qH:::i 'i,'i:hkh mLli:-'~ ho;:: h8~)iood, 'Th~ most imPI}r1...ati.t is the ;:1:CC:c!!f;SOl'Y oom'p;~l't,mil?11t of th!Z! nacelle, the· rogLQ-tl .l'iJlt (Io~ Uw- '!lHH(Jhrcagm O-E .~eswry cowl" "[in tJrL~ oomnartment ;;:lJ',E! ~Q-C:at~. V.'I!"r:i,1)1i8 :ll;e~E!!it:!!ode::l; such 8... ... the ::.tuI:t-l:irt !\!;}-:lma,xt[}r, l;U(:l plilmJ',!' MHI thcJ?rin8l~1 ~rt£ oj' tJ'!~ (.~i.i ij:y.s~e~-. :~.~~ f]:ue'lft·.f;)l:lli.:)iI'P.!!: dunng ·DT a:Dl:.e:r :!itfU'~l:r(!lt oOOtH' III '~e .ffi.C(!(!S$ory· @mparttment wih:el1 pJ'e~E'!i'iL~j;1.g is i l11!deIJU ate,

{J1lt]T m PO~£R S:.:C;

Otl(;r' r~

. cr;£!:OOli'Y ~E!CtwJ.N

'f!h~ u;i3QJld l"!;l:_giun jn. t~e l~'J.qelli ,...~kh mmtt bo h'!3:LlI.tca is f(ll('w~t'd of t.ne d~;'iphra.gm_ Thl::l pj;iWel,' ..a.ei";:1;iOl:L of the i:!ng.ir,~, 11 irJJcl,lukll, tll. 1:pfs :!I:pa~-

'Fh0 m1JJlmW!If.i, t:iIfi.1;i l'eq:,\lil'tid iiol" 11 eati:n;g' ~tL en~lne is deneudettt UP!)l;' t'nel' (::)Lpacit;:r iJf th'lli, be21h'!l'~ thp. )o:;lU~f! (I. ths t'!Tlgt!f:ii;:!, tiL!.:l' ur..l.t,:.dd~ mil' tem!p!;!ratllll'e; ::J;[Ld the arnourrb of oil. dilu~i(ln tt~d [J!Idor to 1:ll~ prc ~'l{llJ!s :3hllWI)' .... :1L" l"m: e}f):l,m. pk, i!.i. h4!:ate:r detivertn g 'tNm 75,000 ''''-' [;to"~O{),, Fl hi '[!'F'I' hmrt" wi]] mqui:ri.'1 ':!Lb(Hl'~ 30 l~l1inli t.& to liet~t ,tI.\ T:w.ih 'lrY.;J.sp GrJ2:ine .o:J -'M te -'i1;O F t -35 to -4('j C~ (jut!;,~de ai:Il' te-mpe:r~ttlte_ With thE! ::.I:!llIle. lL!_;H~l.;r ~b[ld t<~me wmpel'at~H'el 1) mil1'[. mum f'Iof {l:,"~ min:lite;;i:fl'lJ] ~ t~q VJi:b'1t1 \,,'i-Lh J1 Dou. bill Wm;p en2'll1€, ill e Ctiilfof.rencp. [ie..::I In t.h~ ~I:rlmt of metiJ in thiEi !M"l{{in~, \'I!h[qn must red!h'lI!: ,h1Bl:l,t.. Wl:th t:ltJ:.D~g' around wlililas (1[' l(l'!"';"e.l' atrtai.dE bl.1m;p(mlmm) lre:re.'1,sea miU(p-iU11il; hEN:l, t,. mz time wfil 'be TIe;rfi!l~ar~,..... It 1l! J.1:I3:.'dl':!lbt~ i::u ~t fh~ llo!)w~r ~~la:tl'~ fDiIi a lUJ),.gG.~ p(::rlod' than the minimuIIl to ",,:t1SlU',p' '(he ,e<1sieat possible

tarwlcM C'Oflsjsten t 'with the t,i mf! <1'v;:lilabte fO't" li:rtg, Whl'!~ lJl:::llT.l:g pn!'he21t, o:.!.IH..:! rttll~'~ I:ii~ t~"(,Bti.~oI!'od n.nt to 'burn 'th~ irt::'liliiLt:i-:j~1 'llIf .the jgn[~ 1..i4.o ~;vil.wm" ~£ the tem])el;'a~ur~' (if ~hil;! f.lr'f.!ru~.'1.t f'):.eMiJIS' 22S' f' (U 0 C);

Thli:! SIiI!.~Ss1!'Lll. t:um1l'1'8"tltlu 01' pR':h(:a tjn~ ean bl!st :b~ al.i!'w"t:,trlfn'i1:>d'!oy ~Ur]lj't'l:~ the p.ropeHf!-l" OIX',;3:[=li'Otl all r iJ!.'tl cl ll.o,ti.ng eli1i?~:rI£; II sttt}.rLef:i:::;:'1 'j',hl;!l 1& 1,~·rtlclll:.'tt"lr 'B~setl''''''~ ~£ 1J,'l)~ Or- illi:lllTLdl:)f!t, 'ol[ 'liill.;'i::.iOll )ms: bMli used, 'Wit~ extreme {Ii] dilU'tkm" an eltf:'[n~ wil l be :free, at i'a t-ety~f.!!:!['a. ti:~:r~ <'l~ hw a~ -80 l" (.45 n - Cy.!it1dE!:r h(~llE,d tempe:ra tlH"e'!';; .l!::I tn/UIJ.!:!L,w,d b.'t tbil! 'l!.'I.1(!t,..;,l_dt .!:n;;;!"r.C ~y not f::'h,'Q the tl'U;f: eyl ~11()e,l" head te~m:!1'~t~j].'e;;::", it' tli!!f:!' pre,hea 'k=!rl ;;iiI' hilippe-n.,'1, ~6 [Uach.arge dir(:!ctl'if i:ll !:!t!rl'~:::Ii\!.~ \d't:h l:h{>. ~bcr IW:II1'tJ.ll,r.llQ, Checkitl:~ .the :fiul!l:li'~ll of the: oil ~ t the Y.-iJro,jl1 ean ba useli as a ~uj)p'Iif.'ment~l'Y C n~~k. Tt,iis wijl :!!,I,:-;.o indicate the pr""!-!>E!L'l~E'j ,of i~e 'W;hlil:b 'would, bld~ UlI.'; flu w ufo 0[1 tu t'h~ l!Jj$'h~l,!_

Ii tb',"4 'oi.I, W:;i;!l dl.'Hlnil:::!d' ilI.ttf!J' ,t he preyiQ;!.l.S ,ru~hL it she uld U;:5 lJ,ti'.:!ll!J~L!Md ~IJ a t..emperabH'oi!' 0i .at rea~t 10,1} F (6.5 C:) lJeIli!1re DF.::i tlJ,," f'l.!tllEn.leC, hI! ~hi'! :..:dJ'c:r: ... l,:ft" {iiI ~~·!ltem" ~ln~hl.e lll',at[n;R' -'!-tJ.Ollld be cotr:pleted hli:!fu.l"i'i! th~ heated ni L·~ !IIE!tUI"1'l etl-

T:f) er,5.O!.t'c :9. d aq,iI 11 tc volt~LJtl! fur I:.b-E! 'E!l1igl'Fl.f' !'2otllFtCI', ''W.;).rm and fuUY' cllEtt":b~d !bHl~el'rE!:!I. ;,::,h,m.iH.j he i;rT<lt,!:! terl a11 rl cprm ec:i!:1<l Il.O ~l1o:;' 81L"I: t.-j~ ~J';.'Item ,~t :this time, If th!?! ,81 r'(':I:','lft; 'is equ iiP~c.d with HTI HI,n:m8l",~' 'po\'liC"r p~.LLt. tnt'! .I!I. t1;:l?l" :::Ih(l!llTd bE=: ~tart~d" 001" a f'l"Oll".lld SO~lr'(!e of auxi lia.'I';r PGW£!iI;' ,~rinT.lec.¢l?cl to (he ""; ~Ynf't eleetrleal ~ooiltrl_

P.VtA. ( n, ]LOO

Xu'l':rh.Rl. t.iLanih~ proo:;edut"o!!; m.~1l bE:! us'od' iil ~t.LJ.l'tj~ an cn.F:1T!'f [!l'rip;r.!r'~i p:h!oh~'1.W. and with ]1iil'll'!fle;'il.~f!dI m' PT'(~~l'~t"i.h]uWd oIl,

hi I:"'lt.ltrti.ng a cdd F;!JigL11'il:, iee m~v< fi})"1'Tl. on th8 ::,p~u:k ph ... ~~, B"L1d OIL o'Liilet' p . .(I:~ (lIf, th'e [mm.I)~[ !!oti!!)~ ch<'lmbf!l' ;'iI.-ft-F,!iI.' nne 'OJ'" lILiJD::! 'LltL::'tl,~sflll aLl1)nlp~~ 1..0. ::;i~Ltl__ Tl1(1 ; 'lett M~ .1, r:omhiu;).tlon OI fuel. oil .<I:nd \~'oi\wr; and will pt;~\'~IL~ thlg "f.'~u'k pi !lg:-:. front firi 11.1:,':- E;,y'J1'Y effon must be lJ.iaul:! :0 "qi:'\teh" tnl:! e~MrJt' 1}11 th Ii! fj'!!'!lit .!ib:ti.jll g Ilttl'!t:r>pt, F,;]n~e ief! '~dll form :n j:,lLJ2 t:;r~it1:thn within ,a £8."'" :!l~t'(lJ"J.d~. ~d1l2r ~1..1t~ 1~;r·Qdl .~Jl(l (lll r;t. If two j):£' 'i~ startjilg ~tt:empts hI!!. ,{P. rasul tea

, '

1 n nnth ing' lm~ x, fe'i'.' l'e(:!blE! firing [m,pnl~.

'lim!.:! c~n bu :,:;a~;8d i:~ma ~!buso (0 ElC batceries

. - l-

and ""t).llfr,e~.' can 'be, ",""9;de-d by 1 'E!1TI 0 'if Lng ~J. f:,e~'r"

l't!:l.nt .!!J..!uk plugs to· im;ped. 1(11' ice, Y idni{ has OI;iC·;.U'TOO, the h"(lJ")t SD.a l'J.::· '[1.1 D,g!!o ~h.:n·I.lM: bE;' cki.ll.ng-""d ,m the. e:ng,llo:o llL!Jl"OuHbl~ hl]!t~~Gd buI01"e lltL'lll[i>Jl:Q:' further 'ati::cn:L_JITS :,0 ·;;:;t.il, l't ..

,"VHJl the electric jllif!r~i,l oil" i":omb11:l ati!3';11: l'~e rtia...n:b~8d eran K i,ng F..t~l'ti!?b" type:,:;" bE! ::'Ul'I£! to 'e'l'1€l'~:M:: 'liLl) 1:ibl'idl'",wrnplctGly oofol.'c (:,ngap;'lll2',

Eng:~ll~ p'ldmi,n~ 13 dependent UpOtL the type of IIll'Lmi Iliio¥ ~}"'":G.:t'}TIl XLfld the {,.'mQwnt or .p!'eheat \.\·h[dL !1J:1l\'e b~lJ 1..i:!>0:1, ,arid -IJTJ ,other' j['!&(!~&~'.::: that h~Vl! tiCi.!JL di~(!ILISMd elm\\-~~'i(': ~ .. mder "P'b"iFrd.IJ1.Wl• W tth RL1t'th:;lli!'Il.t II reheat a normal w:a~',rrL 'mq~'rhL!~ '::l..!I.d rnaj" tI!.:! .:t[~Ktk

Wl L.h Pl-.::!:!;:::;WT(:!' injkl.;!titfLL t'u~'l:nL!'ldtti'l''::, «nCI' e~ ii<igill ~ .. the starter, mo ..... e the 111 i::-.tu J.'I'! toil1!th"ot !:i-.l!J~dy O'J!t of :idb:=! Clo.lt"ti-,rr :!LR ;S(i'IH1 .lI.~'thci!·elLg~n'!:!!.l8 '\l'itl g (!Itt. thll! pdIfiLoG, bue be lH'f:'Pa~ 'co ~'e[lJcrn if 'ta. i diE! C~~ t-cif't" fill j,r;kly i1 tb.;;- ~ll glne I]ui ::=;_ Patti-I!u!la.rl,v 'W'ith ,:;I, :dW et"Jgit,(~, it ~::'1 Vl6ir,r easy 'i..o :61'"1?~ 'th€ lni;\.1.Hl'O too ri eh for rll fiuilhi5 and the QJ1j$im~ ',\' Hl not P~(! k ~I,P !li,tJf!P.Q" ,1t.'r ere1Q'!"£!, 'ITI'; et Jw::rtQn ~ clu:r-h~g ~\"lj[d-, t.hF.!, Ini:-c~u"rp. (!(~il hn] :i ~ mfll~''1!.;;l baet{ t.(t JhQ LJJle eut~8,ff f:r1.jj.~ k U!'il!rl (!:I. adV.;Jl11 t:"!,g~ u nti l ~naf.i:nQ spee~ in~l'ca~.3 Cl'!0ugn &0- lh~~ ai,dlIH": fs !i:U,ffi:t:~Ii!'nt tG :f)1.::1.kh the Iu<!:'l :If!)W,

C~llIU!Jjl m u:!!t lie li&!:'"lJ to ,a~'@~d i:ntto!:twdu.g f!x(!i:=!;::~iv(' ;;'!. D'!Qllrj~ (It" 'hJ.w fud IQ '!:he im'"(:r,' in:-

t:;i,kP.· pipli!·::;,][1'rt:!ql.:L'"m1.. instances lOt hydrauHc:kin,1t wni O(,CUl" l_I' tb:~s p~~lJti!l\n 11:'. ,o\,"t;:d!Jo.k~d .. Except with ~ warm E:!Ll;!!fi1i(\'!,' fI, SlTIaU di&clt~\'~ 01' fUl:!l ,fl"OIfl' 1..108 sup~hattr.:-e"t.:: Q;l';'iI.in ''l: nevrmal 'WhHt :att~~l)lPthj I':' [). ..'I,t~rt,

\V:itn float ("m,~·~Ii~·ai::lJ.n:i I..h"f mixmre control \~',ill b~ pusitiouerl {ll fu~l l'i~h or ;'l, irtom:"jtk d-l::h .:when 5 tar~ing. an d no:) fl,l,J',tnJ?!\t'"' :rm.1uill'ul~tlIJIl til t.hl:::: '.:.!(m'trol wm be n@88::.:.!:1~:ry.

In cold we"," ~h{1i, ell gin€! o-pera:l;hm ll1'lmp.rli.ate iy .r-.. tier ~;.:_;tarti ng 'is -rn'!qiL!enHr l'Ou);:dl,. ...... i~h hack-'fidng, and ::.d'b?t·-,Li.t'Lll;g', Tchh. [5 -d'Ue m"iilil(')Pall:? w a ICLm C@'l+;'l.ul'!tO~ kHi ng :mb:.tu,:!'e :;:I,iid to rerl~H!f!d 'I!.";:H~(il"i 7,~tiiJ,n of 'hlt'13 fuel, Fouled, 0]:' l!ir.::~d" ... i!I:park plug.: wiU' ,~w 'Prod~l"'~ the ,~me €:ifects" A~ i!!. 'jXIl:l'ecti'ii'p., turn nn U[i:! (:!a~bun~tt!-l: air ne:-;"t :'J.-!I f'.-I)(m :'if;, ~ J.:!llg.lll@ is nl"2i2 ot" tacky f,.d[~g_ This \\: ill . ~J1'!.!-ooa.fl.2 th~ fuel ..... air ra tio in thee l,dl illR r:a.ll.g~ ~!f1ld will im,IH:ti'!ii3' 'nLPlJrb~HOh 'Dr' tJ.te ,f'l!lel.. If th.:! i:<fLJ=':lM is .;XjUippcdC ~ith '<1 blower-l~tm or: blower .. t'hl'oot [priming 5Y'5te-ID, t~1i! j,ntE;!r:m i,t:tF.-ll~t use ,?f prt.ill'Li:r~:{ '!,i'ill !L::..!:ihl ill lJrli!ir'121tli:lg ii:!II:~~fJ:rh~:!!. until ~utl:icie:i'lt b,e.'";.t iR' 8:Failiil-bJ.e. a:nd carburetor ail" h.e>'i. t C:~TI h~ iUs!:!d_ A fte-r the- f!;n,gi:ne n}iJs 'i'i"armed up 8'~~'~lbrj-n ';i.' in l.€! s,Qtl~JAd(lol''y '\'i.' i I;h eotd .;).ii:.

'W_.!.i.l0~MJf·

No ~'l:tOtn pt must be made to he!).t the f!rngl,l;'lE:! :t';-ilI1i d.ll' ·.l'.,;7tel" "'t!iltl;ng by d(~i.~lg tbe ,cU'W'l flfLP.s, ._ ..... s ilL normal "L""tl.!If]l(,l:", kec,]) t~~, 'ooyf~ rtL}pt fl111~~ oren co:'I;t :.<1,]]. tLm<!~ 01'1 thif! if1:l."O'ut"A_ C:vHr~der 'I:.mn~}ln':::L~w.:r~s :-iii!'~ II:l:It ~ Imptl'~'HUL~ .9.~ oil 'lillrlcQ)ql'atures, '~'hi,ch fCrH'Q~nI the temperature of tae 'inre-m at 'i;!ngi'!:1f! 'pf1rt~, 't.~ Hdde:r telllllti;'r',:;d,ut·~;:, win d~ q"Lli~i2 :t.!lpl~' Ca- temperatures @ly ~ j ;;;:htly helow if'j1)~"ll!IJal" p1oll~qiJ.le'ntly th e pl'inr.Lpal. ptnbl-e.rrL iil'i' \\'£irm-'l'Il,l< 1::i ffi Inc.tlJl'a::iB" 1M oil '~emp\hl"'2.tur~, Ul1ltik the (IiI temperature inereeses t-o 14{! F -(GiJ uL keep ]1;'tf1:ll,lLOlI,ly (!01:l:ij:T'oll'e~ !:lit c6'l)]e'l' Ha!!::. f.ully dJJ~ed_

III (~'l(! C£i.~1] of i!lnc.ln!S'S '~h;[t have ,Iliad the o,H dllu~@d with. ~'li.ie;'L it 1S l)ref.e!t'a'bJe to allow '~h"" ... .dl 'le-mp~hl,tlJ J'p. 'Ion l:i:!le (!(!lli:,:;~der.j:l;b~y ali<Y,,"e .r.~o r;, ~ 60 q, ltnd incl'Qu£G' the enlj!:ine t-opced durin:;r "'~1'TI1-UP el) 12{10··'l40lJ rpm., V P.LY I ~ttte :Er:aso;J i ne is lid 'fen ti'!ilt of the dt!!ulatj,[lJ:': oil bE:!low tbi::; !!::iLl ~eml)er;j];tu ~'C and cnm.:IlI(' ~peed. ,%:.s TIlU en jlIf

minu:~) Jr,to tine 0,;1 inLet lwt:!, u~u<Jly ,it "the Y-Jnul:1 ' .... 'I!i.']v(:!; :n·lix,i.t"'g. of the "oil :-:lIIQ, ~::;C1liflP. t!) aeeo~ll~b;:::d 'A'ith111 tlm engir'e b~' UL!.:i m(:!clL~rrL;~ (!Ill' agLt;:!. ti 011 of the :prcs!':-oUl.',O pump~, mOJ,-'jng interna.l. 'pa:rtR, and t.t.le ~(!,.fn;e.nge DUJfJPS.

tn.e di1u.tiUB: f1~el ;ll8 D~~i ble shQu ld be eJirt'l_~. :~1)ate.d, r.lo,~lrlg ,grol,l.rrdOU;,ll".m-tip, ,;Jj,1ith hlj~L'(!,".r dlih.rfton, thE:! gtI:::;!'-Ilirt!.:! 18 (j~'111iit!nL~Gd .... '@fy -rapid'b' .a LltJliK' the tnkc-olff wjtn a 'ijendeJ:ley to ~js~ ~Mt'ge. oit ]}l'Q11:l the I'!It"IF.!'"li!,tbE'!l'S, ~.Hl.lE'~,!I, eliminabed dl;.lif,rng 'f.'{::ilrm.-l,l'p_,

DUi"irql ''iIf~J.Yrn.,1]p, nydt.!l;ulii:.&lly 8ip.;:.:r.iL kid ))[,0-' p:cUa:rs, . should l!0 "0..~orrdsl.:!6i," :;Iil\'eli'.al ~lln8S to m~ke sure that tr.e Pl"'PpBlJer mech~nhrn' is '{moe nt' c!WIlB'i=!~l.i?d oi], So tb.8.t the pm'pe·j tel!' gi):';e-l':nnro , ... all OrAC~ 00" bri&tt;y ';!i,t;h,g. imgllL'i:l rp.m up w l.5!}O or ieoo:

FLIGHT Q1JoE&\.TU!lN

r-ll 8'M o];lel'~ ti Of.! ~n cQld W,eathCf' ls hm"tlll: rnura ~iffi(!'lJlt t'!h1fl'! ~rf n0l":!11.f.ll Wef. ther, A iter I!WHtlg. ~d gl'Y.)!.md ot'E!ra1;lllg "tt"\l)~')lf!;:"'I ha .... ~-e 'been (I'1jel'GO~' and 11 ;§:U'l!C~z.Iflil tak!:!-I)fj' h:!l.!:o been made, ftil?ibt op.c::raUo.n 113 P1"blcUt!~ul)l 'r,he S.!.I:me' ::i!;!I U~J@l,' ;!Iu,T),n;llrl1 '~on~Ht~Qll5:

The .'tbo'rii! illu ~tfa;t~(1n shc."W$ 01. tJP'I~L\l Arm~ nil g.)-"stp.:m ~·E:!-ll1;E:!:!Ie:n~i:n.g c'{n)~~it~(1(I'I'!ii In' 'tnI;'!' li.n!l:if:l nnd tank a fe~Ij,' seoonds ,lftf.:·r flHllltiO,]), lila$" iDee];1 ~t::;'l'U.d,

GfI.~'l)~j.iiG ]8 led h',um £I, pl~inl..t""!<!: taki=1-o:IT l2CJ.n-· p-ei4id!'l: p:ii<:lseJ.'!: thr9~] 8"~h. .'1. s01~t:wld.; pJ)el'a:te~ ).T;!I:~1je;: ~I1,d eFitl::!ro!'; th", oil .inlet ~i1J.<F,!, 'I,l.!-!.!,.i,alfy at a. {~~iljle.ctll1.tl On, the y~tll'al':r-J lh1k,e' )Jouy _ Thl.:: s~l-e~l)id . val ve b 0J)~.a ted r:iy a switch in the coe:'kpit_.

.Ar~ ii!l!:.::!illctkl p,!J.l"t iJf tho foiiLl1lj'i:!t'lllll Jt~lil.tIr€:d fOI: the use Of Ctilution ,LS 'Ui.€ oil tank hoWeI['" T.h.p., b-o.prf!J' il'l .:=~ 1 ta '2 ~/j gallon c:.:-::p;1;r:H;,y r.r HI1~ ,fu1~1 ~''O~~l Inu'l)I.ntldd' nlJflJ:"" UL8 t!r.:!lI'b()[' ul ttl,"" .<~lt"1[n. 011 h:mk_ Tb~,itp;;.p)Wr -serves te l'w:n'ce. tbe'

:L":lIt1J01mt o,r oH in c:u.a:'eul;;r~in~ by sem~.:r.ating tile 'JIt,:;l!n ii'e::;er'l!E! oH ..'Illl~llJy froJt1I, the cl1'"(!tlJ.atil"l!g i.1H, l'r'!th wdv H ,M"t'Lbll1 b~miJunU Of oil in e.il'c:n~nti';;It'J, Warm-up L8 r<'I;J;lid 0).1>1 d diludolli' i"!'II tbe hi.glb~ lISt"'" ~)f!ri:'!p.nt;:i.:g-e!!- l go ~ t-"l~ 85; ':~). ii!! n:ad,e P'l)!iJ:i(b!E!_ \¥J:~~lOU t a h0p,per;; tho QIltil'6' 1")11 slLp~lY' w{;Jl;1iil1 h~vc>.tQ 'be dLluto!i, W()lllril1:.8' a ';!cry )ar~e Q!{paf.lBioo !:ip .... ;(!E'!. By . :r\;!il,m!i.~g '~he~ amourrt Of i;ri! to bE! dilut.ed ~mu also ax ill(!frl:!:.l.~[n~ iUL:!fI ,t':;ii.JE' of. w.o.rF.ll-l.!ip~ tlie hopper reduces the len;;ith of thlle ruiJj,l'jn:r. whi,~h 'kite eng;,r.e m:U>'lt 'OD~rate with dlLute.a. :l)jl <iilft~ ~q,t~l:"'1;lng,

'['hi;! [llu ~t!i':-iI:i:;O:I1 ott thl'! f.oUrndn,g' pag'E'!- 8nO'WF,; tli'l:l A.r m .. :/ 'tin ~:: seem an.er 'dtluUC-l1 is cumJ.!!l!'k~ AJJ (!oi ~ !in~!l .:iIl:d the r,oJ~~ .;:;,r~ d:i luted to the~:!I:lrJo<!l p~ri:l!lllm·Jrer wruj,"'~ti, ie al,w trRe of O!~I !.l-i1 iliL

,

10,1 I~ DIllt{lON

D:i1 0;'f.1i.!.ii1::: :tn.lI.J"' b~ com~[etcl..Y d:min.:ed ,:~J·t"e:r the f!ngi;1>1 e is shut-down, and U1(]' oil i~£:£rb8u ilfl;:] ,!['eto t"'Lli:!a to tb:E! /.l.y!:oteru at t'~@, ~~ilne t.or' tll~ next !!blk~_ S(}tLi.13 ~:i:rel"dt are eqll.LP!Pt:!cl \'i'H.b 'el~t!·i,~~ jrnrn ersiou '~e{i.1:¢r"5! In th~ oil i11Jllt. U &l£!d '~Oll~ ~IJI0!CIiJj!3l~- -or in 'intermittentc periodc~ the eonWJ'LI.S U£ UL!~ U;.nk; w~,th th:e °!!1J1asibJ€: excention of ·,he b-.:,);~B· .uf th~ '9H 'b&llk hUPPE!i!\ will ~e 'k);'.'.frt: in a n~ii.tl ci)(I"!di:~j(i~. Berore stfjT~~l:lg! the elL.glT.i.e .IJ..IlJ ilIte~E!::;::mr1i f!9TI:l partmel:lt meet be ll]loro~~htil bi1:~~t(!-d '!:Jc,t m~am-1 (]o{ ground hf!lltf!l.'-';::.

.lI,1(1/p. geliet::~.Hy, Ji,r. "QW iClillltiOli ::W'st(illL"' llil used tn E:!'.l;Il:.l1t"'o1::! flu,Jditr (lIi fhe QiJ after the· lD.'~li:1ti'l)!~ l:lil::!l r::l,oh"d. Oll -[Hlurti i'lJ'!, (!Qtl!)r~,ts of mn\ooueillB' J:';i ow fuel imp' th"" uil ~.o matu::~ thli! .. ~fi.lj.;ly'·.;4 :t:1:l1i! Qi I, ~l~1J~e.of 81Jballin:HftI dlf~ ill!'r.e1:lL'lL"s ,ill ;th~ specifi('!" gr.:-:l:'dtY and VLBCbsjty of Zi1~ol,in~ as eOf.lll}.!iJ.'Ct'i '~u n",.'l~tlo:n oil, therE! I:::

YE!l·Y' liti;1e' t~l rlency f:l)i."' t'~.eJ.ll un lP.1X when 1l!.trodueed lntl.) a. C!1iIm.'L1:1,CiT.] lin}!:: Qori;a~K. H 0W"C vA', 11 rn~ ~ '!N@ HiIliib!. r~l any ]P:t'l)P(l:t:'t~ an, :are fcq'cjbl;r ~1I~hl to~ther- bll iWml2 .mQ'([l:!:i I!.1f me(!l[::'lD:.t~:::Ir ~o:i ~[l~~O:FL, ';II. Ve'r'y 'Pe~mr~:ne;rjt mixture is pro- 001:'.t>tL IDilutE:!od. oil will nat sefJJ.}r.a te it al101,l.'e(l 16 ·~tt1ncl!" 'p.rtl1,t~,jQ .. l the oil arlJ g.e.::Iollne. h:;!i'i.'"e been 'th(l['oughiv mixed.

TIll{!: ,Ji.:J'illY t~[!e o,t oil ~yl'jtem. 'is ~,e~~gll,ed f,lI!<r rlIl!Ct!ve use ,6£ nil diluHoJl_ G,;':!i1!!;,[tn@ i s i1(l,l\'1,)., d:cceQ. ."Jrt a ~'OW f.trt& (1% t:!J :2 q!l~Lrt::; :~E!l;'

P!R..il IT & W HIT:r.."E'Y ,il ntcnAFT

'PW'A... 01. 100

i_b", eng; ne, .i=.n.rnE:; of the dJjnt,.:;rl (fil wm eJi!lO 11 ~;d it~ \\\~'.y O'ul::.LdL! ~h(: h()pp'e:t lI.lld wl"l 1 E''i1]loo~ on ~'(fp'ti'r the Ul1Id!'ilutE!a oil in- the main '1:..9. n k ,

Tn" unl'Qunt ni oU dllution nel:.",~al.'~' is, ~epen-d.p.n t u pa n the exp~t-M 1£\t£1~Crfl.t~ T'e tt. be .I.:H·tlll'dt!d. i?J.Fi'.[~i rJF.l~_, Oll di!uitl)-u ~s reeumrncnded \YJ~T1 ';; .... ". eX]:Jet:tc~ 1.tatting tem~t'fihlr!3 h. ;tl) ,[," (;::' C) ur lower, "I"':ie eblJ~~d time l"P.I1Ut1"eq to dilui Q (0 <\ d lj!!'i:rE!d. );ii.!IT:cm!).g>p. dElj)',mas, <ill t"HJ. faet.;!)r:::;; lh", rate 1)7 fI{)\\~ [Ii gAsoline ~l1ti'l the oil" atld the am0U~1 t (}:1 J;lH 'll) toe ,di ~H ted_ This tact

::-:ptains ;;hp? cHfr~.t(!l'I.ee -n ,time anl!&I'v,ll required fo:!" various aircratt, It .. ~'Hl b12 H-&1;.-e:!:;:;:uy ftlI' the oners or to consult tho manu ral:t;,U'cr-'f:j £];I<:!<!i DC in,'ItruC'Limll;; fol' tli€ aircr.lI.f _ concerned:

Oil .tJ.-]u 1.,,01:1 is ,1iI.ccn.rupH::.hod .i ~5'1;: beforE shuttttl~ .:30 ..... :n thu ~l'1.g;1ue. Befcre bE;!gh~I1ing oil iii 1 U-, finn 1:li8cenl!jno ~hi(ll~!4 he j,dl",d, If necesserv, te red llf.Ji!: erlt :Iile'!- :"1e'.I/d r_,.imlJeQ,t;u,rE!!'. 1L," £( 'm.ll{~ imnrn of son 1" (t[:.O G), i'lt:d allow the ,.il ~,i".:!1l1- PB1:~l,tUl'C to. 1,;).'11 b~ljJw 1:20 IF {50 C). 'Wl')He. t~li t',:;r t,h Po E!~:gkG!, 0.08e '§;Ine: lJ),il -dilut[cm swi:tdr: f()r tho l'-e;quil'ed t.ime. Keep the .::ndt..:.;h closed 'L\ .. h~Je :=!.t.Opphlg" .,.'I..h,~ enp;i,if_e, and LIn til, it has !;. IIp.p..ed Lur:)inH o'te"t;', If it Is nc-::ess:).JY to l:081';''':i·c!:" the o-i 1 tall ~~ thi..ll shou I rl e done jlf'ic:;r to l"jti:'tl'tj I:1g diltrLll}u.

1£1. extreme ,,;;~·e.ll, t!h'illi.' (:.anditiQl1!;, :it ::i.g IHi(:l3S~ ~:ry to (J,L hiDE! t~:i@ oil ·goi.J7J:g into H'w J::I~'dl'l)lJ:w.tir, 'prc;p-ellE!r by' "exerei ~ing" 'thlJ 'P'l;"(lpeJl<:'-J" governOr OOJlt.l:"{IJ d llri,,~g til'!:; latter part' nf thG! dHmi0n tim e in t-E;!1:·~'.!:!.L Thi~ .must be dune when th e E'!11- gi~e i~ P.i:riot§r brou gh t u:p ltl' illJoQ OJ 1 ~iO(~ .rpm so that tnt gn v .:l:tn-Oi will opi;!T'ate. Oil 0.pcEat.ed ;;lUpet'cl:lat"ifOl' C,?l1.tr~t'l :q1::!!.J.i1i:ru the ~,me:, t'FeH't~ J:rt~llt under t.h P.!Lf! 'wea~hc~ ~O't1dJitlm'ti:.,

'l"h.~ 'i.nb;~)dl[!J{!tion of g;jl,!!,-tlHn!i! Into the lubricati.ul:[ oil w.ilJ l-oosf!n. -c..a:d.lilll. !1.nct sl lJ.;ige: ~'pu:,;o!1..:s witllin the oil. ll~·~tQT.lL Thia r:F.l.rh<.m atrd sl ud:r.e i!', carried 10 the ,engine- oIl :!l~l'CCfl and r:ifHect!-!there in qua ntities ~iJmcien ~ to ea USB Ula 001- I !:.!l")~e- 'Dr rL~ ~e:ll.',e~. Cnn~f1lcli.tlr. wi tfii TJ lin hU1.h· OJ, two, ,'I. -fter. 'nl€! d!lutlcm i~ 'n'!'llt U~~tl in ill. season, 'i:.he ~'001;1 'fulh'lt,' be rit[ll.l)ve:d for 'inI'.pEl:.timL :!l.ml ci-eanil1,g This in~pe~ti0t1 must be r'ep{"I.!l.t.cd at sbort l.tlh:l'valS ur.till'd'Ud!.~ ,bJ1d carbj)n 11 n 1,'iJ':ng@l" 00 lect, Sll Quid tM:!l' preenutton ''bill!' ()\'eduokod, eo] I-irlpaed screens are c:et~8:ln lu 1'6- ;:mlt. 'I'rlluhl~ W.1 i!t dU]Qdgt;!d e:,u:OOtlr may also be E!n:'lXill.Jlt£:l'cd i1' ~JI·uti.on :ii:,;, no used alrnoal, dfifl;\-' foUQWltrg ]-1 ... "1 _lr-st use i n the :31;!~on. 80mi':! ':no~'therr.Lr)p~l'ators lJ!i.€!" small amo'ltnt:::; of ru-il, dnu~>i(ln t !'t))lLgbout th€! w.i);l'met" weather to 'I:t~ th I'! oil t:;}' ~W[rll t.ieared {l,f'· Ci:l:roon ~nd, :,;h~d:bl'li!"

UNDfI.U'f'-£I) ou:

. on: IN I.€T .l.IN,E'

{)RA.IN VA LV£

9fi

FLEG,lIT OPERA 'FION

TAKE.OFF'

A'it tlLe sMt't I}f ,irhe ~lq~.,o:1i: run the ~i1;giifje, fIX" he mst 1:ime since s,te.l'ting, ls encoIH~w.r-, ~ ll:ooiliil(li'il8 i-~lJ_ltjnB' f.":rom tb!::! mile (If il1ll:'t~

power, Th!': 80lli1dft'at[(}lL:~. :bryYi/,sl'rtin.g' ~ht;! .prGIJer ba'I"m~in.g iJf aU 0per,at:!B~ :i!4:ll(!wh mul:iit r).ol~· apply.

I. P1C1.M·el". 'I'h e i'j"i.\ke,;l)~f l!atiu g; j S nrevl d E'Ii to·l:J,i;. 'LI::!'i:!,], an~, th8i"'If! ::.ho.'mJd be T)oI) 11 ~ ~ ~~Uo:n j n taki n r. ad 'i! ,arit 1!I.:V,'e 0 f !:hi!! ,~u!u ,!"a.ting, To q,u8.lify 8.c t).:Pil!! of. 81n,Iril'5e for. 1rZlke~0f[ rntil1~. the- U'Jie test engLn!2 mu~~ bEl i~pe:tah:!tl (!tJ.rI:t~tl.l],lJu:::lly fm 10 h i"lU1'"8at til 18 oUtp'Il:1 or tJle oI!qU~' ,~£inl of uver n{)(i'l\ tak!i!-i)~;!I" Tn Rf:f' 1'ieM be 1(1:0 th(:!u?J~t that the: enIf,ItIe Is, ci{l::;1'1 Ju th~ bfirLik ;::oj' d~!l'~:r:lI;t!,tl(Jn. 'Il"h~ t:'1li is pQ.,>:'i7~,r hi ~]~]:iHed. '1'hoe use 'Qf the rull .tattIng I'~8tllta 1!:'J. ULE! r.'E!~'iel!jt "rpm-power' min~tli.:s and the least

pi:!lton :mile.!l~j l~(~~ ~~:t-,dmg "tbE'!' ~t':r l'eductton point, As ~igh rpm. is 1JI!' faetnr pmdtio::i:ng' the gr~:=i.~f we~" ttle mailt~e~a~oG ot' l)"iaxlJl11.un I;prt'.i [01" th~ shtJrte::lt p!;J~::.i!b]e, tirna .~::: thl3 U'H .. ~t r:l.vm'able t.reatrl1J€!t1t of the, en;!!iDc.